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  Text of Letter from the editor - Worldbuilding Magazine
  Letter from the editor Lordhenry7898's [sPACe 2017] Gangsterduck - World Showcase
  Dear Readers,
  The third issue of Worldbuilding Monthly Magazine is here! Inside this issue the team tackled themes and articles revolving around the central theme of “populating your world,” I hope you enjoy!
  “Populating your world” was chosen because we wanted to create more in depth analysis and
  content for the sub in areas we thought could use it. Worldbuilders (myself included) often tend to gloss over the fundamentals of ecologies that makes planets believable, and that’s totally okay if you do. We just thought every aspect of worldbuilding would be cool to cover that might not get covered otherwise.
  As for the organization of the magazine, we are currently in the middle of changing workflows
  and solidifying roles to make future magazines easier to create. So much organizing. It’s fun. For the next issue, the team has decided to cover history as a theme. We want to attack this
  from every angle to make it realistic, fun, and easy to create histories of your own. If you would like to write an article about history, please contact me!
  Cheers,
  u/UNoahGuy
  4
  PostAnterA
  revoLutions
  WorLd-first design
  Strongly_O_Platypus
  WorLdbuiLder’s guide to ConLAnging: introduCtion Alex L.
  14 12
  A Living WorLd
  16
  20
  4 5WORLDBUILDING MONTHLY VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2
  LordHenry7898’s world [SPACE 2017] is about humans and an alien race called the Slb who
  are abducted by incompetent aliens known as the Sleen under the control of a competent supercom- puter. These abductees now have to deal with the fact that they are not coming home. This world was started on April 14th, 2017. LordHenry7898 also took inspirations from Star Trek, Rick and Morty, and the news.
  What is your method for populating the world?
  I mostly improvise, and go with my gut instinct. I look at my world and see if it could use a race here or there. When I actually create the races, I focus on stereotypes and how other races view them.
  What are your aliens like? And how did you de- sign them?
  I try to have a mix of different kinds of aliens. On the one hand, I have human-like aliens, like the ones you'd see on Star Trek, then there's shape- shifters, and aliens resembling piles of tentacles. In between, there are giant bugs and big fleshy col- umns. I use two methods to design aliens. The first is to make them a literal version of their stereo- type. For example, one of my races, the Danaxu, try to see all sides of a situation, always. How do we make this literal? That's easy enough — they have radial symmetry. They see all sides of themselves. If that doesn't work, I start with features that will make them memorable, then see where it leads me from there. What makes your aliens inhuman?
  The easiest answer to this would be the way they look. Of course, it gets a little deeper than that. Their behavior is deliberately… alien, yet still (I hope) unsettlingly familiar. Can you describe each race a little? How they organize/what they look like?
  Danaxu are 6-sided flesh pillars covered in eyes and mouths. They’re often described as irritatingly
  Lordhenry7898's [sPACe 2017]
  cold and emotionless. Horl are piles of tentacles who love to build. To date, their biggest accom- plishments include the self-contained universe Land/Sky, the artificial planet Sky/Land, and a planet made of meat, built for an unnamed client with strange tastes. Fax are giant bugs with or- ange and gray patterns on their carapace. They are stereotyped as arms dealers, because... well... they are arms dealers. Before joining the Systems United, the Fax had an entire culture built around gunrunning. The Sleen are essentially John Car- penter’s The Thing. If you cut off a chunk of these shapeshifters, it will behave like a new animal. The And are descended from a tribe of Neanderthals abducted during the last ice age. They are distin- guishable by their neanderthal features, and a gray mottling from living on Land/Sky. They are wildly hedonistic, and will do their utmost to take plea- sure in everything they do. This has led to others seeing them as sickeningly oversexed, but the And couldn’t care less. So the And live in an artificial universe the Horl created?
  Yeah. The galactic government, the Systems United, uses it as a capital. It's sort of an inside-out Cor- uscant. At the center is a red dwarf that provides energy for the whole structure. Did the Horl abduct the And and put them there?
  No. They were originally abducted by a group of Sleen, (abduction is very very illegal, by the way. It's the equivalent of removing local flora and fauna from their habitats), but were caught by Systems United law enforcement. Now, the Danaxu have figured out that the abductees would have to stay in space, since (especially for primitive ones) the knowledge that people exist in space could have very unforeseen consequences. At least, that's what they claimed. What they really meant was that they didn't want primitive species getting an- gry that aliens are abducting their people.
  Since you have a lot of very different races, how well do they get along with each other?
  They mostly get along with each other, but there is one very divisive issue: abductees. Because of the Primitive Species Isolation Act (legalese for "they're here, now they can't leave”), anybody from a primitive world (read: not in the SU) abducted by aliens (after the And, the two most common ab- ducted aliens are humans and the Slb) have to find a place to live. Many SU residents don't want the abductees there, which manifests by helping them get back home, or burning down the abductees' apartment blocks. Obviously, these 2 groups get in fights over the best ways to get rid of abductees. The other half don't mind them, and often attempt to help the abductees by finding them jobs, pro- tecting them from arsonists, or lobbying for ab- ductee rights. Fights are common where abductees are concerned. Why do they abduct people in the first place?
  For a variety of reasons. Scientists need disposable test subjects, promiscuous aliens want a new, ex- otic partner, or sometimes it's just teenagers pull- ing off drunken shenanigans. What are your creatures like? And how did you design them?
  My creatures, mostly root in the ground, then di- gest their own brain (like the sea squirt). Though there is one critter of mine of which every part is extremely valuable. Its skin makes wonderful leather. Its brain and nervous tissue can be used to make very efficient computer systems. Even its poo, while hallucinogenic, has a myriad of medical uses (but it's used for money, instead).
  As for actually designing the creatures, I cur- rently do it on the basis of “hey, this looks cool”. I hope to get more technical later, though.
  What are your plants like? And how did you de- sign them?
  Right now, plants don't exist beyond “there are trees here.” or “this grungy urban slum needs some vines crawling up these walls” They're mostly there to look aesthetically pleasing for now. How did you make interactions between crea- tures and plants?
  In the future, I hope to create a symbiotic relation- ship between some plants and animals. But for now, because plants are mostly aesthetic additions, I can't do much. What are your nations like? And how did you build them?
  I haven’t made any nations other than the Systems United yet. And they're incredibly reactionary. If something happens, somebody's going to blame something/someone, and next thing you know, there's a ton of new laws in effect. A lot of my worldbuilding for the SU comes from the news.I wonder what would happen if, say, the travel ban on people from Muslim countries hadn't been struck down. And I put a lot of this into the SU.
  Gangsterduck World Showcase
  © Tristen Fekete, 2017
  the first stePs by Hexarch
  Worldbuilding is a fun hobby in itself, but some people like to combine it with a passion for storytelling. It’s common
  for science fiction and fantasy stories to take place in settings conjured up by their creator, and our goal is to teach our read- ers how to build excellent worlds. If we’ve done our job, you’ll have a detailed world that makes sense on the large scale and the small. However, a question arises when you set out to tell a story in it. How do you introduce your audience to your labor of love? Your world has an important part to play in the tale, so it’s important that they know how it works. The ultimate key is to start slowly, but there are many ways to do that.
  The most important tip to remember is to not begin your
  story with worldbuilding. As much as you want to show it off, your audience is not going to stick around for your world, but your characters. No matter how complicated and unique your setting, start your story with a scene the audience can easily grasp. A chase, a trial, a wedding, something they will have per- sonal experience with. While they’re interested in the action, you can slip little bits of worldbuilding in. If your characters are being chased, a description of the pursuers can be used to explain pieces of the world. The story role of the pursuers (to chase the main characters) is easily understood by the audi- ence, which makes a description of them an interesting spice to the meat of the story. The key to this slow-drip method is to make sure everything you describe about your world has some relevance to the characters in the moment.
  An excellent example of this is the first few chapters of the A
  Song of Ice and Fire series by George R.R Martin. We meet two important characters named Daenerys and Viserys in the third chapter. Their family, the Targaryens, were mentioned once in each of the previous chapters, but not talked about in depth. In the first chapter, we’re told that they were Kings before Robert Baratheon. In the second chapter, we’re told that they were on the losing end of a civil war with Robert Baratheon. Now that the reader knows these two pieces of information, they’re primed and ready for everything we learn in the third chapter. More importantly, the information we get about the Targaryens doesn’t slow the flow or seem out of place in any of the scenes where it’s mentioned. In the first chapter, they’re mentioned in a conversation about Kings having executioners. In the second chapter, they’re brought up in the context of King Robert com- ing to visit. It’s natural and unobtrusive. If you cannot avoid a
  massive dump of information, make sure to build up to
  it. Make the characters interested in it, make the informa- tion vital to the story and if possible, the current moment.
