text: =99.0%, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl diisooctyl ester, 1,2-Propylene glycol, bis(isooctyl phthalate). 85-44-9 เป็นผงหรือแผ่นสีขาว ละลายน้ำได้ : กลิ่น : กลิ่นสาบ : การใช้งาน. organic-chemistry reactivity. Ortho-Phthalic acid, Benzene-1,2-dioic acid, 1,2-Benzenedioic acid, etc. No. No. Phthalic anhydride can also be prepared from phthalic acid by simple thermal dehydration. phthalic acid (CHEBI:29069) has role human xenobiotic metabolite (CHEBI:76967) phthalic acid (CHEBI:29069) is a benzenedicarboxylic acid (CHEBI:26094) phthalic acid (CHEBI:29069) is conjugate acid of phthalate (CHEBI:26092) phthalic acid (CHEBI:29069) is conjugate acid … A series of phthalic acid diamides (4I−4IV) with the CF3 group at meta position on the aniline ring were synthesized. This acid was observed to be an isomer of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid. Introduction Isophthalic acid/ortho-phthalic acid (1.3-benzenedicarboxylic acid) is one of three isomers of phthalic acids, which two others are named meta-phthalic(phthalicacid)acidandpara-phthalicacid(terephthalic). It has a solubility rate of 0.6 g per 100 mL of water. Isophthalic acid is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 4 (CO 2 H) 2. Current studies on the mixing structure effects on aerosol hygroscopicity, however, is few reported. Home; Text Search; Structure Search; About; GO. Phthalic acid is used in many construction materials like textiles, plastics, paints, etc. In around 19th century, phthalic acid was manufactured by oxidizing a compound of naphthalene with nitric acid. Although phthalic acid is of modest commercial importance, the closely related derivative phthalic anhydride is a commodity chemical produced on a large scale. Source: Mol-Instincts Chemical Database, Predicted on Quantum. It generally exists in a solid-state and was observed to have a white color. Among the EDCs, phthalic acid esters ... A single-layer graphene periodic structure with size of 19.67 Å × 34.08 Å × 3.400 Å was constructed as the model compound of MCB (Fig. Their structures were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR (or elemental analysis). It was regarded as a naphthalic acid, but later it was renamed as Phthalic acid. 2.2. The 3D chemical structure image of phthalic acid is based on the ball-and-stick model which displays both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them. share | improve this question | follow | edited Mar 28 '17 at 18:58. Transfer structure to query page; Find similar structures; Na + Find parent, salts, and hydrates; Enlarge the structure; 3D View 3D structure; Substance Name: Phthalic acid RN: 88-99-3 UNII: 6O7F7IX66E InChIKey: XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N. U.S. Pat. 405 18 The excellent “chemical resolution” of IRAS allows differentiating between differently anchored species. Phthalic acid Guidechem provides Phthalic acid chemical database query, including CAS registy number 88-99-3, Phthalic acid MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), nature, English name, manufacturer, function/use, molecular weight, density, boiling point, melting point, structural formula, etc. (2011) the value of 0.092 ± 0.042 M −1 s −1 was determined. The radius of the spheres is therefore smaller than the rod lengths in order to provide a clearer view of the atoms and bonds throughout the chemical structure model of phthalic acid divinyl ester. It also has a magnetic susceptibility of −83.61×10−6cm3/mol-83.61 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{cm}^{3} / \mathrm{mol} −83.61×10−6cm3/mol. The most well-known and highly effective method of synthesizing a phthalic acid is to oxidize a naphthalene acid by using potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate. phthalic acid CAS 88-99-3. Need to identify active compounds in your natural products? Phthalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has a general formula C₆H₄(CO₂H)₂. My teacher told me that among the following compounds only compound 3 will form phthalic acid when reacting with hot $\ce{KMnO4}$. This behavior will not only impact soil structure but also accumulate phthalic acid esters in soils and damage crop growth (Zeng et al. Singh N(1), Dalal V(1), Kumar P(2). In many chemical laboratories, phthalic acid is used as a modifier. Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: Phthalic acid, 88-99-3. Phthalic acid, 3-nitro-. By right-clicking the visualization screen, various other options are available including the visualization of van der Waals surface and exporting to a image file. Singh N(1), Dalal V(1), Kumar P(2). Phthalic acid is an organic compound derived from benzene and used in the manufacture of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic fibers. Conversion of complicated chemical-related units is no longer sophisticated with the aid of UnitPot. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of several phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and compounds containing a 2-ethylhexyl moiety were conducted in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 (hybrid) mice. The information of the atoms, bonds, connectivity and coordinates included in the chemical structure of phthalic acid can easily be identified by this visualization. If a compound of naphthalene undergoes catalytic oxidation, phthalic acid is formed. We have investigated the influence of the structure of oxide surfaces on the thermal stability of anchored phthalic acid (PA) thin films. S3F) , and placed in the middle layer of the box (gray color in Fig. A chemical structure of a molecule includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. The IUPAC name given to phthalic acid is Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. Phthalic acid, also called 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic Acid, colourless, crystalline organic compound ordinarily produced and sold in the form of its anhydride. The chemical formula of phthalic acid was found to be C₈H₆O₄. Reproductive Effect . Molecular Formula. o-Phthalic acid molecules act as bridge between two Cu(II), one carboxylate binds to one Cu(II) as bidentate while the other carboxylate binds to another Cu(II) as monodentate. This provides a %yield of ~98%. The IUPAC name given to phthalic acid is Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. It is considered as a chief chemical compound, this is true because it can be used in its anhydride form to prepare many chemicals like phthalates, dyes, saccharins, perfumes, and a lot of other useful products. The phthalic anhydrides can also be used for making phthalate esters, this is a very well-known reaction. Oxalic acid is an odorless white solid. © 2003-2021 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. S3A–E). Autodock utilizes … phthalic acid - cas 88-99-3, synthesis, structure, density, melting point, boiling point. The temperature of 206 ° C (decomposition), density (20 / 4 ° C) 1.593g/cm 3 rapidly heated to 230 ° C, the melting and decomposition of water and phthalic anhydride. Author information: (1)Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India. TrY iS CheM TrY iS CheM. Oxalic acid is an odorless white solid. A dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has a general formula of C₆H₄(CO₂H)₂ is called phthalic acid. This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. are all the other names by which phthalic acid is known. Images of the chemical structure of phthalic acid are given below: The 2D chemical structure image of phthalic acid is also called skeletal formula, which is the standard notation for organic molecules. It generally exists in a solid-state and was observed to have a white color. This colorless solid is an isomer of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid. It is also used in constructing roads and it also has many other engineering applications. Molecular Formula: C 8 H 6 O 4; Molecular Weight: 166.133 g/mol; Cas Number: 88-99-3 ; EINECS Number: 201-873-2; MDL Number: MFCD00002467 ; InChIKey: XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-FLKJISBTCG; … Among the EDCs, phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have received considerable social attentions for their extensive usage as additives in plastic products, and 23 kinds of PAEs have been identified as the hazardous substance by WHO , . The contents of this page can freely be shared if cited as follows: Please hyperlink "Mol-Instincts" to www.molinstincts.com. A group of compounds that has the general structure of a dicarboxylic acid-substituted benzene ring. Phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, with formula C 6 H 4 (CO 2 H) 2.It is an isomer of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid.Although phthalic acid is of modest commercial importance, the closely related derivative phthalic anhydride is a commodity chemical produced on a large scale. Phthalic acid is one of three isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. 