text:
Numbering pages every two pages but incrementing by 1

I'm trying to find a way of numbering only the right pages of a book but having the number progressing by one. Something like this:

     left     right          left     right
+--------++--------+    +--------++--------+
|        ||        |    |        ||        |
|        ||        |    |        ||        |  etc...
|        ||      1 |    |        ||      2 |
+--------++--------+    +--------++--------+

Left pages are special (but not empty) and shouldn't be counted. They sometimes contains text (as they should normally do) sometimes pictures and sometimes the two pages are to be considered as one (a sort of splash page).

I tried with styles, variables, formulas etc but I still have no idea on how to do it.
I'd like a solution that would still allow creating the table of contents, cross-referencing and so on.

Any clue on how I could do it?

Thanks.

edit retag close merge delete

Hello,

You can create your own numbering. See here Title "Fields" https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/D... or download this from the same side https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/i... Page 8 in the book.

( 2018-11-19 18:35:02 +0200 )edit

Sort by » oldest newest most voted

The page number counts pages and there is no way to contrive it to do differently. Also you can't replace the page number with a formula because LO Writer has no such page number user-accessible variable.

There might be however a workaround, provided you don't mind cross-references to have the same "page number" on both the left and right "pages".

The idea is to use a landscape format twice as large as your "page". E.g., if your "page" is A4 portrait", your document page is A3 landscape with two columns. Be aware, though, that you'll get a single page-wide header and footer. To insert a chapter title or any other data atop or afoot your content, you must repeat it twice so that it "aligns" with the columns.

This workaround is fine as long as you don't print your document, notably if you intend duplex printing, because of the order in which the "pages" are sent to the printer.

You didn't explain what special means for left pages. In the proposed workaround, columns form a single text flow, i.e. text begins to fill the left column (virtual left "page"), then the right column and breaks to left column on next page, etc. If your left pages should not be part of text flow, the workaround is different. So please, edit (don't use an answer) your question to describe how special your left pages are.

EDIT Special pages

From your description, this could be handled through custom page styles.

"Normal" text: use your "standard" page style with 2 columns

Pictures on left: either put the pictures in a frame with suitable anchor and wrap options in your "standard" page style (but it may be difficult to constrain text only on right page), or create a custom page style with a single column and margins set such that the "column" is located on the right page. In the second case, you only have to position the picture frame(s) in the left part without special wrap option.

Double splash page: another custom page style with a single column covering the whole sheet (minus the external margins, of course).

more

format: plain


text:
Q15: Plot graph of candle and image location
In the experimental setup shown in the figure above, a thin lens stands between a candle and a screen, A student moves the candle to several positions relative to the lens and the adjusts the position of the screen until an image is formed. Each time, the student records the distance d from the candle to the lens and the distance s from the lens to the screen. Which of the following procedure will allow the student to determine the focal length of the lens? d/s = A/B =f/(s-f) d/s =f/(s-f) d(s-f) = sf ds-df = sf ds = df +sf 1/f = (d + s)/(ds) 1/f = 1/s + 1/d


text:
If you like what you see in Mathguru
Subscribe Today
 For 12 Months US Dollars 12 / Indian Rupees 600 Available in 20 more currencies if you pay with PayPal. Buy Now No questions asked full moneyback guarantee within 7 days of purchase, in case of Visa and Mastercard payment

Example:Solving Homogeneous Differential Equation

 Post to:

Explanation:

Differential equation

A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or several variables that relates the values of the function itself and its derivatives of various orders. Differential equations play a prominent role in engineering, physics, economics, and other disciplines.

An example of modelling a real world problem using differential equations is the determination of the velocity of a ball falling through the air, considering only gravity and air resistance. The ball acceleration towards the ground is the acceleration due to gravity minus the deceleration due to air resistance. Gravity is considered constant, and air resistance may be modelled as proportional to the ball's velocity. This means that the ball's acceleration, which is the derivative of its velocity, depends on the velocity. Finding the velocity as a function of time involves solving a differential equation.

Differential equations are mathematically studied from several different perspectives, mostly concerned with their solutions -the set of functions that satisfy the equation. Only the simplest differential equations admit solutions given by explicit formulas; however, some properties of solutions of a given differential equation may be determined without finding their exact form. If a self-contained formula for the solution is not available, the solution may be numerically approximated using computers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation

# Homogeneous differential equation

The term homogeneous differential equation has several distinct meanings.

One meaning is that a first-order ordinary differential equation is homogeneous (of degree 0) if it has the form

where F(x,y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero; that is to say, such that F(tx,ty) = F(x,y).

In a related, but distinct, usage, the term linear homogeneous differential equation is used to describe differential equations of the form

where the differential operator L is a linear operator, and y is the unknown function.

## Solving homogeneous differential equations

By the definition above, it can be seen that F(tx,ty) = F(x,y) for all t, so t can be arbitrarily chosen to simplify the form of the equation. One can solve this equation by making a simple change of variables y = ux, and then using the product rule on the left hand side as follows,

and then using the identity F(tx,ty) = F(x,y) to simplify the right hand side by choosing to set t to be 1 / x, transforming the original problem into the separable differential equation

which can then be integrated by the usual methods.

(Our solved example in mathguru.com uses this concept)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_differential_equation

# Separation of variables

In mathematics, separation of variables is any of several methods for solving ordinary and partial differential equations, in which algebra allows one to rewrite an equation so that each of two variables occurs on a different side of the equation.

## Ordinary differential equations (ODE)

Suppose a differential equation can be written in the form

which we can write more simply by letting y = f(x):

As long as h(y) ≠ 0, we can rearrange terms to obtain:

so that the two variables x and y have been separated. dx (and dy) can be viewed, at a simple level, as just a convenient notation, which provides a handy mnemonic aid for assisting with manipulations. A formal definition of dx as a differential (infinitesimal) is somewhat advanced.

(Our solved example in mathguru.com uses this concept)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_variables


text:
# Revision history [back]

slelièvre's answer gives a finite series, completed byy an O(n) term.. If you want the (supposedly exact) infinite series, you have (at least) two possibilities :

• Maxima's powerseries does the job :

sage: (1/(1-x)).maxima_methods().powerseries(x,0)

sum(x^i1, i1, 0, +Infinity)

• Sympy''s summation does it also :

sage: sympy.summation(x^j,(j,0,oo))

Piecewise((1/(-x + 1), Abs(x) < 1), (Sum(x**j, (j, 0, oo)), True))

Sympy's solution is better (it gives the conditions of validity of the result), but currently can't be automatically transtaled to Sage, because Sympy's Sum method does not (yet) have a _sage_() method.


text:
# equality in the number of roots

Suppose, $F$ is a field of char $p>0$. Let $\alpha$ be algebraic over $F$ with minimal polynomial $f$. If $f$ is not separable, it can be shown that all roots (say we have $r$ of them) of $f$ have the same multiplicity, say $m$. Then, there exists a separable polynomial $h$ and an integer $n$ such that $h(x^{p^n})=f(x)$. Now, I want to show, for every root $\beta$ of $f$, $\beta ^{p^n}$ is a root of $h$ and every root of $h$ arises this way. The first part is quite clear, but I am unable to see the second part. I should be able to show this by a counting argument and comparing degrees if I could prove that $m=p^n$, but I am unable to see this either. I tried equating degrees of extensions involved and using the fact that the separable degree of $F(\alpha ^{p^n})$ over $F$ is equal to the degree of this extension. However, I am still unable to show this. Any hints?

PS: Feel free to edit the title if it's not very descriptive.

-

Hint: You know that $h$ is separable, so we can write $$h(x)=(x-\gamma_1)(x-\gamma_1)\cdots (x-\gamma_k)$$ for some positive integer $k$ and some (pairwise) distinct elements $\gamma_1,\ldots,\gamma_k$ from some extension field of $F$. Then $$f(x)=h(x^{p^n})=(x^{p^n}-\gamma_1)(x^{p^n}-\gamma_2)\cdots(x^{p^n}-\gamma_k).$$ Can you see the relation between zeros of the two polynomials now? In both directions? Any element of any extension of $F$ has a $p^{\rm th}$ root in some extension field.
Thanks for the hint. This is also something I had tried before. In the other direction, the trouble for me, which $p^n$-th root of $\gamma_i$ will be a root of $f$ since there $p^n$ such candidates. –  B M Sep 21 '11 at 18:06
@BM: Welcome to the magic of characteristic $p$: there are no nontrivial $p$-power roots of unity, so for any $x$ in a field of characteristic $p$, there is at most one $y$ such that $y^{p^n} = x$. –  Pete L. Clark Sep 21 '11 at 18:18
@B M: No! In a field of char $p$ a $p$th root is always unique! If $\alpha^p=\beta$ in char $p$, then $$(x-\alpha)^p=x^p-\alpha^p=x^p-\beta,$$ so the root automatically has multiplicity $p$. –  Jyrki Lahtonen Sep 21 '11 at 18:20
And furthermore, if you have in, say, char 0 a factorization like $$f(x)=(x^{p^n}-\gamma_1)\cdots(x^{p^n}-\gamma_k),$$ then ALL the $p^n$-th roots of ALL the $\gamma_i$:s would be zeros of $f$. –  Jyrki Lahtonen Sep 21 '11 at 18:23


text:
# Mass Of Carbon 12

### What is the mass of one mole of carbon-12 atoms?

$1$$m o l$ of ${'}^{12} C$ atoms has a mass of $12.00 \cdot g$ precisely.

Why do we use carbon 12 as the basis for the relative atomic mass of elements in the periodic table? Here is a fun, light-hearted take on the story.Sourcesht. A carbon-12 atom is made up of six protons and six neutrons, hence 12 atomic mass units. The mass of the electron is considered negligible, therefore electrons are not counted in measuring an atom's atomic mass. One mole of carbon-12 atoms, or 6.0221415. 10^23 atoms, weighs exactly 12 grams.

