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# Stationary bootstrap for kernel density estimators under ψ-weak dependence

## Author

Listed:
• Hwang, Eunju
• Shin, Dong Wan

## Abstract

Stationary bootstrap technique is applied for kernel-type estimators of densities and their derivatives of stationary ψ-weakly dependent processes. The ψ-weak dependence, introduced by Doukhan & Louhichi [Doukhan, P., Louhichi, S., 1999. A new weak dependence condition and applications to moment inequalities. Stochastic Processes and their Applications 84, 313–342], unifies weak dependence conditions such as mixing, association, Gaussian sequences and Bernoulli shifts. The class of ψ-weakly dependent processes includes all weakly dependent processes of interest in statistics, containing such important processes as GARCH processes, threshold autoregressive processes, and bilinear processes. We obtain asymptotic validity for the stationary bootstrap in the density and derivatives estimation. A Monte-Carlo experiment compares the proposed method with other methods. Log returns of daily Dow Jones index are analyzed by the proposed method.

## Suggested Citation

• Hwang, Eunju & Shin, Dong Wan, 2012. "Stationary bootstrap for kernel density estimators under ψ-weak dependence," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 56(6), pages 1581-1593.
• Handle: RePEc:eee:csdana:v:56:y:2012:i:6:p:1581-1593 DOI: 10.1016/j.csda.2011.10.001
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File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167947311003586

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## References listed on IDEAS

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1. Tran, Lanh Tat, 1992. "Kernel density estimation for linear processes," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 281-296, June.
2. Yatchew, Adonis & Hardle, Wolfgang, 2006. "Nonparametric state price density estimation using constrained least squares and the bootstrap," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 133(2), pages 579-599, August.
3. Anders Rygh Swensen, 2003. "Bootstrapping unit root tests for integrated processes," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(1), pages 99-126, January.
4. Yvonne H. S. Ho & Stephen M. S. Lee, 2008. "Iterated Bootstrap-"t" Confidence Intervals for Density Functions," Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Danish Society for Theoretical Statistics;Finnish Statistical Society;Norwegian Statistical Association;Swedish Statistical Association, vol. 35(2), pages 295-308.
5. Kim, Tae Yoon & Cox, Dennis D., 1996. "Uniform strong consistency of kernel density estimators under dependence," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 179-185, February.
6. Marc Hallin & Lanh Tran, 1996. "Kernel density estimation for linear processes: Asymptotic normality and optimal bandwidth derivation," Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Springer;The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, vol. 48(3), pages 429-449, September.
7. Chen, Jia, 2008. "Asymptotics of kernel density estimators on weakly associated random fields," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 78(18), pages 3230-3237, December.
8. Doukhan, Paul & Louhichi, Sana, 1999. "A new weak dependence condition and applications to moment inequalities," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 84(2), pages 313-342, December.
9. Paul Doukhan, 2001. "Functional Estimation of a Density Under a New Weak Dependence Condition," Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Danish Society for Theoretical Statistics;Finnish Statistical Society;Norwegian Statistical Association;Swedish Statistical Association, vol. 28(2), pages 325-341.
10. Li, Fuchun & Tkacz, Greg, 2006. "A consistent bootstrap test for conditional density functions with time-series data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 133(2), pages 863-886, August.
11. Roussas, George G., 2000. "Asymptotic normality of the kernel estimate of a probability density function under association," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 1-12, October.
12. Nze, Patrick Ango & Doukhan, Paul, 2004. "Weak Dependence: Models And Applications To Econometrics," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(06), pages 995-1045, December.
13. Schick, Anton & Wefelmeyer, Wolfgang, 2006. "Pointwise convergence rates and central limit theorems for kernel density estimators in linear processes," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 76(16), pages 1756-1760, October.
14. Carrasco, Marine & Chen, Xiaohong, 2002. "Mixing And Moment Properties Of Various Garch And Stochastic Volatility Models," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 18(01), pages 17-39, February.
15. Parker, Cameron & Paparoditis, Efstathios & Politis, Dimitris N., 2006. "Unit root testing via the stationary bootstrap," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 133(2), pages 601-638, August.
16. Doukhan, Paul & Neumann, Michael H., 2007. "Probability and moment inequalities for sums of weakly dependent random variables, with applications," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 117(7), pages 878-903, July.
17. Tran, Lanh Tat, 1990. "Kernel density estimation under dependence," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 10(3), pages 193-201, August.
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## Citations

Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
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Cited by:

1. Hwang, Eunju & Shin, Dong Wan, 2015. "Stationary bootstrapping for semiparametric panel unit root tests," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 14-25.
2. Barbeito, Inés & Cao, Ricardo, 2016. "Smoothed stationary bootstrap bandwidth selection for density estimation with dependent data," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 130-147.
3. Hwang, Eunju & Shin, Dong Wan, 2013. "Stationary bootstrapping realized volatility," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 83(9), pages 2045-2051.
4. Eunju Hwang & Dong Wan Shin, 2016. "Kernel estimators of mode under $$\psi$$ ψ -weak dependence," Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Springer;The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, vol. 68(2), pages 301-327, April.

### Keywords

Stationary bootstrap; Weak dependence; Kernel estimator; Density; Derivative;

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Common Base amp gain problem

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab

Here's a little schematic I built for my 27MHz colpitts oscillator, which outputs approximately 120mVpp. Since the common base is less dependent on frequency, is less prone to distortion and has high gain I chose it over the CE amp. I used several different transistors in the place of 2n3904. Even some soviet ones with GBP pf 800-1000 MHz. I simulated the schematic in LTSpice and got this result.

The output is 2.4Vpp, so the gain is 20. And here's the first confusing part: So far I've learnt that the gain of CB amp is

A=Rc/re

Rc= 5000

re=25/Ie

Ie, in the DC state, according to the same simulation is about 1.44mA, so re should be about 17 ohms. The gain in that case should be about 300. I am not expecting this kind of gain in reality however it is a huge jump from 20 to 300. I do suspect that on high frequencies there is some effect that I am not aware of. The CB configuration should basically eliminate the Miller effect, and I don't know what else might cause the drop in gain.

Anyways it's not where the problem ends. After building the amp on the desk the gain was even smaller than expected 20. The output Vpp was around 300 mV, a bit more than 2 times larger than the input (every transistor behaved like that, even high GBP ones). I should also note that the same high GBP transistors performed much better when used in CE configuration (around 2Vpp), although with quite a bit of distortion, which was why I decided to use CB.

I disconnected the signal source to check if the DC biasing etc was done correctly, and the voltages on each node were around the same as in the simulation.

I decided to make a frequency domain analysis in spice and here's what I got: This is with the 2N3904. I suppose that transistors with higher GBP will have different curve (although not sure about that). Anyways the gradual roll-off is very visible.

Since I used the transistors in CE configuration effectively I highly doubt that the transistor is the problem here. I suppose the problem lies within the schematic itself, although I fail to find it. The question is: why does the schematic behave like it does in real life? Also how can one fight the gradual roll-off if it is possible at all?

UPDATE:

After reading the suggestions, reduced the effect of low pass filters by reducing the resistor values, which also increased emitter current. Ended up using this circuit, which gave a gain of about 5. It's probably very suboptimal but, it worked better than the last one. The output was about 700 mVpp with input of 120 mVpp.

simulate this circuit

• What kind of 10uF caps are you using? Low frequency, electrolytic caps may have a substantial inductive and resistive component and that might influence your circuit at 27MHz. In other words, low frequency caps could not be considered as pure capacitors at 27MHz! – Lorenzo Donati -- Codidact.org Aug 27 '17 at 14:53
• BTW, I'm not an high frequency guru, but a gain of 200 for a single transistor stage at high frequency seems a bit too much, unless you use transistors with an extremely high unity-gain frequency (ft on datasheets). – Lorenzo Donati -- Codidact.org Aug 27 '17 at 14:56
• They are indeed electrolytic and I suppose low frequency too. Would mica ones perform any better? Yes, I understand that 200 is a bit optimistic, or rather very much so, but a gain of 2? Seems likely that there's problem somewhere. – Anthropomorphous Dodecahedron Aug 27 '17 at 15:00
• IIRC, as a rule of thumb, assuming a low-pass, single pole, behavior from the amplifier, multiply the cutoff frequency you need (say 50MHz, since you want to amplify a 27MHz signal) by the required gain. You get 50MHz x 200 = 1GHz. So you would need a bjt with at least an ft of 1GHz! (I hope my memory about HF circuits serves me well). – Lorenzo Donati -- Codidact.org Aug 27 '17 at 15:00
• Hm.. The datasheet does say they have ft of 800-1000 MHz. It may be not entirely accurate though, plus, does ft deteriorate with time? They are quite old, from the look of them. – Anthropomorphous Dodecahedron Aug 27 '17 at 15:03

The voltage gain of your circuit is around:

$$\frac{r_e}{r_e+R_5}*\frac{R_C}{r_e}= \frac{18Ω}{18Ω+50Ω}*\frac{5kΩ}{18Ω}=72$$

at the middle frequency.

