text: The US authorities continue to expand and accumulate new structures and meet the medical aspirations of our developing countries (Giulianotti, M.A. and Low, L.A., 2020). In order to improve and improve our shopping methods, the United States is always looking for new and innovative ways to purchase these technologically complex designs.(Hereinafter referred to as the SE form), this form clearly focuses on providing cheap, reliable and high-quality products that can meet the needs of customers and stakeholders for customization and development.
  Satisfactory stability Total cost and performance with the highest technical integrity. Overall performance, installation value and plan limits. The shape of the structural design evolves as the application moves from one part to another, as do devices and programs. The form has also changed in decades, and it gradually matures, expands, evolves, and evolves from a lower configuration during the behavior of external applications.
  Examples have shown that the control and energy software for system technology is as difficult to achieve as the process described correctly. , Recording and implementation of all areas of the center’s life cycle have become continuously challengingThe duration of the device application improvement. First of all, equipment improvements must continue to follow a complete set of requirements.
  Second, the equipment requirements must be transferred to all subsystems independent of evolutionary data collection technology, and script components must be reduced. 1/3, the device should be stable, balanced and playable in all sports under all conditions.However, the equipment requirements are no longer the same.
  If the equipment or set of requirements proves to be too expensive or unaffordable, as the equipment design develops, you can balance planning, cost, and overall performance by redesigning usage to improve requirements.System engineering aims to find a compromise between key equipment and design in the early configuration of the equipment architecture. Architecture artifacts can represent all new equipment, old equipment, their changes, the creation of new technologies, and the general behavior of the equipment phase.
  Modeling and simulation are usually responsible for organizing and verifying architecture options at this implementation level. The system and subsystem design follows the target architecture. When the factors are too unstable, expensive or time-consuming, the system architecture will change.There are both more modern object-oriented design and scoring, and perfect traditional scoring, using deliberate decomposition and modeling of log/statistics data streams.
  And introductionThe main and target architecture projects are interface management and subsystem integration. This is achieved in a sub-system within the device or in a structure with a huge and complex structure, and it is necessary to recognize a person as an essential part of the device.Intentional, analytical, design and construction, verification and validation occupy the areas that need to be met. Before anything / layout of the subsystem meetingThe literature provides some excellent representatives of architectural styles.
  These images convey the development of the artistic place and technical structure of the former guard. The definition, guidelines and form of the building can be found here (Li, K., Chen, Y. and Li, Y., 2018).
  Critical Analysis:
  The method designed for today’s complex SOS plan is a mature method based on the thought of advanced structures in the afterlife (Matsunaga, T et, al. 2017).The project uses different applications, each application is beyond talent, and these days have provided users with a lot of knowledge to learn to use and experience.
  Structural research supports the dialogue between each successful and unsuccessful selection method, procedure, idea, equipment and material to evaluate the final result of the project.It also emphasizes the importance of using the skills of multiple engineering professions and disciplines and collecting, evaluating, and integrating many useful statistics.For real-world learners, some examples illustrate how fashion can play an important role in balancing value, agenda and overall performance.
  The focus is on the use and abuse of design ideas, especiallyConditions that encourage or hinder the development of buildings are good engineering practice. Case studies should be used to introduce all the great and terrible examples of research thinking and controlling mergers and acquisitions.The key is to discover:
  ■Each device provides customers with balanced and optimized products.
  ■ An effective demand analysis was carried out.
  ■ Consistent and strict software that meets engineering control standardsSatisfies the most important opinions about the application of the technology.
  ■ Conducted four consecutive random tests and reviews.Changes were made.
  ■ Cost estimates and reliability rules have been established.
  ■Strict configuration management software has proven itself.
  ■Strictly disciplined methods have been developed for complex structures.
  ■Troubleshooting technology combines device functions in a larger environment (client-to-client).The structural engineering model transforms the need for work into a factor of rigidity and rapid adaptability. These equipment factors are allocated according to the construction method of the building and implemented under specific requirements.From the definition of requirements to the improvement of products and the structure of use, the overall performance of equipment and subsystems must be continuously combined and optimized within the value and agenda to provide operational performance.The gadget is in its entire life cycle.
