text: SkinVisceral AfferentsT-LymphocytesSpinal NervesSpleenLangerhans CellsLymphocytesBasophilsNociceptorsMast CellsLymph NodesEarVisceraSpinal CordEar, ExternalSensory Receptor CellsGanglia, SpinalAnterior Chamber
  Organisms10
  Mice, Inbred BALB CMice, Inbred C57BLGuinea PigsMice, KnockoutSaccharopolysporaRats, Sprague-DawleyMice, Inbred StrainsMice, Inbred C3HMice, Inbred CBAMycobacterium bovis
  Diseases34
  Respiratory HypersensitivityHypersensitivity, DelayedDrug HypersensitivityHypersensitivityAlveolitis, Extrinsic AllergicDermatitis, ContactDentin SensitivityHypersensitivity, ImmediateHyperalgesiaDermatitis, Allergic ContactFood HypersensitivityAnaphylaxisDrug EruptionsLatex HypersensitivityNeuralgiaErythemaIrritable Bowel SyndromePainArthus ReactionDisease Models, AnimalBird Fancier's LungVisceral PainEnvironmental IllnessFarmer's LungInsect Bites and StingsPeripheral Nerve InjuriesExanthemaUrticariaMilk HypersensitivityStevens-Johnson SyndromeFanconi AnemiaInflammationHyperesthesiaGranuloma
  Chemicals and Drugs27
  DinitrofluorobenzenePicryl ChlorideOxazoloneDentin Desensitizing AgentsHaptensAntigensImmunoglobulin ETuberculinFreund's AdjuvantDinitrochlorobenzeneAllergensOvalbuminBCG VaccineDeoxyribonuclease IAntigens, FungalUrocanic AcidStreptodornase and StreptokinaseAdjuvants, ImmunologicIrritantsTrinitrobenzenesulfonic AcidToothpastesAntigens, BacterialCarbamazepineCytokinesAnalgesicsDideoxynucleosidesDiphenhydramine
  Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14
  Skin TestsIntradermal TestsImmunization, PassiveImmunizationPhysical StimulationPain MeasurementPassive Cutaneous AnaphylaxisDisease Models, AnimalLymphocyte ActivationPatch TestsInjections, IntradermalDesensitization, ImmunologicImmunosuppressionInjections, Spinal
  Psychiatry and Psychology3
  Pain ThresholdPainNociception
  Phenomena and Processes13
  Immunity, CellularCell Migration InhibitionPain ThresholdAntibody FormationPainPassive Cutaneous AnaphylaxisImmune ToleranceLymphocyte ActivationDose-Response Relationship, ImmunologicUltraviolet RaysTime FactorsImmunityMutation
  Technology, Industry, Agriculture1
  Toothpastes
  Health Care2
  ImmunizationUltraviolet Rays
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  Respiratory HypersensitivityHypersensitivity, DelayedDrug HypersensitivityHypersensitivityAlveolitis, Extrinsic AllergicDermatitis, ContactDentin SensitivitySkin TestsHypersensitivity, ImmediateDinitrofluorobenzeneHyperalgesiaPicryl ChlorideDermatitis, Allergic ContactOxazoloneFood HypersensitivityImmunity, CellularDentin Desensitizing AgentsHaptensCell Migration InhibitionPain ThresholdSkinAnaphylaxisIntradermal TestsDrug EruptionsAntigensImmunization, PassiveLatex HypersensitivityImmunoglobulin EVisceral AfferentsMice, Inbred BALB CTuberculinMice, Inbred C57BLImmunizationGuinea PigsNeuralgiaPhysical StimulationFreund's AdjuvantT-LymphocytesSpinal NervesDinitrochlorobenzeneErythemaIrritable Bowel SyndromePain MeasurementAntibody FormationPainSpleenAllergensOvalbuminArthus ReactionPassive Cutaneous AnaphylaxisImmune ToleranceLangerhans CellsDisease Models, AnimalBird Fancier's LungBCG VaccineNociceptionLymphocyte ActivationVisceral PainLymphocytesPatch TestsDeoxyribonuclease IMice, KnockoutEnvironmental IllnessDose-Response Relationship, ImmunologicBasophilsSaccharopolysporaAntigens, FungalFarmer's LungInsect Bites and StingsRats, Sprague-DawleyUltraviolet RaysInjections, IntradermalNociceptorsMast CellsTime FactorsLymph NodesPeripheral Nerve InjuriesMice, Inbred StrainsUrocanic AcidStreptodornase and StreptokinaseMice, Inbred C3HAdjuvants, ImmunologicIrritantsEarTrinitrobenzenesulfonic AcidVisceraSpinal CordExanthemaMice, Inbred CBADesensitization, ImmunologicImmunosuppressionEar, ExternalToothpastesAntigens, BacterialCarbamazepineUrticariaMycobacterium bovisCytokinesImmunityInjections, Spinal
  Respiratory Hypersensitivity
  A form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. It includes ASTHMA and RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL.