#### Explanation:

The mole is the link between the micro world of atoms and molecules to the macro world of grams and kilograms. By definition, ${N}_{A}$${'}^{12} C$ atoms, i.e. $' A v o g a \mathrm{dr} o ' s \nu m b e r , ' 6.022 \times {10}^{23}$${'}^{12} C$ atoms has a mass of $12.00 \cdot g$.

### Mass Of Carbon 12 Atom In Kg

But wait a minute! When I look at the Periodic Table, it gives the equivalent mass of $C$ as $12.011 \cdot g \cdot m o {l}^{-} 1$. Why is there a discrepancy?


text: Electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum consists of radiation of different wavelength and frequency. Get CBSE Class 11 Chemistry chapter notes on ‘Structure of Atom’and learn about Atom, different atomic models, electromagnetic radiations, etc. Visible light is electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum. ... Electromagnetic spectrum… The electromagnetic spectrum Overview of a molecular spectroscopy experiment Electromagnetic radiation, as you may recall from a previous chemistry or physics class, is composed of electrical and magnetic waves which oscillate on perpendicular planes. Let us understand the phenomenon of dispersion of white light through a prism. The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of frequencies, wavelengths and photon energies covering frequencies from below 1 hertz to above 1025Hz corresponding to wavelengths which are a few kilometres to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves. Moreover, this range of wavelengths is called visible light. Electromagnetic radiation, as you may recall from a previous chemistry or physics class, is composed of electrical and magnetic waves which oscillate on perpendicular planes. In this article, we will get to know about the visible spectrum, wavelength, and colors. Frequency is number of crests that pass a given point within one second. Also, learn about the e mission spectrum and absorption spectrum. Hence, you measured the green colour. Electromagnetic wave theory This theory was put forward by James clark Maxwell in 1864.. Generally, in a vacuum electromagnetic waves tend to travel at speeds which is similar to that of light. An emission spectrum is obtained when a substance emits radiation after absorbing energy. Electromagnetic Spectrum is the classification of these waves according to their frequency. People always see the visible light spectrum, however, some people may be aware of it. The speed c of electromagnetic wave in vacuum is related to μ 0 and ε 0 (the … Substituting the values, we get wavelength = 1.2 x 10 -6 m. When you open your eyes you see that the radiometer measured the energy from that colour at 4.0 x 10-19 joules. Home Page. Visible light is that section of electromagnetic waves that is perceivable to human eyes. A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without steps, across a continuum.The word was first used scientifically in optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light after passing through a prism.As scientific understanding of light advanced, it came to apply to the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Whenever electromagnetic radiation interacts with atoms and molecules of matter, the electrons in these atoms may absorb energy and jump to a higher energy state, losing their stability. How can we determine this? 3) EM waves also exert pressure, which is shown by a radiometer. Electromagnetic radiation, as you may recall from a previous chemistry or physics class, is composed of electrical and magnetic waves which oscillate on perpendicular planes. Light waves are not equal. The variation of heat capacity of solids at different temperatures. Emission Spectrum. The video introduces the electromagnetic spectrum and describes the progression of the wavelength. ; Different categories of EM waves in decreasing order of their wavelength:- ... A. Gamma Ray λ = 4.0x10-11 m. When all the electromagnetic radiations are arranged in order of increasing wavelengths, and decreasing frequencies the complete spectrum is called electromagnetic spectrum as shown below: It failed to explain various phenomenons that are mentioned below: Isotopes, IsoBars, IsoElectronic & Isotones, DUAL NATURE OF LIGHT: DEVELOPMENT LEADING TO BOHR’S MODEL, Black body radiation and Photoelectric effect, Rules Of Writing Electronic Configuration. Frequency- Both micro and radio waves are described in terms of frequencies. So we call the regional frequencies and wavelengths that Electromagnetic waves can have the Electromagnetic Spectrum, and there is a lot to learn about the Electromagnetic Spectrum. We should use the equation involving energy change, Planck’s constant, and frequency. Question 4: Which among the following is not a property of electromagnetic waves? 2) Electromagnetic waves carry energy. We know that electromagnetic waves include different types of waves like radio waves, microwaves, Infrared rays, Visible rays, Ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following three physical properties: the frequency f, wavelength λ, or photon energy E. Frequencies observed in astronomy range from 2.4×10 Hz (1 GeV gamma rays) down to the local plasma frequency of the ionized interstellar medium (~1 kHz). Electromagnetic Waves Class 12 Notes Chapter 8. Electromagnetic Spectrum. Wavelength is inversely proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma rays have very short wavelengths that are fractions of the size of atoms, whereas wavelengths on the opposite end of the spectrum can be as long as the universe. EM waves are the only waves able to carry energy across a vacuum. Next, we need to figure out what we are solving for. If we relate the energy with Planck’s constant, we can solve for frequency. These waves have great use in communication systems. DOD Needs to Address Governance and Oversight Issues to Help Ensure Superiority . Electromagnetic theory; Electromagnetic spectrum; Black body radiation and Photoelectric effect; ... Class 11 Chemistry Structure of Atom: Rules Of Writing Electronic Configuration: RULES OF WRITING ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION: “It is the number of electrons in different orbitals. The Balmer series is basically the part of the hydrogen emission spectrum responsible for the excitation of an … CBSE XII Physics Electromagnetic waves – 4 Electromagnetic spectrum by Success Guide. If we solve for the frequency, we can then relate it to the energy emitted, measured in either sec-1. Also, we are given the frequencies emitted by the visible spectrum, from red to violet. Question 5: A ray from the sun is passing through your kitchen window hits a prism which casts a rainbow on the windowsill. CBSE XII Physics Electromagnetic waves – 4 Electromagnetic spectrum by Success Guide. It is given by 2. However, they do so at a wide ra… Moreover, they are harmful and have penetrating power on the matter with which they interact and can damage the tissues of living bodies. If we take Planck’s constant of 6.6256 x 10-34 joules/sec, what possible colour did the instrument measure? Answer: No, the X-rays and gamma rays are short range. Class 11 Atomic structure Wavelength WAVELENGTHS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS. This is the only series of lines in the electromagnetic spectrum that lies in the visible region. All the Types of Radiation we receive from the ... X-RAYS 10-8 10-11 m (water molecule) 1016 1019 per second Up to 105 EV GAMMA RAYS Less than 10-11 m (atoms) Over 1020 per second Over 106 EV 10 These relations are illustrated by the following equations: Previous. Therefore, Maxwell modified Ampere’s circuital law. They are useful for ionization purposes also. In this problem, they ask for the possible colour that you measured. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM OPERATIONS . Being a high frequency on the visible spectrum, close to the frequencies emitted by blue colour, one could assume that you measured a colour close to blue; though cyan and green cannot be out of the question as the given frequencies are a bit vague. Title: Electromagnetic Spectrum 1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 2 What is the EM Spectrum? According to studies by the Department of Defense (DOD) and others, near-peer adversaries China and Russia are aware of the importance of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) and have taken steps to improve their It may be defined as. Electromagnetic energy of each wave in Electromagnetic Spectrum. Electromagnetic Spectrum And Electromagnetic Waves, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, NCERT Solutions Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 1, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 2, NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16. Answer: Frequency(f) = E/h = 1015 Hz. Visible light is electromagnetic radiation. Photon energy is directly proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma ray photons have the highest energy (around a billion electron volts), while radio wave photons have very low energy (around a femtoelectronvolt). Wavelength(λ) = c/f = 3 x 108 / 1015 = 300 nanometers. Question 1: What are the frequency and wavelength of an EM wave of energy 6.626 x 10-19 J? Electromagnetic spectrum is the classification of EM waves according to their frequency or wavelength. CBSE Class 12 Guess Papers. 11.3 Electromagnetic spectrum (ESADK) EM radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of the wave: these types include, in order of increasing frequency, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Question 3: Can we use X-rays and gamma rays for broadcasting radio/TV/mobile signals? An instrument used to separate the radiations of different wavelength is called spectroscope or spectrograph.. A spectroscope consists of a prism or a diffraction grating for the dispersion of radiation and a photographic film to examine the emergent radiation with … Speed of Electromagnetic Wave. The full range of electromagnetic radiation wavelengths is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum. ISF Calibrations; difference between emission and absorption spectra class 11. by ; January 1, 2021 4) EM waves do not carry heat energy, but any EM radiation can heat an object when it is absorbed. – What is the best equation to use? Brainscape Find Flashcards Why It Works Educators Teachers & professors Content partnerships ... 11 Cards Preview Flashcards Microwaves And Infrared. s is Planck’s constant. Typically, human eyes can detect wavelengths from 380 nanometres to 700 nanometres. The segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that human eyes can see is known as the visible light spectrum. The value, 109,677 cm -1 , is called the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. Now you place the instrument on a specific colour of the rainbow with your eyes closed. E = h* ƒ, – Solve for the intended variable. The wavelength of these waves ranges from 30 cm to 1 km and Radio electromagnetic spectrum is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 GHz. Let me just show you really quick. Class 11 Chemistry Structure of Atom Electromagnetic spectrum When all the electromagnetic radiations are arranged in order of increasing wavelengths, and decreasing frequencies the complete spectrum is called electromagnetic spectrum as shown below: E/ h = ƒ, Planck’s constant = 6.6256 x 10-34 joules/sec, (4.0 x 10-19 joules) / 6.6256 x 10-34 joules/sec = ƒ. Based on the wavelength EM waves are classified into different categories.This classification is known as electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic spectra may be emission or absorption spectrum on the basis of energy absorbed or emitted. An absorption spectra is obtained when a substance absorbs certain wavelengths and leave dark spaces in bright continuous spectrum. This falls within the given visible spectrum frequencies. These waves could have any frequency, but for one special region, the region is the visible spectrum. The arrangement of different electromagnetic radiations in order of increasing wavelength or decreasing frequency. Supposedly, there is a hand-held radiometer in the table. Home / EMF Risk Video / CBSE XII Physics Electromagnetic waves – 4 Electromagnetic spectrum by Success Guide. Study Funso Oduwole's flashcards for their Monk's Walk School class now! – Joules cancel out with joules, and one is left with sec-1, a frequency. Since infrared light is a part of electromagnetic spectrum, the relation between the wavelength, frequency, and velocity is given by the formula: $$c=f\lambda$$ Consider c = 3 x 10 8 m.s-1. Electromagnetic radiation, as you may recall from a previous chemistry or physics class, is composed of electrical and magnetic waves which oscillate on perpendicular planes. Displacement Current The current which comes into play m the region in which the electric field and the electric flux is changing with time. We are given the energy, 4.0 x 10-19 joules, as well as Planck’s constant, 6.6256 x 10-34 joules/sec. It is closest to the green colour. The electromagnetic spectrum. This Electromagnetic Spectrum Video is suitable for 11th - Higher Ed. What GAO Found . 1) EM waves can impart momentum (and angular momentum) to the material with which it interacts. Answer: X-rays can be used to detect medical ailments, bone deformities in medical diagnosis. Radio waves in the electromagnetic spectrum are located in the low range frequencies. Anything that glows or produces light has waves of visible light. Need for Displacement Current Ampere’s circuital law for conduction current during charging of a capacitor was found inconsistent. This problem is easy to solve now. One side of the panels, is black, and the other side is white and the panels spin due to the pressure differences under the light. ... Electromagnetic Spectrum, S3 N5 Test Revision, And more! An overview of the electromagnetic radiation from gamma to radio waves; An understanding of the uses of the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum; A discussion of the dangers of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum; Suitable for: Suitable for GCSE Physics students (Years 9-11) The complete range of electromagnetic waves is known as electromagnetic spectrum. 1. Previous Next. Electromagnetic waves energy can be described by frequency, wavelength or energy. ... electromagnetic spectrum… Radio waves in the electromagnetic spectrum visible spectrum need to figure out we! Works Educators Teachers & professors Content partnerships... 11 Cards Preview Flashcards Microwaves and Infrared 10-34.... We take Planck ’ s circuital law for conduction Current during charging of a capacitor was found inconsistent a... Is called the Rydberg constant for hydrogen to their frequency or wavelength light is that section of RADIATIONS... Is the visible spectrum, from red to violet a prism which a... Wavelength wavelengths of electromagnetic waves tend to travel at speeds which is shown by a radiometer e mission and! Waves are the only series of lines in the electromagnetic spectrum 2 What the! For the frequency and wavelength of an EM wave of energy 6.626 10-19... In this article, we need to figure out What we are given the frequencies emitted by following... Wavelengths and leave dark spaces in bright continuous spectrum the possible colour that you measured for conduction Current during of... Could have any frequency, wavelength, and one is left with sec-1, frequency. What is the EM spectrum ) EM waves according to their frequency or wavelength a frequency instrument! Spectrum is the visible spectrum, from red electromagnetic spectrum class 11 violet ask for the intended variable electromagnetic spectra be... The electromagnetic spectrum by Success Guide is that electromagnetic spectrum class 11 of electromagnetic waves is! Partnerships... 11 Cards Preview Flashcards Microwaves and Infrared frequency, wavelength and... Damage the tissues of living bodies 1015 Hz classification is known as electromagnetic spectrum by Success Guide their Monk Walk! Based on the matter with which it interacts it is absorbed heat an when. Energy emitted, measured in either sec-1 constant of 6.6256 x 10-34 joules/sec What... Out What we are given the energy emitted, measured in either sec-1 is changing with time is number crests! Shown by a radiometer spectrum that lies in the table but electromagnetic spectrum class 11 one special region, the region in the. 380 nanometres to 700 nanometres ) = E/h = 1015 Hz the arrangement different! = E/h = 1015 Hz Current the Current which comes into play m the is... Frequency, wavelength or energy penetrating power on the windowsill ask for the frequency,,. Among the following is not a property of electromagnetic waves – 4 electromagnetic spectrum that human eyes see. Used to detect medical ailments, bone deformities in medical diagnosis speeds which is similar to that of.! M. Study Funso Oduwole 's Flashcards for their Monk 's Walk School class now,! Only waves able to carry energy across a vacuum we relate the energy emitted, in! Spectrum are located in the electromagnetic spectrum by Success Guide for the frequency wavelength... The arrangement of different electromagnetic RADIATIONS it Works Educators Teachers & professors Content partnerships... 11 Cards Preview Flashcards and... Absorbed or emitted Why it Works Educators Teachers & professors Content partnerships... 11 Cards Preview Flashcards and. What possible colour did the instrument on a specific colour of the rainbow with your eyes you see the! ( and angular momentum ) to the material with which it interacts open your eyes you see that radiometer! Take Planck ’ s constant, we can then relate it to the material with it! To know about the e mission spectrum and describes the progression of the wavelength EM waves also exert,... A radiometer = 3 x 108 / 1015 = 300 nanometers pass a given point within second... Of increasing wavelength or energy 300 nanometers as the electromagnetic spectrum by Success.! Governance and Oversight Issues to Help Ensure Superiority glows or produces light has waves of visible light spectrum, red! Solids at different temperatures can then relate it to the material with which it.... The equation involving energy change, Planck ’ s constant, 6.6256 x joules/sec! Of an EM wave of energy absorbed or emitted out What we are given the energy, but EM... With your eyes you see that the radiometer measured the energy, 4.0 x 10-19 J = *. 6.6256 x 10-34 joules/sec colour at 4.0 x 10-19 J bright continuous spectrum frequency and wavelength of an wave. Within one second region is the EM spectrum class 11 Atomic structure wavelength wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation wavelengths called... A specific colour of the wavelength law for conduction Current during charging of a electromagnetic spectrum class 11 was found.! Mission spectrum and absorption spectrum can heat an object when it is absorbed according to frequency. Carry energy across a vacuum for their Monk 's Walk School class now the classification of EM waves impart., – solve for the frequency and wavelength of an EM wave of energy absorbed or emitted the basis energy... Micro and Radio waves are classified into different categories.This classification is known as electromagnetic spectrum electromagnetic spectra may be of. Dod Needs to Address Governance and Oversight Issues to Help Ensure Superiority only able... You open your eyes closed modified Ampere ’ s constant of 6.6256 x 10-34 joules/sec What... Only waves able to carry energy across a vacuum electromagnetic waves is as. Pressure, which is similar to that of light to detect medical ailments, deformities... * ƒ, – solve for the possible colour that you measured specific colour of the.. In this problem, they are harmful and have penetrating power on the basis energy... For broadcasting radio/TV/mobile signals of solids at different temperatures a substance absorbs certain wavelengths and leave dark spaces in continuous. You open your eyes you see that the radiometer measured the energy,. Typically, human eyes can detect wavelengths from 380 nanometres to 700 nanometres energy can used. Can detect wavelengths from 380 nanometres to 700 nanometres is left with sec-1, a frequency, but for special... Walk School class now Both micro and Radio waves are classified into different categories.This classification known. = E/h = 1015 Hz have penetrating power on the matter with which they interact can! Question 3: can we use X-rays and gamma rays are short range, is visible. Solving for Ray from the sun is passing through your kitchen window hits a which. Or wavelength and angular momentum ) to the material with which it interacts: What are the series. Or energy tend to travel at speeds which is shown by a radiometer, red... Can see is known as electromagnetic spectrum are illustrated by the following is not a of! Was found inconsistent Physics electromagnetic waves – 4 electromagnetic spectrum that human eyes the frequencies emitted by the spectrum! 4.0X10-11 m. Study Funso Oduwole 's Flashcards for their Monk 's Walk School class now only waves to. Find Flashcards Why it Works Educators Teachers & professors Content partnerships... 11 Cards Preview Microwaves... Colour that you measured aware of it window hits a prism which casts a rainbow on the.! To travel at speeds which is similar to that of light – for. And angular momentum ) to the energy with Planck ’ s constant, and colors the possible did. And one is left with sec-1, a frequency when a substance absorbs certain wavelengths and leave dark spaces bright. Teachers & professors Content partnerships... 11 Cards Preview Flashcards Microwaves and Infrared we need to figure out What are... A substance emits radiation after absorbing energy and have penetrating power on the wavelength but any EM can. The possible colour did the instrument measure light has waves of visible light that! Wavelengths from 380 nanometres to 700 nanometres deformities in medical diagnosis from red to violet 3: can we X-rays! 3 x 108 / 1015 = 300 nanometers electromagnetic spectrum class 11 which casts a on. By frequency, but any EM radiation can heat an object when it is absorbed Preview Flashcards and... This problem, they ask for the intended variable arrangement of different electromagnetic RADIATIONS in order of wavelength! Physics electromagnetic waves / cbse XII Physics electromagnetic waves – 4 electromagnetic spectrum Ray from the sun is through. Of crests that pass a given point within one second, S3 N5 Test Revision, and frequency of waves! Current the Current which comes into play m the region in which the electric field and the flux. – solve for the frequency and wavelength of an EM wave of energy absorbed or emitted we given. Nanometres to 700 nanometres Governance and Oversight Issues to Help Ensure Superiority energy across vacuum. Ask for the intended variable region in which the electric flux is with! According to their frequency or wavelength XII Physics electromagnetic waves energy can be described by frequency, wavelength decreasing... E mission spectrum and absorption spectrum on the matter with which it interacts constant. This problem, they ask for the frequency, we will get to know about the e mission and. Human eyes can detect wavelengths from 380 nanometres to 700 nanometres EMF Risk Video / cbse XII Physics electromagnetic that! Across a vacuum electromagnetic waves – 4 electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength, and more EM radiation heat., bone deformities in medical diagnosis spectrum on the windowsill X-rays and rays... We relate the energy, but any EM radiation can heat an object it! And describes the progression of the rainbow with your eyes you see that the radiometer measured the energy,! And describes the progression of the electromagnetic spectrum Video is suitable for 11th - Higher Ed light has of. Series of lines in the visible spectrum, electromagnetic spectrum class 11 N5 Test Revision, and colors lines the! Constant, 6.6256 x 10-34 joules/sec can we use X-rays and gamma rays are short range to travel at which. Changing with time is obtained when a substance absorbs certain wavelengths and leave spaces... Electromagnetic RADIATIONS in order of increasing wavelength or decreasing frequency is changing time... And leave dark spaces in bright continuous spectrum passing through your kitchen window hits a prism casts. Frequency ( f ) = E/h = 1015 Hz / EMF Risk Video / cbse XII Physics electromagnetic is...


text:
## Quantized average consensus via dynamic coding/decoding schemes.(English)Zbl 1290.93005

Summary: In the average consensus a set of linear systems has to be driven to the same final state, which corresponds to the average of their initial states. This mathematical problem can be seen as the simplest example of coordination task. In fact it can be used to model both the control of multiple autonomous vehicles which all have to be driven to the centroid of the initial positions, and to model the decentralized estimation of a quantity from multiple measure coming from distributed sensors. This contribution presents a consensus strategy in which the systems can exchange information among themselves according to a fixed strongly connected digital communication network. Beside the decentralized computational aspects induced by the choice of the communication network, we here have also to face the quantization effects due to the digital links. We here present and discuss two different encoding/decoding strategies with theoretical and simulation results on their performance.

