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  Frederick Campbell Crews (born 1933) is an American essayist and literary critic. Professor emeritus of English at the University of California, Berkeley,[1] Crews is the author of numerous books, including The Tragedy of Manners: Moral Drama in the Later Novels of Henry James (1957), E. M. Forster: The Perils of Humanism (1962) and The Sins of the Fathers (1966), a discussion of the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne. He received popular attention for The Pooh Perplex (1963), a book of satirical essays parodying contemporary casebooks. Initially a proponent of psychoanalytic literary criticism, Crews later rejected psychoanalysis, becoming a critic of Sigmund Freud and his scientific and ethical standards. Crews was a prominent participant in the "Freud wars" of the 1980s and 1990s, a debate over the reputation, scholarship and impact on the 20th century of the founder of psychoanalysis.
  Crews has published a variety of skeptical and rationalist essays, including book reviews and commentary for The New York Review of Books, on a variety of topics including Freud and recovered memory therapy, some which were published in The Memory Wars (1995). Crews has also published successful handbooks for college writers, such as The Random House Handbook.
  Crews was born in suburban Philadelphia in 1933.[2] Both of his parents were avid readers and were tremendously influential in his life, said Crews; "They had both been raised in considerable poverty, and books had been extremely important to them personally, in shaping them. My mother was very literary; my father was very scientific. I feel that I got a little something of both sides."[3] In high school, Crews was co-captain of the tennis team, and he has continued to be an avid skier, hiker, swimmer, motorcyclist, and runner.[2] Crews lives in Berkeley with his wife of 52 years, Elizabeth Crews, a photographer who was born and raised in Berkeley, California.[2] They have two daughters and four grandchildren.[2]
  In 1958, Crews joined the UC Berkeley English Department, where he taught for 36 years before retiring as its chair in 1994.[2][5] Crews was an anti-war activist from 1965 to about 1970[3] and advocated draft resistance as co-chair of Berkeley's Faculty Peace Committee.[2] Though he shared the widespread assumption during the mid-1960s that psychoanalytic theory was a valid account of human motivation and was one of the first academics to apply that theory systematically to the study of literature, Crews gradually came to regard psychoanalysis as a pseudoscience.[2] This convinced him that his loyalty should not belong to any theory but rather to empirical standards and the skeptical point of view. Throughout his career, Crews has brought his concern for rational discourse to the study of various issues, from the controversy over recovered memory, the credibility of the Rorschach test, and belief in alien abductions to the Theosophical Society, creationism, and "intelligent design." He has also advocated for clear writing based on standards of sound argument and rhetorical effectiveness rather than adherence to rigid school-book rules.[2][6] "What interests me is general rationality," said Crews,
  In The Patch Commission (1968), Crews satirized the activities of Presidential Commissions, displaying his disapproval of American involvement in the then-ongoing Vietnam War.[8][9] The book is a transcription of the work of the fictional Patch Commission, a discussion among three government commissioners attempting to save the nation from disaster caused by Benjamin Spock's overly permissive child-rearing guidelines.[10]
  Much of Crews' career has been dedicated to literary criticism. Crews' first book, The Tragedy of Manners: Moral Drama in the Later Novels of Henry James (1957), was based on a prize-winning essay written by Crews while an undergraduate student at Yale University, initially published as part of a series.[11][12] In the book, Crews discussed three late novels by Henry James: The Ambassadors (1903), The Wings of the Dove (1902), and The Golden Bowl (1904), analyzing the function and tensions within a system of manners, the interaction between an individual's ethics and their reflection within the values of a community.[11][13]
  In 1962, Crews' doctoral dissertation from Princeton University was published as E. M. Forster: The Perils of Humanism.[14] In 1966, he published a study of Hawthorne, The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes, which examined Hawthorne's entire literary career including unfinished novels; it was re-issued in 1989 with Crews' reassessment of his initial position and an analysis of how literary criticism has dealt with Hawthorne since 1966.[15][16] In 1970, Crews edited Psychoanalysis and Literary Process, a collection of essays by his students that analyzed a variety of authors from a psychoanalytic perspective; a review credited the book with important accomplishments, including being "an achievement in the teaching and learning of psychoanalysis in a department of literature", which the reviewer noted was a rare occurrence.[17][18] The collection included an essay, "Anaesthetic Criticism", in which Crews disparaged contemporary schools of literary criticism, especially that of Northrop Frye and his followers.[19]