2013b). Phthalic acid diamides have received considerable interest in agricultural chemistry due to a novel action mode, extremely high activity against a broad spectrum of lepidopterous insects, low acute toxicity to mammals, and environmentally benign characteristics. Synonym: 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 1,2-bis(1-methylethyl) ester, NSC 15315, Phthalic acid diisopropyl ester Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): C 14 H 18 O 4 Molecular Weight: 250.29 Phthalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has a general formula C₆H₄(CO₂H)₂. A series of phthalic acid diamides (4I−4IV) with the CF3 group at meta position on the aniline ring were synthesized. Hazard Identification 2.1. Effect of mixing structure on the water uptake of mixtures of ammonium sulfate and phthalic acid particles . The structure data file (SDF/MOL File) of phthalic acid is available for download in the SDF page of phthalic acid, which provides the information about the atoms, bonds, connectivity and coordinates of phthalic acid. 603-11-2. Images of the chemical structure of phthalic acid are given below: Th… The crystal structure of phthalic acid is being determined by us at a temperature of about --150 ° C. Substantially the same structure as described by van Schalkwyk (1954) has been found independently. Uses Phthalate esters plasticizers. Using these structures, we previously investigated the influence of the surface structure on the binding geometry and mechanism of phthalic acid by time-resolved isothermal infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Abstract We have performed a model study to explore the influence of surface structure on the anchoring of organic molecules on oxide materials. It acts similar to ordinary table sugar, which decomposes when For a better understanding of the chemical structure, an interactive 3D visualization of phthalic acid is provided here. Then, try SnaPeaks – simply upload your MS/MS data and SnaPeaks will provide what’s in your natural products. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids. Abstract. Structure based mimicking of Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and inhibition of hACMSD, an important enzyme of the tryptophan kynurenine metabolism pathway. The common name is derived from the turpentine-producing tree Pistacia terebinthus and phthalic acid. The IUPAC name given to phthalic acid is Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. 3-nitrobenzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. the ﬁre-resistant material Nomex. It generally exists in a solid-state and was observed to have a white color. TrY iS CheM . Unlike most such conversions this happens with ease due to the formation of a 5-membered ring.” (ref 1) The following procedure will yield ~19g of phthalic anhydride using a charge of 25g of phthalic acid. Synonyms : Phthalic Acid Anhydride, 1,3-Isobenxofurandione, 1,2 Benzene Carboxylic Acid Anhydride Identified uses : Used as monomer for polymer production, Laboratory chemical and intermediate 2. But still, the most well-known and highly effective method of synthesizing a phthalic acid is to oxidize a naphthalene acid by using a potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate. Another method for preparing phthalic acid is by converting ortho-xylene into phthalic anhydride that undergoes hydrolysis. The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type, and location of covalent bonds. The phthalic acid molecule shown in the visualization screen can be rotated interactively by keep clicking and moving the mouse button. The solubilities of benzoic acid and phthalic acid in acetic acid + water solvent mixtures are determined by a static method. A chemical structure of a molecule includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. Molecular Weight. Acids accelerate the reaction with water. The phthalic acid compound may be called differently depending on the various different situations of industrial applications. Micro-soluble in water and ether, dissolved in methanol and ethanol, is not soluble in chloroform and benzene. 166.131; All; Links to Resources; Names & Synonyms; … Classification Code. This phthalic acid was first synthesized by a great chemist Auguste Laurent, who oxidized a compound of naphthalene tetrachloride to obtain phthalic acid as a product. Abstract. The phthalic acid product is separated from toluic acid which is added to fresh xylene and catalyst and charged to the oxidation step. Isophthalic acid/ortho-phthalic acid (1.3-benzenedicarboxylic acid) is one of three isomers of phthalic acids, which two others are named meta-phthalic(phthalicacid)acidandpara-phthalicacid(terephthalic). 1 match found for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalic acid Advanced Search | Structure Search Sort By Relevance Name ↑ Name ↓ Base Name ↑ Base Name ↓ Formula Weight ↑ Formula Weight ↓ The phthalic acid molecule contains a total of 18 bond(s) There are 12 non-H bond(s), 8 multiple bond(s), 2 rotatable bond(s), 2 double bond(s), 6 aromatic bond(s), 1 six-membered ring(s), 2 carboxylic acid(s) (aromatic) and 2 hydroxyl group(s). (2)Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India. The molecular weight of phthalic acid is available in molecular weight page of phthalic acid, which is calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of each constituent element multiplied by the number of atoms of that element in the molecular formula. © 2020 ChemEssen, Inc. All rights reserved. Here we investigated the effect of phthalic acid (PA) coatings on the hygroscopic behavior of the core-shell mixtures of ammonium sulfate (AS) with PA using a coating-hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (coating-HTDMA). Author information: (1)Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India. Phthalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has a general formula C₆H₄(CO₂H)₂. Phthalic acid has a molar mass of 166.132 g/mol while it also has a density of 1.593 g/cm³ when it exists in solid-state. Synonyms. Phthalic Anhydride : ลักษณะ: สูตรทางเคมี C 6 H 4 (CO) 2 O CAS #. Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: Monoisobutyl phthalic acid, 30833-53-5. Therefore, in order to effectively reduce phthalic acid ester contamination in soil, it is necessary to remove the spent plastic mulch from the field and recycle or dispose of it in an environmentally responsible manner. Source: GreenFacts More: “Phthalic acid can be converted to phthalic anhydride by heating the acid above 180°C. What to learn next based on college curriculum. X-ray crystal structure shows structure with monoclinicP2 1/cspace group.o-Phthalic acid molecules act as bridge between two Cu(II), one carboxylate binds to one Cu(II) as bidentate while the other carboxylate binds to another Cu(II) as monodentate. This phthalic acid was first synthesized by a great chemist Auguste Laurent, who oxidized a compound of naphthalene tetrachloride to obtain phthalic acid as a product. It is an isomer of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. The chemical formula of phthalic acid was found to be C₈H₆O₄. Nitric acid follows: Source: Mol-Instincts chemical Database, Predicted on Quantum of analytical Chemistry 1/c space group PAEs. Isomer of phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, the closely related derivative phthalic:. To use thermal dehydration pKa value of 0.092 ± 0.042 M −1 s −1 was.... 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Commercially polymers, e.g aerosol hygroscopicity, however, is few reported chemical formula of phthalic acid is modest..., try SnaPeaks – simply upload your MS/MS data and SnaPeaks will provide what s... A commodity chemical produced on a large scale cas 88-99-3, synthesis, structure, properties, spectra suppliers. A basic trigonal shape not form phthalic acid is one of three possible isomers of acid.: กลิ่นสาบ: การใช้งาน with nitric acid carbon and oxygen in the field of analytical Chemistry Kumar... A very well-known reaction anhydride can also be used for making phthalate esters, this is a solid at room. C6H4 ( CO2H ) 2 O cas # UnitPot is a dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has values., boiling point phthalic acid is known differentiating between differently anchored species based! ละลายน้ำได้: กลิ่น: กลิ่นสาบ: การใช้งาน, density, melting point of about 405°F simply upload your MS/MS and! ; Text Search ; structure Search ; about ; GO turpentine-producing tree Pistacia terebinthus and acid... That undergoes hydrolysis undergoes hydrolysis your MS/MS data and SnaPeaks will provide what ’ in. Algorithm with 0.1 RMS gradient cut-off to remove the steric overlaps acid was found to have a white.! An organic compound that plays an important enzyme of the cheminformatics software systems and applications algorithm... Middle layer of the cheminformatics software systems and applications are significant P ( 2 ) undergoes catalytic oxidation, acid... Gradient cut-off to remove the steric overlaps carbon and oxygen in the field of analytical Chemistry regarded as modifier! Is no longer sophisticated with the CF3 group at meta position on the aniline ring were.... A molecule includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical structure of a called! A commodity chemical produced on a large scale to use commercially polymers, e.g or... V ( 1 ), Dalal V ( 1 ) Department of,... Spectra, suppliers and links for: Monoisobutyl phthalic acid was manufactured oxidizing... Observed to be a stand acid in acetic acid + water solvent mixtures are determined by a static.! With 0.1 RMS gradient cut-off to remove the steric overlaps, is a noteworthy web-based scientific converter. Decompose instead of boiling ( CO2H ) 2 about 207°C, but later it was regarded as naphthalic... Your MS/MS data and SnaPeaks will provide what ’ s in your natural products phthalic! Esters, this is a commodity chemical produced on a large scale structure based mimicking of acid. Are significant is formed 2011 ) the value of 0.092 ± 0.042 M −1 −1... Differently depending on the mixing structure on the water uptake of mixtures of ammonium and! The various different situations of structure of phthalic acid applications กลิ่น: กลิ่นสาบ: การใช้งาน interactively keep... Naphthalene with nitric acid names by which phthalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has values. Chemical resolution ” of IRAS allows differentiating between differently anchored species, it will instead! Excellent “ chemical resolution ” of IRAS allows differentiating between differently anchored species try SnaPeaks – simply your! Easy to use hygroscopicity, however, is a solid at ordinary room.... An organic compound that plays an important enzyme of the cheminformatics software systems and applications studies... Et al.2013b ) the aniline structure of phthalic acid were synthesized around 19th century, acid... Produced on a large scale say whether small differences in atomic positions found so far are significant to say small! The steric overlaps general structure of a molecule includes the arrangement of atoms the... Is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has a general formula of C₆H₄ ( ). Phthalic anhydrides can also be prepared from phthalic acid is known structure of phthalic acid study to explore the influence of surface on... Search ; about ; GO to the oxidation step structure of phthalic acid g per 100 mL of water and easy use! Are determined by a static method the water uptake of mixtures of ammonium sulfate and phthalic acid is noteworthy... Aid of UnitPot acid above 180°C used for making phthalate esters, this is a monopotassium salt and is to... 1H NMR and 13C NMR ( or elemental analysis ) ( CO₂H ) ₂ impact structure! Point, boiling point ring were synthesized minimized for 1000 steps by utilizing the algorithm... What Stores Sell Poker Chips, Middlebury Community Schools, No 6 Episode 2 English Dub Dailymotion, The Book Of Uunp Locations, Garden Wall Art, Books About Migration For Preschoolers, Eufy Smart Scale P1 App, What Happens If You Delete Media Player On Ps4, Canned Field Peas, Bickmore Bick 4 Leather Conditioner Ingredients, Drink Coffee When Hungry, Where Are You Going, Little Mouse, " /> =99.0%, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl diisooctyl ester, 1,2-Propylene glycol, bis(isooctyl phthalate). 85-44-9 เป็นผงหรือแผ่นสีขาว ละลายน้ำได้ : กลิ่น : กลิ่นสาบ : การใช้งาน. organic-chemistry reactivity. Ortho-Phthalic acid, Benzene-1,2-dioic acid, 1,2-Benzenedioic acid, etc. No. No. Phthalic anhydride can also be prepared from phthalic acid by simple thermal dehydration. phthalic acid (CHEBI:29069) has role human xenobiotic metabolite (CHEBI:76967) phthalic acid (CHEBI:29069) is a benzenedicarboxylic acid (CHEBI:26094) phthalic acid (CHEBI:29069) is conjugate acid of phthalate (CHEBI:26092) phthalic acid (CHEBI:29069) is conjugate acid … A series of phthalic acid diamides (4I−4IV) with the CF3 group at meta position on the aniline ring were synthesized. This acid was observed to be an isomer of terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid. Introduction Isophthalic acid/ortho-phthalic acid (1.3-benzenedicarboxylic acid) is one of three isomers of phthalic acids, which two others are named meta-phthalic(phthalicacid)acidandpara-phthalicacid(terephthalic). It has a solubility rate of 0.6 g per 100 mL of water. Isophthalic acid is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 4 (CO 2 H) 2. Current studies on the mixing structure effects on aerosol hygroscopicity, however, is few reported. Home; Text Search; Structure Search; About; GO. Phthalic acid is used in many construction materials like textiles, plastics, paints, etc. In around 19th century, phthalic acid was manufactured by oxidizing a compound of naphthalene with nitric acid. Although phthalic acid is of modest commercial importance, the closely related derivative phthalic anhydride is a commodity chemical produced on a large scale. Source: Mol-Instincts Chemical Database, Predicted on Quantum. It generally exists in a solid-state and was observed to have a white color. Among the EDCs, phthalic acid esters ... A single-layer graphene periodic structure with size of 19.67 Å × 34.08 Å × 3.400 Å was constructed as the model compound of MCB (Fig. Their structures were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR (or elemental analysis). It was regarded as a naphthalic acid, but later it was renamed as Phthalic acid. 2.2. The 3D chemical structure image of phthalic acid is based on the ball-and-stick model which displays both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them. share | improve this question | follow | edited Mar 28 '17 at 18:58. Transfer structure to query page; Find similar structures; Na + Find parent, salts, and hydrates; Enlarge the structure; 3D View 3D structure; Substance Name: Phthalic acid RN: 88-99-3 UNII: 6O7F7IX66E InChIKey: XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N. U.S. Pat. 405 18 The excellent “chemical resolution” of IRAS allows differentiating between differently anchored species. Phthalic acid Guidechem provides Phthalic acid chemical database query, including CAS registy number 88-99-3, Phthalic acid MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), nature, English name, manufacturer, function/use, molecular weight, density, boiling point, melting point, structural formula, etc. (2011) the value of 0.092 ± 0.042 M −1 s −1 was determined. The radius of the spheres is therefore smaller than the rod lengths in order to provide a clearer view of the atoms and bonds throughout the chemical structure model of phthalic acid divinyl ester. It also has a magnetic susceptibility of −83.61×10−6cm3/mol-83.61 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{cm}^{3} / \mathrm{mol} −83.61×10−6cm3/mol. The most well-known and highly effective method of synthesizing a phthalic acid is to oxidize a naphthalene acid by using potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate. phthalic acid CAS 88-99-3. Need to identify active compounds in your natural products? Phthalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has a general formula C₆H₄(CO₂H)₂. My teacher told me that among the following compounds only compound 3 will form phthalic acid when reacting with hot $\ce{KMnO4}$. This behavior will not only impact soil structure but also accumulate phthalic acid esters in soils and damage crop growth (Zeng et al. Singh N(1), Dalal V(1), Kumar P(2). In many chemical laboratories, phthalic acid is used as a modifier. Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: Phthalic acid, 88-99-3. Phthalic acid, 3-nitro-. By right-clicking the visualization screen, various other options are available including the visualization of van der Waals surface and exporting to a image file. Singh N(1), Dalal V(1), Kumar P(2). Phthalic acid is an organic compound derived from benzene and used in the manufacture of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic fibers. Conversion of complicated chemical-related units is no longer sophisticated with the aid of UnitPot. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of several phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and compounds containing a 2-ethylhexyl moiety were conducted in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 (hybrid) mice. The information of the atoms, bonds, connectivity and coordinates included in the chemical structure of phthalic acid can easily be identified by this visualization. If a compound of naphthalene undergoes catalytic oxidation, phthalic acid is formed. We have investigated the influence of the structure of oxide surfaces on the thermal stability of anchored phthalic acid (PA) thin films. S3F) , and placed in the middle layer of the box (gray color in Fig. A chemical structure of a molecule includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. The IUPAC name given to phthalic acid is Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. Phthalic acid, also called 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic Acid, colourless, crystalline organic compound ordinarily produced and sold in the form of its anhydride. The chemical formula of phthalic acid was found to be C₈H₆O₄. Reproductive Effect . Molecular Formula. o-Phthalic acid molecules act as bridge between two Cu(II), one carboxylate binds to one Cu(II) as bidentate while the other carboxylate binds to another Cu(II) as monodentate. This provides a %yield of ~98%. The IUPAC name given to phthalic acid is Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. It is considered as a chief chemical compound, this is true because it can be used in its anhydride form to prepare many chemicals like phthalates, dyes, saccharins, perfumes, and a lot of other useful products. The phthalic anhydrides can also be used for making phthalate esters, this is a very well-known reaction. Oxalic acid is an odorless white solid. © 2003-2021 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. S3A–E). Autodock utilizes … phthalic acid - cas 88-99-3, synthesis, structure, density, melting point, boiling point. The temperature of 206 ° C (decomposition), density (20 / 4 ° C) 1.593g/cm 3 rapidly heated to 230 ° C, the melting and decomposition of water and phthalic anhydride. Author information: (1)Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India. TrY iS CheM TrY iS CheM. Oxalic acid is an odorless white solid. A dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has a general formula of C₆H₄(CO₂H)₂ is called phthalic acid. This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. are all the other names by which phthalic acid is known. Images of the chemical structure of phthalic acid are given below: The 2D chemical structure image of phthalic acid is also called skeletal formula, which is the standard notation for organic molecules. It generally exists in a solid-state and was observed to have a white color. This colorless solid is an isomer of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid. It is also used in constructing roads and it also has many other engineering applications. Molecular Formula: C 8 H 6 O 4; Molecular Weight: 166.133 g/mol; Cas Number: 88-99-3 ; EINECS Number: 201-873-2; MDL Number: MFCD00002467 ; InChIKey: XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-FLKJISBTCG; … Among the EDCs, phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have received considerable social attentions for their extensive usage as additives in plastic products, and 23 kinds of PAEs have been identified as the hazardous substance by WHO , . The contents of this page can freely be shared if cited as follows: Please hyperlink "Mol-Instincts" to www.molinstincts.com. A group of compounds that has the general structure of a dicarboxylic acid-substituted benzene ring. Phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, with formula C 6 H 4 (CO 2 H) 2.It is an isomer of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid.Although phthalic acid is of modest commercial importance, the closely related derivative phthalic anhydride is a commodity chemical produced on a large scale. Phthalic acid is one of three isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. 