ففي اتفاقية لوغانو لعام 1993، استخدمت هذه العبارة لوصف الشخص الذي يتحكم في النشاط والمقترح الداعي إلى إصدار الاتحاد الأوروبي توجيهاً بشأن المسؤولية البيئية.
In the 1993 Lugano Convention the term was used to characterize the person who exercises the control of the activity and the proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Environmental Liability with regard to the Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage the term applied to any person who directs the operation of an activity, including a holder of a permit or authorization for such activity and/or the person registering or notifying such activity.