In addition, the suggestion that the writer of this epistle relied upon knowledge and information provided by others who were actual eye-witnesses of Christ Jesus (2:3) makes Pauline authorship doubtful.
Aidha, pendekezo kwamba mwandishi wa waraka huu alitegemea maarifa na habari zilizotolewa na wengine ambao walikuwa mashahidi halisi waliojionea wenyewe wa Kristo Yesu (2: 3) kuufanya uandishi wa kipaulo kuyiwa wasiwasi.