code: def calc_pvalue(self, study_count, study_n, pop_count, pop_n):
          
          fnc_call = "calc_pvalue({SCNT}, {STOT}, {PCNT} {PTOT})".format(
              SCNT=study_count, STOT=study_n, PCNT=pop_count, PTOT=pop_n)
          raise Exception("NOT IMPLEMENTED: {FNC_CALL} using {FNC}.".format(
              FNC_CALL=fnc_call, FNC=self.pval_fnc))
docs: pvalues are calculated in derived classes.