code: def chain_2(d2f_dg2, dg_dx, df_dg, d2g_dx2):
      
      if np.all(dg_dx==1.) and np.all(d2g_dx2 == 0):
          return d2f_dg2
      dg_dx_2 = np.clip(dg_dx, -np.inf, _lim_val_square)**2
      #dg_dx_2 = dg_dx**2
      return d2f_dg2*(dg_dx_2) + df_dg*d2g_dx2
docs: Generic chaining function for second derivative
  
      .. math::
          \\frac{d^{2}(f . g)}{dx^{2}} = \\frac{d^{2}f}{dg^{2}}(\\frac{dg}{dx})^{2} + \\frac{df}{dg}\\frac{d^{2}g}{dx^{2}}