4. “A payment by the government to producers or distributors in an industry to prevent the decline of that industry (e.g., as a result of continuous unprofitable operation)” – Todaro in Economic Development. In addition, “Subsidies may induce excessive or uneconomic use of inputs and benefits of subsidies are most frequently garnered by the larger and more prosperous producers.
4. “Malipo yanayofanywa na serikali kwa wazalishaji au wasambazaji kiwandani ili kuzuia kudidimia kwa kiwanda (k.m. kutokana na uzalishaji usioleta faida)” – Todaro katika Economic Development. “Misaada inaweza kusababisha uzalishaji mkubwa au matumizi yasiyo ya faida ya pembejeo na kwa kawaida mashirika makubwa na yenye kujiendesha kifaida huziba pengo katika viwanda vinavyojiendesha kwa hasara.