code: def stub(base_class=None, **attributes):
      
      if base_class is None:
          base_class = object
  
      members = {
          "__init__": lambda self: None,
          "__new__": lambda *args, **kw: object.__new__(
              *args, *kw
          ),  # remove __new__ and metaclass behavior from object
          "__metaclass__": None,
      }
      members.update(attributes)
      # let's create a python class on-the-fly :)
      return type(f"{base_class.__name__}Stub", (base_class,), members)()
docs: creates a python class on-the-fly with the given keyword-arguments
      as class-attributes accessible with .attrname.
  
      The new class inherits from
      Use this to mock rather than stub.