  This case study focuses on various interfaces and communications to achieve this optimization. Including:
  ■ Infrastructure development/application manager interface, i. H. It is very important to translate aspirations between operators and developers (acquirers) into general performance requirements for equipment and subsystems.
  ■The interface between the competent department and the contractor is very important for structural design in order to convert and display the overall performance. The developer (buyer)/person in the adventure interface is important for structural engineering integration and stability exercises. And unknown as well as internal and external.
  This goal particularly emphasizes the impact of externalities and uncontrollable influences, including congressional movements, investment changes, new regulations/rules, and changes in stakeholders or personnel. The needs or level of contractors and government personnel. In the final analysis, due to the nature of the building structure and the elements related to it, the form of the building structure must respond to the “major trend” within the discipline of the building structure itself. The method will change over time.
  The ISS learning basics and the Friedman-Sage matrix discuss the author’s selection of ideas from the Friedman-Sage matrix in the summary of this case study (separate appendix).Credit to various intergovernmental agreements between the United States and its satellites on the International Space Station.
  0 Traveling to the International Space Station 2.1 Historical background People are constantly looking at the sky and imagining what the earth might want to see from the outside or outside.As we know today, its first contact with a local broadcaster was a short story 7. It was produced with the help of Edward Everett Hali in 1869 and titled “Brick month”.
  The Hale station is no longer sensitive, because it has become a brick structure with no engines, and its residents must want to shake the boat, jumping up and down to make the station vibrate like a signal. Physicist, recognize the early ideas of the application Later, in 19238, Hermann Obert wrote about the area’s journey from the lunar orbiting “space station” to the moon and the beginning of the past, and the space station became the main coin at the time.
  He even published basic ideas about wheeled stations.In 1952, he was nine years old. Wernher von Braun (Obert graduate) published an important article on Colliers Mag about his rotation on a 1,000-mile orbit Concept of station. In 1959, the US military did not forget to establish an eternal outpost on the nearby moon.
  The Department of Defense (DoD) in Edward Everett Hale (Edward Everett Hale) in December 1963, the Atlantic Monthly (MOL) launched an application called “Manned Orbital Laboratory” in December 1963 Procedure 11 7 “Brick Moon” (Figure 2). Provide reconnaissance functions for the Air Force and adjust the main applications of the manned fleet.​​ The application finally closed in June 1969.Eight missiles entering space, Herman Obert, 1923 “Nine Frontiers of Space Exploration”, Roger D. Lanius, Greenwood Press, 1998.
  Aircraft deployment: The history of the manned orbital laboratory, Stephen Strom, Aerospace Corporation. figure 2.Orbital Laboratory (Photo of USAF) Soviet space station . These early stations were improved and constructed between 1964 and 1977. especiallyThe volume is small and does not require refueling or refueling (unlike the small Soyuz tablet of the closest crew). These stations are in orbit via proton rockets and observation equipment on Soyuz tablet computers. They have achieved some success, and at least five have been established.
  But due toOne or more brigades employ at least 4 people. The first successful project occurred in 1971. However, a successful docking was shrouded in the death of the Soyuz dinner due to the wrong tension compensation device that caused Georgi Dobrovorski, Vladislav Volkov and Victor to ·
  Patsayev cho stayed.The site in the Soviet Union was put into use from 1977 to 1985. Although they are not large, they do have the ability to use Progress automatic tablets for refueling and refueling. This is a major technological breakthrough.It is more than the previous station, and allows the use of some personnel and performs longer tasks.
  This provided the Soviets with invaluable pleasure in the remaining rubble in the area, as they provided logistical assistance and directed transportation to the breakout station.I landed for the first time in 1986 and stayed in orbit for 15 years. It is 107 feet long, 90 feet wide, and weighs approximately 135 rods when completed. …In addition, it became a stepping stone for the staff who refused to operate the International Space Station and its fate.
  For NASA’s astronauts, engineers, and managers, this is a huge cultural surprise because it blends with the early Soviet form and the technical structure of its institutions. In Russian equipment, information is converted into electrical energy, that is, files and records are exchanged.