  One of the best tools to use when describing your world
  is using what your audience already knows to help get the point across. The best example I can think of for this is in Star Wars, A New Hope. Kenobi has just rescued Luke from the Sand People and is telling him about his father. When you watch this scene, note how, at least for the first few times they mention it, Obi-Wan always says ‘Jedi Knight’ and doesn’t move on to simply saying ‘Jedi’ for a little while. The audience knows what a Knight is, we were all read the same bed- time stories growing up about knights and maidens and dragons. Now, the Jedi weren’t literal knights of course, they weren’t landholders sworn to a king. But by making use of the mental image that jumps to mind when we hear the word ‘knight’, the movie gives us an idea what the Jedi were without having to launch into a lot of exposition. I think this is one reason why a lot of fantasy takes place in a quasi-medieval setting. Not only is the setting familiar to the author, you don’t have to explain to the audi- ence what a King or a Kingdom is, and you can use that shared pool of knowledge to hurry along. This applies in science fiction too. Everyone knows what a spaceship is and what a planet is; the very basic in- formation is already there. The further you stray from things your audience is already aware of, the more time you’re going to have to devote to exposition and world building. That’s not meant to warn you off, but it’s certainly something to keep in mind.
  Now eventually you will get to a point where you
  will have to describe something unfamiliar to your audience. This is easier in a visual medium, like television or video games, as you can just show the horrifying monster or fantastical ship. But even in visual media you will come across things that need to be described rather than shown. When you do,
  try to use the human scale as much as possible. In other words, describe it in terms that a person can relate to. If you’re writing a science fiction story and there’s an alien ship landing, you don’t want to say something like ‘the alien ship was 13.7 meters long’. It knocks the reader out of the description when they try to figure out just how long that is. A better thing to say would be “the alien ship was the size of a school bus”. The reader will likely know how big a school bus is and they can go on reading uninterrupted. This is also useful for references other
  than size. If something is thousands of miles or light years away, that won’t mean much to the
  reader. After a certain point people can’t contextualize numbers that high. Using travel time to describe distance can get the point across better. “42 light years
  away” may not mean as much as “three weeks to get there”. Your characters will be
  vital in descriptions like this. If a monster climbs out of chasm, a response of shock will tell the audience
  that this is not a known creature, whereas a rapid-fire discussion of its weakness will tell them that these sorts of things are common. If a massive spaceship warps into a system, an expression of disbelief in its size tells the audience that ships are not normally that big in your world, while a routine note made about it in the ship’s log will indicate that massive starships are common- place. Using the human scale and the in-universe knowl- edge of your characters will help you smoothly describe your world.
  To wrap up, the key is to go slow. As tempting as it
  may be to write out a few pages of the history of the Imperial Capital, it will quickly bore most readers. If you want your audience to fall in love with your world, carefully entwine your exposition with your story. Make sure that the description of your world is relevant to the challenges your characters are facing. Do your best to use terms your audience is familiar with, and build up to explaining things that are truly alien. Done right, your world with be a character in its own right, taking
  an honored place among the greatest heroes and vilest villains.
  8 9WORLDBUILDING MONTHLY VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2
  It is easy to assume that worldbuilding is about creating your own world from scratch, or at the
  very least it’s easy to get caught up in creating everything for a universe that is uniquely yours. You’ve determined how the food chain works in the wild, the common faiths and cultures present in the civilization that lives nearby, and how they con- trast with the neighboring folks’. Perhaps you have explained the existence of dragons, or vampires, or this weird new creature of your own invention which protects, instead of devours, those who it grows attached to. Unfortunately for the beast it’s got a maw like a crocodile’s and beady eyes that strike fear into any sane person. Within moments you’ve written backstories and history that spans decades about the beasts and the people whose entire livelihood is dedicated to hunting them. There’s even a festival where the good townspeo- ple indulge in celebrating the hunters, culminating in a dance that portrays the hunt and the kill of the misunderstood beast.
  Which is fantastic–and by all means, get lost in and explore your world.
  However this sort of world, one which is vast
  and complex and entirely new, is not all that world- building is about.
  Worldbuilding is about creating a unique set-
  ting, as well as the inhabitants of it, and exploring the culture and life of those who live there. It is about recreating life as we know it, what is pos- sible, while exploring the impossibilities. Yes, at times this is to tell fantastical stories; be it within Dungeons & Dragons, a story you’re writing, or as a tool to immerse people in games such as Mass Effect and Eldritch Horror. At other times world- building is very subdued — rather than describing the world in detail creators may only suggest information when appropriate, or in a medium of their choice. One of my favorite examples is Jenni- fer Egan’s A Visit from the Goon Squad, published in 2010. If you’ve never read the book, here’s the gist; it’s a collection of short stories which inter- twine and progress without any linear timeline. They take place in the modern-day United States (with one segment taking place in Italy, I believe),
  defining WorLdbuiLding by Adam Bassett
  and because of it so much of the world is familiar. Egan didn’t have to explain cell-phones, tennis, or kleptomania very much; she instead deals with common items, familiar settings, but in unique or compelling ways. This is where her worldbuilding begins to be interesting. Egan switches characters every chapter, or shows you them at a different time in their life; the woman who starts the story goes away for a while but you see her again as a college student, and again as a mother. Egan builds the settings around the situation that character is in — a restaurant, the campus, and her home. In a very short time Egan builds her world around the character in question so that the reader can follow what is happening, while she simultaneously uses the setting to inform the reader about the charac- ter.
  One of Egan’s more interesting chapters is writ- ten entirely in the form of a powerpoint presenta- tion printed on the pages in landscape formatting. I wanted to highlight this because, even though this doesn’t specifically show us the setting for this chapter, it does tell us a great deal about the char- acter who’s made the powerpoint-style journal, and about how technology has influenced her life. Plenty of books are in the format of a journal, keep- ing a log of the main character’s survival or day- to-day life. We have apparently reached the point where it is okay to publish a story in a powerpoint format — that is absolutely fascinating to me.
  The closing of the book took place in the fu-
  ture — perhaps the mid 2020’s — and she took care to craft a vision of the future that was both familiar and strange. She touched on the progres- sion of social media (a character sorts through over 15,000 friends), slang (both the break-down of language in texting and new slang in spoken conversation), how music has changed (anything unaltered is astoundingly strange and new), and city surveillance/protection. These are all small touches but they add up to make the final chapter of A Visit from the Goon Squad something special. Previously Egan had done well setting the scene, informing the reader of which character is the protagonist and firmly rooting them in the world we know. This final chapter has crescendoed into
  worldbuilding far greater than anywhere else in the book, and no part of it was ever out of place.
  Another author, Edwidge Danticat of The Dew
  Breaker, educates her readers about the places and cultures she discusses. Not all are unfamiliar — the places in the United States were easy enough to understand — but she amplifies her worldbuilding efforts when she takes the reader to Haiti, and when Haitian culture becomes important to the various character’s stories. I know little and have never spent a lot of time learning about the island nation, yet she was able to construct a vision of Haiti around 1960 that an uneducated person such as myself found easy to follow.
  While I think Egan and Danticat are exceptional
  examples of subdued worldbuilding, they are re- stricted to a certain medium. Since it would not do us good to only explore novels and short stories let’s step away for a moment. I would like to turn
  to a game I mentioned earlier, in which both the heavy-handed, explicitly detailed worldbuilding so many of us are used to exists alongside subtler methods like conversations and small interactions. Mass Effect has a setting rich with alien civilisa- tions and history within each. BioWare, game’s de- veloper, has created a long timeline with the orig- inal trilogy dating from before 1,000,000,000 BCE to 2819 CE. It serves as a detailed guide, delivered through an in-game encyclopedia of sorts called a codex, which allows the player to delve into much more information than they would normally have access to by simply playing through the game. The history and culture of each species is alluded to through the game’s locations and conversations with others, allowing the player’s experiences to help them further understand the entries in the co- dex. The subtler worldbuilding experienced by the player in their gameplay works, and it is supple- mented by the offering of much more information.
  At Worldbuilding Monthly we have spent a bit of
  time talking about the concepts of high fantasy and map generators, but before we get too caught up in genre-specifics I wanted to remind everybody that worldbuilding is not exclusive to fantasy or sci-fi; although, I admit, it does happen to be especially fun in those genres. Worldbuilding is a method of constructing and expanding a fictional world through the settings, characters, and cultures present in it — all of which must inform the other. Sometimes that does mean a grand-scale sci-fi or fantasy, along with it all the dwarves and elves that make your version special. Sometimes world- building is just a very detailed and intricate setting right here on Earth. It could even be a guitar and a singer, and the audience who has come to see the performance.