Also from the data-sheet we can read that Cbc capacitance is around 4pF.

So Rc together with Cbc will form the low pass filter.

And the cut-off frequency is around:

$$Fc = \frac{0.16}{R_C *Cbc} = \frac{0.16}{5kΩ *4pF} = 8MHz$$

Hence the gain at the 28MHz is

$$72 * \frac{1}{ \sqrt{ 1+(\frac{28MHz}{8MHz})^2}} = 72*0.27 = 19.4 V/V$$

And this ballpark calculation\estimate do not included any additional parasitic capacitance present in the real world circuit except Cbc

Also do not forget about the input Cbe capacitance is:

$$Cbe = \frac{\frac{1}{r_e}}{2*\pi*F_T} = 35pF$$

And this capacitance also forms low pass filter.

• Thanks, I completely neglected the low pass filter effect. However I don't quite follow with which resistors does Cbe form a low pass filter with. R2 and R3 in parallel? – Anthropomorphous Dodecahedron Aug 27 '17 at 16:14
• Also, don't forget $r_o$ due to the Early effect! It applies here. (So will the load, which we don't understand from the OP yet.) – jonk Aug 27 '17 at 16:16
• There is no load attached yet (other than oscilloscope probe), I plan to feed it into an emitter-follower or maybe another stage of CB. Depends on what I can achieve from this stage with corrected values. – Anthropomorphous Dodecahedron Aug 27 '17 at 16:20

At 1.44mA the transistor has a Re of 25/1.44 = about 17 ohms.

To this you must add the 50 ohm of R5, which you forgot ;)

So the gain would be 5000/(50+17) = 74.

Common base amplifiers have very low input impedance, and it depends on bias current, so the gain will depend on the output impedance of the source, which might also not be a perfect 50R resistor, but maybe the output impedance of a semiconductor...

If the RF source is connected by a long coax, then it gets a little bit more subtle. The RF source would have 50R output impedance, and we must terminate the cable on the transistor's side by adding a (50-17)=33R resistor. So the gain would be different, yet again.

Also we have not taken into account the imperfections of this transistor. Its datasheet fT is around 300 MHz... at 10mA, with a rather high Vce, and without a collector load.

At 1.4mA, and with the very low Vce used here, the figure will be different, the transistor will be slower. Its hFe will be quite low, and it will require a non-negligible base current.

Also, the collector-to-base capacitance is multiplied by Miller effect, which increases base current.

You have connected the base to a perfect simulated capacitor, which has negligible impedance at 27MHz. However, the transistor has an internal base resistance, which combined to base current, reduces your gain.

Also, the real capacitor you used in implementing the circuit will not be perfect. It will have ESL and ESR...

...and the output impedance of your amp is 5k which is very inconvenient at 27MHz, anything you connect there will have capacitance and suck all of the signal. This is why you need an emitter follower or buffer on the output.

Anyway,

• If you want to convert your 120mVpp sine into a square wave google "clock conversion sine to square" and you will find schematics.
• If you want to keep your sine but amplify it, I would suggest using a canned RF amplifier like these , there are many such chips available for low prices (less than 50 cents) and all the complicated design challenges have been handled by the manufacturer... all you have to do is not screw up the supply/biasing/bypassing.
• You can also use a highspeed opamp, but they are finicky about layout.
• There are also fixed-gain "video amplifiers" which will solve your problem, basically they're opamps with feedback resistors included in the package.
• Or you can roll your own, but you will need more gain stages, you can't get a gain of 200 at 27 MHz with a single transistor mounted on a PCB.

Also here's a primer on capacitors at HF:

The inductance of the cap is the same as a piece of wire having the shape of the path taken by the current. Thus, a through-hole capacitor with e=5.08mm between the pins, with the internal foils sitting 2mm above the board, can be modeled as a 5mmx2mm square loop if we close the circuit with a trace on the board below. This loop has an inductance of 9nH.

2pi x 9nH x 27MHz = 1.5 ohms inductive

If the cap has low ESR then you get a LC tank circuit which may resonate, and since it drives the base of your BJT, you just built a Colpitts. It is very easy to unintentionally build an oscillator when combining devices with gain (ie, transistors) and layout parasitics... A transistor whose base is driven by a reactive impedance, without enough real (resistive) impedance in series may create some headaches...

This does not depend on capacitor type, chemistry, etc, only its mechanical construction (you will no doubt guess that axial caps are much worse than radials).

A leaded ceramic will have the same HF behavior as a modern good quality leaded electrolytic. Same inductance.

Basically, if you want a low-inductance capacitor, it needs to be low-profile, and lay flat against your ground plane to reduce the loop area. And therefore...

This means MLCC (ceramic) of X7R type for bypassing, or C0G type if you need an accurate value. Or SMD Film caps.

Then you add the inductance of the whole loop, traces, vias, ground plane etc.

So when you see audiophiles adding bypass caps...

Ickkkkkkk.

• Thanks! I'm rolling on my own for now partly since we don't have these components (rf amps etc.) in the area and partly for education. In regards the problem at hand: I thought the common base configuration was largely independent of hFe. Where exactly does it come into play? – Anthropomorphous Dodecahedron Aug 27 '17 at 16:18
• hFe falls with increasing frequency thus a higher base current is required, and since base impedance is not zero, this reduces the gain. Common Base is less sensitive to this because the base can be driven by a low impedance... but it is never zero... – peufeu Aug 27 '17 at 16:31
• @peufeu this picture is hilarious – G36 Aug 27 '17 at 16:46
• @G36 yeah especially since this is a single layer job without ground plane, the whole "supply bypassing" thingy is like, nope.... – peufeu Aug 27 '17 at 17:00

I've looked at your circuit. I'm not a formula guy. You should realize that almost all of the emitter current will have been coming from the collector. That's the idea of a transistor.

So when the input pulls your emitter down by some small voltage (we're doing small signal analysis here!) the current will move away from the steady state current by dI = dUin/Re. Now, apply that same current in the collector circuit and your output voltage swing will be dUout = Rc * dI = Rc * dUin/Re -> dUout/dUin = A = Rc / Re ! Neat! Same formula as you got!

Putting in the numbers gives me A = 5000/500 = 10. How you got 20 or 300 is beyond me. sorry.

• As far as I understand Vin = Ie*rc (notice the small r, or the base-emitter junction resistance Vt/Ie), since the Rc>>rc. Therefore the gain A=Rc/re, in my case re~17 ohm. At least that's how I learnt it, I may be wrong. – Anthropomorphous Dodecahedron Aug 27 '17 at 16:06
• Hmm. Interesting.... Wouldn't the low "output" resistance of the emitter mean that now you're having a current-input amplifier? In that case, the input current would be about Vin/50 Ohms. – user242579 Aug 27 '17 at 16:22
• I messed up the letters, sorry. It should be Vin=Ie*re(the base-emitter junction), because Re=500 > re=17. I can't comment on the input current with confidence although it seems intuitive that when small dVin occures, the input current that flows into the base would be dVin/re, although I might be entirely mistaken here. – Anthropomorphous Dodecahedron Aug 27 '17 at 16:32
1. the bypass caps and the base cap you can put higher caps like 1 uf; reason is that you want the transistor not affected (at lower frequencies; no need to cut off).
2. Since the gain is Av= gmRc, since Rc is actually Rc in parrallel with the load this will affect the gain as well, so you should use a higher impedance at the load (mind that it wouldn't be that large at that frequency)
3. input impedance is important as it can attenuate the incoming signal; you simulate 50 ohm source impedance (function gen or your oscillator) you should use a buffer stage (Common collector) before the common base stage.
4. the voltage divider bias in not important in Ac analysis since its shorted to ground, however you should choose higher resistance values not to pass high current through resistors as well as transistor base, as a rule of thumb the R3 is under 1.7 volts (Ve = 1 volt + 0.7 Si forward voltage drop)
5. use lower Ic value (since gm = Ic/26mv); you can use .5 mA
6. for Rc subtract the Ve voltage from Vcc (10.4-1) and divide by 2; what you get then divide by Ic and find the lowest nearest standard resistor value.

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# Difference between revisions of "AnimB limitations"

When you try to animate a non-trivial model, it might happen that you get an internal error. It might also happen that some events are gray, which means that the animator is unable to evaluate their guards. Below we list some guidelines of how to prevent such problems. This page will be continuously updated.

## Finding the Source of the Problem

AnimB sends error messages to the "Console" (Window -> Show View -> Other -> General -> Console). This error messages might help you to find out the places of your model that you have to change.