  Russians face similar challenges when learning and understanding technology strategies and focusing on their American counterparts. The level of support and integration required to establish an alliance with Russia has become very high, and the rise of the Soviet generation and the major political and financial trade that have taken place have made this situation more complicated. …In Russia.
  §As a result of a global initiative of NASA, English is the company’s first language. Most NASA experts do not speak Russian, and some Russians speak English. Despite the fact of translation, it still causes problems in verbal communication in several places.In addition to the core language, the team must also balance the core vocabulary of company engineering and control.
  § In the mid-1990s, due to Russia’s financial difficulties, a company operating in Russia supported “out of price range” resource searches. Award-giving activities to reward astronauts for their completionIn 1997, due to production problems, the oxygen generator tank (similar to the oxygen generator proposed for the International Space Station) got stuck in the chimney of the Mearspace station (obviously steam)1615 “Dragonfly”: “HarperCollins” (HarperCollins) editor Brian Burrow (Brian Burrow) “Dragonfly: NASA and the Turbulent World.”
  The subsequent smoke and soil layers had a strong impact on the area around the station and burned the astronauts, who hurriedly used fire extinguishers to put out the fire. …Also in 1997, the Russians tested whether manual docking equipment had a Progress function, hoping to avoid the use of expensive automatic equipment that had proven to exceed emission standards. The workstation ignores the progress.
  A few months later, they conducted a similar test. This time Progress crashed, infiltrated the radio station, and passedSpectrum module. This caused huge damage and the electricity was completely shut down and could not be delivered early. Reduce the pressure.
  Please note that certain power, control and thrust of the cabin will be reset in the future and will no longer affect the service life of the equipment. “Freedom Station” RoomOn June 17, 1993, President Clinton announced the conversion of the 17 2.1 budget into a budget.
  Accept the suggestion for a single blue ribbon panel and instruct NASA to reduce the size of the free intention (SSF) to maintain the price range. inIn 1993, the old station was refurbished for the first time, and the partner invited Russia to become the main participant and partner. The so-called “free” space station was abandoned and transformed into the International Space Station. Through the efforts of the government and Congress, NASA’s price range will be narrowed by improving the first engineThe value and utility of free space stations continue to grow.
  At that time, in 1993, the cost of the project. In a service life of 30 to 12 months, the total construction and production cost of SSF is US$31 billion, and the expected operating cost is US$100 billion.Upgrading the space station reduces costs, preserves research results, and ensures the reliability of international cooperation. “For example, the Presidential Palace issued a white paper on June 17, 1993. With the help of President Clinton, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) received 18 points for a new space station.
  Leary, New York Times, April 23, 1993. Figure 7: In the first five years, the damage caused by the Dock 13 crash at the Soviet Mir Air Force Base was estimated at $12.8 billion (extended/released). The cost of ownership at deployment is $16.5 billion, shortening its ten-year lifespanMulti-year meetings in the region 19. By that time, the SSF newspaper was valued at 9 billion U.S. dollars.
  Questions such as the final schematic is one of the main features of the interface.The technical maturity of such bound books is no longer determined by the delivery time, which is the most effective form of key reports and contracts.
  Transport to the International Space Station is the main part of the equipment. The meaning is the same as the protection and reliability of the ISS itself. Using Skylab USA is a painful reminder: planning, financing and planning new equipment cannot be used at the same time.
  For all important elements, this can lead to undesirable results. As far as Skylab is concerned, the device eventually transformed to rely entirely on the old Apollo structure for pre-release and maintenance, after which the promised available work will be used for hard work and support. Why americaIt is possible to start the best equipment that will run for 12 months (1973-74), cancel the current transportation equipment (Apollo), and then run it for at least 5 years (until the end of 1978).
  If so, he wants it. The space shuttle may be on the agenda and immediately appear in defense missions. This clearly shows that the United States plans to decommission the space shuttle in 2010, and that there is a recognized gap in the supply of equipment in the United States. Five factors 1. Consequences of transportation delays (Columbia University failure).
  This is a dialogue about basic structural design requirements and finance and politics. Since the launch of the ISS app, the fleet has become an important part of the ISS app and is essential to the finishing touch.The space shuttle (Figure 38) is the best delivery vehicle, capable of carrying huge payloads of up to 36,000 pounds in low earth orbit. The final main module of ISS is designed for transportation during transportation.