  In 1986, Crews published The Critics Bear It Away, which was wholly devoted to literary criticism.[20] The work was seen as part of a liberal revival within education after a long period of conservatism focusing on the revision of the Western canon, and filled with an internal conflict between Crews' sympathies with and opposition to the revisionist position.[9] It was nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award for nonfiction[21] and won the Spielvogel-Diamonstein Award for the Art of the Essay Winners.[22]
  Parts of his 1975 collection Out of My System,[23] the 1986 collection Skeptical Engagements,[24] and the 2005 Follies of the Wise[25] were also dedicated to literary criticism. Crews' repeated message to literary critics is to be critical of their own interpretation when making statements about the meaning of a work.[3] Regarding Crews' position on literary criticism, C. A. Runcie notes, "What Frederick Crews says about psychoanalysis is true for all criticism and its theorizing: 'A critic's sense of limits, like Freud's own, must come from … his awe at how little he can explain.'"[26] Crews has been identified by literary theorist Joseph Carroll as one of "the very few scholars who have consistently and effectively opposed poststructuralism."[27]
  Crews began his career using psychoanalytic literary criticism but gradually rejected this approach and psychoanalysis in general. In his article "Reductionism and Its Discontents", published in Out of My System in 1975, Crews stated his belief that psychoanalysis can be usefully applied to literary criticism but expressed growing doubts about its use as a therapeutic approach, suggesting that it had a weak, sometimes comical tradition of criticism.[23] Crews rejected psychoanalysis entirely in his article "Analysis Terminable" (first published in Commentary in 1980 and reprinted in his collection Skeptical Engagements in 1986) citing what he considered its faulty methodology, its ineffectiveness as therapy, and the harm it caused to patients.[24]
  In 1996, Crews credited Henri F. Ellenberger's The Discovery of the Unconscious (1970) with beginning a twenty-five-year-long reevaluation of the position of psychoanalysis within the history of medicine, and acknowledged other book-length critical analyses of Freud and psychotherapy, including Frank Sulloway's Freud, Biologist of the Mind (1979), Adolf Grünbaum's The Foundations of Psychoanalysis (1984), and Malcolm Macmillan's Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc (1991).[28] Crews wrote the foreword to the revised 1997 edition of Freud Evaluated, suggesting that its republication "advanced the long debate over psychoanalysis to what may well be its decisive moment".[29]
  Crews, who describes himself as "a one-time Freudian who had decided to help others resist the fallacies to which I had succumbed in the 1960s",[30] sees his criticisms of Freud as two-pronged – one aimed at Freud's ethical and scientific standards, and the other aimed at showing that psychoanalysis is a pseudoscience.[31][32] Two of his essays, "Analysis Terminable" and "The Unknown Freud", published in 1993, have been described as shots fired at the beginning of the "Freud Wars", a long-running debate over Freud's reputation, work and impact.[33][34] "The Unknown Freud" prompted an unprecedented number of letters to the The New York Review of Books for several issues.[30]
  Crews went on to criticize Freud and psychoanalysis extensively, becoming a major figure in the discussions and criticisms of Freud that occurred during the 1980s and '90s. Crews was one of a number of critics who protested an exhibit presented at the Library of Congress in 1998, as too positive and favorable to Freud; the protests delayed the exhibit's opening by almost a year, and almost cancelled it outright.[35] Author Eli Zaretsky, who identifies Crews as one of Freud's most prominent critics, writes that Crews' challenges to Freud and psychoanalysis have gone largely unanswered.[36]
  Criticism of recovered memory therapy[edit]
  In 1993 and 1994, Crews wrote a series of critical essays and reviews of books relating to repressed and recovered memories,[37] which also provoked heated debate and letters to the editors of The New York Review of Books.[30] The essays, along with critical and supporting letters and his responses, were published as The Memory Wars (1995).[38] Crews believes the memories and fantasies of childhood seduction Freud reported were not real memories but constructs that Freud created and forced upon his patients. According to Crews, the seduction theory that Freud abandoned in the late 1890s acted as a precedent and contributing factor to the wave of false allegations of childhood sexual abuse in the 1980s and 1990s.[39]
  Crews is a member of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation's advisory board[40] and has been described as "leading a backlash against recovered memory therapy."[41]
  Writing handbooks[edit]
