text: The vast world of outer space and its unknowns have given scope for a huge array of fantasised stories and environments throughout media and throughout the years. Star Trek first aired in the United States on September 6th 1966, 15 years before the first personal transportable computer, the Osborne 1,...
  In the world of console gaming, the battle between Microsoft and PlayStation has raged hard for a long, long time. However, there seems only to be one winner at the moment, with the PlayStation 4 not only nearly outselling the Xbox One by a ratio of 2:1 but, at almost...
  I’ve been seeing a lot of confusion on social media about why not every feature of powerful consoles like the just released Microsoft Xbox One X, as well as the Sony PlayStation 4 Pro (PS4 Pro), are supported on recent 4K TVs. I’d like to quickly clear some of that up....
  
  Scientists have reanalyzed their information and are nonetheless seeing a phosphine sign on Venus. Simply much less of it | ARMENIA ENERGY NEWS
  Home Uncategorized Scientists have reanalyzed their information and are nonetheless seeing a phosphine sign...
  Scientists have reanalyzed their information and are nonetheless seeing a phosphine sign on Venus. Simply much less of it
  In September, an international team announced that they had detected phosphine gas (PH3) in the atmosphere of Venus, based on data from the Atacama millimeter-submillimeter array (ALMA) in Chile and the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) in Hawaii . The news met with some skepticism and controversy as phosphine is seen as a possible indicator of life (also known as a biosignature).
  Shortly thereafter, a number of articles were published that challenged the observations and conclusions. One team even went so far as to say that there was no phosphine at all in the atmosphere of Venus. Fortunately, after re-analyzing the ALMA data, the team responsible for the original discovery came to the conclusion that there is indeed phosphine in the cloud cover of Venus – just not as much as originally assumed.
  In the original study, published in the September 14 issue of Nature Astronomy, the team presented results from ALMA and JCMT that indicated the presence of PH3 around the cloud deck of Venus. On Earth, phosphine is part of the phosphorus biochemical cycle and is likely the result of phosphate reduction in decaying organic material. No chemical and photochemical pathways are known for their formation on Venus.
  The only inorganic (also known as abiotic) mechanism for producing phosphine is the high temperatures and pressures that are common in the atmosphere of gas giants. In fact, phosphine has been detected in Jupiter's atmosphere, where it is formed by planet-sized convective storms that generate enormous amounts of energy. The only other explanation was bacteria floating in the cloud deck of Venus.
  The analysis and interpretation of the ALMA and JCMT datasets was also questioned in a study led by NASA Goddard researchers and published in an article on natural astronomy, "Matters Arising" (October 26, 2020). Here the research team pointed out that the spectral data interpreted as phosphine (PH3) are actually too close to sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is common in the Venusian atmosphere.
  According to another study by the University of Leiden (November 17, 2020, Astronomy & Astrophysics), the spectral data obtained from ALMA could be explained by the presence of compounds other than phosphine gas. From this they concluded that there is “no statistically significant evidence of phosphine” in the Venusian atmosphere and that the previous results are actually “false”.
  Jane Greaves, who led the discovery team (and is an astronomer at Cardiff University in the UK) claims they were motivated to re-evaluate their original conclusions because the original ALMA data contained a “false signal” that would have affected their results can. When the corrected ALMA data was released on November 16, Greaves and her colleagues performed a new analysis and published it on arXiv prior to peer review.
  This is the team's first public response to criticism made following their original findings. Their revised results were also presented at a meeting of the Venus Exploration Analysis Group (VEXAG), a NASA community forum, held on November 17th. While they have since stated that their results are "preliminary," they remain confident that Phophene is present in Venus' atmosphere.
  According to Greaves and her colleagues, the ALMA data showed a spectral signature that SO2 can only be explained by the compound phosphene. This is further enhanced by the JCMT spectra, which indicate the chemical fingerprints of phosphine. Based on the new ALMA data, the team estimates that phosphine levels average around 1 ppb – about one-seventh of their previous estimate.
  They indicate that these levels are likely to reach a maximum of 5 parts per billion (ppm) and will vary over time and by location. If so, this situation is similar to what scientists observed on Mars, where methane levels rise and wave over the course of a Martian year and vary from place to place. In addition to the criticism, the documents were also inspired by the team's original paper, which was presented on November 17th at VEXAG.
  Inspired by the possibility, the biochemist Rakesh Mogul of the California State Polytechnic University in Pomona and his colleagues again checked the data from NASA's Pioneer Venus mission. In 1978 this mission investigates the cloud layer of Venus with a probe that fell into the atmosphere. After re-analyzing the data, Mogul and his colleagues found evidence of phosphorus.
  This could indicate phosphine or some other phosphorus compound, although Mogul and his team believe phosphine is the most likely candidate. Separately, several scientists at VEXAG argued that a modest 1ppm phosphine level was not due to processes like volcanism or lightning strikes. It was also recently announced that the amino acid glycine had been discovered in Venus' atmosphere, another potential biomarker.
  For obvious reasons, it would be very appealing to find evidence of phosphine on Venus. In the past, scientists have speculated that life could exist in the planet's cloud deck, where temperatures are stable enough for extremophiles to survive. If this connection is confirmed in Venus' atmosphere, it would indicate that Venus is able to support extreme life forms in niche habitats.
  In any case, these results require further investigation and have led to renewed proposals for missions to Venus, possibly in the form of a balloon or an airship. In the meantime, Greaves and other researchers hope to spend more time with earth-based telescopes (including ALMA) to confirm the presence of phosphine. Whether or not that connection exists there, Venus is still a bunch of puzzles just waiting to be solved!
  
  *support languages menu: French, German, Italy, Spainish, Thailand, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Malay, Hindi, Catalan, Dutch, Greek, etc…App Review:
  Secret Video Recorder does background recording, NO preview, so you can use your phone as normal and NO ONE can tell you are recording video.
  Secret Video Recorder is a spy camera for professional video recording and is the best app available in the Android market for hidden mobile recorder.
  
  Edit macro page now has size toggle to make things smaller (easier to see and manipulate complex actions).
  
  Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated air carriers and repair stations performing work on their behalf in the United States are required to conduct drug and alcohol testing for employees and contractors performing “safety-sensitive functions.” These individuals can be randomly tested for drug and alcohol use and are also subjected to post-accident and reasonable cause testing, among others. A 2006 final rule by the FAA clarified that maintenance subcontractors “at any tier” must also undergo testing.
  There are several practical and legal issues associated with requiring drug and alcohol testing for foreign aviation maintenance and air carrier workers because of the varying privacy laws in each country. In Germany, for example, it is illegal to require workers to submit to random drug and alcohol tests.
  The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) provides the international safety framework for civil aviation, but it’s up to the member states to adopt their own rules or validate other National Aviation Authority (NAA) regulations that comply with ICAO standards. The organization has no formal enforcement mechanism; however, states may prohibit operators from entering their airspace if they and/or their NAA do not comply with ICAO requirements. An example of this is Australia, which tests all safety sensitive crewmembers operating on Australian soil regardless of country of origin. The more common practice is for member States to simply file a “difference” between their regulations and ICAO requirements.