  Hypersensitivity, Delayed
  An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.
  Drug Hypersensitivity
  Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.
  Hypersensitivity
  Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.
  Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
  A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.
  Dermatitis, Contact
  A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.
  Dentin Sensitivity
  Skin Tests
  Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.
  Hypersensitivity, Immediate
  Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.
  Dinitrofluorobenzene
  Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.
  Hyperalgesia
  An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.
  Picryl Chloride
  A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).
  Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
  A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.
  Oxazolone
  Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.
  Food Hypersensitivity
  Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.
  Immunity, Cellular
  Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.
  Dentin Desensitizing Agents
  Substances which reduce or eliminate dentinal sensitivity or the pain associated with a source of stimulus (such as touch, heat, or cold) at the orifice of exposed dentinal tubules causing the movement of tubular fluid that in turn stimulates tooth nerve receptors.
  Haptens
  Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.
  Cell Migration Inhibition
  Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated LEUKOCYTES or MACROPHAGES. Specific CELL MIGRATION ASSAYS have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factors, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.
  Pain Threshold
  Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
  Skin
  The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
  Anaphylaxis
  An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.
  Intradermal Tests
  Skin tests in which the sensitizer is injected.
  Drug Eruptions
  Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. These may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions.
  Antigens
  Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.
  Immunization, Passive
  Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).
  Latex Hypersensitivity
  Allergic reaction to products containing processed natural rubber latex such as rubber gloves, condoms, catheters, dental dams, balloons, and sporting equipment. Both T-cell mediated (HYPERSENSITIVITY, DELAYED) and IgE antibody-mediated (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) allergic responses are possible. Delayed hypersensitivity results from exposure to antioxidants present in the rubber; immediate hypersensitivity results from exposure to a latex protein.
  Immunoglobulin E
  An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
  Visceral Afferents
  The sensory fibers innervating the viscera.
  Mice, Inbred BALB C
  Tuberculin
  A protein extracted from boiled culture of tubercle bacilli (MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS). It is used in the tuberculin skin test (TUBERCULIN TEST) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in asymptomatic persons.
  Mice, Inbred C57BL
  Immunization
  Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
  Guinea Pigs
  A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
  Neuralgia
  Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.
  Physical Stimulation
  Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.
  Freund's Adjuvant
  An antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. The complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually M. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. It is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and potentiates the production of certain IMMUNOGLOBULINS in some animals. The incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria.
  T-Lymphocytes
  Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
  Spinal Nerves
  The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
  Dinitrochlorobenzene
  A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.
  Erythema
  Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes.
  Irritable Bowel Syndrome
  A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.
  Pain Measurement
  Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
  Antibody Formation
  The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.
  Pain
  An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
  Spleen
  An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
  Allergens
  Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
  Ovalbumin
  An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.
  Arthus Reaction
  A dermal inflammatory reaction produced under conditions of antibody excess, when a second injection of antigen produces intravascular antigen-antibody complexes which bind complement, causing cell clumping, endothelial damage, and vascular necrosis.
  Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
  An evanescent cutaneous reaction occurring when antibody is injected into a local area on the skin and antigen is subsequently injected intravenously along with a dye. The dye makes the rapidly occurring capillary dilatation and increased vascular permeability readily visible by leakage into the reaction site. PCA is a sensitive reaction for detecting very small quantities of antibodies and is also a method for studying the mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity.
  Immune Tolerance
  The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.
  Langerhans Cells
  Recirculating, dendritic, antigen-presenting cells containing characteristic racket-shaped granules (Birbeck granules). They are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the EPIDERMIS and are rich in Class II MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX molecules. Langerhans cells were the first dendritic cell to be described and have been a model of study for other dendritic cells (DCs), especially other migrating DCs such as dermal DCs and INTERSTITIAL DENDRITIC CELLS.
