text: Creating value in the form of products and services gave rise to the notion of a value chainthe series and sequence of activities by which an organization transforms inputs into outputs. Similarly, realizing the IoTs full potential motivates a framework that captures the series and sequence of activities by which organizations create value from information: the Information Value Loop (figure 1).
  Foundational among those four are the technologies, for without the right technologies, the ecosystems, solutions, and users would not have a functional IoT. From sensors to communication protocols to analytics tools, the technological enablers are the core of how the IoT improves operations and generates new products. The development ecosystem then can use these raw technological tools to create finished solutions to meet the needs of the platforms user base.
  It is exactly this relationship between users and data that is at the heart of value creation for IoT platforms. By attracting software developers and other solution creators, an IoT platform can connect users with a wider array of possible solutions. Thus a platform offers the potential to create more value than a single company offering a single solution alone.
  The situation is further complicated by the fact that IoT ecosystems are dynamic; participants come and go depending on the ability to attract business and external market factors. While flowers can offer nectar to attract pollinators, in a digital context, the platform owner should define ecosystem standards and practices to organize activities and attract participants, especially core participants. The goal should be to reduce barriers to participation and maximize the number of participants and, therefore, the value of the platform.
  Just as plants need chloroplasts to bring together resources in the environment and make them useable, companies in the IoT ecosystem need facilitatorsnamely,
  Given the diverse nature of IoT technology, it is unlikely that any single company would have all of the devices or expertise in-house needed at every stage of the Information Value Loop.
  For users of a platform, network effects may drive how much value they find there, but for a platform creator, network effects can be the difference between survival and failure. If a particular market is not large, then ecosystems may find themselves in a race to scale in order to achieve the efficiencies created by increasing network effects. Competitions in video cassettes or gaming formats are often cited as examples of this dynamic. To understand these situations, the notion of positive feedback may be particularly helpful.13By being first, organizations can capture the bulk of users before competitors arrive. If those initial users are enough to begin to generate a network effect, the first mover can keep competitors from gaining an effective foothold. Investment in competing technology networks can be self-fulfilling: If a number of suppliers and customers invest in a particular network because they believe it will succeed, the network could grow and fulfill expectations.14
  Dr. Mark Cotteleeris the research director of the Center for Integrated Research and is based in Milwaukee, WI.
  Growing green: How platforms create value
  Attract participants in the race to scale.Finally, survival for many platforms rests on rapidly harnessing the network effect to attract more customers and more developers. This process reaches far beyond mere advertising or marketing and touches on the core of the business. Since platforms can capture value unequally from both sideswhether by charging supply, demand, or botheffectively harnessing network effects can touch every portion of a companys operations. Understanding how ecosystem partners assign value to the platform and then coordinating all business operations to deliver the most value to the most participants are important to attracting more stakeholders and achieving positive network effects.
  Growing green: How platforms create value
  Identify the ecosystem partners needed to fill those gaps.Once a connection gap within an ecosystem is identified, the potential platform player should begin to assess what is needed to close that gap.In the IoT, rarely is any single company able to provide all of the technology and expertise necessary to make any solution work. Therefore, identifying the right mix of technology providers, developers, integrators, customers, and others can be a critical first step toward platform development.
  Who else could deliver that same value that customers find in current offerings, but by using other means?
  How platforms operate in a digital environment
  What other organizations could use or benefit from data the organization is already collecting in the course of operations?
  Note first that the value loop is a loop: anactionthe state or behavior of things in the real worldgives rise to information, which is then manipulated in order to inform future action. For information to complete the loop and create value, it passes through the stages of the loop, each stage enabled by specifictechnologies. An act is monitored by asensorthatcreatesinformation. That information passes through anetworkso that it can becommunicated, andstandardsbe they technical, legal, regulatory, or socialallow information to beaggregatedacross time and space.Augmented intelligenceis a generic term meant to capture all manner of analytical support, which is collectively used toanalyzethe information. The loop is completed viaaugmented behaviortechnologies that enable automated, autonomous action or shape human decisions that lead to improved outcomes.
  Which current processes could be improved by more information provided by digital technologies (such as maintenance cycles becoming predictive or condition-based)? What enabling technology is needed to achieve that goal? What other organizations would be necessary to create that technology?
