of profit or loss. Impairment losses are presented as a separate line item in the statement of profit or loss. - FVOCI: Movements in the carrying amount of debt instruments classified under FVOCI are taken through OCI. Upon derecognition of the assets, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in OCI is reclassified to the statement of profit or loss. The interest income from these financial assets is included in the finance income using the effective interest rate method. The foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment expenses are presented as a separate line item in the statement of profit or loss. - FVTPL: Financial assets that do not meet the criteria for AC or FVOCI are measured at FVTPL. A gain or loss on debt instruments which aremeasured at FVTPL are recognised in the statement of profit or loss. • Equity instruments The Group and the Company have elected to present fair value gains and losses on equity instruments in OCI. The fair value gains and losses of these instruments will not be reclassified subsequently to the statement of profit or loss. Dividends from such investments are recognised in the statement of profit or loss as other income. Impairment losses (and reversal of impairment losses) on equity instruments measured at FVOCI are also reported as other changes in fair value. (d) Impairment The Group and the Company assess on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its debt instruments carried at AC and FVOCI. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk. The Group and the Company have the following financial instruments that are subject to the ECL model: (i) Trade receivables (ii) Trade contract assets (iii) Non-trade receivables: • intercompany balances • amounts due from associates/joint ventures • rechargeable job orders (‘RJO’) debtors • sundry deposits for rental spaces • rental receivables • staff loans/advances • investment in unquoted debt securities (iv) Financial guarantee contracts