text: is the Phyllis H. Carey Professor at Wellesley College, where he is a member of both the academic and performance faculties. As the highest-ranking American in the 1980 J. S. Bach International Competition, he performed at the White house for President Carter. He is the author of (UC Press, 2001) and of articles about the music of Schumann, Chopin, and Rachmaninoff. He is currently working on a memoir entitled .
  Beginning with a personal account of my early experiences of Chopin's B-Minor Prelude and A-Minor Waltz, I argue that "musical meaning" arises neither simply from the music itself nor simply from a listener's or performer's self projections into the music. Instead it arises intersubjectively, from a relationship that subsumes a musical self and a musical other within the virtual (i.e., imaginary or fictional) environment that fully engaged musical experience engenders. Such an intersubjective exchange is likely to be especially acute in the compositional process itself, as the composer creates through music an "other" in dialogue with his or her self. The actual relationship between this other and the composer's own character and experience is rarely possible to ascertain with any degree of certainty: the music is better understood as self-creation than as self-representation. But paradoxically, pieces that are somehow atypical for their composer sometimes epitomize that composer's musical character most strongly and can suggest autobiographical motivation more specifically than many of the composer's other works. Such is the case with Chopin's relatively few solo pieces that suggest vocal duets, whether straightforwardly, as in the C#-Minor Étude, op. 25, no. 7, or through marked contrast with a solo voice, as in the two op. 27 Nocturnes. In each of these pieces, Chopin explores a problematic relationship between two "others," one of them unattainable or elusive. If one of them mirrors Chopin's musical self, perhaps the other, the more remote, can be understood as a musical image of the self that Chopin needed to develop in order to negotiate the "real world."