  In 1974, Crews published The Random House Handbook, a best-selling college composition textbook that offered extensive rhetorical advice for writing academic essays as well as reference information on correct and effective use of the English language. The book brought together two aspects of writing instruction not generally covered in a single text. It was widely praised for being highly readable and helpful and was written in a clear, often elegant style, with occasional flashes of humor, something rare in college writing handbooks then or now.[42] It was also highly successful,[43] running to nine editions. Crews also co-authored three editions of The Borzoi Handbook for Writers for McGraw-Hill.[44]
  The New York Review of Books[edit]
  A 1988 review of books, "Whose American renaissance?" criticizing a growing group of contemporary United States literary critics, whom Crews pejoratively termed "New Americanists," giving the hitherto unnamed movement coherence and a common enemy (Crews himself).[45]
  A 1998 review of books related to the UFO abduction phenomenon, stating that he believed the use of hypnosis, suggestion and demand characteristics by unskilled hypnotherapists, and confabulation by the subjects were the primary causes of the phenomenon, and sources of the memories.[46][47]
  A 2001 review of books related to the creation–evolution controversy, criticising the question-begging nature of creationism and pointing out its lack of scientific merit.[48][49]
  A 2007 review of books relating to major depressive disorder, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, discussing in particular fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine (Paxil) as part of a lengthy essay on the relationship between pharmaceutical companies, academic psychiatry and psychiatrists and the United States Food and Drug Administration.[50]
  Guggenheim Fellowship (Literary criticism), 1970[51]
  Distinguished Teaching Award, University of California, Berkeley, 1985[52]
  Election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991[53]
  Berkeley Citation, 1994[54]
  Fellow, Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health, 2003–present[55]
  Crews, FC (1957) [1971 Archon books re-issue]. The Tragedy of Manners: Moral Drama in the Later Novels of Henry James. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-208-01047-5. Crews, FC (1962) [2003 Textbook Publishers re-issue]. E. M. Forster: The Perils of Humanism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-7581-5768-1. Crews, FC (2003) [1963]. The Pooh Perplex: A Student Casebook (2003 re-issue). E.P. Dutton/University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-12058-9. Crews, FC (1989) [1966]. The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06817-3. Crews, FC (1968). The Patch Commission. E. P. Dutton. Crews, FC (1975). Out of My System: Psychoanalysis, Ideology, and Critical Method. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-501947-4. Crews, FC (1991) [1980]. The Random House Handbook. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-013636-X. Crews, FC (1981). The Random House Reader. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0075535973. Crews, FC (1986). Skeptical Engagements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503950-5. Crews, FC (1992). The Critics Bear It Away: American Fiction and the Academy. Random House. ISBN 0-679-40413-9. Crews, FC; Schor S; Hennessy M (1993). The Borzoi Handbook for Writers (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-911401-6. Crews, FC (1995). The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute. The New York Review of Books. ISBN 0-940322-04-8. Crews, FC (2001). Postmodern Pooh. North Point Press. ISBN 0-86547-626-8. Crews, FC (2006). Follies of the Wise: Dissenting Essays. Shoemaker & Hoard. ISBN 1-59376-101-5. As editor[edit]
  Hawthorne, N. (1962). F. C. Crews, ed. Great Short Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0060830748. Crews, FC (1970). Psychoanalysis and Literary Process. Winthrop Publishers. ISBN 0-13-732362-X. Crews, FC; Schell O (1970). Starting Over: A College Reader. Random House. Crews FC; McMichael GL (1997). Anthology of American Literature. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-573973-X. Crews, FC (1998). Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend. Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-87221-0. Crews, FC; McMichael GL (1998). Concise Anthology of American Literature. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-373291-6. As contributor[edit]
  ^ "Frederick C. Crews, Emeritus - Staff page at UC, Berkeley". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ a b c d e f g h Fuchs, J. (28 Mar 2006). "Books: Crews skewers Follies of the Wise in new collection." The Berkeley Daily Planet. [1]
  ^ a b c Marcus, D (2002-01-30). "Lit crit Frederick Crews *58, author of The Pooh Perplex, pokes the Academy once more with his new book, Postmodern Pooh". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved 2009-04-28. ^ "Details for: Frederick C. Crews". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2009-04-27. ^ Crews, FC (2005). Follies of the Wise: Dissenting Essays. Shoemaker & Hoard. p. 220. ISBN 1-59376-101-5. ^ Giffin, M. (2012). "Literary academics are full of pooh." Quadrant, LVI(1-2), 25-29.