  Credit: Tristen Fekete
  10 11WORLDBUILDING MONTHLY VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2
  Imagine your world, the one you have in your head perfectly laid out and easy to see. A familiar
  urge occurs as you think of it, a notion to create, evinced from the imagery your mind’s eye gen- erates. It may not be for the readers, but for your own internal consistency, to make sure the geogra- phy is on point.
  Now come the paper and compass, rulers and stencils, lots of erasing, serious smudging, and keenly eyeballed straight lines. Problems you hadn’t previously considered occur, but you make choices on the fly. You place rivers and plains, perhaps a continental ridge with a spacious inland ocean...
  Then you reach the question, “This seemed so easy, but why doesn’t this look like an actual map?”
  Now the dimensions you wanted narratively
  don’t pan out realistically. Your fabled “vast” oceans or endless Saharan deserts don’t dominate the way they should according to your aesthetic senses. What’s worse, there is no significance to much of the decoration on the map. A placeholder placed simply to fill a void is devoid of meaning. If you decide to undertake a real map, random place- ment does not usually work out in the end.
  Using our present day Earth for inspiration, you
  wonder, “How did they get their lines?” Topologies like islands and continents are not random like a fractal map generator would have you believe. Rivers and mountains form ecologies which can be partially simulated in engines, but still seem dis- ingenuous. The map you make can come from any era in your stories timeline, and is a still image in a timeline of progress and strife. Place your borders with care. Be clever and tell a story to the percep- tive reader. Soon, your edges define themselves with geography, politics, wars and embargoes, you have to account for your dynamic borders.
  The History Channel series by Brian Unger,
  “How The States Got Their Shape”, is a good re- source for this. The United States has very dynamic border shapes caused from “gerrymandering,”
  storybook mAPs need storybook origins by Austen Gray
  legal disputes, and civil wars. A protuberance from an otherwise straight line is a visual cue. A straight line also tells a tale, was there a treaty, or was a latitudinal border determined? Is there a name like “West Virginia” to imply there was once only a Vir- ginia? Why did they split? These questions can be conveyed in a flash if you take the care to develop it.
  The complex borders seen in Europe, or like
  in Congressional Districts, have exact reasons for their existence. Wars that were fought, people died, trenches were dug, and forts “held the line” to con- stitute what you see now. New Orleans, Louisiana has a thoroughfare called “Rampart Street” which follows the trail soldiers fighting in the War of 1812 used behind the battlements to move along the front.The old “Three Mile Limit” for setting a nation’s coastal boundary became necessary when everyone’s maps clashed on who owned what water. North Korea still claims up to fifty miles, though it is not heeded.
  Entire stories can be told in a single image, and
  the Herculean feat of charting one’s world is a choice many authors forgo. Some would prefer to let the world live in the minds of the reader as a unique interpretation, as the writers of Star Trek chose to. While this can lead to inconsistencies, it’s also easier for the writers to have the narrative flexibility necessary in a world as large as theirs. Terry Pratchett’s Discworld takes another approach worth considering: “You can’t map a sense of hu- mor. Anyway, what is a fantasy map but a space beyond which There Be Dragons?”
  His point is simple, let your audience make their
  own map. What people dream up for themselves can be as precious and unique as the story you are telling. Browsing fan creations of Discworld proves his point. Though there are now official maps, for so long it only lived in his readers minds. Such a thing is how you immerse readers and make them feel part of the story. It’s similar to the film concept seen in “Inception”, a person believes what they create from within.
  Consider the Elder Scrolls games by Bethesda, featuring cleverly told stories that only have a visual component like this article mentions. When regarding your map, try to see if you can tell a story without words. Adding a solitary bridge con- necting two vast coasts is interesting, or marking a series of border forts along canals easily adds flair. Familiarize yourself with the ancient maps before and after Alexander invaded the former Island of Tyre, or when the “New World” was discovered by European powers, comparing the world maps from both eras.
  Or, consider the Planet Reach from Bungie’s
  Halo series. Does the colossal hole in the Continent tell you any stories? The artwork is captivating, drawing the eyes to trace the splashdown path of the smaller inland crater oceans. This is not a plot relevant detail in the game, but to us, it is fodder for the imagination.
  Mark your borders with care, let the story guide
  your decisions, reference real life conflicts. This will enrich both your visual storytelling and sense of worldbuilding, but most importantly, will impart meaning and significance. Remember to take notes along the way, before you know it, you will have an authentic collection of squiggly lines that tell you a thousand years of history at a glance.
  Credit: Dorkly.com - 12 of the Saddest Locations and Encounters in Skyrim
  Credit: Bungie/Microsoft Studios
  12 13WORLDBUILDING MONTHLY VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2
  For all of the possibilities of worlds that could be built, I far too often see the same few types
  appearing over and over again, desert worlds, grasslands, globe encompassing seas. But there are several biomes I think deserve more exposure. One such that I see passed aside in favor of other more commonly used biomes are mountainous regions, whether old, and eroded like the Blue Ridge range, or “new” and towering like the Himalayas. Each possessing flora and fauna well adapted to the often harsh conditions that can be found there. So, How can these places become unique settings for the stories that take place within them?
  So what makes a makes a mountainous region
  unique for worldbuilding? What kind of people live there and what kind of environment do they in- habit? The terrain of such a region can vary widely across the world. However, for the purposes of this article, I will be focusing on two distinct biomes oft found in mountainous regions: Taiga and Alpine Tundra. Taiga, or coniferous forests are found at lower altitudes and are distinguished by evergreen trees and a much lower level of diversity of plant life than other regions by comparison. Alpine Tun- dra is the region above the tree line on mountains, where the winds are intense and temperatures are so consistently low that trees and large plants do not survive. This is not to say these regions lack flora. In fact there are many moss and small plant species that survive in this biome. Weather con- ditions are relatively cool in most areas for much of the year, with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. There are some areas shielded from the sun at high altitudes where snow and permafrost may persist year round. The fauna of these regions tends to consist of smaller, tree and ground dwell- ing animals such as squirrels and monkeys, though it is also home to goats, rams and other small to medium sized herbivores. Predators consist of large cats such as mountain lions and lynxes, as well as bears and birds of prey. These types fauna can be expected to be prevalent in the culture of the inhabitants, such as appearing in their myths and cultural practices. Some examples could be: A trickster god taking the form of a goat, a great hero who could take them form of a bear when fighting, and the eagle being regarded as a holy creature for being the chosen avatar of the king of the gods. Flora can be part of myths and cultural practices as well. The creation of a staple food could be at-
  A monoLogue on mountAins by Dheolos tributed to the clumsiness of the deity of the forest,
  or a flower that contains a mild hallucinogen could be used in religious rituals.
  As previously stated, these are only a few exam-
  ples of what a mountain range can look like. They can vary widely based on latitude, weather con- ditions, and surrounding biomes. This will lead to vastly different flora and fauna, result in vast dif- ferences in the diet and culture of those who reside there. A desert mountain dwelling culture might have reptiles be more prevalent in their myths, while inhabitants of a jungle range may include monkeys and other species native to the region.
  In regards to water, you can expect to see fresh-
  water streams from snow and glacial thaw as well as runoff. These streams then combine to form rivers that carve out canyons on their way to the coast. These rivers often are chock-full of rapids and waterfalls that make navigation and commerce difficult. These rivers may also present a valuable source of food from large fish such as salmon as well as water for irrigation purposes. Other water sources can include lakes at lower altitudes as a re- sult of glacial melt and ponds that may be present higher as a result of trapped rainwater and runoff. Due to the location of these lakes and ponds, it is very unlikely for them to naturally possess fish. However, this does not preclude them from being home to birds and amphibians even at higher alti- tudes. Hot springs may also be present even areas that are not geologically active. While the tempera- tures and mineral concentrations found in these waters may render them hostile to water dwelling life, they may attract land dwelling species. One such example is the the Japanese Macaque, a pri- mate species known to frequent hot springs found in Nagano, Japan. Human civilizations may also take advantage of lower temperature hot springs for bathing or medicinal purposes, though tem- peratures in more geologically active regions may preclude human use.
