code: def MDL(N, rho, k):
      r
      from numpy import log
      #p = arange(1, len(rho)+1)
      mdl = N* log(rho) + k * log(N)
      return mdl
docs: r"""Minimum Description Length
  
      .. math:: MDL(k) = N log \rho_k + p \log N
  
      :validation: results