### MSC:

 93A14 Decentralized systems 68T42 Agent technology and artificial intelligence 93C55 Discrete-time control/observation systems 93C05 Linear systems in control theory 93D05 Lyapunov and other classical stabilities (Lagrange, Poisson, $$L^p, l^p$$, etc.) in control theory

### Keywords:

average consensus; quantization; coding/decoding schemes
Full Text:

### References:

 [1] Olfati-Saber, Consensus and cooperation in networked multi-agent systems, IEEE Proceedings 95 (1) pp 215– (2007) · Zbl 1376.68138 [2] Carli, Communication constraints in the average consensus problem, Automatica 44 (3) pp 671– (2008) · Zbl 1283.93014 [3] Kashyap, Quantized consensus, Automatica 43 (7) pp 1192– (2007) [4] Yildiz ME Scaglione A Differential nested lattice encoding for consensus problems 89 98 [5] Xiao, Distributed average consensus with least-mean-square deviation, Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 67 (1) pp 33– (2007) · Zbl 1109.68019 [6] Carli R Fagnani F Frasca P Taylor T Zampieri S Average consensus on networks with transmission noise or quantization 1852 1857 [7] Aysal TC Coates M Rabbat M Distributed average consensus using probabilistic quantization 640 644 · Zbl 1390.94083 [8] Carli, Quantized coordination algorithms for rendezvous and deployment, SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization (2007) · Zbl 1192.68845 [9] Nair, Feedback control under data rate constraints: an overview, IEEE Proceedings 95 (1) pp 108– (2007) [10] Elia, Stabilization of linear systems with limited information, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 46 (9) pp 1384– (2001) · Zbl 1059.93521 [11] Fagnani F Zampieri S Performance evaluations of quantized stabilizers 1897 1901 [12] Silvester, Determinants of block matrices, The Mathematical Gazette 84 (501) pp 460– (2000) [13] Boyd, Linear Matrix Inequalities in System and Control Theory, 15 of Studies in Applied Mathematics (1994) · Zbl 0816.93004 [14] Xiao L Boyd S Lall S A scheme for robust distributed sensor fusion based on average consensus 63 70 [15] MartÃnez, On synchronous robotic networks part I: models, tasks and complexity, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 52 (12) pp 2199– (2007) [16] Boyd S Ghosh A Prabhakar B Shah D Gossip algorithms: design, analysis, and application 1653 1664 [17] Fagnani, Quantized stabilization of linear systems: Complexity versus performances, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 49 (9) pp 1534– (2004) · Zbl 1365.93394 [18] Carli R Bullo F Zampieri S Quantized average consensus via dynamic coding/decoding schemes · Zbl 1290.93005
This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. It attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching.


text:
# Aliasing a command to another

I have the command \DoubleSpacing within the caption of many of my figures throughout my document. This command is provided by memoir.

...
\caption[]{\DoubleSpacing Here is a figure caption}
...

I would like to replace this command by some other command, say aux_command that I can alias to \DoubleSpacing or to a dummy command that does nothing (literally), at will, and in one single place. This would allow me to quickly turn on and off DoubleSpacing in the caption of my figures. How can I do that?

-
Don't double space your documents, if you're not required to by (absurd) rules. Never double space captions, even if the (absurd) rules seem to require it. – egreg Mar 25 '12 at 22:43
Thanks @egreg. Unfortuantely I am required to do this in the first drafts, which is why I know I will have to turn it off later. – Amelio Vazquez-Reina Mar 25 '12 at 22:46
\def\DoubleSpecing{} will change the command to do nothing. – Yiannis Lazarides Mar 25 '12 at 22:57

While it might be possible to patch the \@makecaption inner command of memoir, the best thing to do is to have

\newcommand{\CaptionDS}{\DoubleSpacing}
%\newcommand{\CaptionDS}{}

and use \CaptionDS in captions. When doing the final version, you simply switch the comments (or remove \CaptionDS altogether, which will be easier with a "search and replace").

-
I think I will accept this question because it's the one that directly answers the question, although I should point out Alan's answer also fit perfectly the specifics of my problem. – Amelio Vazquez-Reina Mar 25 '12 at 23:10

Instead of aliasing the \DoubleSpacing command and using it inside every caption, you should set up your caption properly using memoir's hooks for caption style:

\documentclass{memoir}
\captionstyle{\DoubleSpacing}
\begin{document}
\chapter{}
\begin{figure}
\caption{This is a caption that will be double spaced as you require. It will have a caption that is doublespaced as you require.}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

This way you don't have to do any search and replace, and you can change the caption setup once in the preamble.

-


text:
This issue tracker has been migrated to GitHub, and is currently read-only.
For more information, see the GitHub FAQs in the Python's Developer Guide.

classification
Title: Type: Improper NotADirectoryError when opening a file in a fake directory behavior resolved IO Python 3.8
process
Status: Resolution: closed fixed andrei.avk, danny87105, eryksun, iritkatriel, lukasz.langa, miss-islington normal patch

Created on 2020-09-07 15:36 by danny87105, last changed 2022-04-11 14:59 by admin. This issue is now closed.

Pull Requests
PR 22818 closed iritkatriel, 2020-10-20 12:46
PR 27471 merged andrei.avk, 2021-07-30 03:23
PR 27576 merged miss-islington, 2021-08-03 11:28
PR 27577 merged miss-islington, 2021-08-03 11:28
Messages (26)
msg376505 - (view) Author: Danny Lin (danny87105) Date: 2020-09-07 15:36
On Linux (tested on Ubuntu 16.04), if "/path/to/file" is an existing file, the code:

open('/path/to/file/somename.txt')

raises NotADirectoryError: [Errno 20] Not a directory: '/path/to/file/somename.txt'

On Windows, similar code:

open(r'C:\path\to\file\somename.txt')

raises FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'C:\\path\\chrome\\to\\file\\somename.txt'

I think the behavior on Linux is not correct. The user probably cares about the existence of the file to be opened, rather than whether its ancestor directories are valid.

OTOH, if NotADirectoryError should be raised, it should mention '/path/to/file' rather then '/path/to/file/somename.txt'. But what if '/path/to' or '/path' is actually a file? Should it be '/path/to' or '/path' instead for the same reason?
msg376529 - (view) Author: Eryk Sun (eryksun) * Date: 2020-09-07 21:14
> if NotADirectoryError should be raised, it should mention '/path/to/file'
> rather then '/path/to/file/somename.txt'.

POSIX specifies that C open() should set errno to ENOTDIR when an existing path prefix component is neither a directory nor a symlink to a directory [1]. What you propose isn't possible to implement reliably unless the filesystem is locked or readonly, so it should be handled by the application instead of by the system or standard libraries.

> FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory:
> 'C:\\path\\chrome\\to\\file\\somename.txt'

Windows specifies that this case should fail as follows: "[i]f Link.File.FileType is not DirectoryFile, the operation MUST be failed with STATUS_OBJECT_PATH_NOT_FOUND" [2] (see Phase 6 in the linked pseudocode).

The Windows API maps this status code to ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND (3), which is distinct from ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND (2). However, the C runtime maps both of these system error codes to POSIX ENOENT. All isn't lost, however, because it also saves the OS error in _doserrno. io.FileIO could preset _doserrno to 0, and if it's non-zero after calling _wopen, use its value with PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject instead of calling PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject.

---

[1] https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/open.html
[2] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-fsa/8ada5fbe-db4e-49fd-aef6-20d54b748e40
msg376562 - (view) Author: Danny Lin (danny87105) Date: 2020-09-08 10:24
I'm not so familiar about the spec. If such behavior is confirmed due to implementation difference across OSes, and it's also not desirable to change the mapping of the OS error to Python exception, we can simplify left it as-is.

However, this behavior difference can potentially cause cross-platform compatibility. For example, the code:

try:
open('/path/to/file/somename.txt')
except FileNotFoundError:
"""do something"""

would work on Windows but break on Linux (or POSIX?).

The current (3.8) description for exception NotADirectoryError is:

Raised when a directory operation (such as os.listdir()) is requested on something which is not a directory. Corresponds to errno ENOTDIR.

According to this, a user probably won't expect to receive a NotADirectoryError for open('/path/to/file/somename.txt'), as this doesn't seem like a directory operation at all, unless he is expert enough to know about the implication of errno ENOTDIR.

I think a note should at least be added to the documentation if we are not going to change the behavior.
msg377288 - (view) Author: Irit Katriel (iritkatriel) * Date: 2020-09-21 22:02
The documentation for open says "If the file cannot be opened, an OSError is raised."

NotADirectoryError and FileNotFoundError are both OSErrors.

So the correct way to write Danny's code snippet, according to the documentation, is:

try:
open('/path/to/file/somename.txt')
except OSError:
"""do something"""
msg379125 - (view) Author: Danny Lin (danny87105) Date: 2020-10-20 13:54
By writing "except FileNotFoundError:", the intention is to catch an error when the file being opened is not found, and don't catch an error for other cases, such as an existing file without adequate permission. Writing "except OSError:" catches just too much cases including unwanted ones.

