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  Design of Application for Assessing the Height of Trees in Forest Stands Based on Images from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
  Various remote sensing methods are being utilized to assess fundamental properties of forest stands, such as the height of trees, already for decades. Nevertheless, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the combination with Structure from Motion software for these purposes, experiences its boom right now and thus not many pertinent studies exist yet. Such system producing image-based point clouds was utilized in this work to gain the canopy elevation data. To identify individual trees and to extract their height from these remote sensing data, a unique software tool called 'UAV Forest Explorer' was developed. Twenty forest study plots was established to acquire the field measurements ground truth data about almost 1 500 trees to thoroughly test the tool and calculate demanded statistics. The research proved, that the tool is fully applicable on all types of forest stands.
  Rössner ml., Pavel ; Vrbová, Kristýna ; Strapáčová, S. ; Rössnerová, Andrea ; Ambrož, Antonín ; Brzicová, Táňa ; Líbalová, Helena ; Javorková, Eliška ; Zajícová, Alena ; Holáň, Vladimír ; Kulich, P. ; Večeřa, Zbyněk ; Mikuška, Pavel ; Coufalík, Pavel ; Křůmal, Kamil ; Čapka, Lukáš ; Dočekal, Bohumil ; Šerý, Omar ; Machala, M. ; Topinka, Jan
  We analyzed gene expression changes in the lungs and the immunological response in splenocytes of mice exposed by inhalation of ZnO nanoparticles - NP. Adult female ICR mice were treated for three days and three months, respectively. Analysis of differential expression in genes involved in oxidative stress was conducted using quantitative RT-PCR. The potential immunotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of ZnO NP were analyzed by phenotyping and cytokine production by splenocytes after three months exposure. Three days exposure resulted in down-regulation of GCLC, GSR, HMOX-1, NQO-1, NF-kB2, PTGS2 and TXNRD1 mRNA expression, three months exposure increased the expression of these genes. Three months exposure caused a significant decrease in the percentage of granulocytes in the spleen cells, and affected the production of IL-10 and IL-6 by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated leukocytes. In summary, our study revealed changes in the expression of genes involved in the oxidative stress response following acute ZnO NP exposure. Subchronic ZnO NP exposure induced immunomodulatory effects in the spleen.
  Molecular mechanisms involved in genotoxicity of industrially important monomers (styrene, 1,3-butadiene)
  Kuricová, Miroslava ; Vodička, Pavel (advisor) ; Černá, Marie (referee) ; Machala, Miroslav (referee)
  1 ABSTRACT The evaluation of individual health risk in workers occupationally exposed to industrial xenobiotics requires the use of a large number of parameters reflecting external exposure, internal exposure, biological effects and individual susceptibility. Environmental, occupational and life style-related exposure to mutagenic agents may contribute to cancer risk in humans. To prevent the potentially hazardous effects of such agents it is important to understand their mechanisms of action. Styrene is one of the most important monomer for producing polymers and copolymers in plastics, latex paints and together with 1,3-butadiene (BD) in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers. In this thesis, a large set of parameters, including markers of external and internal exposure and biomarkers of biological effects and susceptibility have been studied in relation to the occupational exposure to both styrene and BD. First part of the present study was focused on evaluating the role of various biomarkers to assess genotoxic effects of above mentioned xenobiotics. Biomarkers reflecting styrene- and BD-induced genotoxicity and mutagenicity: O6 -styrene guanine DNA adducts, haemoglobin adducts, single-strand breaks (SSBs), SSB Endo III sites, chromosomal aberrations (CA), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase...
  Perspectives of the Merchandise Trade between the Czech Republic and the Republic of Korea and Indonesia
  Málek, Ondřej ; Müller, Štěpán (advisor) ; Machala, Martin (referee)
  The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the merchandise trade of the Czech Republic with the Republic of Korea and with the Republic of Indonesia and to forecast possible areas of Czech export. The main indicators used for the analysis are: macroeconomic and demographic data of each economy, ratings of international organisations, specifics of Korean and Indonesian markets and values and flows of international trade with a detailed focus on the Czech Republic, the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Indonesia. These indicators were observed mainly in the period of 2001-2015.
