- Moses had earlier addressed all Israel: "Give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth" (Dt.32:1). It is emphasized that there were two categories of people to whom he spoke: 1) "The elders of your tribes" and 2) "all the congregation of Israel" (Dt.31:28,30). The elders would then equate with the 'heavens' and the ordinary people with the 'earth'.
mkazo umetiwa wa kuwa palikuwepo aina mbili za watu ambao alizungumza nao: 1) "Wazee wote wa kabila zenu"na 2) "Kusanyiko lote la wana wa Israelli" (Kum. 31: 28,30).Wakati ule wazee walilinganishwa na 'Mbingu’ na watu wa kawaida na 'Nchi’.