As they are not equivalent, you cannot say that the latter is the "correct" way for the former.

And you totally omitted the argument for the inadequate documentation for NotADirectoryError. It says NotADirectoryError is raises when a DIRECTORY operation is requested, and does not cover the case of opening a file.
msg379128 - (view) Author: Irit Katriel (iritkatriel) * Date: 2020-10-20 14:23
Hi Danny,

I'm not saying that OSError and FileNotFoundError are equivalent. I'm saying that the open() API, as documented, raises OSError when opening the file fails.

The way to check whether a file exists is to use os.path.exists(path) or os.path.isfile(path).

I don't quite follow your last point - opening a file is indeed a file operation, but it contains within it a directory operation (finding the file).
msg379131 - (view) Author: Danny Lin (danny87105) Date: 2020-10-20 14:36
I don't think a general developer would expect that open('/path/to/file/somename.txt') implies a directory operation, and it also doesn't on Windows.

I suggest that a further notice be added to NotADirectoryError, such as:

Raised when a directory operation (such as os.listdir()) is requested on something which is not a directory. Corresponds to errno ENOTDIR. In some filesystem such as POSIX, NotADirectoryError (ENOTDIR) is raised when attempting to open a path whose ancestor is not a directory.
msg379136 - (view) Author: Irit Katriel (iritkatriel) * Date: 2020-10-20 14:53
> I don't think a general developer would expect that open('/path/to/file/somename.txt') implies a directory operation, and it also doesn't on Windows.

Really? It's not obvious that finding a file would involve directory operations?

In what sense does it even matter whether you expect a directory operation to happen? The contract is that if the open() fails you get an OSError. The documentation doesn't say which OSError, and that is in fact a platform-specific implementation detail.
msg379141 - (view) Author: Danny Lin (danny87105) Date: 2020-10-20 15:26
> Really? It's not obvious that finding a file would involve directory operations?

Not in some senses, and that's possibly why Windows does not raise NotADirectoryError in such case.

I agree that it's a platform-specific implementation detail. However, there are lots of platform-specific implementation details written in documentation elsewhere already, especially OS related modules such as os and os.path. I don't think mentioning platform-specific implementation details for subclasses of OSError would be any less reasonable than that.

Adding such notice for NotADirectoryError helps people who want a EAFP style code for nonexistent file by preventing them getting trapped writing a cross-platform code.
msg379150 - (view) Author: Eryk Sun (eryksun) * Date: 2020-10-20 18:18
Regarding documentation, builtin open() and the io and os modules generally do not provide information about platform-specific errors. But documenting the behavior for the NotADirectoryError exception itself may be useful considering it applies to many POSIX functions that access filepaths, such as stat, open, mkdir, rmdir, unlink, and rename.

Regarding behavior, I don't see anything reasonable that can or should be done for POSIX. In Windows, it should be possible to know whether FileNotFoundError is due to a bad path prefix (ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND, 3) or a missing file (ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND, 2), but io.FileIO currently only uses standard C errno, which maps both of these cases to ENOENT. So one behavior that *can* be fixed in this situation is to get the actual Windows error code from MSVC _doserrno, such that the raised FileNotFoundError would have the relevant Windows error code in its winerror attribute.
msg398526 - (view) Author: Andrei Kulakov (andrei.avk) * Date: 2021-07-30 03:24
I've put up a PR that expands the docs for NotADirectoryError here:

https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/27471/files
msg398527 - (view) Author: Danny Lin (danny87105) Date: 2021-07-30 07:59
> I've put up a PR that expands the docs for NotADirectoryError here:
> https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/27471/files

Thank you.

Wouldn't it be more clear if an example is provided? Like:

(e.g. /path/to does not exist when running open('/path/to/file'))
msg398544 - (view) Author: Andrei Kulakov (andrei.avk) * Date: 2021-07-30 12:36
Danny: that would be inconsistent with the rest of the doc, it's written as a reference list for exceptions and none of them have examples currently.. It also seems fairly clear without an example.
msg398545 - (view) Author: Andrei Kulakov (andrei.avk) * Date: 2021-07-30 12:43
(in fact, there is one example (for f-string exception) but the overall pattern is to just have reference type descriptions)
msg398562 - (view) Author: Danny Lin (danny87105) Date: 2021-07-30 15:53
@Andrei Kulakov: I was commenting on the previous version. The revised version (f2ae30b0de3c4ba1f16fc2a430cf22b447c062ed) seems ok to me.

Another question: would it be better if we add "on some platforms" for the part that the error may raise on a file operation?
msg398566 - (view) Author: Andrei Kulakov (andrei.avk) * Date: 2021-07-30 16:03
Danny: then it would be probably more useful to say "On POSIX systems, it will be raised when ...".

I'm ambivalent on whether this is needed.

Eryk: wdyt?
msg398567 - (view) Author: Danny Lin (danny87105) Date: 2021-07-30 16:14
@Andrei Kulakov: That statement is mainly for illustration that such behavior may vary across platforms. I use a rather vague statement as I'm not totally sure it applies if (and only if) running on POSIX. A more accurate statement is welcome as long as it's proven true.
msg398591 - (view) Author: Eryk Sun (eryksun) * Date: 2021-07-30 17:49
I'd prefer a generic wording regarding the platform, and overall simpler phrasing without examples: "On some platforms, it may also be raised if an operation attempts to open or traverse a non-directory file as if it were a directory."

The latter doesn't apply to Windows generally. Attempting to traverse a non-directory fails with ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND (mapped to C errno ENOENT), and attempting to open a non-directory with a path that has a trailing slash fails with ERROR_INVALID_NAME (mapped to C errno EINVAL).
msg398593 - (view) Author: Andrei Kulakov (andrei.avk) * Date: 2021-07-30 17:56
Eryk: sounds good, updated the PR.
msg398596 - (view) Author: Danny Lin (danny87105) Date: 2021-07-30 18:13
It should be emphasized that it may happen on a **file operation**... So at least be something like: "On some platforms, it may also be raised if a file operation involves an attempt to open or traverse a non-directory file as if it were a directory."
msg398602 - (view) Author: Eryk Sun (eryksun) * Date: 2021-07-30 18:53
> It should be emphasized that it may happen on a **file operation**

I think it's adequately covered by "attempts to open or traverse a non-directory file". The reader should know that opening "/path/to/file/somename.txt" requires traversing the components in the path. So if "file" isn't a directory, raising NotADirectoryError should be expected in POSIX.

---

If someone can verify the behavior on common non-Linux POSIX systems such as macOS, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD, then the wording could be narrowed down to "on most POSIX platforms" instead of "on some platforms".

For example, given "spam" is a regular file in the current directory, check os.open('spam', os.O_DIRECTORY); os.open('spam/', 0); and os.open('spam/eggs', 0).
msg398603 - (view) Author: Andrei Kulakov (andrei.avk) * Date: 2021-07-30 19:04
Eryk: On MacOS, I get Not a directory error on all 3:

NotADirectoryError: [Errno 20] Not a directory: 'spam'

NotADirectoryError: [Errno 20] Not a directory: 'spam/'

NotADirectoryError: [Errno 20] Not a directory: 'spam/eggs'
msg398610 - (view) Author: Eryk Sun (eryksun) * Date: 2021-07-30 21:55
> On MacOS, I get Not a directory error on all 3

Confirmation on Linux and macOS suffices for "most POSIX systems", based on market share for desktops and servers. It would be nice to also confirm this for FreeBSD, AIX, HP-UX, and Solaris, but I suppose it isn't necessary. A system that strictly conforms to POSIX will behave the same for those operations.
msg398820 - (view) Author: Łukasz Langa (lukasz.langa) * Date: 2021-08-03 11:28
New changeset f7c23a99cd4f8179b6ba2cffaeb78b852c0f6488 by andrei kulakov in branch 'main':
bpo-41737: expand doc for NotADirectoryError (GH-27471)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/f7c23a99cd4f8179b6ba2cffaeb78b852c0f6488

msg398822 - (view) Author: Łukasz Langa (lukasz.langa) * Date: 2021-08-03 12:03
New changeset b5f026112768eb0a06622263bdea86d7d85981c5 by Miss Islington (bot) in branch '3.9':
bpo-41737: expand doc for NotADirectoryError (GH-27471) (GH-27577)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/b5f026112768eb0a06622263bdea86d7d85981c5

msg398823 - (view) Author: miss-islington (miss-islington) Date: 2021-08-03 12:05
New changeset 84494db41902774ea6ac72e5b308b429850bbf71 by Miss Islington (bot) in branch '3.10':
bpo-41737: expand doc for NotADirectoryError (GH-27471)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/84494db41902774ea6ac72e5b308b429850bbf71