  ^ a b Erickson, P (1993). "The Critics Bear It Away: American Fiction and the Academy - book reviews". Criticism. Retrieved 2009-04-27. ^ "Anti-Youth Movements". Time. 1968-08-02. Retrieved 2009-04-28. ^ a b Carlson SJ (1985). Women of grace: James's plays and the comedy of manners. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Research Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-8357-1617-1. ^ Crews, FC (1958). "The Tragedy of Manners: Moral Drama in the Later Novels of Henry James". Yale University. Undergraduate prize essays. Yale University Press. 10. ^ Simon L (2007). The Critical Reception of Henry James: Creating a Master (Literary Criticism in Perspective) (Literary Criticism in Perspective). Columbia, SC, USA: Camden House. pp. 78. ISBN 1-57113-319-4. ^ Crews, FC (1962). E. M. Forster: The Perils of Humanism. Princeton University Press. pp. vii. ISBN 0-7581-5768-1. ^ Crews, Frederick C. (1989). The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06817-3. ^ "Frederick Crews - The Sins of the Fathers". University of California Press. Retrieved 2009-04-29. ^ Tompkins, Jane P. (1980). Reader-response criticism: from formalism to post-structuralism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2401-X. ^ Barchilon, J (1973). "Book Review: Psychoanalysis and Literary Process: Edited by Frederick Crews". The Psychoanalytic Quarterly. 42: 644–51. ^ Stern, HR (1973). "Book Review: Psychoanalysis and Literary Process. Frederick Crews (Ed.).". The Psychoanalytic Review. 60: 304–5. ^ Crews, FC (1992). The Critics Bear It Away: American Fiction and the Academy. Random House. ISBN 0-679-40413-9. ^ a b "Critics nominate best books of '92". The Hartford Courant. 1993-01-19. pp. C.6. Retrieved 2009-04-29. ^ a b "Spielvogel-Diamonstein Award for the Art of the Essay Winners". Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ a b Crews, FC (1975). Out of My System: Psychoanalysis, Ideology, and Critical Method. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-501947-4. ^ a b Crews, FC (1986). Skeptical Engagements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503950-5. ^ Crews, FC (2005). Follies of the Wise: Dissenting Essays. Shoemaker & Hoard. ISBN 1-59376-101-5. ^ Runcie, C. A. (1990). "Dignifying Signifying: A Meditation on Interpretation." The Journal of the Sydney University Arts Association, 15, 71-86.
  ^ Carroll, Joseph (1995). Evolution and Literary Theory. University of Missouri Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-8262-0979-3. ^ Crews, FC (1996). "The Verdict on Freud". Psychological Science. 7 (2): 63–8. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00331.x. ^ Crews, Frederick; Macmillan, Malcolm (1997). Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. vii. ISBN 0-262-63171-7. ^ a b c Miller, L (1995-12-02). "Freudian Flame Wars - The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute". Salon.com. Retrieved 2009-04-29. ^ Wade, C., Tavris, C. (2011). Psychology (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-205-71146-8
  ^ Crews, FC (1995-03-03). "Cheerful assassin defies analysis". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2009-04-29. ^ Merkin, D (2003-07-13). "The Literary Freud". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-19. (subscription required)
  ^ Gellner, Ernest (2003). The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub. pp. xxii. ISBN 0-631-23413-6. ^ Lehrer, J (1999-01-06). "A News Hour with Jim Lehrer - Sigmund Freud". PBS.com. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-29. ^ Zaretsky, Eli (2004). Secrets of the Soul: A Social and Cultural History of Psychoanalysis. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 295, 339. ISBN 0-679-44654-0. ^ Crews, FC; Erdelyi M. "Freud and Memory: An Exchange". The New York Review of Books. ^ Crews, F. (1997). The Memory Wars. New York: The New York Review of Books. p. 71. ISBN 0-940322-04-8. ^ Boxer, S (1997-08-10). "Floggin Freud". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-19. (subscription required)
  ^ C. Crews "The FMSF Scientific and Professional Advisory Board - Profiles: Frederick C. Crews" Check |url= value (help). False Memory Syndrome Foundation. Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ Goodman, W (1995-04-04). "Television Review; A Growth Industry: Helping Recall Sexual Abuse". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ Douglas, GH (1974). "Book Review - The Random House Handbook". Journal of Business Communication. 11 (3): 57. doi:10.1177/002194367401100311. ^ Trombley, W (1982-01-10). "College Text 'Dumbing' Aids Sales". Los Angeles Times. pp. A1. ^ Crews, FC; Schor S; Hennessy M (1993). The Borzoi Handbook for Writers (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-911401-6. ^ Kramer, M. (2001). "Imagining Authorship in America: "Whose American Renaissance?" Revisited." American Literary History, 13 (1), 108-125.
  ^ Crews, FC (1998). "The Mindsnatchers". The New York Review of Books. 45 (11). Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ Crews, FC; Dumm TL; Hopkins B; Jacobs DM; Maier DF (1998). "'When Words Collide': An Exchange". The New York Review of Books. 45 (15). Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ Crews, FC (2001). "Saving us from Darwin". The New York Review of Books. 48 (15). Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ Crews, FC; Gross C; Kissin B; Plantinga A; Shattuck R (2001). "'Saving us from Darwin': An Exchange". The New York Review of Books. 48 (19). Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ Crews, FC (2007). "Talking Back to Prozac". The New York Review of Books. 54 (19). Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ "The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation list of All Fellows". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ "Frederick Crews - Distinguished Teaching Award: 1985, English". 1985. Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ "Alphabetical Index of Active Members" (pdf). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2009-04-27. ^ "University of California, Berkeley Citation: Historical list of recipients as of 12/16/2008" (pdf). 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ "The Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health: Coordinating Committee & Fellows". Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health. Retrieved 2009-02-19. External links[edit]
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