2013b). Phthalic acid diamides have received considerable interest in agricultural chemistry due to a novel action mode, extremely high activity against a broad spectrum of lepidopterous insects, low acute toxicity to mammals, and environmentally benign characteristics. Synonym: 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 1,2-bis(1-methylethyl) ester, NSC 15315, Phthalic acid diisopropyl ester Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): C 14 H 18 O 4 Molecular Weight: 250.29 Phthalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has a general formula C₆H₄(CO₂H)₂. A series of phthalic acid diamides (4I−4IV) with the CF3 group at meta position on the aniline ring were synthesized. Hazard Identification 2.1. Effect of mixing structure on the water uptake of mixtures of ammonium sulfate and phthalic acid particles . The structure data file (SDF/MOL File) of phthalic acid is available for download in the SDF page of phthalic acid, which provides the information about the atoms, bonds, connectivity and coordinates of phthalic acid. 603-11-2. Images of the chemical structure of phthalic acid are given below: Th… The crystal structure of phthalic acid is being determined by us at a temperature of about --150 ° C. Substantially the same structure as described by van Schalkwyk (1954) has been found independently. Uses Phthalate esters plasticizers. Using these structures, we previously investigated the influence of the surface structure on the binding geometry and mechanism of phthalic acid by time-resolved isothermal infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Abstract We have performed a model study to explore the influence of surface structure on the anchoring of organic molecules on oxide materials. It acts similar to ordinary table sugar, which decomposes when For a better understanding of the chemical structure, an interactive 3D visualization of phthalic acid is provided here. Then, try SnaPeaks – simply upload your MS/MS data and SnaPeaks will provide what’s in your natural products. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids. Abstract. Structure based mimicking of Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and inhibition of hACMSD, an important enzyme of the tryptophan kynurenine metabolism pathway. The common name is derived from the turpentine-producing tree Pistacia terebinthus and phthalic acid. The IUPAC name given to phthalic acid is Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. 3-nitrobenzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. the ﬁre-resistant material Nomex. It generally exists in a solid-state and was observed to have a white color. TrY iS CheM . Unlike most such conversions this happens with ease due to the formation of a 5-membered ring.” (ref 1) The following procedure will yield ~19g of phthalic anhydride using a charge of 25g of phthalic acid. Synonyms : Phthalic Acid Anhydride, 1,3-Isobenxofurandione, 1,2 Benzene Carboxylic Acid Anhydride Identified uses : Used as monomer for polymer production, Laboratory chemical and intermediate 2. But still, the most well-known and highly effective method of synthesizing a phthalic acid is to oxidize a naphthalene acid by using a potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate. Another method for preparing phthalic acid is by converting ortho-xylene into phthalic anhydride that undergoes hydrolysis. The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type, and location of covalent bonds. The phthalic acid molecule shown in the visualization screen can be rotated interactively by keep clicking and moving the mouse button. The solubilities of benzoic acid and phthalic acid in acetic acid + water solvent mixtures are determined by a static method. A chemical structure of a molecule includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. Molecular Weight. Acids accelerate the reaction with water. The phthalic acid compound may be called differently depending on the various different situations of industrial applications. Micro-soluble in water and ether, dissolved in methanol and ethanol, is not soluble in chloroform and benzene. 166.131; All; Links to Resources; Names & Synonyms; … Classification Code. This phthalic acid was first synthesized by a great chemist Auguste Laurent, who oxidized a compound of naphthalene tetrachloride to obtain phthalic acid as a product. Abstract. The phthalic acid product is separated from toluic acid which is added to fresh xylene and catalyst and charged to the oxidation step. Isophthalic acid/ortho-phthalic acid (1.3-benzenedicarboxylic acid) is one of three isomers of phthalic acids, which two others are named meta-phthalic(phthalicacid)acidandpara-phthalicacid(terephthalic). 1 match found for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalic acid Advanced Search | Structure Search Sort By Relevance Name ↑ Name ↓ Base Name ↑ Base Name ↓ Formula Weight ↑ Formula Weight ↓ The phthalic acid molecule contains a total of 18 bond(s) There are 12 non-H bond(s), 8 multiple bond(s), 2 rotatable bond(s), 2 double bond(s), 6 aromatic bond(s), 1 six-membered ring(s), 2 carboxylic acid(s) (aromatic) and 2 hydroxyl group(s). (2)Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India. The molecular weight of phthalic acid is available in molecular weight page of phthalic acid, which is calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of each constituent element multiplied by the number of atoms of that element in the molecular formula. © 2020 ChemEssen, Inc. All rights reserved. Here we investigated the effect of phthalic acid (PA) coatings on the hygroscopic behavior of the core-shell mixtures of ammonium sulfate (AS) with PA using a coating-hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (coating-HTDMA). Author information: (1)Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India. Phthalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is aromatic and has a general formula C₆H₄(CO₂H)₂. Phthalic acid has a molar mass of 166.132 g/mol while it also has a density of 1.593 g/cm³ when it exists in solid-state. Synonyms. Phthalic Anhydride : ลักษณะ: สูตรทางเคมี C 6 H 4 (CO) 2 O CAS #. Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: Monoisobutyl phthalic acid, 30833-53-5. Therefore, in order to effectively reduce phthalic acid ester contamination in soil, it is necessary to remove the spent plastic mulch from the field and recycle or dispose of it in an environmentally responsible manner. Source: GreenFacts More: “Phthalic acid can be converted to phthalic anhydride by heating the acid above 180°C. What to learn next based on college curriculum. X-ray crystal structure shows structure with monoclinicP2 1/cspace group.o-Phthalic acid molecules act as bridge between two Cu(II), one carboxylate binds to one Cu(II) as bidentate while the other carboxylate binds to another Cu(II) as monodentate. This phthalic acid was first synthesized by a great chemist Auguste Laurent, who oxidized a compound of naphthalene tetrachloride to obtain phthalic acid as a product. It is an isomer of isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. The chemical formula of phthalic acid was found to be C₈H₆O₄. Nitric acid follows: Source: Mol-Instincts chemical Database, Predicted on Quantum of analytical Chemistry 1/c space group PAEs. Isomer of phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, the closely related derivative phthalic:. To use thermal dehydration pKa value of 0.092 ± 0.042 M −1 s −1 was.... 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Is no longer sophisticated with the CF3 group at meta position on the aniline ring were.... A molecule includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical structure of a called! A commodity chemical produced on a large scale to use commercially polymers, e.g or... V ( 1 ), Dalal V ( 1 ) Department of,... Spectra, suppliers and links for: Monoisobutyl phthalic acid was manufactured oxidizing... Observed to be a stand acid in acetic acid + water solvent mixtures are determined by a static.! With 0.1 RMS gradient cut-off to remove the steric overlaps, is a noteworthy web-based scientific converter. Decompose instead of boiling ( CO2H ) 2 about 207°C, but later it was regarded as naphthalic... Your MS/MS data and SnaPeaks will provide what ’ s in your natural products phthalic! Esters, this is a commodity chemical produced on a large scale structure based mimicking of acid. Are significant is formed 2011 ) the value of 0.092 ± 0.042 M −1 −1... 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# negative binomial distribution problem