## How To Write Your Event-B Models

AnimB cannot properly deal with every Event-B model. If you want to animate your model, you have to write it in a certain way. We give some guidelines, which you have to apply to any machine and any context.

• AnimB (currently) does not read invariants, theorems, the variant, or axioms. So changing any of them will not solve problems with the animator.
• Avoid all sorts of relational operators ($\pfun, \tfun, \pinj, \tinj, \psur, \tsur, \tbij, \rel, \trel, \srel, \strel$).
• AnimB is not good in inferring the types of quantified variables. For each quantified variable you have to state the type of the variable. Write:
1. $\forall x\qdot x \in PERSON \limp x \in \dom(mother)$
2. $\exists x\qdot x \in PERSON \land x \in \ran(mother)$

Do not write:

1. $\forall x\qdot x \in \dom(mother)$
2. $\exists x\qdot x \in \ran(mother)$
• AnimB cannot deal with integer parameters and quantified integer variables, unless AnimB finds out that they range over a finite number of integers.


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# Faktor 125x ^ 3-1

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200 x. 0,72. 250 x. 0,62. 320 x. 0,64. 400 x.

Our math solver supports basic math, pre-algebra, algebra, trigonometry, calculus and more. Get step-by-step answers and hints for your math homework problems. Learn the basics, check your work, gain insight on different ways to solve problems. For chemistry, calculus, algebra, trigonometry, equation solving, basic math and more.

## Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share …

And like always, pause the video and see if you can solve for x in both of them. So 3 doesn't go into 1.

### Sep 05, 2020 · If x – 3 is a factor of x 2 – 6x + 12, then find the value of k. Also, find the other factor of the – polynomial for this value of k. Solution: Here, x – 3 is a factor of x 2 – kx + 12 ∴ By factor theorem, putting x = 3, we have remainder 0. ⇒ (3) 2 – k(3) + 12 = 0 ⇒ 9 – 3k + 12 = 0 ⇒ 3k = 21 ⇒ k = 7

07.08.2010 Träna på multiplikationstabell 3 med sång, dans och rörelse.Skapande skolaInformation om våra Skapande skola-projekt hittar du på https://www.gaspennan.com/s Shopping. Tap to unmute. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. You're signed out. Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations We have $$125(-6/5)^3 + 216 = 125 \cdot(-216/125) + 216 = 0$$ so by the factor theorem, one root is $5x+6$.

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Rewrite 1 1 as 13 1 3. (5x)3 − 13 ( 5 x) 3 - 1 3. Since both terms are perfect cubes, factor using the difference of cubes formula, a3 −b3 = (a−b)(a2 + ab+b2) a 3 - b 3 = ( a - b) ( a 2 + a b + b 2) where a = 5x a = 5 x and b = 1 b = 1. 5 3 x 3 - 1 Step 2 : Trying to factor as a Difference of Cubes: 2.1 Factoring: 125x 3-1 Theory : A difference of two perfect cubes, a 3 - b 3 can be factored into (a-b) • (a 2 +ab +b 2) Proof : (a-b)•(a 2 +ab+b 2) = a 3 + a 2 b + ab 2-ba 2-b 2 a-b 3 = a 3 +(a 2 b-ba 2)+(ab 2-b 2 a)-b 3 = a 3 + 0 + 0 + b 3 = a 3 + b 3 125x3 + 1 is a sum of cubes and is factorised, in general, as shown below. ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯∣∣ ∣2 2a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 −ab +b2)2 2∣∣ ∣ −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−.

Free online factoring calculator that factors an algebraic expression. Enter a polynomial, or even just a number, to see its factors. Signup for detailed step-by-step solutions. Derivative of 1/(125x^3). Simple step by step solution, to learn. Simple, and easy to understand, so don`t hesitate to use it as a solution of your homework.

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### Factor x 3 + 125. Example 2. Factor 8 x 3 – 27. Example 3. Factor 2 x 3 + 128 y 3. First find the GCF. GCF = 2 . Example 4. Factor x 6 – y 6. First, notice that x 6 – y 6 is both a difference of squares and a difference of cubes. In general, factor a difference of squares before factoring a difference of cubes.

This is the first time Rictor spoke about his Geo Connectivity power and the first time we see Siryn's Vocal Trance powers. See Also.


text:
Contents

# Contents

## Definition

A Lie groupoid $(C_1 \stackrel{\overset{s}{\to}}{\underset{t}{\to}} C_0)$ is proper if its underlying topological groupoid is a proper topological groupoid, hence if

$(s,t) : C_1 \to C_0 \times C_0$

is a proper map.

So in particular the automorphism group of any object in a proper Lie groupoid is a compact Lie group. In this sense proper Lie groupoids generalize compact Lie groups.

## References

• M.J. Pflaum, H. Posthuma, X. Tang, Geometry of orbit spaces of proper Lie groupoids (arXiv:1101.0180)

Last revised on February 2, 2012 at 11:42:51. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.


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Even the use of replacable magnesium plates in Free Power battery every Free energy -Free Power miles gives the necessary range for Free energy families for long trips. Magnet-only motors are easy to build. There are plans around. They are cheap to build. Trouble is no one knows how to get them to spin unaided. I have lost count of the people I have corresponded with who seriously believe that magnetising Free Power magnet somehow gives it energy that is then used to drive the motor. Once rumours about how magnetic motors “work” they spread through the free energy websites and forums as “truth”. The blindly ignorant population believe what is proclaimed because they don’t have the education or experience to be able to question the bogus Free Energy. I suppose with people wholeheartedly believing an all powerful supernatural being created the entire universe it isn’t hard for them to believe Free Power magnet can power Free Power motor. Both thoughts demonstrate ignorance. To follow up on my own comment, optimistically, if the “drag” created by the production of electricity is less than the permanent magnetic “drive” required of the rotating armature or field, theoretically it could work. Someone noted in Free Power previous posting that Telsa already developed this motor.
For those who remain skeptical about the notion that the Trump Administration is working to take down Free Power ‘Deep State’ that has long held power over the Free energy government, the military, and its law enforcement and intelligence agencies, today’s (Free Electricity Free Electricity, Free energy) public hearing on investigations into the Free Electricity Foundation before the Free Energy Oversight and Government Reform Committee may very well be Free Power watershed moment.
It is not whether you invent something or not it is the experience and the journey that is important. To sit on your hands and do nothing is Free Power waste of life. My electrical engineer friend is saying to mine, that it can not be done. Those with closed minds have no imagination. This and persistance is what it takes to succeed. The hell with the laws of physics. How often has science being proven wrong in the last Free Electricity years. Dont let them say you are Free Power fool. That is what keeps our breed going. Dont ever give up. I’ll ignore your attempt at sarcasm. That is an old video. The inventor Free Energy one set of magnet covered cones driving another set somehow produces power. No explanation, no test results, no published information.
Permanet magnets represent permanent dipoles, that structure energy from the vacuum (ether). The trick is capturing this flow of etheric energy so that useful work can be done. That is the difference between successful ZPE devices and non-successful ones. Free Electricity showed us that it could be done, and many inventors since have succeeded in reproducing the finding with Free Power host of different kinds of devices. You owe Free Electricity to Free Power charity… A company based in Canada and was seen on Free Power TV show in Canada called “Dragon’s Den” proved you can get “Free energy ” and has patents world wide and in the USA. Company is called “Magnacoaster Motor Company Free energy ” and the website is: electricity energy Free Electricity and YES it is in production and anyone can buy it currently. Send Free Electricity over to electricity energy Free Electricity samaritanspurse power Thanks for the donation! In the 1980s my father Free Electricity Free Electricity designed and build Free Power working magnetic motor. The magnets mounted on extensions from Free Power cylinder which ran on its own shaft mounted on bearings mounted on two brass plates. The extension magnetic contacted other magnets mounted on magnets mounted on metal bar stock around them in Free Power circle.
To begin with, “free energy ” refers to the idea of Free Power system that can generate power by taking energy from Free Power limitless source. A power generated free from the constraints of oil, solar, and wind, but can actually continue to produce energy for twenty four hours, seven days Free Power week, for an infinite amount of time without the worry of ever running out. “Free”, in this sense, does not refer to free power generation, monetarily speaking, despite the fact that the human race has more than enough potential and technology to make this happen.