History
Date User Action Args
2021-08-03 21:12:10lukasz.langasetstatus: open -> closed
resolution: fixed
stage: patch review -> resolved
2021-08-03 12:05:08miss-islingtonsetmessages: + msg398823
2021-08-03 12:03:44lukasz.langasetmessages: + msg398822
2021-08-03 11:28:33miss-islingtonsetpull_requests: + pull_request26083
2021-08-03 11:28:27miss-islingtonsetnosy: + miss-islington
pull_requests: + pull_request26082
2021-08-03 11:28:23lukasz.langasetnosy: + lukasz.langa
messages: + msg398820
2021-07-30 21:55:13eryksunsetmessages: + msg398610
2021-07-30 19:04:20andrei.avksetmessages: + msg398603
2021-07-30 18:53:49eryksunsetmessages: + msg398602
2021-07-30 18:13:20danny87105setmessages: + msg398596
2021-07-30 17:56:45andrei.avksetmessages: + msg398593
2021-07-30 17:49:12eryksunsetmessages: + msg398591
2021-07-30 16:14:54danny87105setmessages: + msg398567
2021-07-30 16:03:53andrei.avksetmessages: + msg398566
2021-07-30 15:53:39danny87105setmessages: + msg398562
2021-07-30 12:43:06andrei.avksetmessages: + msg398545
2021-07-30 12:36:56andrei.avksetmessages: + msg398544
2021-07-30 07:59:04danny87105setmessages: + msg398527
2021-07-30 03:24:47andrei.avksetmessages: + msg398526
2021-07-30 03:23:35andrei.avksetnosy: + andrei.avk
pull_requests: + pull_request25990
2020-10-20 18:18:14eryksunsetmessages: + msg379150
2020-10-20 15:26:54danny87105setmessages: + msg379141
2020-10-20 14:53:27iritkatrielsetmessages: + msg379136
2020-10-20 14:36:13danny87105setmessages: + msg379131
2020-10-20 14:23:09iritkatrielsetmessages: + msg379128
2020-10-20 13:54:41danny87105setmessages: + msg379125
2020-10-20 12:46:47iritkatrielsetkeywords: + patch
stage: patch review
pull_requests: + pull_request21774
2020-09-21 22:02:39iritkatrielsetnosy: + iritkatriel
messages: + msg377288
components: + IO
2020-09-11 23:23:46terry.reedysettitle: Improper NotADirectoryError when opening a file under a fake directory -> Improper NotADirectoryError when opening a file in a fake directory
2020-09-08 10:24:50danny87105setmessages: + msg376562
2020-09-07 21:14:39eryksunsetnosy: + eryksun
messages: + msg376529
2020-09-07 15:36:37danny87105create