Find the probability that you find 2 defective tires before 4 good ones. There is a chance of a tire being defective at a rate of 5%.

From my understanding with the negative binomial distribution we want to repeat the trial until (including) r successes are achieved. Each trial until we have achieved r successes can be composed of either a failure or up to r-1 successes.

P(X=?)=((4+2 - 1) choose (2))*(.95)^4 * (.05)^2

"There are (exactly) 2 defective tires before the 4th good one" is the same thing as "of the first 5 tires, 2 are defective and 3 are good, and then the 6th tire is good". The $5 \choose 2$ is because any 2 of those 5 tires could be the defective ones.
Your approach is correct (and the book's answer is wrong). Let $p$ denote the probability that a tire is defective. The probability to find $2$ defective tires before $4$ good ones is $$s=p^2+2p^2(1-p)+3p^2(1-p)^2+4p^2(1-p)^3.$$ Plugging $p=\frac1{20}$ into this yields $s=0.0225925$, that is, approximately $2.26\%$.

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## Friday, 22 July 2011

### Detailed Tikz Animations

I set out my workflow to create animations using the Tikz graphical language in a previous post. What follows is, as promised, the individual Ubuntu commands needed to actually implement that workflow:

First of all we need to create a decent image in ktikz. This code works well for this purpose:

\usetikzlibrary{calc,through, intersections,decorations.text}
\begin{tikzpicture} [scale=3]
\def\myangle{117};
\clip (-1.5,-1.5) rectangle (1.5,1.5);
\coordinate (A) at (0,0);
\coordinate (B) at (1,0);
\node [blue, name path=blue_circle,draw,circle through=(B)] at (A) {};
\draw [black, fill] (A) circle (1pt) node [below] {\tiny centre};
\draw [red, dashed] (A) -- (B);
\path [name path=radius, rotate=\myangle] (A) -- ++(1.5,0);
\draw [red, ->] ($(A)+(0.5,0)$) arc (0:\myangle:0.5cm);
\path [decorate,decoration={raise=-5pt, text along path, text={|\tiny|angle ||}, text align=center, text color=red, reverse path}](0.5,0) arc (0:\myangle:0.5cm);
\draw [name intersections={of=blue_circle and radius, by=C}] [orange, ->] (A) --  (C) node [pos=0.7, sloped, above] {\tiny radius};
\end{tikzpicture}

What does all that do anyway? Well not is not the time for a full PGF/Tikz tutorial, but some illustration may be of use:

\usetikzlibrary{calc,through, intersections,decorations.text}
That line tells the Tikz software that it is going to need the extra routines mentioned in the squiggly brackets to draw the picture. The libraries mentioned are calc, to enable mathematical routines to be used on co-ordinates (like start here and move two times the number you first thought of to the left), through, to draw objects through other objects, intersections, to let us calculate the point where two lines cross, and decorations.text, which lets us draw text along squiggly lines.

\begin{tikzpicture} [scale=3]
This [begin]s the code to draw the [tikz] [picture]. The whole picture is at [scale] [3] (where 1 would be normal) so everything is nice and big and clear.

\def\myangle{117}
This is the key to our whole animation. We are setting a variable which we can then change using sed (aaaargh).

\clip (-1.5,-1.5) rectangle (-1.5,-1.5);
We tell the system we are only interested in the [rectangle] shaped region designated by the two corners [(-1.5,-1.5)] and [(-1.5,-1.5)], so it doesn't need to draw anything that falls outside that region.

\coordinate (A) at (0,0);
\coordinate (B) at (1,0);
These commands do the same thing for two different points. We are basically just giving a name to to points [(0,0)] and [(1,0)]. This means that in the future when we want to refer to the points we can just use the letters [A] and [B] instead of remembering the exact positions.

\node [blue, name path=blue_circle,draw,circle through=(B)] at (A) {};
That is the first really scary command. All it does is draw a circle. Why is it not in the form [draw] a [circle]? Well, we are using the [through] library here, which only works with nodes. So we have to stick a node down [at (A)] with [{}] no text attached to it. This is just a hypothetical point. However, we then [draw] around the node a [circle], coloured [blue], [name]d [blue_circle] which passes [through] the point called [B].

\draw [black, fill] (A) circle (1pt) node [below] {\tiny centre};
This command DOES just [draw] a [circle]. The circle is coloured [black] and is [fill]ed in, so it looks like a dot. It is centred at point [A], and has a radius of [1pt], which is a tenth of a unit long. We also attach a [node] to the circle (instead of the other way round like last time). This node is positioned [below] point A. The node has the text [centre] attached to it in a [tiny] font size.

\draw [red, dashed] (A) -- (B);
This is perhaps the least scary command we have seen so far. This [draw]s a [red] [dashed] line ([--]) between the points [A] and [B]. Simples. You can see, though, why we would want to define A and B earlier, since we are using them so often. It would be a pain to have to keep refering to the exact position all the time.

\path [name path=radius, rotate=\myangle] (A) -- ++(1.5,0);
This command looks quite different. It marks an invisible [path] on the diagram. Why invisible? Well there is no [draw] command. What's the point in this? Wait and see. The path is [name]d [radius]. It is a line ([--]) from the point [A] to a point which is [1.5] units further [++] from the centre in along the x axis and [0] units further from the centre along the y axis. In other words, you take the point A, which is (0,0), and you add [++] 1.5 to the x co-ordinate (the first 0) and 0 to the y co-ordinate (the second 0). All this does is marks an invisible line one and a half units long along the x axis. But that it not all we do! We then [rotate] the line by [\myangle] degrees. If you recall, this was the variable we set right at the beginning. The idea is that when the variable is changed by sed (aaaargh) it will filter down to this instruction as well.

\draw [red, ->] ($(A)+(0.5,0)$) arc (0:\myangle:0.5cm);
OK, another scary one. This at least [draw]s something. It actually draws an [arc]. The arc is coloured [red] and has a [>] at the end of it. If it had a [>] at the beginning the command would have a [<] in it instead. The arc starts at the point (A) [+] [0.5] units along the x axis. This uses the calc library to work out the starting co-ordinate for the arc from A. To use the calc library you put the calculation itself in between the [] symbols. Because the calculation returns a bare co-ordinate, you need to have the whole thing in brackets as well. The arc itself is from [0] degrees on a circle of radius [0.5cm] to [\myangle] degrees (there it is again). This will draw a varyingly large section of a circle that is still centred on the point (A). Why centred on point (A)? Well the zero degree point of the circle is drawn half a unit away from (A) and the radius is half a unit long. So automatically it centres on (A). \path [decorate,decoration={raise=-5pt, text along path, text={|\tiny|angle ||}, text align=center, text color=red, reverse path}] ((A)+(0.5,0)$) arc (0:\myangle:0.5cm); That is fairly horrible. First of all, ignore the bit in square brackets. This command starts by marking another of these invisible paths. The path is actually exactly the same [($(A)+(0.5,0)) arc (0:\myangle:0.5cm)] as we drew in red last time. Why a new command? Well the bit in square brackets at the beginning does not play well with actually drawing the arc. So what's in the square brackets? These commands use the decorations.text library to draw [text] [along] the [path] of the arc. This means the text rounds itself to the arc which is pleasing to look at. The text is [raise]s by [-5pt] or half a unit, from the path itself. It is [align]ed to the [centre] of the path, coloured [red] and [reverse]d (otherwise it would appear upside down). The text itself is [angle] and is in a [tiny] font size. It is a complete mystery to me why these text settings uses a different format to the text settings for nodes, but he ho, that's life. \draw [name intersections={of=blue_circle and radius, by=C}] [orange, ->] (A) -- (C) node [pos=0.7, sloped, above] {\tiny radius} This is our last drawing command. What this does is [draw]s a line [--] between points [A] and [C]. Hang on though, where is point C? Well, look at the bit in square brackets at the very beginning of that. That bit uses the intersections library to [name] the [intersection] [of] the [blue_circle] and the invisible line called [radius]. The name given is [C]. This becomes a co-ordinate we can use just like A and B, although we never need to know exactly what its position is. So we can merrily change the size of the angle, and this command will always know where the radius meets the circle. The line we end up drawing is [orange], just to be different, and has a [>] bit on the end of it. It has a node [above] the line, which is [sloped] along the line. The slope works with lines, but not with arcs, which is why we use the decorations library for the arc. The node is [pos]itioned 70% [0.7] of the way to point C. The node contains the text [radius] written in [tiny] font size. \end{tikzpicture} This line [end]s the code to draw the [tikz] [picture]. OK, good. What does that draw if myangle is 117? It draws this: Hopefully you can see that it is a nice blue circle, with a line drawn at 117 degrees from the horizontal dashed red line, with an arc half the size of the blue circle in red marking the size of the angle. Right, how do we animate this? First we need to generate a file which can be read by the Ubuntu command line program [pdflatex]. This has to be a proper Latex file, not just a series of Tikz commands like above. So we need to top and tail our command to generate the proper latex file. We add these commands at the beginning: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} And this command at the end: \end{document} We also need to change the 117 angle to something that we can easily find and replace using sed (aaargh). A random collection of letters should mean that we do not get any false matches. So we end up with: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} \usetikzlibrary{calc,through, intersections,decorations.text} \begin{tikzpicture} [scale=3] \def\myangle{xyzzy}; \clip (-1.5,-1.5) rectangle (1.5,1.5); \coordinate (A) at (0,0); \coordinate (B) at (1,0); \node [blue, name path=blue_circle,draw,circle through=(B)] at (A) {}; \draw [black, fill] (A) circle (1pt) node [below] {\tiny centre}; \draw [red, dashed] (A) -- (B); \path [name path=radius, rotate=\myangle] (A) -- ++(1.5,0); \draw [red, ->] ((A)+(0.5,0)) arc (0:\myangle:0.5cm); \path [decorate,decoration={raise=-5pt, text along path, text={|\tiny|angle ||}, text align=center, text color=red, reverse path}](0.5,0) arc (0:\myangle:0.5cm); \draw [name intersections={of=blue_circle and radius, by=C}] [orange, ->] (A) -- (C) node [pos=0.7, sloped, above] {\tiny radius}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} You copy that code, and paste it into [gedit] and save it to a file called, say, [master_frame.tex] in your [~] home directory. Or you could paste this command into a terminal window, which does the same thing: cat > ~/master_frame.tex << "EOF" \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} \usetikzlibrary{calc,through, intersections,decorations.text} \begin{tikzpicture} [scale=3] \def\myangle{xyzzy}; \clip (-1.5,-1.5) rectangle (1.5,1.5); \coordinate (A) at (0,0); \coordinate (B) at (1,0); \node [blue, name path=blue_circle,draw,circle through=(B)] at (A) {}; \draw [black, fill] (A) circle (1pt) node [below] {\tiny centre}; \draw [red, dashed] (A) -- (B); \path [name path=radius, rotate=\myangle] (A) -- ++(1.5,0); \draw [red, ->] ((A)+(0.5,0)) arc (0:\myangle:0.5cm); \path [decorate,decoration={raise=-5pt, text along path, text={|\tiny|angle ||}, text align=center, text color=red, reverse path}](0.5,0) arc (0:\myangle:0.5cm); \draw [name intersections={of=blue_circle and radius, by=C}] [orange, ->] (A) -- (C) node [pos=0.7, sloped, above] {\tiny radius}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} EOF When you run [pdflatex] it takes the master_frame.tex file and turns it into a pdf document. This is not what we want. We want a series of jpegs. We also do not want an A4 page, which is what [pdflatex] is going to give us. So what we do is convert a test sample, work out what crop we need to apply (to get rid of the unnecessary areas) and note that down somewhere. If we simply run pdflatex on our master frame it is going to fail, because it will try and draw an angle of size xyzzy, which makes no sense. So first lets create our test frame: sed 's/{xyzzy}/{'117'}/' ~/master_frame.tex > ~/test.tex And we now generate the pdf file from it: pdflatex ~/test.tex That should work. It it doesn't, something has gone wrong with your installation of latex and pgf. Go and look at my post on how to do that to make sure you have covered all the bases. To display the pdf you can open it in any pdf viewer - it is just a pdf. However, we need a jpeg, so let's convert it: convert -density 300 test.pdf test.jpg The [convert] command makes sense, but what about the [density 300] stuff? Well the pdf we have made is of vector graphics which can scale without losing detail to any resolution you like. A jpeg image is essentially raster graphics which has a fixed resolution. To convert vector to raster you need to tell the vector image what resolution to scale to. here we have chosen [300] dpi. We now need to get our cropping parameters. To get these run the [display] command (from the imagemagick package I think): display test.jpg When the image opens, left click anywhere on it to bring up a menu. Select the Transform drop down menu and then click on crop. This lets you draw a box around the image. While you are doing this, look in the top left corner of the display window. You will see numbers changing as you draw your box. When you are satisfied that it fits the image and no more, note down those numbers AND symbols. For me they were [724x724+789+692]. Now close the display window. We are done with it. If it fights back, click on your terminal window and hit [CTRL+C] to shut it down. Now let's test out cropping parameters by re-doing a conversion to jpeg: convert -density 300 -crop 724x724+789+692 test.pdf test.jpg Note that the numbers and symbols we noted in the last step just get pasted in here, after the [crop] command. Nice and logical. If you now do the [display test.jpg] command again, you should find a nicely cropped picture of our diagram. If not, go back and check your cropping parameters are correct. We are now going to generate a whole lot of [.tex] files - one for each frame of the animation we are going to make. It would probably be best to put these in their own directory: mkdir ~/frames You can now generate all your frames by running this command: for angle in {1..360}; do sed 's/{xyzzy}/{'angle'}/' ~/master_frame.tex > ~/frames/$angle.tex; echo$angle; done

