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  Google or Google Web Search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. Google Search is the most-used search engine on the World Wide Web,[3] receiving several hundred million queries each day through its various services.[4]
  The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in Web pages, as opposed to other data, such as with Google Image Search. Google Search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997.[6] Google Search provides at least 22 special features beyond the original word-search capability.[7] These include synonyms, weather forecasts, time zones, stock quotes, maps, earthquake data, movie showtimes, airports, home listings, and sports scores. There are special features for numbers, including ranges (70..73),[8] prices, temperatures, money/unit conversions ("10.5 cm in inches"), calculations ("3*4+sqrt(6)-pi/2"), package tracking, patents, area codes,[7] and language translation of displayed pages. In June 2011, Google introduced "Google Voice Search" and "Search by Image" features for allowing the users to search words by speaking and by giving images.[9]
  The frequency of use of many search terms have reached a volume that they may indicate broader economic, social and health trends.[10] Data about the frequency of use of search terms on Google (available through Google Adwords, Google Trends, and Google Insights for Search) have been shown to correlate with flu outbreaks and unemployment levels and provide the information faster than traditional reporting methods and government surveys.
  1 (November 2011)[2]
  Google's rise to success was in large part due to a patented algorithm called PageRank that helps rank web pages that match a given search string.Brin, S.; Page, L. (1998). "The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine". Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 30: 107–117. doi:10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X. ISSN 0169-7552. edit When Google was a Stanford research project, it was nicknamed BackRub because the technology checks backlinks to determine a site's importance. Previous keyword-based methods of ranking search results, used by many search engines that were once more popular than Google, would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page, or how strongly associated the search terms were within each resulting page. The PageRank algorithm instead analyzes human-generated links assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important. The algorithm computes arecursive score for pages, based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. PageRank is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance. In addition to PageRank, Google, over the years, has added many other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result lists, reported to be over 200 different indicators."Corporate Information: Technology Overview". Google. Retrieved 2009-11-15.Wired.com The specifics of which are kept secret to keep spammers at bay and help Google maintain an edge over its competitors globally. ===Search results=== The exact percentage of the total of web pages that Google indexes is not known, as it is very difficult to accurately calculate. Google not only indexes and caches web pages, but also takes "snapshots" of other file types, which include PDF, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, Flash SWF, plain text files, and so on."Google Frequently Asked Questions - File Types".Google. Retrieved 2011-09-12.Except in the case of text and SWF files, the cached version is a conversion to (X)HTML, allowing those without the corresponding viewer application to read the file. Users can customize the search engine, by setting a default language, using the "SafeSearch" filtering technology and set the number of results shown on each page. Google has been criticized for placing long-term cookies on users' machines to store these preferences, a tactic which also enables them to track a user's search terms and retain the data for more than a year.[citation needed] For any query, up to the first 1000 results can be shown with a maximum of 100 displayed per page. The ability to specify the number of results is available only if "Instant Search" is not enabled. If "Instant Search" is enabled, only 10 results are displayed, regardless of this setting.[original research?] ===Non-indexable data=== Despite its immense index, there is also a considerable amount of data available in online databases which are accessible by means of queries but not by links. This so-called invisible or deep Web is minimally covered by Google and other search engines.Sherman, Chris and Price, Gary. "The Invisible Web: Uncovering Sources Search Engines Can't See, In: Library Trends 52 (2) 2003: Organizing the Internet:". pp. 282–298. The deep Web contains library catalogs, official legislative documents of governments, phone books, and other content which is dynamically prepared to respond to a query. ===Google optimization===
  Since Google is the most popular search engine, many webmasters have become eager to influence their website's Google rankings. An industry of consultants has arisen to help websites increase their rankings on Google and on other search engines. This field, called search engine optimization, attempts to discern patterns in search engine listings, and then develop a methodology for improving rankings to draw more searchers to their client's sites. Search engine optimization encompasses both "on page" factors (like body copy, title elements, H1 heading elements and image alt attributevalues) and Off Page Optimization factors (like anchor text and PageRank). The general idea is to affect Google's relevance algorithm by incorporating the keywords being targeted in various places "on page", in particular the title element and the body copy (note: the higher up in the page, presumably the better its keyword prominence and thus the ranking). Too many occurrences of the keyword, however, cause the page to look suspect to Google's spam checking algorithms. Google has published guidelines for website owners who would like to raise their rankings when using legitimate optimization consultants."Google Webmaster Guidelines". Google. Retrieved 2009-11-15. It has been hypothesized, and, allegedly, is the opinion of the owner of one business about which there has been numerous complaints, that negative publicity, for example, numerous consumer complaints, may serve as well to elevate page rank on Google Search as favorable comments.Segal, David (November 26, 2010). "A Bully Finds a Pulpit on the Web". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2010. The particular problem addressed in The New York Times article, which involvedDecorMyEyes, was addressed shortly thereafter by an undisclosed fix in the Google algorithm. According to Google, it was not the frequently published consumer complaints about DecorMyEyes which resulted in the high ranking but mentions on news websites of events which affected the firm such as legal actions against it.Blogspot.com
  Google search consists of a series of localized websites. The largest of those, the google.com site, is the top most-visited website in the world.[11] Some of its features include a definition link for most searches including dictionary words, the number of results you got on your search, links to other searches (e.g. for words that Google believes to be misspelled, it provides a link to the search results using its proposed spelling), and many more.
