But this time, with the deaths of the dominating personalities of Abu Bakr, 'Umar, and Abu 'Ubayda b. al-Jarrah, it was not so easy to set 'Ali aside without serious cause, for his possible rivals (or rival in the person of 'Uthman) were much inferior to him in many ways. The deed was, however, accomplished by involving 'Ali in an elective committee in which he had no chance of gaining solid majority support, and then offering him the caliphate on terms which would be unacceptable to him. 'Uthman was a weak man; apart from considerations of family relationships and personal friendship, this weakness was probably one of the reasons why 'Abd ar-Rahman supported him.
Nne:Kimsingi, malengo na mifumo inayotakiwa kuwa katika serikali ya siasa ya dini huwekwa mwanzo pale tu inapoanzishwa serikali hiyo, na sio kwanza serikali ianzishwe na baada ya kupita muda mrefu kufikiriwe malengo na mfumo unaotakiwa kutekelezwa katika serikali hiyo, hivi serikali ya siasa ya dini ni lazima iwe katika mfumo unaoendeshwa na Mtume Muhammad (s.a.w.w), au iwe katika mfumo wa Abuhurayra? Na hivi serikali ya siasa ya dini ni lazima iwe katika mfumo wa Imamu Ali (a.s) au iwe katika mfumo wa Ibni Khatab?