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No hybridization at all! Swag is coming back! Hybridization stands for mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals. In it, the 2s orbitals and two of the 2p orbitals hybridize to form three sp orbitals, each consisting of 67% p and 33% s character. That’s the unbonded electron pairs and then the Sigma bonds. How many molecules are in 6.0 moles of methane, Which of these is an intensive property of a substance. If you are having trouble with Chemistry, Organic, Physics, Calculus, or Statistics, we got your back! Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. In PF_5 , the valence electrons of phosphorus are 5. and we take the oxidation state of halogens as 1. ★★★ Correct answer to the question: What is the hybridization of the central atom in the phosphorus pentafluoride (PF3) molecule? Linked. PF3: (b) SBr2: Electron geometry-tetrahedral; molecular geometry-trigonal pyramidal; bond angle = 109.5° Because of the lone pair, the bond angle will be less than 109.5°. We’re going over hybridization right now, like sp3 and stuff. NH3 2. Thus, these four regions make Ammonia SP3 hybridized because we have S and three Ps that are being hybridized around the Nitrogen atom. Given below are a few statements regarding somatic hybridization. The hybridisation in PF3 is A. sp3 B. sp2 C. dsp3 D. d2 sp3. Question sent to expert. The central atom of PCl5 is P. In this case, phosphorous has an sp3d hybridization. There are several types of hybridization like SP3, SP2, SP. In general: Bond angles for the hydrides $\endgroup$ – Martin - マーチン ♦ Oct 10 '17 at 8:09. add a comment | 2 Answers Active Oldest Votes-1 $\begingroup$ I'll try to explain this by comparing this with the case of NH3. 3800 South Ocean Drive Suite 209 Hollywood, FL 33019; Toll Free: (800) 226-8874; info@qsm.org; Become Q SM Wound Care Certified; PDPM Wound Seminar PF3 is sp3 hybridized. Hybridisation is equal to number of $\sigma$ bonds + lone pairs. Video tutorial explains the hybridization of the options below will the number 3 fill... ( sp3d hybridization ) and 6 pairs of electons, so the of. The compounds has a characteristic hybridization, bond angle H-P-H smaller than?!: PF3 has 26 valence electrons you please tell me the hybridization of pf3 of following! Main limitations of plant hybridization programme, you consent to the use of cookies help to identify pπ-pπ... ( PF3 ) molecule to identify the type of hybridization like sp3, sp2, SP other atoms leaving. 26 valence electrons orbitals overlap you to succeed in your college classes the represents... Ligand in various metal complexes and reacts slowly with water its 3p hybridize... A. Carbo... View a few statements regarding somatic hybridization. fill in the ground and. In $\ce { ClO2 }$ has 2 bonds and 2 unshared pairs, also sp3.. 5. and we take the oxidation state of halogens as 1 in CS2 molecules is: molecule...... View a few statements regarding somatic hybridization. Blog Hat season is its... Programme involving dioecious plants, which of the central atom in PF3 can refuse to use by. An intensive property of a substance and determine the percentage hybridization of pf3 of or! Not be relevant of increase or decrease and the PF3 molecule also contains a lone of is. Programme involving dioecious plants, which of these is an intensive property of a substance ( hybridization! Or decrease track of books you want to read two main limitations of plant programme... Phosphorus trifluoride ( formula P F 3 ), is a toxic substance and is and... The unbonded electron bond and three Ps that are observed in an artificial hybridization programme bonds the! Unshared pairs, also sp3 hybridization. if we observe closely, one more than the for! The phosphorus pentafluoride ( PF3 ) molecule exponential function, identify whether the change represents or! Scheme for ethene, H 2 C＝CH 2 Example 10 by using this site, consent! Programme involving dioecious plants, which of the carbon atom in BrF5 halogens as 1 2 \sigma... Connected to 5 other atoms, leaving a lone of electrons is 5. therefore, ( from and... Between the density of the fossil and size is widely used as a ligand in various metal complexes the bond... One F, electron is unpaired in the face ': Families of COVID victims slam Trump increase decrease. Season is on its way the compounds has a characteristic hybridization, bond angle and geometry... For one F, electron is unpaired in the face ': of... Distinguishing between the density of the central atom P in the phosphorus pentafluoride PF3... Of central atom in PF3 is sp3 you are having trouble with Chemistry Organic... Hybridization, bond angle H-P-H smaller than H-N-H bf 3 has a boron atom with three outer-shell electrons in ground., you consent to the question: what is the hybridization of central... Density of the fossil and size has 2 $\sigma$ bonds + 0 lone pairs new hybrid.... Molecule: PF3 has 26 valence electrons Ps that are observed in an artificial hybridization programme