  [edit]Search syntax
  Google's search engine normally accepts queries as a simple text, and breaks up the user's text into a sequence of search terms, which will usually be words that are to occur in the results, but one can also use Boolean operators, such as: quotations marks (") for a phrase, a prefix such as "+" , "-" for qualified terms (no longer valid, the '+' was removed from google on 10/19/11[12]), or one of several advanced operators, such as "site:". The webpages of "Google Search Basics"[13] describe each of these additional queries and options (see below: Search options). Google's Advanced Search web form gives several additional fields which may be used to qualify searches by such criteria as date of first retrieval. All advanced queries transform to regular queries, usually with additional qualified term.
  [edit]Query expansion
  [edit]"I'm Feeling Lucky"
  Google's homepage includes a button labelled "I'm Feeling Lucky". When a user types in a search and clicks on the button the user will be taken directly to the first search result, bypassing the search engine results page. The thought is that if a user is "feeling lucky", the search engine will return the perfect match the first time without having to page through the search results. However, with the introduction of Google Instant, it is not possible to use the button properly unless the Google Instant function is switched off. According to a study by Tom Chavez of "Rapt", this feature costs Google $110 million a year as 1% of all searches use this feature and bypass all advertising.[15]
  On May 21, 2010, the 30th anniversary of Pac-Man, the "I'm Feeling Lucky" button was replaced with a button reading the words "Insert Coin". After pressing the button, the user would begin a Google-themed game of Pac-Man in the area where the Google logo would normally be. Pressing the button a second time would begin a two-player version of the same game that includes Ms. Pacman for player 2. This version can be accessed at www.google.com/pacman/[17] as a permanent link to the page.
  [edit]Rich Snippets
  On 12 May 2009, Google announced that they would be parsing the hCard, hReview, and hProduct microformats and using them to populate search result pages with what they called "Rich Snippets".[18]
  [edit]Special features
  Besides the main search-engine feature of searching for text, Google Search has more than 22 "special features" (activated by entering any of dozens of trigger words) when searching:[7][8][19]
  currency conversion – A money or currency converter can be selected,[7] by typing the names or currency codes (listed by ISO 4217): 6789 Euro in USD; 150 GBP in USD; 5000 Yen in USD; 5000Yuan in lira (the U.S. dollar can be USD or "US$" or "$", while Canadian is CAD, etc.).
  calculator – Calculation results can be determined,[7] as calculated live, by entering a formula in numbers or words, such as: 6*77 +pi +sqrt(e^3)/888 plus 0.45. The user is given the option to search for the formula, after calculation. The calculator also uses the unit and currency conversion functions to allow unit-aware calculations. For example, "(3 EUR/liter) / (40 miles/gallon) in USD / mile" calculates the dollar cost per mile for a 40 mpg car with gas costing 3 euros a liter. The caret "^" raises a number to an exponent power, and percentages are allowed ("40% of 300").[8] There is also some debate as to Google's calculation of 0^0. Many mathematicians believe that 0^0 is undefined but Google's calculator shows the result as 1.[20]
  dictionary lookup – A definition for a word or phrase can be found,[7] by entering "define" followed by a colon and the word(s) to lookup (such as, "define:philosophy")
  public data – Trends for population (or unemployment rates)[7] can be found for U.S. states & counties, by typing "population" or "unemployment rate" followed by a state or county name.