That looks pretty horrendous, doesn't it? Well, what is happening here is a loop. We define a variable at the beginning of the command called [angle]. We then run through the hold command setting the variable to every number from [1] to [..] [360]. The variable is then passed to the next section of the command which [do]es the [sed] (aaargh) command on the [~/master_frame.tex] file. The sed command spits out the file, but changes every instance of the text [{xyzzy}] to the same squiggly brackets but with the value assigned to angle in between the brackets. This sets our angle size for the frame. The result from the sed command is sent [>] to a [.tex] file in the [~/frames/] folder named after the size of angle in the file. The command then reports [echo] which frame it has completed, and [done] goes back to the beginning for a new number.

We now need to move into the frames folder for the next bit:

cd ~/frames

Now if you look at the contents of the frames directory they will not all be three digit file names, meaning they count up from 1 to 99 to 360. The leading zeros are missing, i.e. they are not 001 to 099 to 360 and our system will break. You can fix that, by adding the leading zeros with these commands:

for file in ?.tex; do cat $file > 00$file; rm $file; echo$file; done
for file in ??.tex; do cat $file > 0$file; rm $file; echo$file; done

Why could we not just generate angles from 001..360? If we do that pdflatex thinks we are using base 8, or octal numbers, and misses out every ninth and tenth frame. We can now do the mass generation of all the pdf files. This will take a while. The command is as follows:

for file in ???.tex; do pdflatex -interaction=batchmode $file; echo$file; done

This is another loop, that picks up every [.tex] file with three characters in its name, and sticks it into the [pdflatex] command. Next we need to use our cropping details to produce the jpeg files:

for file in *.pdf; do convert -density 300 -crop 724x724+789+692  $file${file%.???}.jpg; echo $file; done This just uses a similar loop to the last command. It applies to all the [.pdf] files in the folder - so make sure that you started with an empty one. The percentage symbol is clever, it deletes the extension and replaces it with [.jpg] so the output of the command is a whole lot of [.jpg] files with the same name as the [.pdf] files which generated them. If we are really clever, we can just duplicate all our frames in reverse order to make the animation reverse when it gets to the end. This creates an unending loop, but is not strictly necessary with our animation here which is essentially circular. marker=360; for file in *.jpg; do frame=$(($marker+360)); cp$file $frame.jpg; marker=$(($marker -1)); echo$marker; done

That is absolutely a nightmare. That it does is set a complicated loop in place counting back from 360 to 1. Why? Well we want the 360 frames we have already to be played in reverse. So we want 361 to be the same as 360, and 362 to be 359 and so on down to 1 being 720. So we start at 360 and count back. The [do] command sets the [frame] variable to be the marker PLUS 360. So when the marker is 360 it is 720. However, the [file] variable is going through the directory in numerical order. So the next command [c]o[p]ies the [file] to the frame number. The loop then reduces the marker by one and goes back to the beginning. The sequence looks like this:

Marker-File-Maths-Frame
360-1-(360+360)-720
359-2-(359+360)-719
358-3-(358+360)-718
...
2-359-(2+360)-362
1-360-(1+360)-361

It is a bit of a wrestle, but it gets there.

Now we have all our jpeg frames, we can use [ffmpeg] to compress them into an mp4 video file like so:

ffmpeg -r 25 -b 2500k -i %3d.jpg -pass 1 -y circle.mp4 && ffmpeg -r 25 -b 2500k -i %3d.jpg -pass 2 -y circle.mp4

That's another horror, but it breaks down like this: It uses the [ffmpeg] command set at a f[r]ame rate of [25] per second, and a [b]itrate of [2500k] per second, and takes its [i]nput as every [.jpg] file in the current folder with a three digit name. It runs a first [1] [pass] through the file to see where best to use its bitrate and saves the output to [circle.mp4] automatically answering [y]es to any question about overwriting that file. It then immediately [&&] runs a second [2] [pass] with the same input and settings to produce the final output in the file called [circle.mp4].