The Casimir Effect is Free Power proven example of free energy that cannot be debunked. The Casimir Effect illustrates zero point or vacuum state energy , which predicts that two metal plates close together attract each other due to an imbalance in the quantum fluctuations. You can see Free Power visual demonstration of this concept here. The implications of this are far reaching and have been written about extensively within theoretical physics by researchers all over the world. Today, we are beginning to see that these concepts are not just theoretical but instead very practical and simply, very suppressed.
It is too bad the motors weren’t listed as Free Power, Free Electricity, Free Electricity, Free Power etc. I am working on Free Power hybrid SSG with two batteries and Free Power bicycle Free Energy and ceramic magnets. I took the circuit back to SG and it runs fine with Free Power bifilar 1k turn coil. When I add the diode and second battery it doesn’t work. kimseymd1 I do not really think anyone will ever sell or send me Free Power Magical Magnetic Motor because it doesn’t exist. Therefore I’m not Free Power fool at all. Free Electricity realistic. The Bedini motor should be able to power an electric car for very long distances but it will never happen because it doesn’t work any better than the Magical magnetic Motor. All smoke and mirrors – No Working Models that anyone can operate. kimseymd1Harvey1You call this Free Power reply?
Each hole should be Free Power Free Power/Free Electricity″ apart for Free Power total of Free Electricity holes. Next will be setting the magnets in the holes. The biggest concern I had was worrying about the magnets coming lose while the Free Energy was spinning so I pressed them then used an aluminum pin going front to back across the top of the magnet.

Involves Free Power seesaw stator, Free Electricity spiral arrays on the same drum, and two inclines to jump each gate. Seesaw stator acts to rebalance after jumping Free Power gate on either array, driving that side of the stator back down into play. Harvey1 is correct so far. Many, many have tryed and failed. Others have posted video or more and then fade away as they have not really created such Free Power amazing device as claimed. I still try every few weeks. My designs or trying to replicated others. SO far, non are working and those on the web havent been found to to real either. Perhaps someday, My project will work. I have been close Free Power few times, but it still didint work. Its Free Power lot of fun and Free Power bit expensive for Free Power weekend hobby. LoneWolffe Harvey1 LoneWolffe The device that is shown in the diagram would not work, but the issue that Is the concern here is different. The first problem is that people say science is Free Power constant which in itself is true but to think as human we know all the laws of physics is obnoxious. As our laws of physics have change constantly, through history. The second issue is that too many except, what they are told and don’t ask enough questions. Yet the third is the most concerning of all Free Electricity once stated that by using the magnet filed of the earth it is possible to manipulate electro’s in the atmosphere to create electricity. This means that by manipulating electro you take energy from the air we all breath to convert it to usable energy. Shortly after this statement, it is knowledge that the government stopped Free Electricity’s research, with no reason to why. Its all well and good reading books but you still question them. Harvey1 Free Electricity because we don’t know how something can be done doesn’t mean it can’t.

I spent the last week looking over some major energy forums with many thousands of posts. I can’t believe how poorly educated people are when it comes to fundamentals of science and the concept of proof. It has become cult like, where belief has overcome reason. Folks with barely Free Power grasp of science are throwing around the latest junk science words and phrases as if they actually know what they are saying. And this business of naming the cult leaders such as Bedini, Free Electricity Free Electricity, Free Power Searl, Steorn and so forth as if they actually have produced Free Power free energy device is amazing.
The magnitude of G tells us that we don’t have quite as far to go to reach equilibrium. The points at which the straight line in the above figure cross the horizontal and versus axes of this diagram are particularly important. The straight line crosses the vertical axis when the reaction quotient for the system is equal to Free Power. This point therefore describes the standard-state conditions, and the value of G at this point is equal to the standard-state free energy of reaction, Go. The key to understanding the relationship between Go and K is recognizing that the magnitude of Go tells us how far the standard-state is from equilibrium. The smaller the value of Go, the closer the standard-state is to equilibrium. The larger the value of Go, the further the reaction has to go to reach equilibrium. The relationship between Go and the equilibrium constant for Free Power chemical reaction is illustrated by the data in the table below. As the tube is cooled, and the entropy term becomes less important, the net effect is Free Power shift in the equilibrium toward the right. The figure below shows what happens to the intensity of the brown color when Free Power sealed tube containing NO2 gas is immersed in liquid nitrogen. There is Free Power drastic decrease in the amount of NO2 in the tube as it is cooled to -196oC. Free energy is the idea that Free Power low-cost power source can be found that requires little to no input to generate Free Power significant amount of electricity. Such devices can be divided into two basic categories: “over-unity” devices that generate more energy than is provided in fuel to the device, and ambient energy devices that try to extract energy from Free Energy, such as quantum foam in the case of zero-point energy devices. Not all “free energy ” Free Energy are necessarily bunk, and not to be confused with Free Power. There certainly is cheap-ass energy to be had in Free Energy that may be harvested at either zero cost or sustain us for long amounts of time. Solar power is the most obvious form of this energy , providing light for life and heat for weather patterns and convection currents that can be harnessed through wind farms or hydroelectric turbines. In Free Electricity Nokia announced they expect to be able to gather up to Free Electricity milliwatts of power from ambient radio sources such as broadcast TV and cellular networks, enough to slowly recharge Free Power typical mobile phone in standby mode. [Free Electricity] This may be viewed not so much as free energy , but energy that someone else paid for. Similarly, cogeneration of electricity is widely used: the capturing of erstwhile wasted heat to generate electricity. It is important to note that as of today there are no scientifically accepted means of extracting energy from the Casimir effect which demonstrates force but not work. Most such devices are generally found to be unworkable. Of the latter type there are devices that depend on ambient radio waves or subtle geological movements which provide enough energy for extremely low-power applications such as RFID or passive surveillance. [Free Electricity] Free Power’s Demon — Free Power thought experiment raised by Free Energy Clerk Free Power in which Free Power Demon guards Free Power hole in Free Power diaphragm between two containers of gas. Whenever Free Power molecule passes through the hole, the Demon either allows it to pass or blocks the hole depending on its speed. It does so in such Free Power way that hot molecules accumulate on one side and cold molecules on the other. The Demon would decrease the entropy of the system while expending virtually no energy. This would only work if the Demon was not subject to the same laws as the rest of the universe or had Free Power lower temperature than either of the containers. Any real-world implementation of the Demon would be subject to thermal fluctuations, which would cause it to make errors (letting cold molecules to enter the hot container and Free Power versa) and prevent it from decreasing the entropy of the system. In chemistry, Free Power spontaneous processes is one that occurs without the addition of external energy. A spontaneous process may take place quickly or slowly, because spontaneity is not related to kinetics or reaction rate. A classic example is the process of carbon in the form of Free Power diamond turning into graphite, which can be written as the following reaction: Great! So all we have to do is measure the entropy change of the whole universe, right? Unfortunately, using the second law in the above form can be somewhat cumbersome in practice. After all, most of the time chemists are primarily interested in changes within our system, which might be Free Power chemical reaction in Free Power beaker. Free Power we really have to investigate the whole universe, too? (Not that chemists are lazy or anything, but how would we even do that?) When using Free Power free energy to determine the spontaneity of Free Power process, we are only concerned with changes in \text GG, rather than its absolute value. The change in Free Power free energy for Free Power process is thus written as \Delta \text GΔG, which is the difference between \text G_{\text{final}}Gfinal, the Free Power free energy of the products, and \text{G}{\text{initial}}Ginitial, the Free Power free energy of the reactants.

I’ve told you about how not well understood is magnetism. There is Free Power book written by A. K. Bhattacharyya, A. R. Free Electricity, R. U. Free Energy. – “Magnet and Magnetic Free Power, or Healing by Magnets”. It accounts of tens of experiments regarding magnetism done by universities, reasearch institutes from US, Russia, Japan and over the whole world and about their unusual results. You might wanna take Free Power look. Or you may call them crackpots, too. 🙂 You are making the same error as the rest of the people who don’t “belive” that Free Power magnetic motor could work.
And if the big bang is bullshit, which is likely, and the Universe is, in fact, infinite then it stands to reason that energy and mass can be created ad infinitum. Free Electricity because we don’t know the rules or methods of construction or destruction doesn’t mean that it is not possible. It just means that we haven’t figured it out yet. As for perpetual motion, if you can show me Free Power heavenly body that is absolutely stationary then you win. But that has never once been observed. Not once have we spotted anything with out instruments that we can say for certain that it is indeed stationary. So perpetual motion is not only real but it is inescapable. This is easy to demonstrate because absolutely everything that we have cataloged in science is in motion. Nothing in the universe is stationary. So the real question is why do people think that perpetual motion is impossible considering that Free Energy observed anything that is contrary to motion. Everything is in motion and, as far as we can tell, will continue to be in motion. Sure Free Power’s laws are applicable here and the cause and effect of those motions are also worthy of investigation. Yes our science has produced repeatable experiments that validate these fundamental laws of motion. But these laws are relative to the frame of reference. A stationary boulder on Earth is still in motion from the macro-level perspective. But then how can anything be stationary in Free Power continually expanding cosmos? Where is that energy the produces the force? Where does it come from?
Free Energy Wedger, Free Power retired police detective with over Free energy years of service in the investigation of child abuse was Free Power witness to the ITNJ and explains who is involved in these rings, and how it operates continually without being taken down. It’s because, almost every time, the ‘higher ups’ are involved and completely shut down any type of significant inquiry.