  Michael Raynor and Mark Cotteleer, The more things change: Value creation, value capture, and the Internet of Things,Deloitte Review17, Deloitte University Press, July 27, 2015.View in article
  Govindjee J. Whitmarsh, Chapter 2: The basic photosynthetic process,Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis, ed. G. S. Singhal et al. (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999), p. 13.View in article
  The authors would like to thankJoe Marianiof Deloitte Services LP, andDaan Hoevers,MargoBroersen,Sanne Akkermanof Deloitte Consulting BV.
  Jonathan Holdowsky et al.,Inside the Internet of Things: A primer on the technologies building the IoT,Deloitte University Press, August 21, 2015.View in article
  IoT implementations typically create value by facilitating the flow of information. However, at a higher level, that information flow depends on all of the right component technologies working together in the right way. Platforms can play a key role in ensuring that those looking to implement the IoT can find the right technologies in the right place at the right time.
  Kristin Kloberdanz,Working the crowd: This fuse will set the collective brain on fire, GE, April 28, 2017.View in article
  To understand why a platform may be necessary for the IoT, we should first understand what the latter is and why companies and consumers might benefit from it. The IoT is fundamentally an architecture and not a single technology.3That is to say, IoT connects existing technologies in a specific way to enable people and companies to accomplish entirely new things, and, in doing so, it creates value for them (see the sidebar The Information Value Loop).4
  The underlying economics of platforms work in many situations, but the specific technologies, roles, and interactions that enable a platform can change dramatically by industryespecially when the platform makes use of digital technologies such as the IoT. For its part, an IoT platform is enabled by four key elements:
  Providing the filtering and brokerage services required in a platform can represent a significant change for a company traditionally accustomed to selling products and services. GE, for example, seems to be undergoing this type of transformation; it is changing its product-centric business model to include digital, service-oriented ones to offer newer services and products. As part of that shift, GE is working to attract external developers to its Fuse crowdsourcing platform by opening up its intellectual property to customers. For example, GE can post the technical details of difficult problems that it is trying to solve to the platform, attracting external developers with prizes for the best and most innovative ideas. Through Fuse, GE is creating the space to connect companies looking for IoT solutions with those that can supply the right technological solutionsin other words, a platform.7
  Erin Clark, Bruce Chew, and Robert Lurie,Strategic capabilities: Bridging strategy and impact, Monitor Deloitte, March 2015.View in article
  A platform is typically a spacephysical or virtualfor two parties to meet in order to create value.6More precisely, the platform represents a two-sided market: one where the platform can affect the volume of transactions on one side while balancing the price paid by the other side. Todays world features many platforms, from newspapers to dating apps to video game consoles. In each of these examples, multiple parties are attracted and connected by the platform owner. For example, in the case of the video game console, both gamers and game developers are attracted: The console provides the space for gamers to find the games they want, while game developers can find a readymade audience to play their games.
  M. L. Katz and C. Shapiro, Network externalities, competition, and compatibility,American Economic Review75, no. 3 (1985): pp. 424440.View in article
  This article explores ways in which platforms can offer a powerful new business model, illuminating a way to potentially create exponential value from the IoT. As with any new approach or business model, however, companies looking to create an IoT platform might face significant challenges and barriers to success. In this paper, we examine how companies can build a healthy platform business from even the smallest seed.
  Andrei Hagiu and Julian Wright, Multi-sided platforms, Harvard working paper 12-024, 2011.View in article
  Robert Metcalfe, Its all in your head,Forbes, April 20, 2007.View in article
  Photosynthesis, the process by which a plant converts light energy into chemical energy, is one of natures miracles. Generally speaking, a plant uses energy from sunlight to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugars that supply energy to the plant.1Photosynthesis is critical because, although the raw materials needed to sustain a plant may be plentiful, the plant cell alone cannot harness them to meet energy needs. The cell requires the services of a broker: chloroplasts, a small unit filled with chlorophyll, the pigment that makes plants green. It is these subunits of the plant cell that actually carry out photosynthesis, bringing together the raw materials and making energy.
  Rob Dicksonis a manager in Deloitte Digital and is based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
  Platform providers should target offerings to users on both sides of the transaction. Therefore, it is important to provide different pathways so that different users can find relevant content, services, and solutions. These pathways will likely involve content filters based on the industry or role of a user. In short, the more intuitive the platform interface, generally the more effective the pathways to content, and the easier it can be for both supply and demand to find what they are looking for. The result is a differentiated, powerful platform.