  One important thing to consider when creating
  a mountain dwelling culture is the specific type of range they inhabit. Some older mountain ranges such the Alleghenies and Blue Ridge are older and have been heavily worn down. Mountain ranges of this type may be some of the oldest on Earth. Their slopes may be more gentle and their peaks lower on average due to millions of years of erosion. As a result, they may be more likely to possess exten-
  sive vegetation in more wet regions. They may be more conducive to farming as well as possess a more vast mineral wealth of materials such as coal. A younger mountain range by comparison could be the Himalayas which are a much higher range pushed upward by the collision of two continental plates. This range possesses much less vegetation and mineral deposits, instead possessing a large number of glaciers. Ranges like these possess some of the highest peaks on the planet, ones that reach well into the altitudes where life is almost impossible. The peaks are often accompanied by sheer drops and severe weather conditions that challenge even the best and most daring climbers on the planet. Mountains that have formed from volcanic eruptions are unique in their own right. They can take different shapes depending on their type, level of activity and when their last eruption was, though all are formed by magma rising to the Earth’s crust. Larger cinder cone volcanos may only erupt once, spurting lava and pyroclastic material into the air. Conversely, lower lying shield volcanoes may continue to erupt on a regular basis for over 100,000 years.
  While it may be tempting for some to build a
  culture centered around an active volcano, there are few human cultures that have actually done so, one possible example being the natives of Hawaii, and certainly none around volcanos that erupt vi- olently on a regular basis. More often civilizations tend to spring up around inactive volcanos that have erupted in the past and may erupt again in the future due to the fact that volcanic ash in the soil is conducive to agriculture. It is these condi- tions that led to the founding of the city of Pompeii at the foot of Mount Vesuvius.
  People found inhabiting mountain regions often
  develop unique adaptations to aid in their survival. According to recent research, due to the lower oxygen content found at higher altitudes,the native Sherpa people of Nepal have developed a unique metabolism to more efficiently use oxygen and have thinner blood with a lower hemoglobin count that puts less strain on the heart.. Such individuals will be more capable than lowlanders at dealing with hypoxic conditions. Because of the difficulties in farming both due to available space and the en- vironmental conditions, large scale agriculture is unlikely, though small gardens and foraging are not out of the question.
  As for animal husbandry, keeping goats for milk, fur, and meat will be more common than keeping cattle, as a result of goats being better adapted to the environment. Nevertheless, these
  factors would ultimately limit the growth of such a civilization due to the inability to mass produce food that can be stockpiled for long periods of time. Smaller, more tribalistic societies with a strong focus familial or clan bonds are likely.
  Despite a low population, such a civilization
  would be able to resist invading civilizations sur- prisingly well, being better adapted to the environ- ment, and being able to take advantage of the phys- ical obstacles that mountainous regions present to invading armies. Mountain passes provide a signif- icant obstacle to invaders that are easily defended and must be opened for supply lines to be main- tained. Defending forces could successfully hold off invaders for months or even years. The weather could also play a role in aiding the defenders as the rapid onset of winter could trap an invading army in a valley, causing them to disband or even starve like the Donner party.
  Some strong, real-world analogues are the cul-
  tures of Tibet and Northern India as well as the natives of the Andes mountains in Western South America such as the Incan Empire and their de- scendants.
  On the fictional side, one of my favorite ex-
  amples of a mountain dwelling culture is the Mountain Clans of the Vale of Arryn, from the fantasy epic A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin, which has since been converted into the popular television show Game of Thrones. The fierce mountain clans long resisted conquest by invaders before finally falling to organized armies arriving from across the sea. Even still, many members of this proud people refused to submit and maintained their own separate society well into the events of the series. An egalitarian society that believes the opinion of all members matters in decision making, the tribes sustained themselves by raiding and preying upon travelers along the mountain roads. They do not trust, but hardly fear the lords in the lowlands that look upon them as savages. Their fierce reputation has led to them acting as mercenaries in other parts of the conti- nent.
  This information is intended for those creating
  a human, or humanoid civilization on an Earth-like planet, but that does not prohibit it from being a good stepping stone for creating something far more unique. Whether you are creating a civiliza- tion inspired by something on Earth or something no one has seen before, I hope you consider the endless possibilities of creating a civilization that dwells among the peaks.
  14 15WORLDBUILDING MONTHLY VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2
  The Mind has led to many gifts: science, technol- ogy, art, culture, traditions, religion, and so on.
  This ‘Mind’ as we know it comprises of conscious- ness, perception, thinking, judgment, reasoning, thought, imagination, memory, recognition, emo- tions, and feelings. These contribute towards what can be described as, and will be referred to as, sentient species.
  On Earth, only one sentient species exists which
  is capable of technological, scientific, and artistic achievements. That is us, human beings. Fictional worlds, however, do not have these limitations. Many worlds we have created contain many sen- tient species living on the same planet or in the same solar system.
  When multiple sentient species exist on a
  planet, their interactions can become extremely complex. While humans have a somewhat basic relationship with nature and other creatures, other species with sentience will interact in a much more complicated manner with each other.
  These complicated interactions include: coop-
  eration, competition, politics, warfare, and social hierarchical interactions. How species interact will depend on what the species hold as beliefs, as ide- ologies, as rules, and more.
  Any sentient species that is trigger happy will
  not cooperate, and any species that is peaceful will not go to war. Nevertheless, it is nearly impossible for species to have a fixed thought process. Just take a look at humans; we interact in aggressive, defensive, and cooperative manners. We wage wars and also help others. We cry as much as we cause suffering.
  That is just inside one species. Imagine what
  would happen if two species with entirely different biological and philosophical backgrounds live on the same planet. Will they coexist peacefully? Will they instantly go to war the moment they see each other? Will there be balance? That is for you to de- cide, and for you to make us believe.
  interACtions betWeen muLtiPLe sPeCies by xNine90
  The mindset of a species will often be perpet- uated by exposure to certain ideas during what we may consider childhood. During childhood, a creature does not have complex grasp of concepts and therefore acts as their parents do. Whether the parents are hostile towards other species or not, it affects the younglings.
  Religion can turn even most peaceful people into extremely defensive people. Religion can and is often responsible for bringing out the more extremist side of a person. On the other end of this spectrum is religious harmony. A religion that focuses on peace and true cooperation will instill feelings of peace and friendship in it’s constituents, meaning that the followers of such a religion would never spill blood or wage wars.
  Again, the problem is caused by xenophobic
  religious species. If the species with such harmful beliefs (let’s call them Xylan) interact with species with peaceful religion (let’s call them Yuvan) then only war and genocide can spring forth.
  Xylans have been indoctrinated since a young age to hate species that are different. There is no way Xylan would just drop their weapons when they see how peaceful the Yuvan are. Quite the opposite, I can guarantee that they’ll be paranoid. The Xylan generals will think they can clearly see a conspiracy brewing in the eyes of the Yuvan when no such conspiracy exists.
  This is just talking about religion, given that
  religion IS the most influential element, culturally speaking. Biological, philosophical and theological differences can also cause rifts, sometimes even surpassing those of religion. More and more com- plex behaviors emerge when species with different ideologies interact with each other.
  Biological differences in our worlds include
  genetics mostly but in a fictional world, more and more elements can be considered different, like mental capabilities and source of food etcetera. This sets a stage for concepts of civil war and slavery in your world. By presenting biological
  differences, whether they are as simple as skin tone or hair color or as complex as differing organs and sexual orientation, the world becomes more dynamic and interactive.
  The same can be said for philosophical and
  theological differences. Biology, philosophy and religion are not the only factors contributing to a divisive interaction. Economic situations and resource-based advantages also provide material to set the stage for offensive, defensive, or coopera- tive interaction between species.
  This lends complexity to your world. One thing
  can be said about stories, the more components they have and the more complex the components, the more stories can emerge from a single element. Therefore, the history of your world, its lore, and its sociopolitical path, can be extremely interesting and complex if you look for complexities in the in- teractions between your species.
  There is no use pretending that they wouldn’t
  interact. If multiple species live in the same planet, or even the same solar system, they are bound to interact. There is no way the species won’t come across each other. Thus, it is better to factor these interactions into everything your world can offer.
  As the species interact, economic and social ad- vantages, like trade and rare resources or political and educational cooperation, start weighing in, not to mention moral and rights activists. This often leads to positive interaction between two species with no common factors.
  If one species has a special piece of technology
  then it is a given that at some point they will have to share it other species or destroy them with it. This can be done for both economical and political reasons. How YOU choose to present this is the main thing.
  In the article, I have discussed the warfare side
  mostly, but more interactions exist. Some more possibilities for complex interactions include cooperation, competition, warfare, politics, social interactions, trade, cultural sharing and more.
  In closing, I would like to state that all the dif- ferences that two species have don’t always push them away but sometimes bring them together. Just look at humans; many ‘good’ bacteria live on our bodies, and we benefit from them even though they have much different biology and aren’t even sentient. Just imagine, what can two biologically, scientifically, culturally and artistically species that work together bring to the table and even achieve in their alliance?