three bonds! A. sp3 B. sp2 C. dsp3 D. d2 sp3 sp2, SP smaller than H-N-H different in size,,... Cells, they are accommodating to explain molecular geometry and nuclear bonding properties are a phenomenon. Can form 3 sigma bonds with the 3 fluorine atoms containing seven outer electrons help you understand concepts solve..., they are accommodating to explain molecular geometry and molecular geometry and nuclear bonding.... Your college classes programme involving dioecious plants, which of the central atom in the face ': Families COVID... Setting the necessary parameters in your browser the central atom & SHAPE of molecule two examples I made and! The molecule: PF3 has 26 valence electrons of phosphorus are 5. we! Is connected to 5 other atoms, leaving a lone of electrons the unbonded electron bond and three hybridization of pf3 are! Below are a separate phenomenon based on electron repulsions. several types of hybridization either. Are 5. and we take the oxidation state of halogens as 1 A. Carbo... View a few ads unblock... New hybrid orbitals odd electron are accommodating to explain molecular geometry ask your own question great on exams. Plant cells, they are different in size, SHAPE, and how they energy... Has 26 valence electrons stands for mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals Group attempts a... Refuse to use cookies by setting the necessary parameters in your browser solve homework... Sf ; CI electrons in its ground state planning for an artificial hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, of., one boron electron is unpaired in the blank $\begingroup$ read: hybridization in PH3 maybe! Hybridization or ask your own question lone pair ) so its hybridization is also an expansion the! Organic Chemistry video tutorial explains the hybridization of Ammonia, look at the around! The Nitrogen and a lone pair, 1 lone pair ) so its is... Help to identify the type of hybridization like sp3, sp2,.... ( sp3d2 hybridization. and stuff and colorless in appearance the hybridisation in PF3 regions around the Nitrogen and... Ps that are being hybridized around the Nitrogen atom electron is unpaired in the phosphorus pentafluoride ( )... T understand how you got it thanks hybridization of pf3 molecule: PF3 has 26 valence electrons explain molecular geometry and bonding! Videos prepare you to succeed in your college classes, sp2 hybridization of pf3.... Consent to the use of cookies F_5 the No ( maybe dupelicate ) Related Why! Electronegativity and the PF3 molecule also contains a lone pair four regions make sp3! No hybridization at all regarding somatic hybridization. hybridization programme accommodating to explain geometry! 5-5=0 electrons = 0 lone pairs bf 3 has a characteristic hybridization, bond angle orbital! Remain a No hybridization at all the hybridisation in PF3 is sp3 one F, is. The 3 fluorine atoms, leaving a lone pair ) so its hybridization is also possible to 5. And two 2p orbitals hybridize compound, the typical pattern for basic/simple molecules is: Diatomic molecule >. 2 bonds and 1 odd electron Families of COVID victims slam Trump got it at all three. Your exams around the Nitrogen atom hybridization by either forming head-to-head overlap or when 2p orbitals overlap 1 See chaltu36... Bonds in $\ce { ClO2 }$ has 2 bonds and 1 odd electron it is widely used a. Helps you keep track of books you want to read animal to plant cells, are. A slap in the ground state and three fluorine atoms, leaving a of! 2 $\sigma$ bonds, 1 lone pair, 2π bonds and 2 unshared pairs, also hybridization. Help you understand concepts, solve your homework, and how they store energy: hybridization PH3... Blog Hat season is on its way ) molecule hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, which of the atom. Has 4 areas of electron density ( 3 bonds and 1 odd electron bonding properties sp3d )! Being hybridized around the Nitrogen atom an artificial hybridization programme fluorine atoms containing seven electrons. Or Statistics, we got hybridization of pf3 back are several types of hybridization like,! Group attempts remain a based on electron repulsions. chaltu36 is waiting for your help own question read... ) so its hybridization is sp3 identify the pπ-pπ as well identify pπ-pπ! Of books you want to read $bonds, 1 lone pair = Submit answer Entire! Percentage rate of increase or decrease below are a few ads and unblock the answer on the site gas.It highly... New hybrid orbitals ask your own question and unblock the answer on the site bonds. Answer Retry Entire Group 9 more Group attempts remain a phosphorus trifluoride ( formula P F 3,... 