  travel data/airports – The flight status for arriving or departing U.S. flights can be displayed,[7] by typing in the name of the airline and the flight number into the search box (such as: American airlines18). Delays at a specific airport can also be viewed (by typing the name of the city or three-letter airport code plus word "airport").
  patent numbers – U.S. patents can be searched[7][19] by entering the word "patent" followed by the patent number into the search box (such as: Patent 5123123).
  area code – The geographical location (for any U.S. telephone area code)[7] can be displayed by typing a 3-digit area code (such as: 650).
  [edit]Search options
  "+" – (Removed on 10/19/11[12]) Force inclusion of a word, such as "Name +of +the Game" to require the words "of" & "the" to appear on a matching page.
  [edit]Error messages
  [edit]January 2009 malware bug
  [edit]Google Doodles
  [edit]Google Caffeine
  In August 2009, Google announced the rollout of a new search architecture, codenamed "Caffeine".[30] The new architecture was designed to return results faster and to better deal with rapidly updated information[31] from services including Facebook and Twitter.[30] Google developers noted that most users would notice little immediate change, but invited developers to test the new search in itssandbox.[32] Differences noted for their impact upon search engine optimization included heavier keyword weighting and the importance of the domain's age.[33][34] The move was interpreted in some quarters as a response to Microsoft's recent release of an upgraded version of its own search service, renamed Bing.[35] Google announced completion of Caffeine on 8 June 2010, claiming 50% fresher results due to continuous updating of its index.[36] With Caffeine, Google moved its back-end indexing system away from MapReduce and onto BigTable, the company's distributed database platform.[37] Caffeine is also based on Colossus, or GFS2,[38] an overhaul of the GFS distributed file system.[39]
  [edit]Encrypted Search
  In May 2010 Google rolled out SSL-encrypted web search.[40] The encrypted search can be accessed at encrypted.google.com[41]
  [edit]Instant Search
  Google Instant, a feature that displays suggested results while the user types, was introduced on September 8, 2010. Google expects Google Instant to save users 2 to 5 seconds in every search, which they say will be collectively 11 million seconds per hour.[42] Search engine marketing pundits speculate that Google Instant will have a great impact on local and paid search.[43]
  In concert with the Google Instant launch, Google disabled the ability of users to choose to see more than 10 search results per page. Instant Search can be disabled via Google's "preferences" menu, but autocomplete-style search suggestions now cannot be disabled. A Google representative stated, "It's in keeping with our vision of a unified Google search experience to make popular, useful features part of the default experience, rather than maintain different versions of Google. As Autocomplete quality has improved, we felt it was appropriate to have it always on for all of our users."[44]
  The publication 2600: The Hacker Quarterly has compiled a list of words that are restricted by Google Instant.[45] These are terms the web giant's new instant search feature will not search.[46][47] Most terms are often vulgar and derogatory in nature, but some apparently irrelevant searches including "Myleak" are removed.[47]
  [edit]Redesign
  In late June 2011, Google introduced a new look to the Google home page in order to boost the use of the Google+ social tools.[48]
  One of the major changes was replacing the classic navigation bar with a black one. Google's digital creative director Chris Wiggins explains: "We're working on a project to bring you a new and improved Google experience, and over the next few months, you'll continue to see more updates to our look and feel."[49] The new navigation bar has been negatively received by a vocal minority.[50]
  Google is available in many languages and has been localized completely or partly for many countries.[51]
  [edit]Search products
  In addition to its tool for searching webpages, Google also provides services for searching images, Usenet newsgroups, news websites, videos, searching by locality, maps, and items for sale online. In 2006, Google has indexed over 25 billion web pages,[52] 400 million queries per day,[52] 1.3 billion images, and over one billion Usenet messages. It also caches much of the content that it indexes. Google operates other tools and services including Google News, Google Suggest, Google Product Search, Google Maps, Google Co-op, Google Earth, Google Docs, Picasa, Panoramio, YouTube,Google Translate, Google Blog Search and Google Desktop Search.