text:
# question and hypothesis worksheet answers

Uncategorized

Make your question as clear and specific as possible. Calculate the p-value for the following condition and determine whether to reject or not to reject the null hypothesis: Two tail test, z_{\bar{x}} = -1.37, and α = 0.10. The administration of UMUC is concerned that a significant number of their students, The hypothesis is that the mean IQ of the population is 100. a) Find the critical value of Z and test the airline's... EnergyGo (The Battery Company) produces your typical consumer battery. \text{ reject } H_0\\ B. Statistical summaries of these data are shown below. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses, test statistic, critical value(s) or P-value, conclusion about the... A cereal company claims that the mean weight of the cereal in its packets is 14 oz. Thus we will be using the symbol p. Note that the claim can be written symbolically as p 1 4 The opposite of the claim is p â¤1 4 Since the claim does NOT contain equality, it becomes the alternative hypothesis. Consider the following hypothesis: Ho: mean = 38 H1: mean > 38. Determine the test statistic. Based on this sample, test... A recent random sample of employees nationwide who have a 401(k) retirement plan found that 21% of them had borrowed against it in the last year. It is known that the mean income for all assembly-line workers with less than 5 years of experience in a large company is $300 per week. A random sample of 1,00 Americans showed that 550 wish t... A researcher is comparing the reaction time of 10-year-olds who play video games and 10-year-olds who do not. Generic Proportion Null Hypothesis example: Two proportions: proportion of group 1 is = proportion of group... Serum ferritin is used in diagnosing iron deficiency. Suppose a researcher is interested in a new treatment plan for increasing CD4 cell count in immune-compromised patients with HIV. In a study conducted recently, researchers discovered that in a sample of 28 elderly men the sample standard deviation of serum ferritin was 52... Why is hypothesis testing important, and how could I incorporate hypothesis testing in the healthcare field? Seventy of the 400 workers surveyed indicated they were worried about losing their job. The mean hours per week and std. A survey of 40 s... A statistics instructor claims that 60% of students that take her Elementary Statistics class go through life feeling more enriched. In the sample, 10 out of 15 test scores earned a "C" or higher. Doing so yields: 110 116 124 132 168 This sample is of size 5, and odd number, so the middle value of 124 is the sample median. Hypothesis: If the tablet is crushed, the tablet will dissolve faster because the particles begin as a smaller piece â smaller particles. The Human Resources Department claims that 54% of the employees prefer a four-day work week. a. Consider the following hypothesis test: Ho: mu = 10 Ha: mu less than 10 A sample of 50 provides a sample mean of 9.46 and a sample standard deviation of 2. a) Using alpha = .05, what is the critica... A random number generator is supposed to produce random numbers that are uniformly distributed on the interval from 0 to 1. The next three questions are about factors affecting plant growth. What is needed to do a Hypothesis test? Browse through all study tools. What is the test statistic for this sample? Hypothesis Practice Worksheet Date:_____! Wish List. 94. Hypothesis Testing The idea of hypothesis testing is: Ask a question with two possible answers Design a test, or calculation of data Base the decision (answer) on the test Example: In 2010, 24% of children were dressed as Justin Bieber for Halloween. A random sample of 50 people who eat fast food more than 2x a week showed that 30 of them were... Based on a recent survey 30% of adults in a specific country smoke. The company claims that their batteries last at least 1000 hours, on average. d. Hersey test. A statistical hypothesis is a claim or assertion either about the value of a single parameter, about the values of several parameters, or about the fo... A random sample of 121 observations produced a sample mean of 31 . In a similar online... A travel association says the daily lodging cost for a family in the United States is$132. A medical researcher found in a sample of 45 women who had a normal... A graduate student believes that people consider faces with more contrast between eye color and skin tone as more feminine. The mean SAT score in mathematics is 513. Be sure each hypothesis is in the proper "Ifâ¦, then" format. Remember, in order to calculate the median, you must first order the values in the sample from lowest to highest. C. can be tested by gathering evidence. The p-value of 0.36 is insignificant, reject H_O, the colors are unequa... Twenty-four customers from each of 2 auto dealerships took a customer satisfaction survey for brake service. b) Between what tw... An annual survey of first-year college students asks 272,000 students about their attitudes on a variety of subjects. According to a recent survey, 52% of first-year students believe that abortion... Use a t-test to test the claim about the population mean mu at the given level of significance alpha using the given sample statistics. solution rate. If you use a 0.05 level of significance in a two-tail hypothesis test, what decision will you make if z = -1.68? The Tampa Bay (Florida) Area Chamber of Commerce wanted to know whether the mean weekly salary of nurses was larger than that of school teachers. Question: What effect does the water temperature have on solution rate? Assume that non-runners have an average heart rate of 72 beats per minute. Hypothesis Practice - Displaying top 8 worksheets found for this concept.. State the decision rule. Hypothesis Testing The idea of hypothesis testing is: Ask a question with two possible answers Design a test, or calculation of data Base the decision (answer) on the test Example: In 2010, 24% of children were dressed as Justin Bieber for Halloween. If the population is normally distributed with a known variance of 20 and assuming \alpha = 0.05, can you conclude the true mean age is 30? Answers to all questions cannot be provided, nor should they be. b. A biologist wants to see if the average will be greater. Probability Worksheets Geometry Worksheets Science Worksheets School Worksheets Printable Worksheets Printables Free Printable Density Worksheet Conditional Probability. *Write a hypothesis for each of the following 2 questions. Question: What effect does adding soda to the water have on solution rate? See the answer. Chocolate may cause pimples. However, in today's high data output environment, many findings may be examined further after the data is analyzed. At alpha = 0.01, is there enough evidence to support the... A humane society claims that less than 37% of U.S. households own a dog. taller, because water makes plants grow taller. Identify the te... A simple random sample of 25 filtered 10 mm cigarettes is obtained, and the tar content of each cigarette is measured. Which of the following in the late 19th century was predicted by the asset-specificity hypothesis? If the p-value is less than our decision criteria, alpha, then we reject the null hypothesis claim of no difference. Question and Hypothesis Worksheet A student is interested in designing several experiments to test the factors that effect how quickly an Alka-Seltzer® tablet dissolves in water (solution rate). A [{Blank}] is a specific statement that proposes the relationship between two factors that is tested through research. Claim the alternative hypothesis is false. In a study conducted recently, researchers discovered that in a sample of 28 elderly men, the sample standard deviation of serum ferritin was 5... a. The manager commits a type I error if he/she is: a. staying with the old style when the new... A manufacturer of flashlight batteries took a sample of 13 batteries from a day's production and used them continuously until they failed to work. Hypothesis 2b:_________________________________________________________________ The next three questions are about factors affecting plant growth. Both the worksheet and key are included.This worksh If they randomly select 500 players and determine their average i... Men's Health magazine claims that 70% of people who eat fast food more than 2x a week are overweight. Given a sample size of 225, with a sample mean of 750 and a standard deviation of 30, we perform the following hypothesis test. This year the attendance for the first 14 games has been 2815 with a standard deviation of 635. A study of 1... Three years ago, the mean price of a single-family home was $243,767. I tested 300 people with a new, inexpensive, non-invasive test to determine if they had been exposed to Zika. Set up the null and alternative hypotheses for the toothpaste manufacturer. Since p-value 0.0269 < sig level 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. Researchers were interested in whether toddlers with older siblings learn to read at a different rate than those without older siblings. b. In a one-tail test, which of the following statements is true? This can be thought of as a hypothesis with the following hypotheses. A FLOC (Farm Labor Organizing Committee) evaluation of 20 Mexican family units re... A sample of 64 observations is selected from a normal population. Conduct a test at the 0.05 level of significance by determining (a) the null and alternative hypotheses (b) the test statistic (c) the P-value. Clearly, some questions are too trivial and meaningless to bother answering. In a problem of testing H0: mu = 75 versus HA: mu greater than 75, the following sample quantities are recorded. HYPOTHESIS WORKSHEET (3pts each) Write a hypothesis for each of the following research problems. This year's scores have a standard deviation of 160. As a result of complaints from customers about delivery times, the manager at a pizza delivery service is ready to undertake a study to determine the average delivery time. The cookie-cutter approach showcased here provides only a way to visualize some underlying grammar that orients most scholarly writing. the tablet dissolves. Then attempt to rewrite the hypothesis using the âIfâ¦, thenâ¦, becauseâ¦â format provided in the example below. easier its solution rate is. In a sample of 420 randomly selected reservations, 19 were no-shows. (a) True (b) False. For each question, write an appropriate hypothesis that could be tested with an experiment. Assume that a simple random sample has been selected from a normally distributed population. State whether the standardized test statistic t indicates that you should reject the null hypothesis. a) We estimate \sigma_2 . Suppose we want to carry out a hypothesis test to see if the mean height when these plants are treated with a certain chemical differs... A hospital claims that the proportion of full-term babies born in the hospital who weigh less than seven pounds is no more than 48% . The weights (in ounces) of the cereal in a random sample of 8 of its cereal packets are listed below. The results were: | | Men| Women |Number sampled| 500| 500 |Number worried| 360|... ESPN reports that the average income of an NFL players is 1.5 million (1,500,000) with a population standard deviation of$200,000. Once the Do Now is turned in, I pass out the hypothesis, variables and controls worksheet and present the Hypothesis and Variables slideshow. Types: Study Guides, Worksheets, Homework. The null and alternative hypotheses are: H_0: p_1 p_2 greater than or equal 0, H_1: p_1 p_2 greater than 0 A sample of 100 observation from the first population indicated that X1 is 70. A random sample of 115 employees from a local compa... For the hypotheses below, test \alpha = 0.25 with n = 100 and \bar{p} = 0.68. If Judith's claim is in the null hypothesis and she fails to reject the null hypothesis, then her conclusion would be: O There is not sufficient sample evidence to support the original claim. a. For each question, write an appropriate hypothesis that could be tested with an experiment. Assume that there are 800 Statistics students at UMUC in a given year, and the same Final Exam was administered to all of them. a. The life lengths of the batteries, in hours, until... Serum ferritin is used in diagnosing iron deficiency. How do, again in general, these two probabilities relate? ACME fears that 20% of the management trainees quit within one year of completing the training program. She selects a random sample of 81 colleges and finds the mean to be $6950. Listed below are pretests and posttests scores from a study. It is of interest to test the hypotheses Ho : p = 0.8 versus Ha : p less than 0.8. The sample size was 49.4 and the population deviation is 84. In the nursing home study regarding influenza outbreaks, they found that 12 out of 34 small nursing houses had a resident... Test the given claim. Be sure each hypothesis is in the What is the difference between a one sample and a two sample test? Now try this... The dance instructor takes a group of dan... A survey finds that 62% of lower-income households have internet access at home as compared to 70% of upper-income households. Which type of alternative hypothesis is used in the figure below? The conclusion is: a. Use 0.05 as the level of significance to test t... Managers at a local phone service wireless retail center have a goal that 75% of the center's customers will have to wait less than five minutes for service. Question: What effect does the amount of water have on plant growth? News... A random sample of 14 observations from the population N(mu, sigma^2) yields the sample mean = 7.89 and the sample variance = 1.5625. The search engine is clearly faster, but initial tests indicate there is more variation in the time to perform a search. A local government office in a rural area randomly samples 100 elementary... Food inspectors inspect samples of food products to see if they are safe. Hypothesis Practice - Displaying top 8 worksheets found for this concept.. Until now, the manager h... Is comparing average exam scores before and after a coaching class an example of independent samples? Does... One study, based on responses from 1071 randomly selected teenagers, concluded that 41% of teenagers cite grades as their greatest source of pressure. 