code: def _merge_params(url, params):
      
      if isinstance(params, dict):
          params = list(params.items())
  
      scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
      url_params = urllib.parse.parse_qsl(query, keep_blank_values=True)
      url_params.extend(params)
  
      query = _encode_data(url_params)
  
      return urllib.parse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment))
docs: Merge and encode query parameters with an URL.