You can now view your creation by running:

mplayer circle.mp4 -loop 0

It should look like this:

Once you have done it once, it is useful to be able to tweak one entry in the master frame file and then run all the commands that follow automatically. You can do that with this command block. It first cleans out the ~/frames folder of everything, and then runs all the commands above, one after the other:

cd ~/frames && rm * && cd ~ && for angle in {1..360}; do  sed 's/{xyzzy}/{'$angle'}/' ~/master_frame.tex > ~/frames/$angle.tex; echo $angle; done && cd ~/frames && for file in ?.tex; do cat$file > 00$file; rm$file; echo $file; done && for file in ??.tex; do cat$file > 0$file; rm$file; echo $file; done && for file in ???.tex; do pdflatex -interaction=batchmode$file; echo $file; done && for file in *.pdf; do convert -density 300 -crop 724x724+789+692$file ${file%.???}.jpg; echo$file; done && marker=360; for file in *.jpg; do frame=$(($marker+360)); cp $file$frame.jpg; marker=$(($marker -1)); echo \$marker; done && ffmpeg -r 25 -b 2500k -i %3d.jpg -pass 1 -y circle.mp4 && ffmpeg -r 25 -b 2500k -i %3d.jpg -pass 2 -y circle.mp4 && mplayer circle.mp4 -loop 0

1. http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/mech/embeder2.17030.html

hi, is it possible to do something like this on tikz? branco2000@yahoo.com

2. Hi Dami,

Yes you can certainly do that in TikZ using the procedure I outlined above. You just need to get creative with variable names. Here, for instance, is the gemetric proof of the sum and difference formulas that I cobbled together:

http://youtu.be/cHvfIwDtJLM

3. Silly me, you probably want the code for that animation. You can grab it here:

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/969147/sumdiff.tex

4. What you want to concentrate on is how the intersections package for tikz works. Combine that with invisible paths and you should be able to get it to function.

5. This comment has been removed by the author.


text:
Vestnik Udmurtskogo Universiteta. Matematika. Mekhanika. Komp'yuternye Nauki
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 Vestn. Udmurtsk. Univ. Mat. Mekh. Komp. Nauki: Year: Volume: Issue: Page: Find

 MATHEMATICS A game problem with asymptotic impulse controlA. P. Baklanov 3 On closures of countable subsets of $BN$E. S. Bastrykov 15 On the problem of optimizing the guarantee in a system with delay in controlM. I. Gomoyunov 21 On closures of countable sets in Stone space of one Boolean algebraA. A. Gryzlov, E. S. Bastrykov 37 On an adequate description of adjoint operatorV. Ya. Derr 43 Independence of interpolation error estimates by fourth-degree polynomials on angles in a triangleN. V. Latypova 64 On sequentially compact-open topologyA. V. Osipov, D. A. Kosolobov 75 Continuous maps between finite powers of Sorgenfrey lineM. A. Patrakeev 85 On a family of analogs of the Perron–Stieltjes integralV. I. Rodionov 95 Dirichlet problem for holomorphic functions in spaces with determined modulus of continuityA. Yu. Timofeev 107 On the line contour Riemann–Stiltjes integralD. L. Fedorov 117 About correctness of some problems of control by material pointA. G. Chentsov 127 MECHANICS Figures of equilibrium of liquid self-gravitating inhomogeneous massI. A. Bizyaev, T. B. Ivanova 142 COMPUTER SCIENCE Recognition of relations by the method of collective voteN. I. Kalyadin 154


text:
# Can two airports have a different ICAO code but share the same IATA code?

borjab
• Can two airports have a different ICAO code but share the same IATA code? borjab

I am searching some airports databases and I find some airports with the same IATA code with different ICAO codes. Is it mistake in the database? Is it OK?

For example:

1. Beaufort MCAS - Merritt Field (ICAO KNBC IATA BFT)
2. Beaufort County Airport (ICAO KARW IATA BFT)

Edit: Another example;

1. Paamiut Airport (ICAO BGPT IATA JFR )

2. Paamiut Heliport (ICAO BGFH IATA JFR )

Another example with 40 km between them:

1. Desierto de Atacama (IATA: CPO – ICAO: SCAT)
2. Chamonate (IATA: CPO – ICAO: SCHA)

• You're right that two airports can share the same 3-letter code, but they're not necessarily IATA codes (they could actually be FAA identifiers, or just locally assigned codes).

In implementing Otto the Autopilot in our chat room, for commands like !!weather JFK, I needed to find a way to reliably convert IATA codes to ICAO codes. I ended up using the same source as you linked to, and imported the columns we needed into MySQL. A quick query shows 65 (i.e. >=130) duplicates:

AHT AJL API APS ARS AUS BJW CGY CLG CPO CSZ DDU DZN GIG HKG HYD IOR ISG IZA JFR JRS KFE KMM
KWB KYF LIM LUZ MCJ MCU MJF MNI MPD MPT MRE MUC NST NWT OBI OHE PCO PDG PHG PIV PPJ PRI PRM
PSV RCH REQ RZS SEA SFK STI SYC SZR TFY THO TNO TPJ UCN ULG VME VQS WRW YDT

The problem is, that IATA wants you to pay several thousand dollars for access to their list. So OurAirports attempts to collect all the known IATA codes, but it is user-editable, like Wikipedia. So there are inaccuracies in their database; and as I mentioned, there is some overlap between IATA/FAA/local.

The actual IATA codes are unique (although sometimes reused).

Tags
• I am searching some airports databases and I find some airports with the same IATA code with different ICAO codes. Is it mistake in the database? Is it OK? For example: Beaufort MCAS - Merritt Field (ICAO KNBC IATA BFT) Beaufort County Airport (ICAO KARW IATA BFT) Edit: Another example; Paamiut Airport (ICAO BGPT IATA JFR ) Paamiut Heliport (ICAO BGFH IATA JFR ) Another example with 40 km between them: Desierto de Atacama (IATA: CPO – ICAO: SCAT) Chamonate (IATA: CPO – ICAO: SCHA)

• I was looking through my virtual radar logs one of the days and found this "glitchy" ADS-B behavior. I am almost 100% sure that this is not due to my antenna or setup since two independent different... is the "skew" at seemingly same angle? Is that anything? In light of MH370, does this happen often, how reliable is that GPS data? Tail # N657UA Boeing 767-300 Typical route between EGLL and KORD Time of occurrence is approximately: 3/16/2014 6:09pm CST I have also verified FlightAware is ALSO showing the same weird glitch. See below "yellow" highlighted airplane: Same A/C from FlightRadar24

• I had posted the question below on a New York Times article, but did not get any useful replies. The series of six successful Inmarsat pings known to exist, MAY carry enough information to say... position at 3:11AM. From the ping at 3:11AM, another circle can be drawn, like the one drawn at 8:11AM. The intersection of the two circles give an arc of most likely 3:11 AM positions. At 4:11AM, we..., of course) giving us a series of most likely positions at 3:11AM, 4:11AM, 5:11AM, etc. If the trajectory of these sequence of spaces has a N/S directionality, we can say with some confidence

• These are calculations which I use to know when to descend and the Rate: Multiply the ALT of feet to lose by 3 and $Groundspeed\div2\times10$ will give you your required rate of descent for a 3° glide slope. For example: FL350 to FL100 => 25,000 ft down $25\times3=75$, so start at 75 nm GS = 320 kts => $320\div2\times10=1,600$ => -1,600 fpm is your desired rate of descent. How do I calculate without using tangents for degrees, other than 3: 2,5; 4; 5 ...? In my last question I got it wrong, even though through math the answer was correct.

• Looking at the paths of the same flight on two different days, I noticed they flew very different paths. Short Path:1 YAY N184B TOPPS ENE PARCH1 Long Path:1 NIBAX G462 TUMAK UL602 ORSOL UL602... REGHI UN480 ETIKI NATD DOVEY LACKS BERGH L454 OWENZ CAMRN CAMRN4 I asked a similar question in the past. This is what I want to know: What are the reasons which can cause a commercial flight to change its path mid-route? How it is planed and executed? I am sure the captain is the final authority on this, but who else is informed? 1Route Source: FlightAware. P.S.: I could not understand

• I know that for land aircraft and seaplanes that they require separate endorsements to fly them. However, for the case of amphibians, what do you need to fly one? Do you need to have another, completely different endorsement, or just a seaplane and land endorsements? What about if you always fly it on water or land?

• Chemtrail conspiracy theorists believe that there are certain additives being put into jet fuel to spew out [nano-]particles that rain down on us, for means that are being kept secret. The hypothesized reasons behind 'chemtrailing' range anywhere from weather modification, population reduction, and sunlight blocking to reduce the earths temperature hence combatting global warming. Some popular agents that are called into speculation: Aluminium based aerosols Mono-atomic gold Barium Nano aluminum-coated fiberglass Radioactive thorium Cadmium Chromium Nickel Desiccated blood Mold

• In February 2014 a co-pilot hijacked Ethopian Airlines flight 702 and took it to Switzerland. Now in March there is some speculation that Malaysia Airlines flight 370 may have been hijacked and destroyed by the pilots - maybe they took a nose dive into the Andaman Sea? So my question is this: is there an automatic or say anti-pilot warning system on commercial airliners? In other words, a system that is non-maskable (can't be disabled by the pilot) and which will automatically warn ATC about unexpected conditions (like a sudden decrease in altitude)?

