text: Copper oxide can be reduced to copper using hydrogen . This reaction is usually done as a large scale demonstration, but this microscale version can be done by students. This can be used to show the relative positions of copper and hydrogen in the reactivity series and can also be used for percentage yield -type calculations.
  This practical involves some specialist microscale equipment such as a comboplate® with lids and a microburner. If this equipment is available in your institution this is a good practical to do. It is probably not worth buying the equipment in specially. If students are familiar with the equipment then this takes only a few minutes to set up and run. For students who are not it could take a lot longer.
  If students are calculating percentage yield, they also need access to a balance which reads to two decimal places.
  There is a danger of the glass breaking when inserting the glass tube into the silicone tubing. Warn students of this and show them how to hold the glass tube near the end that they are attaching to the silicone tube so as to minimise the risk. Technicians can do this.
  1 Microscale equipment can be sourced on the internet. Philip Harris has a range of suitable equipment.
  2 Ethanol or IDA is highly flammable – keep the microburner upright and blow it out when you have finished. Students should be warned about the dangers of the ethanol in the microburners. They should keep the burner upright and should not take off the lid. Ethanol can catch fire very easily and produces highly flammable vapour. To minimise any risk, ensure that the burners are filled prior to the lesson. Students need to light their burners and the easiest way to do this is with matches. It is probably advisable to have a box of matches per bench, to know how many you have and to count them in and out at the start and end of the session. Having a limited number of matches in each box reduces the potential for mischief. As an alternative, have a lit Bunsen burner or two in the laboratory and have students use splints to light their burners. However, they can be a little tricky to light this way.
  e Dip the end of the glass tubing into the pot of copper oxide and collect some in the end of the tube. Gently tap the tube to get the copper oxide more or less into the middle.
  f Holding the glass tube near the end you are attaching, fix each end to the silicone tubing attached to the lids (see diagram).
  g Fill the syringe carefully with acid from well E6, attach the syringe to the lid on well F6, and add a drop or two to the magnesium to get it fizzing. You will see if the hydrogen is flowing through the system as it produce bubbles in the water in well F1. You need to add enough acid throughout the experiment to keep a slow but steady stream of bubbles.
  h Light the microburner and begin to heat the copper oxide in the tube. Keep heating for a minute or two and watch for changes occurring in the tube. When there are no more changes, stop heating, wait for a moment, and then try to light the gas coming out of well F1. Blow out the microburner and detach the lids from the comboplate®.
  The magnesium reacts with the acid to produce hydrogen. As the copper oxide is heated it reacts with the hydrogen and is reduced, producing copper and water. The black copper oxide at the start turns to orange copper (this could be tested with a circuit tester once it has been removed from the tube) and a liquid which is water can be seen at the end of the tube. Lighting the gas coming out of the lid should convince students that it is hydrogen as it produces the expected ‘squeaky pop’.
  If you want students to calculate the percentage yield, they need to weigh the glass tube at the start, with the copper oxide in it, and at the end with the copper. If there appears to be a greater than 100% yield, this is probably due to there still being copper oxide present alongside the copper. Alternatively, students can remove the copper from the tube prior to weighing it and attempt to separate out the copper from the copper oxide. This gives a lower yield (neither is particularly accurate).
  Reduction of copper(II) oxide by hydrogen which includes a video demonstration of the larger scale reaction.
  The reaction of magnesium with copper(II) oxide The position of iron in the reactivity series Where does carbon come in the reactivity series? Exothermic metal-acid reactions