  Hagiu and Wright, Multi-sided platforms.View in article
  HOW WILL YOU CONFIGURE THESE CONNECTIONS?
  By showing how component technologies come together, the Information Value Loop also models how the IoT can create value. In short, when information about the world flows around the loop, it enables new actions that could not have been taken before, creating new value. It is often easier to demonstrate how this arrangement works in a simple context: Consider a relatively closed system, such as a factory. Within the four walls of the operation, the goal may be to increase the life span of key parts. Sensors could create information about the rotations, temperature, and vibration of machinery, communicating that information to central servers where it can be aggregated and analyzed in conjunction with other data. With that analysis, a factory could create a predictive model of failure of that key part, taking action on maintenance only when failure is likely. This new action would create value in the form of reduced maintenance costs by limiting unplanned downtime and extending the pre-maintenance lifetime of the asset.5
  Planting the seed for an IoT platform
  Explore the Internet of Thingscollection
  Add capabilities to fill that gap.With an initial set of partners and platform participants in place, a potential platform provider can begin to assess what organizational and technological capabilities it needs to make the platform work.Bringing a new platform onlinewould not only generally involve external activities to position the platform to customers and developers but would almost certainly require new internal capabilities as well. For example, a company transitioning from a single product to a platform will likely need to add data scientists, design thinkers, cybersecurity, privacy specialists, IT as a customer-facing function, and product managers focused on bundled offerings.
  Smart Tampere website, accessed December 11, 2017.View in article
  However,given the diverse nature of IoT technology, it is unlikely that any single company would have all of the devices or expertise in-house needed at every stage of the Information Value Loop.Rather, even the biggest companies likely must choose from a vast array of technology and integration partners to make relatively simple IoT applications work. Beyond merely the physical sensors, elements as diverse as cloud-based services, application program interfaces, or data analytics models all must come together seamlessly and work in concert with each other. Therefore, one of the big challenges businesses that seek value from the IoT face is coordinating how the many required elements come together simultaneously. This creates an opportunity for the development and use of an IoT platform.
  to make optimal use of the available technological raw materials.
  For companies entering the world of the Internet of Things, it can be difficult to choose from the many available technologies, protocols, vendors, and integrators. Here, platforms can help connect supply and demandIoT users with technologies or vendorsto generate new value.
  Timothy Murphy and Mark Cotteleer,Behavioral strategy to combat choice overload,Deloitte University Press, December 10, 2015.View in article
  Finding fertile soil: How platforms build an ecosystem
  Because the network effect can scale the value of a platform so quickly, initially attracting a full, diverse ecosystem of both supply and demand can be critically important. Most organizations already have an existing ecosystem of customers, suppliers, partners, and various other stakeholders (figure 4). However, making IoT work often means attracting entirely new partners, customers, and developersthe participants in a platform ecosystem. Much like a plant must attract bees or hummingbirds for pollination, so, too, must a platform creator attract ecosystem participants.
  The suite of technologies that enables the Internet of Things promises to turn almost any object into a source of information about that object. This creates both a new way to differentiate products and services and a new source of value that can be managed in its own right.
  IoT platforms operate in a similar manner. They connect previously disconnected supply and demand, through reusable technology products, to enable greater efficiency, more accurate pricing, and a better ability to identify and meet the needs of customers. Figure 2 illustrates some differences between a platform and a traditional product-oriented business model.
  Understand where there are gaps in the ecosystem.In any ecosystem, there can be gaps and imperfect connections between participants. Therefore, identifying where the gaps currently exist in a market or system would help to identify the partners, acquisitions, or new technologies needed to potentially create a successful platform. The following questions can help in such an assessment:
  Like plants, the Internet of Things (IoT) needs mechanisms to facilitate interactions across its environment if it is to flourish. Those seeking to use new IoT solutions may be in the same position as plants: with plentiful resources, but unsure how to bring them all together. There are actually so many possible choices of technologies, protocols, vendors, and integrators that it can be difficult for a company to choose the right option.2Just as plants need chloroplasts to bring together resources in the environment and make them useable, companies in the IoT ecosystem need facilitatorsnamely,platformsto make optimal use of the available technological raw materials. While in general, platforms serve to match up previously disconnected supply and demand to generate new value, in the IoT specifically, platforms can link those who wish to implement the IoT with the technologies or vendors that may be the best match for their needs.