  16 17WORLDBUILDING MONTHLY VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2
  So you’ve managed to come up with a new, convincing character, or you sank hours and
  hours into crafting a beautiful seaside city, but now comes the part that so many find to be one of the hardest parts of worldbuilding: naming them. Many of us worldbuilders, myself included, are simply stopped in our tracks whenever it comes to naming someone or something. One solution makes this quite a bit easier to deal with: naming languages.
  What is a naming language? A naming language
  is a type of constructed language, or conlang, but is simply limited to common root words and very basic grammar. In a sense, they are like prototypes for full scale languages; a naming language is a very good starting point for further development should you decide to go that route. This article will detail the steps in starting a naming language and will act as the beginning of a series on constructed languages. In this series, we will progressively grow the language we start here.
  WorLdbuiLder’s guide to ConLAnging: introduCtion by Alex L.
  The first step in designing this naming language will be choosing the sounds that it uses. We will note these sounds using the International Pho- netic Alphabet (IPA), which are symbols (most are simple variations or the same as regular Latin characters) used to mark the place and manner of articulation that a sound uses. Broadly speaking, the place of articulation refers to where in the mouth a sound occurs, whether it be the upper lip or as far back as the uvula. The manner of artic- ulation refers to the type of closure in the mouth that produces a particular sound. There are full closures (stops), semi-closures (fricatives), up to vowels which lack any closure. Both place and manner of articulation are a bit more nuanced than what I’ve described, but that is beyond the scope of this article.
  The sounds in our language will be organized
  into vowels and consonants and each set will be placed in charts that mimic the IPA charts found in numerous places. We will start with consonants:
  When choosing your consonants, it’s important not to go overboard choosing practically every- thing that remotely sounds nice to you. At the same time it’s important not to be overly minimalistic; a minimalistic conlang (minlang) will present extra challenges that may cause you problems later.
  Both consonants and vowels tend to be bal-
  anced. For consonants, a balanced set will usually involve having multiple sounds from either a man- ner of articulation or place of articulations. That is: having multiple fricatives or having multiple retroflex consonants. It’s possible for these to over- lap, but the converse of having a single consonant representing both manner and place of articulation (such as having a uvular trill without any other trills or uvular consonants) is less common.
  In an effort to keep things relatively simple and
  straightforward, I will choose the following set of consonants:
  Note that the choice of sounds for your language can be largely arbitrary. When I say arbitrary, I mean that you’re more than free to openly choose which sounds to include from the beginning and then make refinements or changes as you proceed.
  Like consonants, vowels also tend to be bal- anced in any particular language. In other words, you would be hard pressed to find a language with only the vowels {u, o, , } as they are all back vow- els and have nothing to balance with that is pro- nounced further frontward in the mouth. So in this sense we will choose a pretty common vowel sys- tem consisting of {i, u, e, o, a}. If you are wondering what the difference in rounded and unrounded vowels, the distinction is usually easy to make. Rounded vowels are pronounced with rounded lips and unrounded vowels are not.
  Bilabial (Post-)Alveolar Velar Labio-Velar Nasal m n Plosive p b t d k g Fricative β s z x Tap Approximant l w
  DEFINITIONS Bilabial: a consonant articulated with both lips. In the case of / β/, these are like /f v/, but with air forced between both lips instead of between the lower lip and upper set of teeth. (Post-)Alveolar: a consonant articulated with the tongue at or near the alveolar ridge, which is the ridge right behind the upper set of teeth. A postalveolar consonant is similar to an alveolar consonant, but with the tongue at the back of the alveolar ridge. Velar: a consonant articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate. Labio-Velar: a consonant that is articulated both at the velum (soft palate) and lips. Nasal: usually a consonant that has air freely escape through the nose rather than the mouth. Plosive: also known as a stop. A consonant where airflow is ceased. Fricative: a consonant produced by forcing air through two articulators (lips, teeth, tongue, etc.) that are close together, but not so close as to block all airflow. Tap: a single contraction of muscles that throw an articulator (such as the tongue) against another. These can be likened to a very brief stop consonant. Approximant: a consonant produced by two approaching articulators, but not closely enough to produce a fricative, nor far enough to produce a vowel.
  DEFINITIONS Front vowel: a vowel produced with the tongue positioned as far forward in the mouth as possible. Back vowel: a vowel produced with the tongue positioned as far back in the mouth as possible. Close vowel: a vowel produced with the tongue positioned as close the roof of the mouth as possible. Open vowel: a vowel produced with the tongue as far from the roof of the mouth as possible.
  For all of these, the tongue is positioned so that airflow is not constricted in a way that would produce a consonant.
  TIP: Not all vowels are easy to tell apart, as they may be absent in your language or may have merged with one or more other vowels in your dialect. In these cases it will
  simply take practice to pick up their differences.
  18 19WORLDBUILDING MONTHLY VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2
  Here is a quick example of how the sounds I’ve chosen might sound. For better examples, I recom- mend using the resources at the end of the article.
  Now that we have the sounds of our language, we need to determine a few rules that govern how they work together to form syllables. These rules are known as the phonotactics of the language. Let’s keep it simple: we’ll have our syllables follow the pattern (C)V(C) which means an optional con- sonant followed by a required vowel and ending with an optional consonant. This means the sim- plest syllable we can have is a single vowel and the most complex syllable is a consonant, vowel, and consonant together.
  To spice things up, we can add a couple of rules
  governing our onsets (beginning of syllable) and codas (end of syllable). Let’s say that syllables can- not begin with {, x} and syllables cannot end with {, w}. As mentioned before, this choice is usually arbitrary; I tend to make some of these decisions
  based on my ability to pronounce certain sounds in different locations of a syllable.
  Before we move on to making some simple grammar rules, we need to figure out how to write our sounds down. We could design our own set of characters for each sound or possible syllables, but we won’t worry about any of that for now. Instead we’ll just use the Latin alphabet. In our case, we can use most of the IPA symbols as they are. We only need to consider a few phonemes (sounds): {, , β, , }. For these we will use <ng, f, v, sh, r> respectively.
  The grammar rules for a naming language can
  be very simple, or the can be more complex if you want to lay the groundwork for later development into a full language. For this issue, we’ll continue to keep it simple. Let’s say that both adjectives and adverbs follow what they modify. For a naming lan- guage, that’s nearly all you need! But we can add a few more things to keep it interesting. We’ll also say that nouns don’t inflect (change) for number but articles do (the two cats vs the-s two cat). For the heck of it, let’s also say that there is only a defi- nite article, but no indefinite article (so no “a” but still having “the”).
  Now with all of that out of the way, we can start
  coming up with some words to create. You can either choose to make random syllables that sound good to you and work with your phonotactics, or you can potentially use a word generator specifi- cally made to work with conlangs.
  For now, just to get your feet wet, you can just start making words as they come to you or as you need them. The next article in this series will go into more detail about building up a lexicon and some other fun phonological features that can be implemented into your language.
  As an example, using what I’ve covered in this article, I came up with the following words:
  Okay, now what? Well, let’s suppose we have a fort that was built using red clay bricks. We could rack our brains for a while to come up with something, or we could call it Walnux Razung or Red Fort, which is something that real cultures do when naming things. As you can see, once we have a set of root words, even if only a few, we can start naming things descriptively and still have exotic sounding names that can fit more cohesively with our worldbuilding projects. A few more examples: vosax larum, “sea city” or “seaside city”; vukog zatsun, “brave soldier”; or maybe a character’s first name “Zatsu”, derived from zatsun by their parents.
  As we continue, it will quickly become clear that
  the sky’s the limit when it comes to developing a language whether it’s a simple naming language or a full blown conlang. If you’re wondering about what’s going on with bakkumeshi, stay tuned for the next issue where we’ll cover lexicon building, including compound words. As promised, here are some invaluable resources.
  Further Resources: - /r/conlangs - Wikipedia: Vowel & Consonant - IPA Charts (requires Flash) - Glossika Phonics (YouTube channel) - Zompist.com: Vocabulary Generator & The Language Construction Kit
  TIP: When making words, try to avoid making too many single syllable words. While some languages tend to have common words that are relatively short, too many single syllable words may lead to difficulties down the road. This is semi-dependent on the syllable structure you choose
  (as that determines the number of possible syllables).
