The atmosphere is heated mainly by direct contact with the surface of the earth, and is spread upwards by conduction, turbulence and convection.
Umoya ojikeleza umhlaba ugqatswa kukudibana okuthe ngqo nomphandle womhlaba, kwaye wasasazwa ngaphezulu ngokuhanjiswa, ukutyhutyha bobushushu nesiphithi-phithi.