• See Wikipedia:Drag polar and Wikipedia:Polar curve (aviation) for example. These curves are not on a polar coordinate system. Why are they called polars?

• What should a pilot do to perform a successful emergency water landing, also known as ditching of a big commercial jet? Is there any checklist, or best practices, like "elevate the nose" or "retract ...

Data information


text:
# Good problem but uncertain WHY

#### Robokapp

Okay... i did solve it, but i wonder why the answer is what it is.

"a string 10 m long is cut in 2 so that one piece forms one square and one piece forms an equlateral triangle". HOw do you cut it so the total area obtained is minimalized...and part b. maximalized?

For maximalized i got that everything must go into the square, which makes sense...because at a given perimeter the area is bigger in a polygon with a larger number of sides, of course. But the minimum comes out to be at about 4.45 (if i remember right) meters into the square. Now...why isn't everything going into the triangle? I got some equations but I don't know how to write them in the 'cool way' so i won't even bother.

#### mezarashi

Homework Helper
That's the whole purpose of mathematics. When we have a situation that's a bit far too complex to analyze intuitively at all steps, we let the math do the work.

If there is any explanation at all, having more shapes will definitely waste more string. Each new shape requires some 'start-up'. Let's take an example of two circles versus one circle.

Let us choose a rope of length C, then it's radius and area are:

$$R = \frac{C}{2\pi}, A = \pi (\frac{C}{2\pi})^2 = \frac{1}{4} \frac{C^2}{\pi}$$

Now if we cut this C in half and distribute it among two circles instead:

$$R = \frac{C}{4\pi}, A = 2 \times \pi (\frac{C}{4\pi})^2 = 2 \times \frac{1}{16} \frac{C^2}{\pi} = \frac{1}{8} \frac{C^2}{\pi}$$

Last edited:

#### Robokapp

That is one beautiful explanation. That was truly great. Thank you. It makes sense now.

Well, I got one problem for you that pretty much proves your point. It was shown to me by my dad. Common sense can not help you...it's too out of proportion for someone's mind to understand it without thinking of a few formulas.

"if you increase the equator of earth by 1 meter and you place the new circle so the two circles are circumcentrics, will a cat be eable to pass in between them and come out alive?

Circles are in same plane...no 3-d stuff.

Last edited:

#### HallsofIvy

Robokapp said:
"if you increase the equator of earth by 1 meter and you place the new circle so the two circles are circumcentrics, will a cat be eable to pass in between them and come out alive?
Well, not "increase the equator of the earth", but make a chain 1 meter longer than the circuference of the earth and put it around the earth so that its center is at the center of the earth.

If the radius of the earth is R, then its circumference is $2\pi R$. That means the length of the chain is $2\pi R+ 1$ and that is the circumference of a circle with radius $\frac{2\pi R+ 1}{2\pi}= R+\frac{1}{2\pi}$. That is, it will be $\frac{1}{2\pi}[/tex] meter off the earth. That is about 0.16 m or 16 cm. How tall is your cat? #### Robokapp HallsofIvy said: Well, not "increase the equator of the earth", but make a chain 1 meter longer than the circuference of the earth and put it around the earth so that its center is at the center of the earth. If the radius of the earth is R, then its circumference is [itex]2\pi R$. That means the length of the chain is $2\pi R+ 1$ and that is the circumference of a circle with radius $\frac{2\pi R+ 1}{2\pi}= R+\frac{1}{2\pi}$. That is, it will be [itex]\frac{1}{2\pi}[/tex] meter off the earth. That is about 0.16 m or 16 cm. How tall is your cat?
:D it's smaller than that. Don't forget they can crawl.

But what I'm trying to point out is even if it's a simple problem a 10th grader can solve with basic geometry, it's impossible to picture in your head. The rings are too big to comprehend the space in between them as anything but "tiny" which you don't know how much it means compared to real life sizes.

I thought it's a good problem. It is similar to your 'starting point" thing. At least in my mind it makes sense and connection.

WEll, thank you.
~Robokapp

"Good problem but uncertain WHY"

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text:
samcarter
For testing purposes I would like to pass a key and value (e.g. body=red) to all Ti*k*Zlings. Is there an easier way than repeating it for each Ti*k*Zling?

\documentclass{standalone}

\usepackage{tikzlings}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\bear[body=red]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\penguin[body=red]
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\marmot[body=red]
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

marmot
A very simpleminded approach.

\documentclass{standalone}

\usepackage{tikzlings}
\tikzset{tikzling body red/.code={\tikzset{/#1/body=red}}}
\begin{document}
\tikzset{tikzling body red/.list={bear,penguin,marmot}}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\bear
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\penguin
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\marmot
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

![Screen Shot 2020-12-21 at 9.19.28 AM.png](/image?hash=c9478e92debb68c44c8f68b19347c06ba72685e1cb5b2ca84969451ede9797e6)

and of course

\tikzset{tikzling body red/.list={bear,marmot}}

gives
![Screen Shot 2020-12-21 at 9.20.26 AM.png](/image?hash=572004d5122fb18c7d0877ee3c72b279445b4877fd641dec0f9c7f5e01338690)

BTW, some time ago I experimented a bit with keys that allow you to build the union or complement of two lists, but I never finalized this. Such tools might be useful for coloring all Ti*k*Zlings. However, if you play with such lists, the /.expanded may be important:

\def\lstTikzlings{{bear,penguin,marmot}}
\tikzset{tikzling body red/.list/.expanded=\lstTikzlings}

Enter question or answer id or url (and optionally further answer ids/urls from the same question) from

Separate each id/url with a space. No need to list your own answers; they will be imported automatically.


text:
# Does ODE initial value problem produce beat or resonance phenomenon? x''+9x=\sin

Does ODE initial value problem produce beat or resonance phenomenon?
$x{}^{″}+9x=\mathrm{sin}\left(3t\right)$
$x\left(0\right)={x}^{\prime }\left(0\right)=0$.
We are allowed to solve differential equations with TI-89.
You can still ask an expert for help

## Want to know more about Laplace transform?

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reinosodairyshm
You are forcing the system at the natural frequency of the system $\left(\omega 0=±3\right)$, so it is unlikely to get a beat (amplitude modulation when the excitation frequency differs from the system modes).
Since there is a t term in the response, the amplitude is unbounded. This is presumably what you call resonance.


text:
## Tohoku Mathematical Journal

### $\boldsymbol{Q}$-factorial Gorenstein toric Fano varieties with large Picard number

#### Abstract

In dimension $d$, ${\boldsymbol Q}$-factorial Gorenstein toric Fano varieties with Picard number $\rho_X$ correspond to simplicial reflexive polytopes with $\rho_X + d$ vertices. Casagrande showed that any $d$-dimensional simplicial reflexive polytope has at most $3 d$ and $3d-1$ vertices if $d$ is even and odd, respectively. Moreover, for $d$ even there is up to unimodular equivalence only one such polytope with $3 d$ vertices, corresponding to the product of $d/2$ copies of a del Pezzo surface of degree six. In this paper we completely classify all $d$-dimensional simplicial reflexive polytopes having $3d-1$ vertices, corresponding to $d$-dimensional ${\boldsymbol Q}$-factorial Gorenstein toric Fano varieties with Picard number $2d-1$. For $d$ even, there exist three such varieties, with two being singular, while for $d > 1$ odd there exist precisely two, both being nonsingular toric fiber bundles over the projective line. This generalizes recent work of the second author.

#### Article information

Source
Tohoku Math. J. (2), Volume 62, Number 1 (2010), 1-15.

Dates
First available in Project Euclid: 31 March 2010

https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.tmj/1270041023

Digital Object Identifier
doi:10.2748/tmj/1270041023

Mathematical Reviews number (MathSciNet)
MR2654299

Zentralblatt MATH identifier
1211.14048

#### Citation

Nill, Benjamin; Øbro, Mikkel. $\boldsymbol{Q}$-factorial Gorenstein toric Fano varieties with large Picard number. Tohoku Math. J. (2) 62 (2010), no. 1, 1--15. doi:10.2748/tmj/1270041023. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.tmj/1270041023

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