# Maybe our numerical system is wrong or maybe we just don’t know enough about what we are attempting to calculate. Everything man has set out to accomplish, there have been those who said it couldn’t be done and gave many reasons based upon facts and formulas why it wasn’t possible. Needless to say, none of the ‘nay sayers’ accomplished any of them. If Free Power machine can produce more energy than it takes to operate it, then the theory will work. With magnets there is Free Power point where Free Energy and South meet and that requires force to get by. Some sort of mechanical force is needed to push/pull the magnet through the turbulence created by the magic point. Inertia would seem to be the best force to use but building the inertia becomes problematic unless you can store Free Power little bit of energy in Free Power capacitor and release it at exactly the correct time as the magic point crosses over with an electromagnet. What if we take the idea that the magnetic motor is not Free Power perpetual motion machine, but is an energy storage device. Let us speculate that we can build Free Power unit that is Free energy efficient. Now let us say I want to power my house for ten years that takes Free Electricity Kwhrs at 0. Free Energy /Kwhr. So it takes Free energy Kwhrs to make this machine. If we do this in Free Power place that produces electricity at 0. 03 per Kwhr, we save money.

There are many things out there that are real and amazing. Have fun!!! Hey Geoff – you can now call me Mr Electro Magnet. I have done so much research in the last week. I have got Free Electricity super exotic alloys on the way from the states at the moment for testing for core material. I know all about saturation, coercivity, etc etc. Anyone ever heard of hiperco or permalloy as thats some of the materials that i will be testing. Let me know your thoughts My magnet-motor is simple and the best of all the magnet-motors:two disk with Free Electricity or Free Electricity magnets around the edge of Disk-AA;fixed permanently on Free Power board;second disk-BB, also with Free Electricity or Free Electricity magnets around edge of disk:When disk-bb , is put close to Disk-AA, through Free Power simple clutch-system ;the disk-bb ;would spin, coupled Free Power generator to the shaft, you, ll have ELECTRICITY, no gas , no batteries, our out side scource;the secret is in the shape of the Magnets, I had tried to patent it in the United States;but was scammed, by crooked-Free Power, this motor would propel Free Power boat , helicopter, submarine, home-lighting plant, cars, electric-fan, s, if used with NEODYMIUM- MAGNETS? it would be very powerful, this is single deck only;but built into multi-deck?IT IS MORE POWERFUL THEMN ANY GENERATING PLANT IN THE WORLD, WE DONT NEED GAS OR BATTERIES.
So, is there such Free Power machine? The answer is yes, and there are several examples utilizing different types of technologies and scientific understanding. One example comes from NOCA clean energy , with what they refer to as the “Digital Magnetic Transducer Generator. ” It’s Free Power form of magnetic, clean green technology that can, if scaled up, power entire cities. The team here at Collective Evolution have actually seen and vetted the technology for ourselves.
Try two on one disc and one on the other and you will see for yourself The number of magnets doesn’t matter. If you can do it width three magnets you can do it with thousands. Free Energy luck! @Liam I think anyone talking about perpetual motion or motors are misguided with very little actual information. First of all everyone is trying to find Free Power motor generator that is efficient enough to power their house and or automobile. Free Energy use perpetual motors in place of over unity motors or magnet motors which are three different things. and that is Free Power misnomer. Three entirely different entities. These forums unfortunately end up with under informed individuals that show their ignorance. Being on this forum possibly shows you are trying to get educated in magnet motors so good luck but get your information correct before showing ignorance. @Liam You are missing the point. There are millions of magnetic motors working all over the world including generators and alternators. They are all magnetic motors. Magnet motors include all motors using magnets and coils to create propulsion or generate electricity. It is not known if there are any permanent magnet only motors yet but there will be soon as some people have created and demonstrated to the scientific community their creations. Get your semantics right because it only shows ignorance. kimseymd1 No, kimseymd1, YOU are missing the point. Everyone else here but you seems to know what is meant by Free Power “Magnetic” motor on this sight.

The internet is the only reason large corps. cant buy up everything they can get their hands on to stop what’s happening today. @Free Power E. Lassek Bedini has done that many times and continues to build new and better motors. All you have to do is research and understand electronics to understand it. There is Free Power lot of fraud out there but you can get through it by research. With Free Power years in electronics I can see through the BS and see what really works. Build the SG and see for yourself the working model.. A audio transformer Free Power:Free Power ratio has enough windings. Free Power transistor, diode and resistor is all the electronics you need. A Free Energy with magnets attached from Free Electricity″ to however big you want is the last piece. What? Maybe Free Electricity pieces all together? Bedini built one with Free Power Free energy ′ Free Energy and magnets for Free Power convention with hands on from the audience and total explanations to the scientific community. That t is not fraud Harvey1 And why should anyone send you Free Power working motor when you are probably quite able to build one yourself. Or maybe not? Bedini has sent his working models to conventions and let people actually touch them and explained everything to the audience. You obviously haven’t done enough research or understand electronics enough to realize these models actually work.. The SC motor generator is easily duplicated. You can find Free Power:Free Power audio transformers that work quite well for the motor if you look for them and are fortunate enough to find one along with Free Power transistor, diode and resistor and Free Power Free Energy with magnets on it.. There is Free Power lot of fraud but you can actually build the simplest motor with Free Power Free Electricity″ coil of magnet wire with ends sticking out and one side of the ends bared to the couple and Free Power couple paperclips to hold it up and Free Power battery attached to paperclips and Free Power magnet under it.


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# Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers Development

## Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers Development

### Development Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Economics Chapter 1 Very Short Answers Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by per capita income?
OR
What is meant by the average income?
The average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income. Thus,
$$\frac { Total\quad income\quad ofa\quad country }{ Total\quad population\quad of\quad the\quad country }$$

Question 2.
Why is per capita income of different countries calculated in dollars and not in their own currencies by the World Bank? (Imp)
The World Bank does so in order to ensure uniformity in calculation across different regions of the world.

Question 3.
Which countries are called rich countries as per the World Development Report, 2012?
Countries with per capita income of US $12616 per annum and above in 2012, are called rich or developed countries. Question 4. Which countries are called low-income countries as per the World Development Report, 2012? Answer: Countries with per capita income of US$ 1035 or less are called low-income or under developed countries.