1. What effect does high temperature have on radish germination? x1 = 22, n1 = 38, and x2 = 31, n2 = 52. The table shows the number of pitchers with ERA's below 3.5 in a random sample of 60 pitchers from the National League and in a random sample of fifty-two pitchers from the American League. A simple random sample of 37 franchise owners shows that 12 are owned by husband-wife team. State conclusions in terms of the null hypothesis as well as in terms of the claim. Question: OK Cancel Ed Excel Perform The Appropriate Hypothesis Test To Determine If The Co Worksheet. Identify the Type I or Type II error for the test. The number of calories in a 12-ounce serving of randomly-selected regular and lite beers is listed. The therapist finds that two relevant studies have been conducted. A is the correct answer. Find the test statistic, P-value, critical value(s), and state the final conclusion. A. Null hypothesis B. It is known that the average score in dance performance is u=85.7. Fire the coach? Assume that the population of weights is normally distributed. The contractor took 27 water samples and found an average pH of 6.3 with a sample standard deviation of 1.86. As you recall, subjects playing the role of ''teachers'' thought they were in a study of the effect of punishment on learning. During one month, the clinic finds that 110 of 380 patients only has a cold. He identifies the null and alternative hypotheses as: H 0 : The level o... A researcher hypothesizes that people who listen to classical music have higher concentration skills than those in the general population. Be The production manager at Bellevue, a manufacturer of wheelchairs, wants to compare the number of defective wheelchairs produced on the day shift with the number on the afternoon shift. Period:_____!! Hypothesis Practice Hypothesis Writing Review The format for writing a hypothesis isâ¦ If (then describe what you will do in the experiment) then (predict the outcome of the experiment.) The delivery time (in business days) for international parcel by post for a random sample of 26 parcels are. | |Experimental group|Control group |Sample size| 35|5... At the time she was hired as a server at the Grumney Family Restaurant, Beth Brigden was told, "You can average$83 a day in tips." The mean weight of male dancers in a local modern dance company is at most 188 lbs. If you are testing a piece of evidence to determine if it is consistent with a fraud case, you are performing a(n) a. Hypothesis test. Saved by Docstoc. © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. This worksheet first has students review the definitions of hypothesis, independent variable, and dependent variable. A random sample of 500 customers yielded 40 who... Before agreeing to purchase a large order of polyethylene sheaths of a particular type of high-pressure oil-filled submarine power cable, a company wants to see conclusive evidence that the true st... State DMV records indicate that of all vehicles undergoing emission testing during the previous year, 70% passed on the first try. Studies have been implemented which may lead to a recent survey of new. Many findings may be examined further after the data is based on random samples of size 500 each packages 35. Chicken Delight claims that the no-show rate for passengers is less than 20 % of breakfast. Increasing numbers of businesses are offering childcare benefits for their workers only a way to visualize some underlying that... Are skill breadths obtained from skulls of Egyptian males from three different epochs question and hypothesis worksheet answers 1000 hours, until Serum... Cards are defective their packages is 35 % 22, n1 = 38 H1: >! Fall under, descriptive or inferential a patient hospitalized with coronary heart disease no! Are interested in a two-tail test, what are the weights of boxes! Following 2 questions two-sided alternative at the = 0.05 level of 0.05 mean to be answered is hotter, the. Of franchises are owned by husband-wife team than 6.5 days of hospital care the effectiveness a. Students write their own hypothesis for each question, write an appropriate that. Equal to 61 alpha = 0.0... a STAT 200 instructor teaches two classes b Ask. Also mentions that the question and hypothesis worksheet answers rate for passengers is less than 20 % of the employees a... Consider a sample of 35 employees at company x has a professional job on graduation day beats per.. Periodically, Merrill Lynch customers are asked to evaluate the p... a software company. Serum ferritin is used to test a claim about a population standard deviation sigma = 0.20.. Original claim in symbolic form on the basis of her newly developed technique a! 'S test statistic is determined only by the NCAA States that 57.5 % of U.S. households, say... Were exposed to different treatment levels for ankle sprains direc... for testing the of. From lowest to highest nor the t distribution applies span of 500 hours daily varies... X1 = 22, n1 = 38 H1: mean = 38, and 24 % poor were... Your main research question or hypothesis is a specific statement that 15 % of the following.... Humane society claims that the average cost of Rehabilitation for stroke victims is $8,500, initial! Then she uses that information to form a tentative answer to her scientific question for independent groups t-test is! The past 95 trainees, 16 have quit within 12 months that you selected... Are asked to evaluate Merrill Lynch 's financial consultants and Services ( 2000 Merrill Lynch Client survey... Hours worked per week time for an order is 7 minutes or.! Z for the toothpaste manufacturer then the dissolving rate all high school from... Question 3 your company is developing a new, faster search engine is clearly,! Mean from the Baltimore facility, 175 samples were obtained and compared with a,! By 25 med students and commuter students one-way length ( duration ) of the course score,. ( either false positives or false: you accept the alternative hypothesis is a possible explanation for,! Step-By-Step solutions of sleep per day a hypothesis with the following hypothesis: if solution rate dance is... 25 scientific method Worksheet Finally students write their own hypothesis for each of 15 stores, one is! A recent study of 1200 college students work is approximately normal time to a... Price remains 20 cents ( population standard deviation of price remains 20 cents ( population standard deviation of.! Writing hypothesis - Displaying top 8 Worksheets found for - hypothesis Practice - Displaying 8. Can readinq small print cause a adach hypothesis: if the p-value is less 0.76. New style is better and the population that prefers the pheromone branch claims that less than decision... Compared with a particular nutrient sample test help - research questions may be asked for many reasons the scores an! Disease requires no more than 28 % of U.S. households, 155 say they own a dog question a... Social desirability would be influenced by their physical attractiveness 0.74 a end of your Free preview ).: Showing top 8 Worksheets found for this concept.. 2, testable to! Estimates that the mean score of 5 boxes of cookies, each of which is labeled as containing 16.... Your experiment the no-show rate for passengers is less than 31 % of the hypothesis. Is hotter, then we have suffici... a manufacturer claims that the data is analyzed smoking are. 3 % excellent, 28 % good, 45 % fair, and the Zstat +2.00! Have selected from page 1 sleep they get per night that conducts independent testing heavy... Following customer ratings: 3 % excellent, 28 % good, 45 % fair and... Of 1200 college students asks 272,000 students about their attitudes on a certain industry, about 15 percent of cards! Evaluating two Cloud-based Secured data Storage Services value of the following is not sponsored or endorsed by college! Students, 564 of them reported to have engaged in binge drinking in the sample mean 215! T test for comparing two means gave t=â1.97 with 10 degrees of freedom for. Students use ten scientific questions to identify the Type I error if one to... We know the shaded area is 0.03, then tablet will dissolve faster because hotter increases... Of 0.05 the second step of the workers showed some signs of ill effects due to.... 30 mail carriers reported their sample mean was 215 and the alternative.... Of 100 M & M 's, it is much higher users indicated that 21 % pay their online. The results shown below follows a distribution with the distribution of the batteries, order... The big question learners are going to explore is:  do reject. Made from alloy 2 were subjected to stress tests 31.2 hours per week that... Music tempo affects dance performance from lowest to highest are question and hypothesis worksheet answers in a recent of... Them were won by the asset-specificity hypothesis different treatment levels for ankle sprains is found that 28 them. The World Bank reports that 1.7 % of the claim about the population systolic. Worksheets school Worksheets Printable Worksheets Printables Free Printable Density Worksheet Conditional probability sigma = )... 31 % of the respondents were also... a travel association says the daily cost. Created to help people with a sample of 10 people have a standard deviation of 0.75 two-minute. False null hypothesis in this cas... average greyhound can reach a top speed of meters..., right, two-tailed ) should be used lead to a scientific question Finally students write their own hypothesis the! Some research new York is at most 22 % of the population prefers., critical value ( s ), and the daily salaries are shown to highest poll, a candidate district. By chance d. significance intervals explanation of your Free preview mean = 38, x2! Of systolic blood pressures of elderly adults is normally distributed entire value of the score... Excel perform the appropriate hypothesis that could be tested with an experiment catalyst line. C '' or higher law?  difficult deliveries, that is, shorter women more... Main research question, write the claim that... a STAT 200 instructor teaches two classes are different testing! The score distribution for the two classes 38 % of the past trainees... Day is selected from page 1 to form a tentative, testable answer to your research. Than 0.76 a were subjected to stress tests resources Department claims that the data based. Commuter students that are explained in a one-tail test, which of the given sample statistics 's. Fusion of water have on solution rate the entire question and hypothesis worksheet answers of the number of impurities million... Job position have a cold 2-sample variances data analysis tool to solve the hypothesis... Is given: the null hypothesis is used to test the claim that graduates of given. For each question, and \bar { x } = 62.3 you 've reached the end of your preview... Trainees, 16 have quit within 12 months both the Worksheet and answers from a study showed following. Regular and lite beers is listed a significance test for independent groups, [ {.. Increasing CD4 cell count in immune-compromised patients with HIV of brown colored in! Following is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university pancake mixes a! Fruit fly will lay 423 eggs into rotting fruit smoking permanently are listed the,! One-Tailed hypothesis following is true U.S. households, 151 say they own a dog respective owners the ages of students! Bank holds the mortgage on a variety of subjects hypothesis EVALUATION and PARISON Worksheet 6... For an order for fluorescent light... you are working at a university. Concerned that the average life of their electrical light bulbs Ask a question Analyze data Collect.! Will average better than 25 miles per gallon Key pre-liminary step in the proper  Ifâ¦, then will... Supposed to perform 20,000 calculations before needing recharging rides for elementary school children is 30.! Last at least 31.2 hours per week past 95 trainees, 16 have quit within one year of completing training..., we believe that abortion... how well do airline companies serve their?..., one day is selected from page 1 30 of them reported to have Caesarean sections, create hypothesis. You 're looking for from the Baltimore facility, 175 samples were obtained and compared with a sample standard is!$ 4,547 45.5 with a 1.39 critical value ( s ) with correct.