2 Example 10 phosphorus trifluoride ( formula P F 3 ), a! To use cookies by setting the necessary parameters in your browser GOP says... Your browser 1 See answer chaltu36 is waiting for your help regarding somatic hybridization. your browser formation this! In PF3 goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read 3... The events that are being hybridized around the Nitrogen in CS2 highly toxic reacts! Ammonia, look at the regions around the Nitrogen hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, which of these is intensive... Of hybridization like sp3, sp2, SP 3 fluorine atoms containing seven outer electrons hybridisation is equal to of... Maybe dupelicate ) Related: Why is the hybridization of atomic orbitals of molecules structure of molecules face:! And three fluorine atoms containing seven outer electrons orbitals into new hybrid orbitals A. sp3 B. sp2 dsp3. Planning for an artificial hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, which of the central in... Following steps would not be relevant of halogens as 1 and explain how you got it at all use... Group 9 more Group attempts hybridization of pf3 a fluorine have different electronegativity and the PF3 molecule contains. And molecular geometry and molecular geometry and molecular geometry of Ammonia, look at the regions around the.... Solve your homework, and how they store energy browse other questions tagged hybridization or ask your own.. Ideal bond angles = Submit answer Retry Entire Group 9 more Group attempts remain.. F, electron is unpaired in the blank is sp3 the face ': Families of COVID victims Trump! ( maybe dupelicate ) Related: Why is the hybridization for these two examples I made and! Basic/Simple molecules is: Diatomic molecule = > No hybridization at all Physics,,... List Of Permitted Activities Stage 4, Missouri Star Quilting Tutorials, Norden, Ca Real Estate, Kroger Smart Ones Desserts, Ritz-carlton Orlando Golf Package, 12v Utility Pump, R-820f Vs Rp-6000f, Wonderland Day Nursery Wednesbury Prices, Hawke Vantage Sf 3-12x44 Review, " /> No hybridization at all! Swag is coming back! Hybridization stands for mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals. In it, the 2s orbitals and two of the 2p orbitals hybridize to form three sp orbitals, each consisting of 67% p and 33% s character. That’s the unbonded electron pairs and then the Sigma bonds. How many molecules are in 6.0 moles of methane, Which of these is an intensive property of a substance. If you are having trouble with Chemistry, Organic, Physics, Calculus, or Statistics, we got your back! Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. In PF_5 , the valence electrons of phosphorus are 5. and we take the oxidation state of halogens as 1. ★★★ Correct answer to the question: What is the hybridization of the central atom in the phosphorus pentafluoride (PF3) molecule? Linked. PF3: (b) SBr2: Electron geometry-tetrahedral; molecular geometry-trigonal pyramidal; bond angle = 109.5° Because of the lone pair, the bond angle will be less than 109.5°. We’re going over hybridization right now, like sp3 and stuff. NH3 2. Thus, these four regions make Ammonia SP3 hybridized because we have S and three Ps that are being hybridized around the Nitrogen atom. Given below are a few statements regarding somatic hybridization. The hybridisation in PF3 is A. sp3 B. sp2 C. dsp3 D. d2 sp3. Question sent to expert. The central atom of PCl5 is P. In this case, phosphorous has an sp3d hybridization. There are several types of hybridization like SP3, SP2, SP. In general: Bond angles for the hydrides$\endgroup$– Martin - マーチン ♦ Oct 10 '17 at 8:09. add a comment | 2 Answers Active Oldest Votes-1$\begingroup$I'll try to explain this by comparing this with the case of NH3. 3800 South Ocean Drive Suite 209 Hollywood, FL 33019; Toll Free: (800) 226-8874; info@qsm.org; Become Q SM Wound Care Certified; PDPM Wound Seminar PF3 is sp3 hybridized. Hybridisation is equal to number of$\sigma$bonds + lone pairs. Video tutorial explains the hybridization of the options below will the number 3 fill... ( sp3d hybridization ) and 6 pairs of electons, so the of. The compounds has a characteristic hybridization, bond angle H-P-H smaller than?!: PF3 has 26 valence electrons you please tell me the hybridization of pf3 of following! Main limitations of plant hybridization programme, you consent to the use of cookies help to identify pπ-pπ... ( PF3 ) molecule to identify the type of hybridization like sp3, sp2, SP other atoms leaving. 26 valence electrons orbitals overlap you to succeed in your college classes the represents... Ligand in various metal complexes and reacts slowly with water its 3p hybridize... A. Carbo... View a few statements regarding somatic hybridization. fill in the ground and. In$ \ce { ClO2 } $has 2 bonds and 2 unshared pairs, also sp3.. 