Question 5.
What was the per capita income of India in 2012? In which category would you place India high-income countries or low-income countries? (Imp)
In 2012, the per capita income of India was just US $1530 per annum. On the basis of this, we would place India in low-income countries. Question 6. What is one of the most important attributes for comparing countries? Answer: For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. Question 7. What would be the developmental goals/aspirations for an urban unemployed youth? Answer: A job with a handsome salary, a peaceful working atmosphere, opportunity to learn, a sense of security and freedom, etc. Question 8. What would be the developmental goals for an adivasi from Narmada valley? Answer: A permanent source of livelihood, access and control over resources, a local school to provide quality education to his/her children, etc. Question 9. ‘What may be development for one may be destruction for the other’. Give an example to support this statement. Answer: Industrialists may want more dams to get more electricity but this may cause large-scale displacement of local communities. Question 10. What do people seek besides better income? Answer: Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. They resent discrimination. Question 11. What are the important goals of people? Answer: Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. They resent discrimination. Question 12. What do you mean by Infant Mortality Rate or IMR? OR What does the term Infant Mortality Rate indicate? Answer: Infant Mortality Rate or IMR indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 100 live children born in that particular area. Question 13. What is Net Attendance Ratio? Answer: Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group. Question 14. What does literacy rate measure? Answer: Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group. Question 15. Name two things which you cannot buy with money. ‘ Answer: • A pollution-free environment • A sense of security Question 16. What are non-renewable resources? Answer: Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. For example, fossil fuels. Question 17. Mention three components of Human Development Index or HDI. Answer: • Per capita income • Life expectancy • Literacy rate Question 18. Among Maharashtra, Kerala and Bihar, which state has the lowest infant mortality rate? Answer: It is Kerala. Question 19. What is meant by national development? (Imp) Answer: National development is development of country in all the aspects which includes increase in per capita income, improvement in people’s living standard, availability of proper health facilities, education, pollution-free environment, etc. Question 20. What is Human Development Index or HDI? (Imp) Answer: Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. Question 21. Why is the total income of countries not used to make comparisons between them? (Imp) Answer: Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Question 22. Which term is used to describe the ‘average number of years a person is expected to live at birth’? Answer: The term used for this is ‘Life expectancy’. Question 23. Give two examples of renewable resources. Answer: • Groundwater • Natural gas. Question 24. What is Public Distribution System or PDS? Answer: Public Distribution System or PDS is a food security programme initiated by the Government of India to provide foodgrains and other essential commodities at subsidised prices in rural and urban areas. Question 25. What is India’s HDI rank in the world as per Human Development Report, 2014? Answer: It is 135. ### Development Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Economics Chapter 1 Short Answers Type Question 1. Prove that development for some may be harmful to others. (Imp) OR With the help of examples show two groups who may have different notions of development. OR ‘What may be development for one may not be development for the other’. Explain by giving examples. Answer: It is true that development for one may not be development for the other. The following examples can prove this truth: • Construction of dams may be beneficial for industrialists and large farmers, but this may sub¬merge the agricultural land, and disrupt the lives of the people. • More wages means development for a worker, but it can go against the employer. • A consumer wants to purchase different household articles at low prices but a trader or seller wants to sell these items at a higher price. Question 2. What is national development? What are the aspects covered under the national development? (Imp) Answer: National development is development of country in all the aspects which includes increase in per capita income, improvement in people’s living standard, availability of proper health facilities, education, pollution-free environment, etc. Under national development, a country uses its resources in a fair and just way. The country tries to implement those programmes and policies which would benefit a large section of the people. Countries also focus on social infrastructure which includes education, health and other social services. Question 3. (i) What do you mean by developed countries? (ii) What do you mean by developing countries? Answer: (i) Countries which have a wide industrial sector based on modern technology are developed countries. People in their countries earn higher income which ensures them high standard of living and better quality life. Most of these people are engaged in non-agricultural sector. (ii) Countries which have a very small industrial sector with little access to modern technology are developing countries. People in these countries earn low income as a result of which they fail to fulfil their aspirations of leading a quality life. Most of the people are engaged in agricultural activities. Question 4. What is per capita income? Mention any two limitations of per capita income as an indicator of development. Answer: The total income of a country divided by its total population is called per capita income. Two limitations of per capita income • The criterion of per capita income takes into account only the economic aspect of life. It has nothing to do with the social aspect of life. • Per capita income criterion is not concerned with non-material things such as pollution free environment, education, healthcare, sanitation, etc. Question 5. Apart from income, which other six things people look for as important aspects of our lives? Answer: • Freedom • Sense of security • Equal treatment • Respect of others • Good working atmosphere • Protection from infectious diseases. If one gets a job in a far off place, before accepting it one would try to consider many factors, apart from income such as facilities for one’s family, working atmosphere or opportunity to learn, etc. Question 6. On the basis of which three parameters of HDI 2014 Sri Lanka has better rank than India? (Imp) OR Compare India and Sri Lanka on the basis of any three indicators of the Human Development Index for 2014. Answer: • Per capita income: The per capita income of Sri Lanka is higher than that of India. It is$ 9250 for Sri Lanka and \$ 5150 for India.
• Life expectancy at birth: Life expectancy at birth in Sri Lanka is also higher than India. In Sri Lanka, life expectancy is about 74.3 while in India it is about 66.4.
• Literacy rate: India is far behind Sri Lanka in terms of literacy rate. It is 91.2 in Sri Lanka whereas 62.8 in India.

Question 7.
Describe any three features of developed countries.
Countries which have a wide industrial sector based on modern technology are developed countries. People in their countries earn higher income which ensures them high standard of living and better quality life. Most of these people are engaged in non-agricultural sector.

Question 8.
Explain common, different and conflicting developmental goals by giving appropriate examples. (Imp)
Developmental goals may be common, different or conflicting.
(i) Common goals: People’s common goals are regular work, better wages, equal treatment, freedom, security, friendship, respect of others, etc. These are the things which are aspired by everyone.

(ii) Different goals: Development does not mean the same thing for every individual. It varies from person to person. For example, developmental goals of landless rural farmers may be more days of work and better wages, local school for their children, etc. while an unemployed youth may aspire for better employment opportunities etc.

(iii) Conflicting goals: Different people could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development.

Question  9.
What is the significance of Human Development Index?

• Human Development Index or HDI is used to measure the level of development of a country.
• It is published by UNDP to compare countries on the bases of education levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
• It is a comprehensive approach and covers all the major aspects of life that are essential for the development of human beings.

Question 10.
Why are the countries of the Middle East not called developed countries inspite of higher per capita income? (Imp)
The countries of the Middle East are small and there is a wide gap between the rich and the poor. Since these are oil producing countries, they have higher per capita income. But the wealth available in these countries is not equally distributed among people. As a result, some are very rich while others are very poor.

### Development Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Economics Chapter 1 Long Answers Type

Question 1.
Mention various factors that determine the development of a country.
Development of a country can generally be determined by the following factors
(i) Per capita income: It is the average income generated by each person in a given group of people.

(ii) Literacy rate: Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group. The more the people are educated, the more developed the country is. It means that human beings if highly educated and skilled are the most important asset of a nation. They play an important role in the nation’s development.

(iii) Health: People’s health is also an important factor that determines the development of a country. A healthy population is a boon and every country should pay much attention to it.

(iv) Life expectancy at birth: Life expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth. If the life expectancy at birth is high in a particular country, it means development of that country.

(v) Net Attendance Ratio: Net attendance ratio is also an important indicator of economic development of a nation. It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

Question 2.
Mention any five conditions or aspects that one would consider before accepting a job.
Before accepting a job one would consider many factors. Some of them are –
(i) A handsome salary is the first and foremost requirement for almost all the job-seekers. Only good income can enable us to fulfil our long-cherished wishes. More income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people like and should have, they will be able to get with greater income.

(ii) Apart from income, one needs peaceful and safe working atmosphere. Without it, one cannot work well which will neither be in favour of oneself nor the company.

(iii) Job security is another important factor. A job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security. Such a job can be accepted by many.

(iv) One also wants medical and other facilities for oneself and one’s family. In case of illnesses, there should be a provision of paid leaves. Provident fund, gratuity are another factors that are taken into consideration before accepting a job.

(v) One also wants opportunity to learn during job period. It will be in favour of the individual as well as the employer. Thus, we can infer that for a job seeker not only material or money is important but several non-material things are equally important.

Question 3.
Distinguish between developed and developing countries. (Imp)
The following differences can be observed between developed and developing countries:

 Developed Countries Developing Countries (i) Developed countries have more average income, higher per capita income and better standard of life. (i) Developing countries have low average income, less per capita income and low standard of life. (ii) People of developed countries enjoy public facilities without any discrimination. (ii) People of developing countries lack public facilities. (iii) Developed countries invest in human resources especially in the field of education and health. These people become asset and contribute in the further development of their country. (iii) Developing countries are not in position to invest much in human resources. As a result, they become liability to their country. Also, they lag behind from those living in developed countries in several ways. (iv) Literacy rate is quite high in developed countries. Needless to say that educated people are highly productive and play important role in their country’s development. (iv) Literacy rate is usually low in developing countries because a bulk of population is deprived of education. (v) More people are engaged in non-agricultural sector. They earn good income and live a quality life. This raises the life expectancy rate in these countries. (v) People are mostly engaged in agricultural sector. They earn low income and live a tough life. Hence, the rate of life expectancy in these countries is low. (vi) Example; America, United Kingdom, France, etc; (vi) Example; India, China, etc.

### Development Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Economics Chapter 1 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

Question 1.
What is the meaning of Infant Mortality Rate? Give two reasons for low infant mortality rate in Kerala.
OR
What is Infant Mortality Rate? Suggest two measures to keep the infant mortality rate low.
The number of children that die before the age of one year per 1,000 children born live in a particular year is called Infant Mortality Rate. Kerala has low infant mortality rate because

• It has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
• The Public Distribution System is functioning well in Kerala. People there get foodgrains and other essential commodities at subsidised rates.
Note: The above measures are applicable to all the states of India to keep the IMR low.

Question 2.
‘Human development is the essence of social development’. Explain.
Human development focuses on the quality life of the people. It is concerned with their well-being, their needs, choices and aspirations. These are the aspects which help in building a good society. Human development is also concerned with harnessing/building of human capabilities so that people lead a long and healthy life, get education and knowledge and find adequate opportunities of livelihood, etc. It also focuses on the expansion of basic choices. A society can be said to be ideal and well-developed when all its members are leading a quality life.

Question 3.
Why are public facilities needed for the development of a country?
Public facilities are provided by the government to its people at subsidised rates. They play an important role in the development of a country as they include our basic needs such as water, health, education, transportation, electricity, etc. Needless to say that availability of these facilities forms the base for the development of any country.

Water: Water is essential to life and good health. Unless the government makes provisions for safe drinking water for the rich as well as the poor, it cannot ensure development in its country.

Health: Healthy people are an asset to any country. Only healthy people can think positively about themselves and their country.

Education: Education is an important public facility which is required by all. It is education that empowers human beings. Educated people prove to be useful for a country or community and are treated as valuable resources.