  Specifics of trading electricity in the EU
  Švecová, Stanislava ; Müller, Štěpán (advisor) ; Machala, Martin (referee)
  Electrical energy is a specific commodity. Energy market is specific as well. The thesis deals with these specifics. It describes the structure of the market, its participants and the process of the European energy market liberalization and integration. Furthermore, it deals with execution and settlement of trades, and risk management. In the end a case study devoted to the scandal of US energy giant Enron is presented.
  METABOLISM AND EFFECTS OF NEW ANTHELMINTIC DRUG IN HELMINTHS AND ITS HOSTS
  Stuchlíková, Lucie ; Skálová, Lenka (advisor) ; Kučera, Radim (referee) ; Machala, Miroslav (referee)
  Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biochemical Sciences Candidate Mgr. Lucie STUCHLÍKOVÁ Supervisor prof. RNDr. Lenka SKÁLOVÁ, Ph.D. Title of Doctoral Thesis METABOLISM AND EFFECTS OF NEW ANTHELMINTIC DRUG IN HELMINTHS AND ITS HOSTS Diseases caused by helminths, called helminthoses, are one of the most serious problems in veterinary and human medicine. These diseases are treated by anthelmintics but their effectiveness is often not sufficient due to resistance of helminths against common anthelmintics. The global anthelmintic resistance encouraged the developing of new drugs with a different mode of action. Monepantel (MOP) belongs to a new class of anthelmintic drugs known as amino- acetonitrile derivatives (AADs) that act on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In 2011, MOP was approved for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases caused by nematodes in the veterinary practice in the Czech Republic. It is produced commercially under the trade name Zolvix® (Novartis AG). The aim of this doctoral thesis was to study metabolism and effects of MOP and other AADs in order to contribute to the global research in this field. For this purpose, adults nematodes Haemonchus contortus (the sensitive strain ISE and the resistant strain WR) and its hosts Ovis...
  An acellular genotoxicity assay of complex mixtures of organic compounds bound on size segregated aerosols.
  Fikejzlová, Monika ; Rössner, Pavel (advisor) ; Machala, Miroslav (referee)
  The main aim of this work was to compare the genotoxicity of organic extracts from different size fractions of aerosol particles (1-10 µm, 0,5-1 µm, 0,17-0,5 µm) collected by high volume cascade impactors in various localities of the Czech Republic differing in the extent of the environmental pollution (Březno - strip mine, Dobré Štěstí - highway, Praha - city center, Láz - background station). Genotoxicity was determined in acellular assay of calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) with and without S9 metabolic activation by analysis of DNA adducts induced by extractable organic matter (EOM) from the particulate matter (PM) by 32 P-postlabeling and the ability of extracts to induce oxidative DNA damage was evaluated using the competitive ELISA test. The main finding of this work is that most of the observed genotoxicity is connected with fine particles (<1 µm). The concentration of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs) in EOMs indicate that fine fractions bound the highest amount of c-PAHs in all sampling sites. This fact might be related to a higher specific surface of this fraction as compared with a course fraction and a higher mass as compared with a condensational fraction. As for aerosol mass, both fine and condensational fractions are effective carriers of c-PAHs. Similarly, the DNA...
  Biotransformation and Transport of Xenobiotics in Helminths
  Bártíková, Hana ; Szotáková, Barbora (advisor) ; Horák, Petr (referee) ; Machala, Miroslav (referee)
  Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Department of Biochemical Sciences Candidate Mgr. Hana Bártíková Supervisor Doc. Ing. Barbora Szotáková, Ph.D. Title of Doctoral Thesis Biotransformation and transport of xenobiotics in helminths Infectious diseases caused by parasitic helminths are a major problem threatening health of domestic and wild animals and affecting agricultural industry worldwide. Treatment of helminthoses is based on administration of anthelmintic drugs, with benzimidazoles being the most important group. Unfortunately, the irrational use of similar anthelmintics has led to the development of drug resistance in helminths, thus causing a serious problem in the veterinary practice. Possible mechanisms of drug resistance development include changes of pharmacokinetic processes (changes in drug transport or increased drug deactivation), which are based on an increased activity of biotransformation enzymes and transporters in helminths. Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance and defence strategies of parasites against drugs can prolong the efficacy of current anthelmintics and help to find new strategies for the control of helminthoses. Although drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters of helminths serve as an efficient defence...