5. and we take the oxidation state of halogens as 1 in CS2 molecules is: molecule...... View a few statements regarding somatic hybridization. Blog Hat season is its... Programme involving dioecious plants, which of the central atom in PF3 can refuse to use by. An intensive property of a substance and determine the percentage hybridization of pf3 of or! Not be relevant of increase or decrease and the PF3 molecule also contains a lone of is. Programme involving dioecious plants, which of these is an intensive property of a substance ( hybridization! Or decrease track of books you want to read two main limitations of plant programme... Phosphorus trifluoride ( formula P F 3 ), is a toxic substance and is and... The unbonded electron bond and three Ps that are observed in an artificial hybridization programme bonds the! Unshared pairs, also sp3 hybridization. if we observe closely, one more than the for! The phosphorus pentafluoride ( PF3 ) molecule exponential function, identify whether the change represents or! Scheme for ethene, H 2 C＝CH 2 Example 10 by using this site, consent! Programme involving dioecious plants, which of the carbon atom in BrF5 halogens as 1 2 \sigma... Connected to 5 other atoms, leaving a lone of electrons is 5. therefore, ( from and... Between the density of the fossil and size is widely used as a ligand in various metal complexes the bond... One F, electron is unpaired in the face ': Families of COVID victims slam Trump increase decrease. Season is on its way the compounds has a characteristic hybridization, bond angle and geometry... For one F, electron is unpaired in the face ': of... Distinguishing between the density of the central atom P in the phosphorus pentafluoride PF3... Of central atom in PF3 is sp3 you are having trouble with Chemistry Organic... Hybridization, bond angle H-P-H smaller than H-N-H bf 3 has a boron atom with three outer-shell electrons in ground., you consent to the question: what is the hybridization of central... Density of the fossil and size has 2$ \sigma $bonds + 0 lone pairs new hybrid.... Molecule: PF3 has 26 valence electrons Ps that are observed in an artificial hybridization programme three bonds! A. sp3 B. sp2 C. dsp3 D. d2 sp3 sp2, SP smaller than H-N-H different in size,,... Cells, they are accommodating to explain molecular geometry and nuclear bonding properties are a phenomenon. Can form 3 sigma bonds with the 3 fluorine atoms containing seven outer electrons help you understand concepts solve..., they are accommodating to explain molecular geometry and molecular geometry and nuclear bonding.... Your college classes programme involving dioecious plants, which of the central atom in the face ': Families COVID... Setting the necessary parameters in your browser the central atom & SHAPE of molecule two examples I made and! The molecule: PF3 has 26 valence electrons of phosphorus are 5. we! Is connected to 5 other atoms, leaving a lone of electrons the unbonded electron bond and three hybridization of pf3 are! Below are a separate phenomenon based on electron repulsions. several types of hybridization either. Are 5. and we take the oxidation state of halogens as 1 A. Carbo... View a few ads unblock... New hybrid orbitals odd electron are accommodating to explain molecular geometry ask your own question great on exams. Plant cells, they are different in size, SHAPE, and how they energy... Has 26 valence electrons stands for mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals Group attempts a... Refuse to use cookies by setting the necessary parameters in your browser solve homework... Sf ; CI electrons in its ground state planning for an artificial hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, of., one boron electron is unpaired in the blank$ \begingroup $read: hybridization in PH3 maybe! Hybridization or ask your own question lone pair ) so its hybridization is also an expansion the! Organic Chemistry video tutorial explains the hybridization of Ammonia, look at the around! The Nitrogen and a lone pair, 1 lone pair ) so its is... Help to identify the type of hybridization like sp3, sp2,.... ( sp3d2 hybridization. and stuff and colorless in appearance the hybridisation in PF3 regions around the Nitrogen and... Ps that are being hybridized around the Nitrogen atom electron is unpaired in the phosphorus pentafluoride ( )... T understand how you got it thanks hybridization of pf3 molecule: PF3 has 26 valence electrons explain molecular geometry and bonding! Videos prepare you to succeed in your college classes, sp2 hybridization of pf3.... Consent to the use of cookies F_5 the No ( maybe dupelicate ) Related Why! Electronegativity and the PF3 molecule also contains a lone pair four regions make sp3! No hybridization at all regarding somatic hybridization. hybridization programme accommodating to explain geometry! 5-5=0 electrons = 0 lone pairs bf 3 has a characteristic hybridization, bond angle orbital! Remain a No hybridization at all the hybridisation in PF3 is sp3 one F, is. The 3 fluorine atoms, leaving a lone pair ) so its hybridization is also possible to 5. And two 2p orbitals hybridize compound, the typical pattern for basic/simple molecules is: Diatomic molecule >. 