  Disease Models, Animal
  Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
  Bird Fancier's Lung
  A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled avian antigens, usually proteins in the dust of bird feathers and droppings.
  BCG Vaccine
  An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.
  Nociception
  Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).
  Lymphocyte Activation
  Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
  Visceral Pain
  Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.
  Lymphocytes
  White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
  Patch Tests
  Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction.
  Deoxyribonuclease I
  An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.
  Mice, Knockout
  Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
  Environmental Illness
  A polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. The medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this "disease", given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental illness, the lack of reproducible laboratory abnormalities, and the use of unproven therapies to treat the condition. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
  Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
  A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.
  Basophils
  Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes.
  Saccharopolyspora
  A genus of gram-positive bacteria whose spores are round to oval and covered by a sheath.
  Antigens, Fungal
  Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.
  Farmer's Lung
  A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled antigens associated with farm environment. Antigens in the farm dust are commonly from bacteria actinomycetes (SACCHAROPOLYSPORA and THERMOACTINOMYCES), fungi, and animal proteins in the soil, straw, crops, pelts, serum, and excreta.
  Insect Bites and Stings
  Bites and stings inflicted by insects.
  Rats, Sprague-Dawley
  A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
  Ultraviolet Rays
  That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
  Injections, Intradermal
  The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.
  Nociceptors
  Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
  Mast Cells
  Granulated cells that are found in almost all tissues, most abundantly in the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Like the BASOPHILS, mast cells contain large amounts of HISTAMINE and HEPARIN. Unlike basophils, mast cells normally remain in the tissues and do not circulate in the blood. Mast cells, derived from the bone marrow stem cells, are regulated by the STEM CELL FACTOR.
  Time Factors
  Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
  Lymph Nodes
  They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.
  Peripheral Nerve Injuries
  Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
  Mice, Inbred Strains
  Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
  Urocanic Acid
  4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.
  Streptodornase and Streptokinase
  A mixture of the enzymes (streptokinase and streptodornase) produced by hemolytic streptococci. It is used topically on surface lesions and by instillation in closed body cavities to remove clotted blood or fibrinous or purulent accumulations. It is also used as a skin test antigen in evaluating generalized cell-mediated immunodeficiency. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.-.
  Mice, Inbred C3H
  Adjuvants, Immunologic
  Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
  Irritants
  Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants.
  Ear
  The hearing and equilibrium system of the body. It consists of three parts: the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR. Sound waves are transmitted through this organ where vibration is transduced to nerve signals that pass through the ACOUSTIC NERVE to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
  Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
  A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.
  Viscera
  Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen.
  Spinal Cord
  A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
  Exanthema
  Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.
  Mice, Inbred CBA
  Desensitization, Immunologic
  Immunosuppression by the administration of increasing doses of antigen. Though the exact mechanism is not clear, the therapy results in an increase in serum levels of allergen-specific IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, suppression of specific IgE, and an increase in suppressor T-cell activity.
  Immunosuppression
  Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
  Ear, External
  The outer part of the hearing system of the body. It includes the shell-like EAR AURICLE which collects sound, and the EXTERNAL EAR CANAL, the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, and the EXTERNAL EAR CARTILAGES.
  Toothpastes
  Dentifrices that are formulated into a paste form. They typically contain abrasives, HUMECTANTS; DETERGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; and CARIOSTATIC AGENTS.
  Antigens, Bacterial
  Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
  Carbamazepine
  An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of PHENYTOIN; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar.
  Urticaria
  A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.
  Mycobacterium bovis
  The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.
  Cytokines
  Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
  Immunity
  Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.
  Injections, Spinal
  Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
  Milk Hypersensitivity
  Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.
  Analgesics
  Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
  Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
  Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.
  Sensory Receptor Cells
  Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.
  Dideoxynucleosides
  Nucleosides that have two hydroxy groups removed from the sugar moiety. The majority of these compounds have broad-spectrum antiretroviral activity due to their action as antimetabolites. The nucleosides are phosphorylated intracellularly to their 5'-triphosphates and act as chain-terminating inhibitors of viral reverse transcription.
  Diphenhydramine
  A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.
  Fanconi Anemia
  Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)
  Inflammation
  A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
  Mutation
  Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
  Ganglia, Spinal
  Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
  Hyperesthesia
  Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.
  Granuloma
  A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.
  Anterior Chamber
  The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)