  Word IPA Definition razung /a.zu/ Red walnux /wal.nux/ Fort, brick building meshi /me.i/ Fast, light, agile vukog /vu.kog/ Soldier mefox /me.ox/ Commoner, peasant; poor zatsun /zat.sun/ Brave, undefeatable wegi /we.gi/ Large, a lot (of) vosax /βo.sax/ City, citizen larum /la.um/ Sea, salty lake bakkumeshi /bak.ku.me.i/ “Fast Peak”, midpoint, middle
  IPA Example Notes i bee u boot
  e face /e/ is similar to this vowel but with less mouth movement
  o boat Like above, similar but with less mouth movement
  a off Not quite the same vowel, but closest En- glish approximation
  m mango n now sing p power b best t tower d desk k cap g grow
  full Similar to f but make friction between both lips rather than with your teeth and lower lip
  β very Similar to v, same as above s snake z zoo shark
  x loch This is similar to making the sound of clearing your throat, but not as far back; the sound happens in the same place that /k/ does
  butter May have to try multiple times saying this really quickly; basically a single Spanish 'rolled r'
  l lamp w water
  20 21WORLDBUILDING MONTHLY VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2
  I would like to start this article by breaking worlds into two categories,
  based on how your antagonists are per- ceived. The first category is for “subjec- tive evil,” or antagonists that have their own motives, and are only considered evil because your protagonist sees them that way. The second category, “objec- tive evil,” is when the antagonists have no motives, no philosophy, no justifica- tion, but do what they do for no reason other than destruction. This categori- sation only works very superficially, and only for very poor worldbuilding, because objective evil as it is defined here does not exist in good worldbuild- ing. Every villain, every antagonist, every criminal has a motive. Even in my attempt to find a case study of objective evil for this article, I am unable, because evil without any motive whatsoever is just so shallow and superficial.
  All villains, antagonists, and adver-
  saries have a motive, a philosophy, an ideology, and an endgame. This holds true regardless of who (or more impor- tantly, what) the antagonist is, whether it be an individual, a god, a country, a corporation, or something else. Their motives are the reason why they are seen as an adversary/villain/antago- nist by your hero. Their philosophy is their way of thinking, usually inspired to some extent by their motive. Their ideology, if they’re political, is a set of policies with the objective of implementing their philosophy, and if they’re not political, is a set of values they hold. Their end game is what they see as the ideal world.
  Your villain sees themselves as the good guy.
  They genuinely believe their cause is righteous. Usually, the only reason they’re seen as evil is because the protagonist sees them this way. Third parties involved in the conflict, such as the general public, may very well be divided on who they think to be right. Perhaps the baker likes the mafia be-
  on eviL, AntAgonism, And ConfLiCt by Dheolos
  cause they keep his store safe from petty criminals. Perhaps a small, benevolent city-state aligns itself with the evil empire because of some free trade deal or the like.
  There will, of course, be third parties; your
  world won’t be limited to just the protagonist and antagonist. Choosing where the various other characters, extras, and so forth stand on the con- flict should be a well thought out decision. People have their reasons for where they stand. And don’t assume that it’s a binary conflict, or that there are
  only two sides to the story. There could be as many different factions as you want, and they could be aligned with or against each other in whatever combination, as long as each has a reason for doing so.
  However, even though all evil has its own point
  of view, that doesn’t necessarily mean their point of view should be respected. Some antagonists can most definitely be considered evil beyond discus- sion because of their actions or the values they hold. Let us then shift the definition of objective evil to include antagonists whose values (motive, philosophy, ideology, and endgame) are so univer- sally reviled that they might not even be consid- ered valid. Such antagonists could include Sauron, who is universally seen as evil despite him having his own point of view, or the Nazis, whose princi- ples and actions put them well outside the realm of justification and subjectivity.
  Having resolved that just because all evil has
  their own justification and considers their cause to be righteous does not mean that they could be considered morally subjective, we can now offer a better definition of subjective versus objective evil; the former exists in a moral grey zone, while the latter does not. The argument could be feasibly made that a subjective evil is in fact righteous, while arguing on behalf of objective evil would be fruitless, baseless, or even distasteful.
  With this new, revised definition in place, a
  proper analysis can be carried out over the use of objective versus subjective evil in worldbuilding.
  Subjective evil will raise questions about moral-
  ity: who’s right? In a world with subjective evil, the choice may largely be up to the audience over who they feel to be justified. Even if a clear protagonist is chosen by the author, the audience may find themselves sympathising with or even agreeing with the antagonist. Sometimes this will be by acci- dent, or sometimes the author will put in details to hint at antagonist sympathy. Perhaps you could go so far as having the protagonists be the bad guys; this is not as uncommon as you’d think. Many mov- ies feature criminals, thieves, and gangsters as the protagonists. In worlds where there are multiple protagonists, such as in Game of Thrones, it’s up to the audience to align themselves with whichever character or faction they want, cheering on that side in combat, and lamenting when that side loses
  or dies. If the evil in your world is subjective, be prepared to raise and address moral issues in your worldbuilding.
  If the evil in your world is objective, questions of
  morality may not be the primary themes, instead you will need to find something else to bring in- tricacy and intrigue into your world. For example, you could focus on internal conflict within the protagonist. If the protagonist is an individual, per- haps he or she is dealing with responsibility that he or she cannot quite handle. If your protagonist is a country, it could be dealing with a crippling problem such as dire poverty or civil unrest. If your protagonist is a corporation, maybe it’s struggling to remain profitable. Or, you could also make your world about a different subject altogether. If you’re a military enthusiast, perhaps the driving theme of your world is military tactics and wartime re- source management. If your protagonist is losing the struggle, the theme could largely be about the dark mood of hopelessness or pessimism.
  It depends on your audience as well. If your
  worldbuilding is an end in itself, then your audi- ence may just be you, the creator, in which case, build a world that you enjoy. If you intend on writing a children’s book, then likely your audience won’t be interested by questions of morality, and objective evil is the way to go. If you’re intending on creating a game with many playable factions, you’ll need to be able to see the conflict from each faction’s point of view, in which case subjective evil is probably the way to go.
  For a conflict to be believable and fascinating,
  there must be thought put into both sides. All evil has a reason, and neglecting to give your antago- nist a justification is simply poor worldbuilding. But that doesn’t mean your antagonist’s reason should be valid or acceptable. The core of what makes a world interesting is conflict; planets ex- ploding and cities being sacked can only interest an audience for so long, eventually they’re going to need to be intellectually challenged. The best, most intriguing and most interesting conflict must ask implied questions, and get your audience thinking.
  Credit: Janina Joves
  22 23WORLDBUILDING MONTHLY VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2
  When last we met, I went into a few ways to build a leading force for your people. These
  next few months will feature articles that are all about different cultures that you can create. While writing last month’s article, I ran into a bit of a hitch. I wanted to speak of Utopias and Dystopias, but I couldn’t fit them very nicely and they didn’t flow well. This month, we are going to take a look at both of these forms of society and how you can play around with them.
  Utopia
  It’s a pretty easy thing to understand. The world is perfect and everybody is happy. All needs are catered to and nothing is wasted. Typically everybody is equal to an extent, where people who maintain the utopia have more power and the working class of the Utopia understand why they have less power. It is up to you to figure out how the utopia came about. Did technology reach a point where people no longer had needs to be filled? Was there a fundamental change in how people perceive the world that brought a change in attitudes? What if your civilization forced this utopia on itself, where they created planned com- munities that integrated various cultures which reached some form of peace?
  While there are quite a few ways this utopia can
  come to be, some things are certain for all utopias. For example, economic prosperity is present and prevalent — People may not be shopping for the most extravagant luxury, but they can afford to be comfortable and stretch past their means once in awhile. Nature is preserved or appears to be preserved through other means. Space faring races may have artificial plants or machines that repli- cate the effect of plants. Life is considered an indis- putable and incredible right. Murder and harm are nonexistent. Even food production is done as hu- manely as possible or the civilization synthesizes foods that cover their actual nutritional needs. Religion is either not practiced at all or respected. While it may seem that having all different reli- gions could lead to problems, each individual rec- ognizes the rights of the others and they recognize the significance of scripture, even if it is not their
  own. In a typical utopia, there is no apparent need for social justice or even a legal system.
  Dystopia
  The other side of the coin, the yin to our previ-
  ously mentioned yang, our most overused trope for young adult fiction, the Dystopia is a well known trope for a good reason. It’s easy. Easy alone is not the reason it’s popular; it’s also engrossing and addicting. People are naturally drawn to the misery of others, even if the others don’t actually exist. Dystopias can characterized by heavy destruction of nature, where the land is yielded to the means of production. The citizens and producers are also rated as second class to the leading party, if they’re even given a class at all. Totalitarian governments run the show, or there might not be a government at all. Anarchy may reign supreme.