  One real-world example of this principle is an initiative by the city of Tampere in Finland. The city recently started development of a smart city ecosystem to facilitate cooperation between parties and enable economic growth while improving citizens lives.11The city has created an online community where it posts the main challenges the municipality faces, categorizing them by industry and technical areas. The goal is to orchestrate a thriving and collaborative ecosystem with multiple participants: citizens, investors, industries, technology providers, utility companies, universities, and others. In this way, developers do not see just the projects the city has put out for bid but rather a full spectrum of what participating stakeholders are trying to accomplish. A developer in smart health care, for example, may see that a tricky problem with which he has been struggling has already been solved by another developer working in smart transport or analytics. As a result, Tampere can expect more and better solutions to be generated and quality of life to improve.12
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  This statement reflects the estimated number of connected IoT devices by 2020 from sources such as Gartner, Gartner says 6.4 billion connected things will be in use in 2016, up 30 percent from 2015, press release, November 10, 2015.View in article
  James Hendler and Jennifer Golbeck, Metcalfes Law, Web 2.0, and the semantic web,Journal of Web Semantics6, no. 1 (2008): pp. 1420.View in article
  Alberto Ogurais a senior manager in Deloitte Digital and is based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
  Hidden in the relationship between supply and demand is the secret to a platforms success. If platforms create value by connecting customers and suppliers, then more connectionsand, by extension, more participants, in the form of customers and supplierscan translate into a more valuable platform. This concept is succinctly captured in Metcalfes Law, which states that the value of a network is directly proportional to the square of its participants.8Therefore, wider participation from ecosystem partners offers more potential value for all of those partnersand does so exponentially.
  Photosynthesis brings together a few simple ingredients to provide the energy that can power the growth of an entire forest. Similarly, platforms bring together supply and demand to create value via network effects. The IoTs fragmented technological choices can be overwhelming to consumers, but that fragmentation can also be a fertile field for a new platform to grow. And while the creation of a new platform can be a difficult and daunting process, especially for companies used to selling products, understanding the core principles of platforms can help any company grow a successful business.
  Smart Tampere, Key elements of Smart Tampere,accessed December 11, 2017.View in article
  This is applicable to both customers and developers: The more developers to choose from, the more customers will likely want to participate in a platform. Similarly, the more potential purchasers, the more attractive a platform becomes to developers, attracting even more participants. The result is a flywheel called anetwork externalityornetwork effect.9The power of platforms comes from these dynamics. The engagement between each side of the market creates network effects that scale the value of the platform well beyond the value created for a single user10(figure 3). This is what makes platforms such an attractive business model, because with $X worth of investment to grow the network, a platform can generate $X2worth of new revenue.
  Carl Shapiro and Hal Varian,Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy(Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999).View in article
  Platforms offer a powerful mechanism to create greater value in the IoT. While there are many examples of platforms in the technology world, how a full-scale IoT platform would look remains unknown. As a result, the potential value that could be created from a platform with up to 20 billion nodes is staggering.15In the face of such opportunities generated by the IoT and platform business models, many companies are diving headfirst into digital transformation. While there are obstacles on this journey, the basics of sound corporate strategic planning remain a valuable guide. Therefore, platform creators seem to face the same cascade of choices as any company (figure 5).16However, given the unusual nature of the platform business model, the answers to these strategic questions may be somewhat unique and therefore warrant a deeper look.
  Chris Coleman et al.,Making maintenance smarter: Predictive maintenance and the digital supply network,Deloitte University Press, May 9, 2017.View in article
  Helena Lisachukis a director at Deloitte Consulting BV and is based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
  While these factors can seem to be daunting challenges, they are merely part of the process. Just as a plant does not go from seed to tree overnight, there is no need to have every answer at the start. Organizations and ecosystems often use prototyping to learn about the potential of digital platforms.Think big, butstart small, thenscale fastideas that appear viable. Prototyping is especially useful to validate the potential value of a use case before performing a large-scale implementation.
  Rob DicksonHelena LisachukAlberto OguraMark Cotteleer
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