  The International Space Station contains cargo, materials, experiments, and various important lifestyle and relief supplies. Take it out of the cargo hold and connect it to the ISS for unloading. When the mission stops, it will be filled with garbage, debris and experiments, and placed in the counter compartment to return to the ground. In this system, the agenda has always been positive.
  And cover up to face the danger. You can use it from the “resident army” composed of most of the scientists, engineers and technicians recruited by NASA, your colleagues and their colleagues. For the space shuttle, this is a large number of personnel required to prepare the vehicle for flight. For the International Space Station, the main problem is that it takes a long time to update the team to maintain a high level of staffing. Since the system failed for many reasons, the “fixed annual fee” supported and increased the total registration fee.
  Various higher-level administrations and groups of NASA92. When a trip to Colombia in February 2003 was inappropriate, NASA suspended all shuttle flights indefinitely until the final result of an investigation into the game.This is a weekend afternoon on the production schedule of the International Space Station, as well as serious problems with the station’s logistics and astronaut delivery.
  The Russians have already delivered 6 astronauts, which lasted 12 months, and then transported them to Soyuz and Progressflights. Other options were considered, including recruiting American nationals from the International Space Station. Food and material supplies on orbit and on-site have been carefully updated and closely monitored to determine whether the feasibility of using the International Space Station for proliferation depends entirely on Russia’s capabilities.
  Finally, the improved method examines these issues and supports the modification of key applications to reduce travel costs. The biggest cost is to reduce the final length or function of the International Space Station and reduce the number of flights per day. 91 “Space Exploration” NASA report, February 2004. 92″, is the report prepared by the NASA Advisory Committee by the Working Group on the Use of the International Space Station Management and Cost Estimation, “NASA Report, November 1, 2001.
  “Figure 38. Space Shuttle 75, reduced crew members to board the International Space Station from 3 o’clock to 2 o’clock-Russians and Americans, andIn order to adapt to the ITU’s rotation, the promotion period has been officially increased from approximately four months to six months. At the end of the sixth phase, the composition of the International Space Station was reduced to 2 people.
  Although this situation lasted for a year and a half, this situation has become controlled rather than temporary. With the launch of the discovery ship, the landing of the space shuttle lasted until July 2005 (nearly 30 months). 2006), see you in the next episode.
  Traditional passenger cars are designed for short-term use, and maintenance and logistics rank second in terms of productivity. The mission of the ISS is more like the delivery design of a ship operating in a harsh environment, but requires regular maintenance without the risk of dry flight.
  At the time of writing, the International Space Station has been in orbit for more than 4,000 days and organized for more than 9 years. Regional logistics has an estimated service life of more than 15 years (as of 2015). It is a core part of the ISS application and is a training laboratory for exploring and designing target areas.
  As mentioned above, the transportation problem itself has become more complicated and complicated due to the limitation of the price range and the use of possible increased barriers to the region. Perform feasible maintenance on all or part of the main components. To solve this problem, designers must also remember spare parts, equipment, diagnostic systems and sensors (on each floor and on orbit), as well as methods for repairs without damaging the International Space Station. Compared with research, the early detection of MIR with the help of the Soviet Union made it take longer to repair the station.
  Not the only International Space Station: During the five-year occupation period (2000-2005), astronauts spent more than 4,000 hours on preventive and corrective maintenance of the International Space Station, ignoring the need to assemble the spacecraft. time. In difficult situations for mechanical engineers, Station.83 calculates the average time between two accidents (MTBF) when designing the system and structure, which determines the maintenance plan and spare parts list.
  The use of traditional “ground” values ​​causes certain ISS objects to exceed their MTBF, which is why it is important that many spare parts stored on the ISS are unpopular and wasteful.If the MTBF is too short, then important designs or products will continue to suffer losses, including cluster lights if the bulb burns out prematurely. In orbit, replace parts and return the malfunctioning system to Earth for recovery. In view of the premature retirement of the space shuttle, this main ORU upgrade method has been moved to the ORU garage on orbit. Extend the online time with the astronauts by one day.