  How does a dystopia form? An apocalyptic event
  could have allowed the ruling bodies to take advan- tage of the populace. The government could have called for a sort of martial law and never rescinded it, which allowed them to gain more and more power until the citizens were numbers, not names. A war between nations could have left one in ruins and another in poverty, where extreme measures had to be taken for the survivors to, well, survive. What if your Utopia had a weakness that some terrorist from a different land managed to take ad- vantage of and bring it to its knees?
  A Complex Relationship
  A utopia for some can be a dystopia for others,
  and vice versa. Let’s look at a fantastic example of this, the novel The Giver, by Lois Lowry. Most readers of this magazine have either read it as part of a grade school curriculum or heard of it because of the movie adaptation released in 2014. To recap, a society is controlled through drugs to not feel emotion or experience fine detail such as color and taste. This society is a utopia for all who live there; they are emotionless, but don’t realize it. They have every need catered to and they are all essentially equal. An outsider would clearly see this as a dystopia. People controlled like that have
  the future is hoW? Jason DiBlasi The Third Step: Society (Part 1)
  no free will. People controlled like that are also not miserable and can be considered content. The novel is actually presented as a dystopian novel, however, we do not live the life they did, how they did, so we see it through the lens of people who live in neither, and we view it emotionally instead of objectively. The world has peace, the people are tightly controlled, but it is their utopia.
  One of my favorite examples is the new Mad
  Max movie. It’s clearly a dystopia. The land is ruined, the people haggard and sick, and they are ruled by a man with an iron fist. However, look at how happy these average people actually are. To them, they are living the life. Their ruler is a god amongst mere mortals, they are happy with the smallest scraps, and they have all of the most basic needs catered to, even if it isn’t up to our standards of living. They feel that they live in a utopia, which the main characters clearly see is not the case. We view their world through the lens that we have ex- perienced in our world, when we should try to see it through the typical civilians’ eyes.
  Play around with the feel of your world a bit.
  Next month, I’ll tell you the approach I like to take when I throw in actual civilians.
  Intro Piece (The Earthshakers):
  II. The fear of Death
  Follows from the fear of Life. A man who lives fully
  Is prepared to die at any time - Mark Twain
  “GET DOWN.” An electric shock sent James sliding through the
  cold underbrush, until he came to a sudden stop before a tree. The blood seeping through his arm sleeve painted the green leaves red. He grunted as he pulled his rifle towards him by its torn strap and checked the clip. The entire forest was humming with the beasts’ deep frequencies, unexpectedly rising to disturbing shrieks as they lashed out their tails, crippling even the strongest of the scouts. These beasts were akin to armored worms, with the sudden movement of snakes, and the violence of a starved wolf, and James knew exactly what they were capable of. A few weeks ago, contact with one of the scout parties went cold, and a crew was sent to investigate. Upon arrival, James and his men found what looked like upturned graves, as the beasts travelled underground at great speeds, sensing movement and direction using deep fre- quencies, before breaking through the surface and using unnatural shrieks to stun prey before the fatal attack. Despite never laying an eye on one, he knew what to listen for to hunt them down.
  James pulled himself to his feet, scanning the
  surroundings. The overgrown forest concealed almost everything beyond a three meter radius before him. He held his breath, listening and feel- ing the deep vibrations produced by the unseen horrors. All that answered was silence. He pushed through the growth, wincing as the thorny flora tore at his clothing and bore into his exposed arm. When he reached the clearing where his party was first ambushed, he held his breath again.
  Still silence.
  PostAnterA by The Worldbuilding Monthly Collab Team
  Nothing from his men. As James was about to call out, he felt the dan-
  gerous low rumble. However, this one was differ- ent, and the realization terrified him; the beasts were hunting in pairs. As the rumble grew closer, he readied himself for the worst. As the ground parted below him, James dove forward, turned, and sprayed a round of bullets behind him. A shriek broke out as the spiked tail sprayed dark blood be- fore disappearing beneath the ground again. James stumbled to his feet, only to fall back to his knees as a second shriek tore through the forest air. He grabbed at the tree next to him, finding a branch to pull himself up by. He had no time to regain his senses and thus blindly sprinted towards the ori- gin of the second shriek about thirty paces in front of him, unloading the clip into the ground as he ran. He felt the deep frequencies growing behind and before him, both drawn towards their prey. The rocks and branches on the forest floor began to shake as if in terror as the beasts closed in. As the last shot penetrated the earth, James dove to the side. Behind him, the two beasts erupted from the earth and collided, sending dirt, branches, and rocks in all directions much like an explosive. James clawed at the earth, pulling himself behind a tree as debris whistled by. The shrieks were earth shattering, but they quickly subsided as the two large bodies thumped against the cold forest floor.
  Panting, James held his breath once more; this
  time he heard the cries of victory from his men in the distance.
  Evolutionary Tree: Life on Postantera began much like life on Earth
  did, as single cells in the oceans. Nowadays, how- ever, Postanti life is quite different from Earth life. Due to how recently life evolved, much of it is still stuck in the ocean.There is very little biodiversity on land, and much of it is closely tied to water.
  There are ten major phyla native to Postantera: five in the animal-like kingdom Creatura, and five in the plant-like kingdom Plantera.
  Starting things off is the simplest animal-like phylum: Funganthozoa. More commonly known as coral-fungus, members of this phylum have prop- erties of both of their namesakes. They are sta- tionary, sprouting from the seafloor and creating a thin exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate. The “head” of the animal stays mostly unprotected, as it is used to filter plankton from the seawater. Dif- ferent species can look radically different, and they form varied reefs that are home to a wide variety of species. They grow much faster than coral, and must be broken and eaten by other wildlife to keep their numbers in check.
  Next is the phylum Vasvermisia. These tubular creatures resemble worms and sea cucumbers. The most successful are those in the class Polyglossa, who use their many tongues to grab and eat prey. This phylum is quite varied; there are free swim- ming species, burrowing species, large and small species, and everything in between.
  The phylum Gastrodermata contains species that use external digestion - excreting digestive juices through their skin and absorbing nutrients. Members of this phylum lack a brain - they instead have neurons throughout their bodies. The major- ity also lack a true front or behind, with both ends
  looking identical. This phylum includes the infa- mous Dravovasts, as well as many species of gut parasites.
  Like its name suggests, creatures in the phylum
  Pseudoarthropoda superficially resemble arthro- pods. This phylum has the largest number of spe- cies. Like their namesakes, pseudoarthropods have segmented bodies and exoskeletons. Unlike Earth arthropods, they have complex eyes that are simi- lar to those of vertebrates, and tend to have fewer legs. There are two major classes of pseudoarthro- pods: Pneumatica and Pennapoda. Pneumatica, or pneumatisects, are named after their unique ability to compress and store air within their abdomens. They are similar in appearance to insects, but have only four legs. They make up the majority of land creatures on Postantera. Pennapoda are named for their legs, which have feathery ends. They are exclusively aquatic, and resemble centipedes.
  The last major phylum in Creatura is Neo-
  chordata. Creatures in this phylum have internal skeletons, much like the ones that Earth verte- brates have. The most obvious difference between neochordates and Earth vertebrates is that neo- chordates have compound eyes and a mouth split in three or four mandibles. They lack jaws, instead solely using muscles in their mouths. It is believed that the common ancestor of all neochordates had three eyes and mandibles. The two major classes of neochordates are Dodecapoda and Triocula. Dodecapods are twelve-legged aquatic creatures with four mandibles, two eyes, and long, flat tails. They are often very large and high on the food chain. Triocula, or amphibianoids, have three-way mouths and three eyes, two on the top and one on the bottom. They often live on land, but must stay in moist areas like Earth amphibians. Some species have re-adapted for life in the ocean, like whales have on Earth.
  A Funganthozoa's lifecycle.
  Dueling Ecologies: The planet of Postantera has been under attack
  since the very day the SFFS Provenance crash landed in the Starfall Mountains. The relatively young ecologies of Postantera had never before seen the likes of what the colonists brought with them--pieces of Earth. They brought not just the memories of the planet they once knew, but the tangible, living plants and animals they needed to survive in this new world. On board the ship there were the embryos and seeds of thousands upon thousands of different species to jumpstart Earth 2.0. What the colonists did not think through was the fact that Postantera already had an ecosystem.
  Whenever invasive species are introduced to
  a native ecosystem, havoc ensues. A real world example of this would be the native environment of New Zealand after colonization. Many endemic species of birds quickly became extinct because of outside stresses and introduced predators. The entire ecosystem changed from the bottom up with the introduction of colonial trees and crops, and the ecosystem of present day New Zealand is com- pletely different from pre-contact. Now imagine this havoc on a planetary scale.
