code: def validate_probability(p: float, p_str: str) -> float:
      
      if p < 0:
          raise ValueError('{} was less than 0.'.format(p_str))
      elif p > 1:
          raise ValueError('{} was greater than 1.'.format(p_str))
      return p
docs: Validates that a probability is between 0 and 1 inclusively.
  
      Args:
          p: The value to validate.
          p_str: What to call the probability in error messages.
  
      Returns:
          The probability p if the probability if valid.
  
      Raises:
          ValueError if the probability is invalid.