  The main problem is to solve the problem of sub-systems that have failed on the track but are still in operation.It is no longer optimized for major repairs or track replacement. This can be as simple as losing the proper disassembly tool, or physically placing objects without reducing the internal gap of the ISS. External damage or confusion, the most practical way to get started is to walk through areas with limited equipment or machinery operating capabilities.
  Engineering Support Services (SESS), Munich, Germany, at the AIAA SpaceOps conference held in Rome, Italy in June 2006.On their own, it is difficult to do this when they need to be calibrated or modules require unique hardware (such as metric or standard). Although attempts have been made to standardize the system, there are still many different brackets, washers, etc., each of which requires its own bracket.
  Another major challenge is to make a technical trade-off between designing an automatic condition monitoring structure and a sensor that will detect failures in key components and restore the faulty system or key components.Complexity, cost and weight. Compared with the different areas of the structure, the main advantage of the ISS is the presence of personnel inside the circuit. The astronauts on the website are connected to floor piles, which can help engineers adjust nearby buildings. And innovate at will.
  Usually, secular problems have a major impact on the operation of the International Space Station. The use of consumables limits the functions of the International Space Station. Loss of disposable batteries and tape can limit or reduce maintenanceMany items that we can accept without consideration, such as filters, carbon dioxide cleaners, water, cleaners, etc., need to be quantified. Involving multiple civil engineers outside of the ISS would make the system obsolete and shorten its lifespan.
  Conclusion:
  To be honest, so far, the International Space Station has been NASA’s most challenging design application. Despite the arduous mission of managing international partners, improvements and a dynamic political environment, the International Space Station is nearing completion and will be fully operational.Implementation includes overseeing the system and the robust engineering that NASA has designed and implemented over the past three decades.
  Confirmed Russian donationWELT and its predecessors on board. Although some structures have been updated, it has become an evolutionary process that reduces the possibility of equipment generation, reduces its value and minimizes the possibility of the agenda. physicallyAnd the method of deliberately checking the interfaces collected in orbit. Although this is implemented late in the gadget creation phase, it helps to quickly identify and fix many device problems.
  If it has not been possible to fix them on the track immediately, it will be very difficult.In the end, NASA and its partners have developed an excellent structural engineering technology to cope with more than 40 orbital configurations. Every time the ISS is updated with the following modules, it will cause concerns about specific software, hardware, and operational requirements.It is atypical for any single complex electromechanical device, and it becomes more complicated by using extremely strict human-available hardware requirements.
  When applying the uncertainty of all countries, because the budget was adjusted or cancelled during the existence of the system. The current plan is to withdraw the space shuttle to the International Space Station. Unsafe lives (before decommissioning) are still a problem facing the comrades of the International Space Station.
  Lessons learned We interviewed professionals and asked them what they thought were the most important findings for training NASA civil engineers. Although some replies have been received, these replies tend to plagiarize the same core topic mentioned below-that particular language.Although this optimistic ambiguity can be explained or requires an explanation of fate, it allows the negotiator to move over.
  They are not yet capable enough to pursue progressive design, not progressive design. Enjoy respectable design§Integrated multi-unit testing of redundant persistence simulators and connectors using real hardware is essential and should be built into the application from day one. §System engineering encompasses communication and partnership that are vital to everyone. Therefore, before using the technical interface, make sure that the product brings the team together.
  The ability to exchange opinions verbally between colleagues is the gold standard. These meetings are mainly face-to-face meetings, so traveling around the world is an important part of architectural value. Program, interface is requiredMaintaining a high level of well-trained skilled employees over a ten-year period requires the team to develop a planned strategic plan and execution phase.
  §Don’t be too short, lest colleagues (or NASA) can start creating expensive modules or experiments too long before the agenda and application basis are formulated. 109108 “Building International Cooperation for the Future: Exploring ISS”, LP Finarelli, GK.Gibbs, I. Pryke, 88§ In contrast, physically simple shapes are of decisive importance, especially in the early structural design phase. They must constantly budget and protect.
  The lightweight version of the chiseled wood can be crafted in one day to maximize the displayThe complex geometry of ordinary spacecraft, one of them
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