  Upon arrival, native flora was cleared for human
  agricultural staples and Postanti creatures like the dracovasts driven away and many killed. Animals bred by the humans for hunting like deer, rabbits, elk, and turkeys multiplied exponentially as they took hold on the new planet.
  Due to just how differently the two ecologies
  evolved, many Postanti plants and animals are unpalatable or downright poisonous to Earth crea- tures, and vice versa. This made them “useless” in the eyes of the colonizers and only a nuisance that had to be killed. Over many years of killing native fauna, removing Postanti plants, and spreading a little bit of Earth wherever they went, Postantera of today looks nothing like it did just before the human arrived.
  Starting off the Plantera kingdom is the phylum Platellaphyta. Members of this phylum are very primitive, generally consisting of a single flat sur- face. Many species are free floating, but some are rooted to the seafloor. All species are aquatic.
  The phylum Sentiophyta is quite interesting in
  that they have many animal-like traits. Their bod- ies contain muscle and they are able to move freely through the water. While they still subsist mainly using photosynthesis, some larger species are also filter feeders. Despite this, they lack any complex sensory organs and rely on a sense of touch to nav- igate.
  The phylum Aerophyta contains species that
  have a balloon-like organ. This organ is filled with
  hydrogen and enables them to grow incredibly tall. Some species can migrate by losing their roots and drifting in the wind.
  Members of the phylum Mucophyta are aquatic
  and produce slime. Some species have a slimy coat- ing, while others store the slime within their stems to fill the mouths of would-be predators.
  The final major phylum in Plantera is Umbrel-
  laphyta, named after the umbrella shaped leaves of many species. This phylum is arguably the most advanced, as some species have evolved flowers and fruit. Most Postanti flora that is edible to hu- mans comes from this phylum.
  Postantera's evolutionary tree.
  30 31WORLDBUILDING MONTHLY VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2
  her loyalist of followers and stick with her through thick and thin. She spent the majority of her time helping, conversing with, and advising her crew. Emilia made a habit of befriending humans, and when they inevitably died, she would ensure their bodies would be treated with respect. She person- ally gave eulogies at many of their funerals. Despite her warm feelings towards her people, however, she didn’t always act towards their happiness. Even now, millions of miles away from Venus, Val- halla still haunted her. The people she’d trampled to make her fortunes, the people she had bank- rupted, the people whose souls had been crushed in her family's slot machines: these people’s ghosts still kept her awake into the darkest hours of the ship’s artificial night. She would never let such a depraved place exist under her watch again. She forbid her people from drinking, gambling, and sometimes even simple card games.
  Emilia never cared much for the other Aeter-
  nums, who she felt focused too much on the ship and not enough on its inhabitants. She always at- tended meetings and important Aeternum events, but left as soon as possible to return to leading her followers. She did as much as her job description required her to do, and would not stop until she had gotten it perfect. Often, she would get into impassioned arguments with other Aeternums when they did something wrong. She was a rigid leader by choice and a perfectionist by nature; if something didn’t meet her standards, it was to be thrown out and attempted again, no questions asked. While some other Aeternums admired her leadership and work ethic, only the immortal Jo- seph Reed, administrator of the ship’s various re- ligious communities, ever truly became her friend. Her allegiance was to her followers, and them alone. At times, when Thomas showed a lapse in judgement, she would ignore her rank and try to order even him, her superior, around. This led to many a conflict, and eventually, the civil war that would kill her.
  When the SFFS Provenance eventually crashed,
  Emilia did not hesitate to point out the captain’s error. She let out the resentment that had been festering for hundreds of years and delivered the most passionate, angry, and vitriolic argument any- one present had ever heard. Thomas, naturally, was indignant, as were his followers. However, some of the Aeternums had themselves harbored doubts about Thomas, joined Emilia, and it escalated into
  a war. Arming their followers with salvaged weap- ons, the two sides clashed. Thousands of humans and seven Aeternums died in the fighting. Included in those numbers, unfortunately, was Emilia.
  During the war, Emilia had continued her disci-
  plinarian yet kind style of leadership. She drilled her soldiers rigorously, but at the same time let them share in the spoils of victory and celebrate whenever they captured something from Thomas’s supporters. Over the course of the year, she won many battles, gained followers, commanded Aeter- nums and humans alike, and made friends and enemies of both. One of the most notable humans to live through the war was Emilia’s best friend, Victoria Rubeski. Victoria defected from Thomas in the very beginning of the war, and Emilia per- sonally took her under her command. Using her knowledge of Thomas’s strategy and logistics, Victoria helped Emilia fight. The two grew close, and by the end of the war Victoria was Emilia’s highest general, ranking higher than even the other Aeternums in her army. After the end of the war, Victoria would go on to lead Emilia’s followers in her name. Her motto was “Do what Emilia would have wanted.”
  Unfortunately, Emilia’s eternal life shaped out to
  be much less eternal than most assumed. After ten long months of fighting, the war was still raging, and both armies were tired. Emilia, not wanting to see her friends and allies die any longer, began to arrange a secret meeting with Thomas through trusted messengers. They met in person on the anniversary of the war’s beginning. Before she left to an undisclosed location, she announced the fol- lowing to her army.
  “Friends, soldiers, I leave you today not to win
  this war, but to end it. I have arranged a meeting with Thomas Crane. Only one of us will come back alive, and it shall be them who wins this war. Nei- ther army is to fight after that, and each Aeternum on the losing side will lead their followers out of the mountains and never return. Do not try to in- tervene. If Thomas and his soldiers are the ones to deliver the news, then do not question it. Come to- morrow, the war will be over, and not a single one of you must be claimed by its evil grasp. Promise me this, my comrades -- if my blood stains the soil of Postantera today, let it be the last blood spilled on this new world! Let my wound be infected and black so that yours may be bandaged! Let the one
  Aeternum Spotlight:
  Emilia Clausen was one of the twenty-one Aeternums, or immortal humans, aboard the SFFS Provenance as it cleaved its way through the stars to Postantera, and was an important advocate and leader of the Postanti colonization effort. While she did not survive to see the fruits of her labors in a colonized, if disunited, Postantera, her legacy survives in her fiercely loyal followers.
  Emilia was born to Anders and Ingrid Clausen,
  both elite members of the ruling family of Valhalla, a sky colony and capital of the planet Venus. Her early life was shaped by the commercialized, ca- sino-filled city she lived in. She had been tutored privately from a very young age, and had shown a passion for programming, public speaking, and leadership. Her parents pushed her heavily towards the latter two, and by the age of fifteen she had already been put in control of some of her family's gas mining monopolies. Using con- troversial tactics like lowering pay, aggressive advertising, and effectively banning certain trade unions, she managed to double the profits of her casinos, tourist attractions, and stores within her first year. Emilia expanded her family’s trade em- pire over the next decades, gaining more and more authority as time went on. She built new casinos, gained a monopoly on the garment industry, and pushed out smaller businesses. At one point she even got into a gunfight with an angered, bankrupt storeowner whom she had forcibly evicted. She suffered wounds and was hospitalized, but Aeter- nums can shake minor injuries off with time. What she never forgot was the bullet she had buried in the man’s chest, and the faces of his family as he bled to death in the next room over. She later expressed regret at this period of her life, but her reputation among the working class of Valhalla was permanently stained, while her family couldn’t be prouder.
  Soon after she turned eighty-two, her father
  along with several thousand Valhallans perished in a gas leak while he was visiting an atmospheric gas harvesting plant on the outskirts of the city. With his death, the role of Supreme Doge of Venus was conferred upon her for the time being, until a new Doge could be appointed by traditional election. Her first order of business was to hold a state funeral for the deceased. To the surprise of the attendees, who had expected her to use these
  deaths as a political tool to become the permanent Doge, she gave a beautiful and apolitical eulogy. She barely even mentioned her unpopular father, and instead delivered a genuine, heartfelt speech honoring the thousands of working people who had tragically died. Millions who watched online throughout the system were brought to tears. The common folk of Venus still remembered the awful things she had done in her corporate life, but she made it clear that her Dogeship would be different, and that she had truly changed her ways.
  For four Ventian months, Emilia held the title
  of Regent Supreme Doge of Venus while a bitter election raged on in the cloud settlements. More than anything she wanted to get away from Venus. Her amazing oratory skills and her wise leader- ship had led the planet through tough times and done much to soften the people’s view of her, but she detested her world. Emilia began dreaming of starting something new, something perfect, far away from the corruption and decadence of Venus that she had grown to hate. Much to the dismay of her extended family, Emilia decided to resign from every corporate position that was granted to her and started exploring opti
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