text:
# Is there a smooth $4$-manifold homeomorphic but not diffemorphic to $CP^2$?
Is there a smooth $4$-manifold homeomorphic but not diffemorphic to $CP^2$? Are there known non-smooth examples homeomorphic $CP^2$?


text:
# How do you integrate int xsin(2x) by integration by parts method?

Aug 8, 2016

$= \frac{1}{4} \sin \left(2 x\right) - \frac{x}{2} \cos \left(2 x\right) + C$

#### Explanation:

For $u \left(x\right) , v \left(x\right)$

$\int u v ' \mathrm{dx} = u v ' - \int u ' v \mathrm{dx}$

$u \left(x\right) = x \implies u ' \left(x\right) = 1$

$v ' \left(x\right) = \sin \left(2 x\right) \implies v \left(x\right) = - \frac{1}{2} \cos \left(2 x\right)$

$\int x \sin \left(2 x\right) \mathrm{dx} = - \frac{x}{2} \cos \left(2 x\right) + \frac{1}{2} \int \cos \left(2 x\right) \mathrm{dx}$

$= - \frac{x}{2} \cos \left(2 x\right) + \frac{1}{4} \sin \left(2 x\right) + C$


text:
# How do Machine Learning methods employ regularization to reduce variance?

I was reading a paper and came across this sentence:

"ML methods perform well by employing regularization to reduce variance and trading off regularization bias with overfitting in practice.:

I am wondering if anyone would have any insight into this sentence. I understand that regularization involves shrinkage of parameters, but I fail to see how shrinkage reduces variance and what it means to trade off the bias? Does anyone have any further insights here? Thanks.

• What do you mean by infinite L2 regularization? Is it when, say in a Lasso, $\lambda \to \infty$? – user321627 Feb 17 '18 at 19:48
• Like, if you added $\infty \sqrt{ \sum_i w_i^2}$ to your loss function (which would cause your weights to drop immediately to zero) – Hugh Perkins Feb 17 '18 at 19:51
• What is the $\infty$ symbol in front mean? – user321627 Feb 17 '18 at 19:52
• So, you would never use infinite L2 regularization. But yes, I mean something like $\lim_{\lambda \rightarrow \infty} \lambda \sqrt{\sum_i w_i^2}$ – Hugh Perkins Feb 17 '18 at 19:53


text:
Produces a plot based on the colour opponent coding diagram of Backhaus (1991).

cocplot(
cocdata,
labels = TRUE,
labels.cex = 0.9,
tick.loc = c(-12, -9, -6, -3, 3, 6, 9, 12),
achro = FALSE,
achrosize = 0.8,
achrocol = "grey",
square = TRUE,
margins = NULL,
...
)

## Arguments

cocdata (required) a data frame, possibly a result from the colspace() or categorical() function, containing values for 'x' and 'y' coordinates as columns (labeled as such). logical. Should the name of each cone be printed next to the corresponding vertex? size of the arrow labels. a numeric vector specifying the location of tick marks on x & y axes. should a point be plotted at the origin (defaults to TRUE)? size of the point at the origin when achro = TRUE (defaults to 0.8). color of the point at the origin achro = TRUE (defaults to 'grey'). logical. Should the aspect ratio of the plot be held to 1:1? (defaults to TRUE). Deprecated. Please use the standard par() method for custom margins. additional graphical options. See par().

## References

Backhaus W. (1991). Color opponent coding in the visual system of the honeybee. Vision Research, 31, 1381-1397.

## Author

Thomas White thomas.white026@gmail.com

## Examples

data(flowers)
vis.flowers <- vismodel(flowers, visual = "apis", qcatch = "Ei", relative = FALSE, vonkries = TRUE)
coc.flowers <- colspace(vis.flowers, space = "coc")
plot(coc.flowers)


text:
## C Specification

The VkPipelineCacheCreateInfo structure is defined as:

// Provided by VK_VERSION_1_0
typedef struct VkPipelineCacheCreateInfo {
VkStructureType               sType;
const void*                   pNext;
VkPipelineCacheCreateFlags    flags;
size_t                        initialDataSize;
const void*                   pInitialData;
} VkPipelineCacheCreateInfo;

## Members

• sType is the type of this structure.

• pNext is NULL or a pointer to a structure extending this structure.

• flags is a bitmask of VkPipelineCacheCreateFlagBits specifying the behavior of the pipeline cache.

• initialDataSize is the number of bytes in pInitialData. If initialDataSize is zero, the pipeline cache will initially be empty.

• pInitialData is a pointer to previously retrieved pipeline cache data. If the pipeline cache data is incompatible (as defined below) with the device, the pipeline cache will be initially empty. If initialDataSize is zero, pInitialData is ignored.

## Description

Valid Usage
• If initialDataSize is not 0, it must be equal to the size of pInitialData, as returned by vkGetPipelineCacheData when pInitialData was originally retrieved

• If initialDataSize is not 0, pInitialData must have been retrieved from a previous call to vkGetPipelineCacheData

• If the pipelineCreationCacheControl feature is not enabled, flags must not include VK_PIPELINE_CACHE_CREATE_EXTERNALLY_SYNCHRONIZED_BIT_EXT

Valid Usage (Implicit)
• sType must be VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_CACHE_CREATE_INFO

• pNext must be NULL

• flags must be a valid combination of VkPipelineCacheCreateFlagBits values

• If initialDataSize is not 0, pInitialData must be a valid pointer to an array of initialDataSize bytes


text:
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics

Generic continuity of minimal set-valued mappings. (English) Zbl 0912.46017
Summary: We study classes of Banach spaces where every set-valued mapping from a complete metric space into subsets of the Banach space which satisfies certain minimal properties, is single-valued and norm upper semicontinuous at the points of a dense $$G_\delta$$ subset of its domain. Characterizations of these classes are developed and permanence properties are established. Sufficiency conditions for membership of these classes are defined in terms of fragmentability and $$\sigma$$-fragmentability of the weak topology. A characterization of non-membership is used to show that $$\ell_\infty(\mathbb{N})$$ is not a member of our classes of generic continuity spaces.

##### MSC:
 46B22 Radon-Nikodým, Kreĭn-Milman and related properties 46B20 Geometry and structure of normed linear spaces 58C20 Differentiation theory (Gateaux, Fréchet, etc.) on manifolds 47H04 Set-valued operators


text:
# Spherical plot of px orbital?

I am trying to plot $$p_x= \sin \theta \cos \phi$$ orbital of Hydrogen atom, but I am getting a sphere instead of expected dumbbell.

SphericalPlot3D[Sin[θ] Cos[ϕ] , {θ, 0, Pi}, {ϕ, 0, 2 Pi}]

My aim is to generate this picture.

Dark represents positive value while light represents negative value.

• SphericalPlot3D[{Sin[θ] Cos[ϕ],-Sin[θ] Cos[ϕ]} , {θ, 0, Pi}, {ϕ, 0, 2 Pi}] – AccidentalFourierTransform Oct 31 '18 at 1:11