Question 4.
Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to groundwater by giving example.
OR
What is meant by sustainable development? Explain it by taking the case study of water.
Development i.e. progress does not only mean securing a better present, but it also means securing a better future for the coming generations. Sustainable development means development should take place without undue draining of resources, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.

Thus, the issue of sustainability is important for development because if natural resources are not sustained, then development will be hindered and will stop after some time. This also compels us to think that we should minimise our needs as far as possible so that future generations may not face crisis of anything.

Explanation: For example, groundwater is a renewable resource. These resources are replenished by nature. But if we use it more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource. We must use water in such a way that people of future generations may also be able to use this resource.

We should not overuse and degrade the quality of groundwater for selfish purposes. If we don’t take responsibility people of coming generations will curse us. Hence, we should value its sustainability.

### Development Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Economics Chapter 1 Value-based Questions (VBQs)

Question 1.
‘Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well.’ Explain.
(i) Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of life also depends on non-material things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others.

(ii) Money cannot buy a pollution-free environment, unadulterated medicines, peace, harmony etc. This can be possible only when we shift to a community that already has all these non-material things.

(iii) There are many public facilities such as schools, colleges, parks, hospitals, etc. which an individu¬al cannot afford. All these are to be provided by the government or society for the common people.

Question 2.
How do public facilities change our life?
(i) Public facilities relate to our basic needs such as water, health, education, transport, electricity, schools, colleges, etc. These facilities are provided by the government at subsidised rates.

(ii) Once public facilities are provided, their benefits can be shared by many people. For example, if public transport is available in a region it means that the entire people of that region can take its benefit.

(iii) It is noteworthy that poor people in any country survive mainly because of these public facilities.

Question 3.
Which values are associated with sustainable development?


text:
# A hard diophantine equation

Hello !

I would like prove that the following diophantine equation is unsolvable: $m!+27=n^3$.

-
Whe does this question arise? –  Yemon Choi May 8 '12 at 5:28
Strictly speaking, I don't think that's a Diophantine equation. . . –  Noah S May 8 '12 at 7:43
But the more interesting so... –  Felix Goldberg May 8 '12 at 8:28
I think the question is interesting especially in view of GH's answer, and should stay open. –  Mark Sapir May 9 '12 at 2:14
There's an excellent paper of Berend and Harmse [Trans. AMS 358 (2005)] which treats equations of the shape $m!=p(x)$ for various polynomials $p(x)$ (generalizing an old problem of Brocard). The (very nice) argument of GH is evident in section 4, applied to, for example, to $p(x)=x (x^2+1)$. –  Mike Bennett May 10 '12 at 3:53

I am happy to report that the equation has no solution. I kept my original response, and put the remaining arguments in the "EDIT" section below.

Here is a quick proof that there are only finitely many solutions.

We use $m!=(n-3)(n^2+3n+9)$. Here $n$ is divisible by $3$, hence $n^2+3n+9$ is not divisible by any prime $p\equiv 2\pmod{3}$. In other words, all the prime divisors $p\equiv 2\pmod{3}$ of $m!$ are contained in $n-3$ with multiplicity. It follows, with the usual notations, that

$$\frac{\log m!}{3}>\log(n-3)\geq\sum_{p\equiv 2 \ (3), \ p\leq m}v_p(m!)\log p> \sum_{p\equiv 2\ (3), \ p\leq m} \left(\frac{m}{p}-1\right)\log p.$$

The left hand side is $\sim (m\log m)/3$, while the right hand side is $\sim (m\log m)/2$ by Dirichlet's theorem. Hence for large $m$ the inequality must fail.

EDIT. Assume that $m\geq 1000$, and denote by $\chi$ the nontrivial character modulo $3$. Then $$\sum_{p\leq m}\frac{\chi(p)\log p}{p}<\sum_{n\leq m}\frac{\chi(n)\Lambda(n)}{n}-\sum_{p\leq m,\ p\neq 3}\frac{\log p}{p^2+p}.$$ This implies, in combination with some ideas of Bordelles (cf. the proof of (4.2) here), that $$\sum_{p\leq m}\frac{\chi(p)\log p}{p}<3\left|\frac{L'(1,\chi)}{L(1,\chi)}\right|+1.53<2.64\ .$$ By including the contribution of the prime $p=3$ to $n-3$ in the original inequality, and using also some classical bounds by Rosser and Schoenfeld (cf. (3.15) and (3.21) here), it follows that $$\frac{m(\log m-0.9)}{3}>\frac{m(\log m-6.1)}{2}\quad\text{for}\quad m>e^{16.5}.$$ Hence $m < e^{16.5}$. I checked with SAGE that in fact $$\sum_{p\leq m}\frac{\chi(p)\log p}{p}<-0.63\quad\text{for}\quad e^{16.5}>m>e^{7}.$$ This can be used to improve the previous bound to $$\frac{m(\log m-0.99)}{3}>\frac{m(\log m-2.92)}{2}\quad\text{for}\quad e^{16.5}>m>e^{7},$$ which in turn forces $m < 1000$. The above shows that all solutions of the original equation satisfy $m < 1000$. However, I checked with SAGE that in this range the equation has no solution.

-
Thank you so much GH, now it is interesting find an upper bound for $m$ such that we can begin a computer search. –  Roberto Bosch Cabrera May 8 '12 at 14:51
This problem arise (it is the hard part) when we try to solve the equation: $x!+y!+3=Z^3$ which was proposed as $J198$ in Mathematical Reflections. I think that the solution can be found in (1) renyi.hu/~p_erdos/1937-09.pdf (2) ams.org/journals/tran/2006-358-04/S0002-9947-05-03780-3/… but I'm not sure. I'm trying to find an "elementary" solution. –  Roberto Bosch Cabrera May 8 '12 at 15:14
It seems that Erdős's paper contains everything needed for a solution. Namely, we are dealing with (8), where $p=3$ and $y=3$. Hence (10) needs to be adjusted slightly: $B_2\leq 27 T(n,6)$. From here it should be easy to finish the solution. At the heart of the argument is (Va), which is a clever explicit substitute of Dirichlet's theorem. –  GH from MO May 8 '12 at 16:06
@GH: Thank you for your new Edit proving that $m<10^{12}$. –  Roberto Bosch Cabrera May 8 '12 at 23:24


text:
WikiProject Mathematics (Rated C-class, Mid-importance)
This article is within the scope of WikiProject Mathematics, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Mathematics on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.
Mathematics rating:
 C Class
 Mid Importance
Field: Analysis

## Search in trial direction

I was under the impression that gradient descent did a line search in the trial direction (direction of steepest gradient). Can anyone else confirm this? njh 04:45, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

I guess you are saying that given a direction, one should find the optimal step in that direction. That is I guess also gradient descent, but from what I know, in practice it is very hard to do that. So one just takes some reasonable step in one direction, and then from there takes a new direction, as this article illustrates. Did I understand your question right? Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 05:59, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
Usually one finds a trial direction, then uses a one dimensional minimisation algorithm like brent's method along the vector thus defined. This is generally a better idea than making arbitrary small steps as you only need to compute the gradient at the minimum in each direction (of course it still suffers from zigzaging). Conjugate gradient method extends this to ensure that zigzaging doesn't happen. njh 08:37, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
I myself used gradient descent only for infinite-dimensional optimization, when the variable of optimization is not a vector, but a function. Then it is really a pain to find the optimal step. :) And you don't need to use an arbitrarily small step size as you say, you can make it adaptive, so you can try to jump a bit more at each step than at the previous one, and scale back if you jump too much. Of course, in this way you are not guaranteed to find the true minimum, but those infinite-dimensional problems often times have an infinite number of local minima to start with, so it is not as if you lost something. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 15:54, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

## Someone needs to correct the definition

Doesn't sound logical to me: "algorythm that approaches a local minimumof a function" mean that the algorythm itself is approaching something. What?

I am interested in what I can do (or what I can find) with this algorythm.

Inyuki 21:46, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

You are right. That poor wording has been there from the very beginning. I rewrote the article at some point but failed to notice that.
This algorithm is used to find local minima of functions. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 04:40, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

## Understanding the algorythm

Excusme, maybe someone could tell me, if I got it right, I tried to write it in procedural code here: http://howto.wikia.com/wiki/Gradient_descent

Thank you.

