have been applied in the VIU calculation: 2023 % 2022 % Revenue growth rate 2.1 1.8 Pre-tax discount rate 8.8 8.1 Terminal growth rate 1.9 1.8 Based on the Group’s assessment, no impairment losses were required as at 31 December 2023 as the recoverable amount exceeded the carrying amount. The Group’s review includes an impact assessment of changes in key assumptions used. Based on the sensitivity analysis performed, it was concluded that no reasonable change in the base case assumptions would cause the carrying amount of the CGU to exceed its recoverable amount. (b) Goodwill relating to operations in the United Kingdom The Group tests whether the goodwill has suffered any impairment on an annual basis. The Group has determined the recoverable amount of foreign CGU by assessing theVIU of the underlying assets. Based on the impairment assessment, the carrying value of the goodwill as at 31 December 2023 exceeded its recoverable amount by RM123.6 million (2022: RM22.7 million), mainly due to external market conditions affecting future cash flows. NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 31 December 2023 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Sec 5 239 10 INTANGIBLE ASSETS (CONTINUED) Impairment assessment for goodwill (continued) (b) Goodwill relating to operations in the United Kingdom (continued) The discounted cash flow model used cash flow projections which covered a 27-year period (2022: 28-year period). The following key assumptions has been applied in the VIU calculation: 2023 % 2022 % Revenue growth rate (3.5) (3.2) Pre-tax discount rate 8.4 7.8 The Group’s review includes an impact assessment of changes in key assumptions used. The effects of the movement in the key assumptions to the recoverable amount are as follows: Changes in assumptions % Impact on recoverable amount Increase RM’million Decrease RM’million 2023 Revenue growth rate 1.0 285.8 (252.7) Pre-tax discount rate 1.0 (143.2) 161.7 2022 Revenue growth rate 1.0 355.7 (312.7) Pre-tax discount rate 1.0 (158.1) 176.3 (c) Goodwill relating to operations in Australia The