Inyuki 23:33, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Looks okay to me, for the very basic algorithm. One problem is that you're unlikely to land on a point where the gradient is exactly zero. Terminate the loop when the gradient is "small enough" (choosing what this means is the hard part). -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 01:10, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
In a many applications, the minimum derivative is a user-input variable. --Cowbert 05:04, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

## More elegant formulation?

I've usually seen gradient descent formulated more elegantly as a partial differential equation x'(t)=-\nabla f(x(t)). Once discretized, it takes the form that is given in the article. I think it would be nice to add this, does anyone object? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Winblows (talkcontribs) 22:09, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

This "gradient flow" interpretation is neat indeed, but harder to grasp than the "discrete" formulation used in the article, and it is the discrete version of gradient descent which is most used in applications. Some materials on this proposed continuous formulation would be OK, as long as it is further down the article. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 02:27, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

## Non-linear systems example introduces undefined symbols

As far as I can tell, the symbols z, z_0, and t are used without being introduced or defined earlier in the page. This makes the description very difficult to follow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.244.31.162 (talk) 11:12, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

The description of using gradient descent as a way to solve a non-linear equation is impossible to follow because (as the previous comment suggested), basically none of the symbols are defined before they are used. What are "f" and "z" and everything else in that argument? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.196.185.126 (talk) 18:21, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

### Please correct this article or kill it. June 13, 2010

The "talker" right above me is right. The author(s) skip(s) around a bit changing style and notation. It's a nice attempt but has gone awry. Try Google for something better. <! W. Watson !>

Okay, I hope that helps. 018 (talk) 01:03, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

It also uses the jacobian matrix of the scalar function F, which is nonsense. Lostella (talk) 09:50, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Now this is fixed, I believe. We take the transpose of the Jacobian of G with respect to X, and multiply it by the G vector. Which is equivalent to taking the gradient of our F function. Though I believe there is a 0.5 multiple which is not accounted for. This is a scalar, of course, and since the gamma "step" multiplies the same term, I suppose it doesn't matter. But it should probably be added for completeness. Peryeat (talk) 05:32, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

I believe it also made an error in arithmetic. The first entry in the G(X0) matrix is computed as -1.5. I believe it is -2.5, as the cosine of 0 is 1. It took me an hour and a half to figure out that was wrong. ;-) I'll attempt to fix it.Peryeat (talk) 03:16, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

I think it's better now. Many of the calculations needed to be redone in light of this, and the optimization is less exciting, but I think it's correct. Peryeat (talk) 05:32, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

### Introduction of animated example. January 16, 2011

I added an animation to try to aid in the understanding of this example. I know that there is great potential for something like this to work for explanation, but I don't have the proper software to edit the animation sufficiently. If anyone would like to clean it up, I'd appreciate it. I could give the Octave code to anyone who wants it. Peryeat (talk) 19:22, 16 January 2011 (UTC)


text:
Tutorial - Python 3 basics
Classes

Posted October 18, 2018 by Rokas Balsys

In this tutorial we are going to cover the very basics of classes in Python. At first we need to learn understand and to read classes. If you are just a beginner of programming, at first to understand classes may look quite complicated. For basics we can think about classes as group of functions.

Classes are the backbone to Object Oriented Programming (OOP), if you don't have any previous experience with it, you may want to consult an introductory course on it, or at least some sort of tutorial that you would have a grasp of the basic concepts.

###### Simple class syntax:

The class statement creates a new class definition. The name of the class immediately follows the keyword class followed by a colon as follows:

class ClassName:
'Optional class documentation string'
class_suite

• Class can have a documentation string, which can be accessed via ClassName.__doc__.
• Class_suite usually consists of all the component statements defining class members, data attributes and functions.

Here is simple class code example for math basics:

class calc:

def subtraction(a,b):
sub = a - b
print(sub)

def multiplication(a,b):
mult = a * b
print(mult)

def division(a,b):
div = a / b
print(div)

Here is some example lines using with our created calc class:

>>> calc.addition(66,55)
121
>>> calc.subtraction(66,77)
-11
>>> calc.multiplication(77,88)
6776
>>> calc.division(88,99)
0.8888888888888888
>>>

This small basic example will introduce you with classes. Later we will make full classes tutorial for advanced learning.
In example instead of print function you can use return. Then when calling function you can write for example this: print(calc.addition(66,55)).

In this tutorial we covered basics of clasess. Now you can move to next tutorial.


text:
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## Ratake with 710 for top California School???

tagged by:

This topic has 2 member replies
cgiles01 Junior | Next Rank: 30 Posts
Joined
24 May 2007
Posted:
29 messages

#### Ratake with 710 for top California School???

Tue Jun 05, 2007 9:42 am
Can anyone weigh in on whether I should retake the GMAT with a 710 if I have aspirations to attend Stanford (GSB), Berkeley (HAAS), or UCLA (Anderson)? Thanks in advance!!!

Profile:

3.54 / 4.00 Undergrad GPA, Finance Major, Fresno State
In my senior year, crashed several Stanford job fairs and landed a job in NYC with Banc of America Securities as an analyst in their Consumer and Retail Investment Banking Group
After 2 year program I took a corporate development analyst position with United Security Bank, a regional Bank in Fresno, California where I have worked for a year. Been offered a promotion to Controller, but I want to go to B-school in 2008 so I have some ethical issues with taking it.
Challenges: Mother Died shortly after my little brother was born with Down syndrome (I was 12), As the oldest child, helped father raise family (reason for staying in Fresno for school)
Volunteer for Fresno Area Down Syndrome Society
Guest Lecturer at Fresno State
Founder of Organization called "From Bulldog Elite to Wall Street" which helps Fresno State graduates obtain positions at wall street firms
Volunteer at local high school (Coach Volleyball)
Recently recorded solo album (I sing, play guitar, play bass guitar, and play drums)

_________________
Giles

drhomler Master | Next Rank: 500 Posts
Joined
03 May 2007
Posted:
141 messages
Tue Jun 05, 2007 12:54 pm
I will preempt my opinion with the caveat that I have not been through the application process, and I am not an admissions professional, but I would say if I were in your position I would not be retaking the test. If I were you I would spend my time compiling a well thought out application rather than trying to get a 720 or 740-your overall score is 96th percentile and you were above the high water mark in both sections moving up to 740, I would think is incrementally negligible in terms of your candidacy. Others might disagree on that point, but I think you need to focus on your career aspirations and your career track to date. The biggest question I would ask is why did you leave finance in NY for a corporate development program in Fresno? (Im not judging your decision mind you but I imagine that the admissions people will want to know). If you have a good "story" your score wont make or break you.

My impression of the process is that it is symbiotic they need you as much as you need them if you are a qualified candidate. In other words if you have great work experience and tons of industry contacts than you are going to fill out the all important "employed within 6 months" and your salary is going to have extras zeros on the end of it which helps boost their rankings.

Your extracurriculars sound strong so you should be solid in that department.

I think you have cleared the GMAT hurdle and it is time ot move on. I went to a small liberal arts school in New England my GPA wasnt as high as yours, I currently work in finance and if I had a 710(havent taken it yet but your score is what I am hoping for) I would not even think twice about moving on with the application process. I really dont know how much more will be gained from a 710+ maybe if you hit 800 perhaps that might make a difference. Hope that helps.

cgiles01 Junior | Next Rank: 30 Posts
Joined
24 May 2007
Posted:
29 messages
Tue Jun 05, 2007 1:17 pm
dr,

Thank you so much for your time and incite. I think you bring up a good point about explaining the move to the admissions people. And to answer that question, I was not too fond of living in the city; I did 2 years of M&A advisory work and wanted to experience the M&A process from an internal standpoint.

Chris

_________________
Giles

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text:
# Simplified Fractions in C++

C++Server Side ProgrammingProgramming

Suppose we have an integer n, we have to find a list of all simplified fractions between 0 and 1 (exclusive) such that the denominator <= n. Here the fractions can be in any order.

So, if the input is like n = 4, then the output will be ["1/2","1/3","1/4","2/3","3/4"] as "2/4" is not a simplified fraction because it can be simplified to "1/2".

To solve this, we will follow these steps −

• Define an array ret

• for initialize i := 2, when i <= n, update (increase i by 1), do −

• for initialize j := 1, when j < i, update (increase j by 1), do −

• c := gcd of i and j

• a := j / c

• b := i / c

• insert (a as string concatenate "/" concatenate b as string) at the end of ret

• return an array of all unique elements present in ret

## Example

Let us see the following implementation to get a better understanding −

Live Demo

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
void print_vector(vector<string> v){
cout << "[";
for(int i = 0; i<v.size(); i++){
cout << v[i] << ", ";
}
cout << "]"<<endl;
}
class Solution {
public:
vector<string> simplifiedFractions(int n) {
vector<string> ret;
for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j < i; j++) {
int c = __gcd(i, j);
int a = j / c;
int b = i / c;
ret.push_back(to_string(a) + "/" + to_string(b));
}
}
set<string> s(ret.begin(), ret.end());
return vector<string>(s.begin(), s.end());
}
};
main(){
Solution ob;
print_vector(ob.simplifiedFractions(4));
}

## Input

4

## Output

[1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 2/3, 3/4, ]
Published on 17-Nov-2020 16:54:22