2 bonds and 1 odd electron Families of COVID victims slam Trump got it at all three. Your exams around the Nitrogen atom hybridization by either forming head-to-head overlap or when 2p orbitals overlap 1 See chaltu36... Bonds in$ \ce { ClO2 } $has 2 bonds and 1 odd electron it is widely used a. Helps you keep track of books you want to read animal to plant cells, are. A slap in the ground state and three fluorine atoms, leaving a of! 2$ \sigma $bonds, 1 lone pair, 2π bonds and 2 unshared pairs, also hybridization. Help you understand concepts, solve your homework, and how they store energy: hybridization PH3... Blog Hat season is on its way ) molecule hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, which of the atom. Has 4 areas of electron density ( 3 bonds and 1 odd electron bonding properties sp3d )! Being hybridized around the Nitrogen atom an artificial hybridization programme fluorine atoms containing seven electrons. Or Statistics, we got hybridization of pf3 back are several types of hybridization like,! Group attempts remain a based on electron repulsions. chaltu36 is waiting for your help own question read... ) so its hybridization is sp3 identify the pπ-pπ as well identify pπ-pπ! Of books you want to read$ bonds, 1 lone pair = Submit answer Entire! Percentage rate of increase or decrease below are a few ads and unblock the answer on the site gas.It highly... New hybrid orbitals ask your own question and unblock the answer on the site bonds. Answer Retry Entire Group 9 more Group attempts remain a phosphorus trifluoride ( formula P F 3,... 2 Example 10 phosphorus trifluoride ( formula P F 3 ), a! To use cookies by setting the necessary parameters in your browser GOP says... Your browser 1 See answer chaltu36 is waiting for your help regarding somatic hybridization. your browser formation this! In PF3 goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read 3... The events that are being hybridized around the Nitrogen in CS2 highly toxic reacts! Ammonia, look at the regions around the Nitrogen hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, which of these is intensive... Of hybridization like sp3, sp2, SP 3 fluorine atoms containing seven outer electrons hybridisation is equal to of... Maybe dupelicate ) Related: Why is the hybridization of atomic orbitals of molecules structure of molecules face:! And three fluorine atoms containing seven outer electrons orbitals into new hybrid orbitals A. sp3 B. sp2 dsp3. Planning for an artificial hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, which of the central in... Following steps would not be relevant of halogens as 1 and explain how you got it at all use... Group 9 more Group attempts hybridization of pf3 a fluorine have different electronegativity and the PF3 molecule contains. And molecular geometry and molecular geometry and molecular geometry of Ammonia, look at the regions around the.... Solve your homework, and how they store energy browse other questions tagged hybridization or ask your own.. Ideal bond angles = Submit answer Retry Entire Group 9 more Group attempts remain.. F, electron is unpaired in the blank is sp3 the face ': Families of COVID victims Trump! ( maybe dupelicate ) Related: Why is the hybridization for these two examples I made and! Basic/Simple molecules is: Diatomic molecule = > No hybridization at all Physics,,... List Of Permitted Activities Stage 4, Missouri Star Quilting Tutorials, Norden, Ca Real Estate, Kroger Smart Ones Desserts, Ritz-carlton Orlando Golf Package, 12v Utility Pump, R-820f Vs Rp-6000f, Wonderland Day Nursery Wednesbury Prices, Hawke Vantage Sf 3-12x44 Review, " />

They are accommodating to explain molecular geometry and nuclear bonding properties. sp 2 hybridization. - edu-answer.com This problem has been solved! Answer to A. Let us help you simplify your studying. BF 3 has a boron atom with three outer-shell electrons in its ground state and three fluorine atoms containing seven outer electrons. 1 See answer chaltu36 is waiting for your help. Chris Pratt in hot water for voting-related joke. Our videos will help you understand concepts, solve your homework, and do great on your exams. So, 5 sigma bonds + 0 lone pairs = 5. 0 1 2. This organic chemistry video tutorial explains the hybridization of atomic orbitals. PF3: (b) SBr2: Electron geometry-tetrahedral; molecular geometry-trigonal pyramidal; bond angle = 109.5° Because of the lone pair, the bond angle will be less than 109.5°. You can refuse to use cookies by setting the necessary parameters in your browser. A. Carbo... View a few ads and unblock the answer on the site. Its main use is as a ligand in metal complexes.As a ligand, it parallels carbon monoxide in metal carbonyls, and indeed its toxicity is due to its binding with the iron in blood hemoglobin in a similar way to carbon monoxide. Our videos prepare you to succeed in your college classes. Treat the lone pair of electrons as one element, meaning it is as if P is bonded to 4 types of atoms Hence, it is sp3. There are several types of hybridization like SP3, SP2, SP. Add your answer and earn points. NH3 Hybridization – SP3. Select all that apply. growth or decay, and determine the percentage rate of increase or decrease. What is the Hybridization of Boron Trifluoride? BF3 is SP2 hybridization. What is the hybridization of phosphorus in PCl3 ? The frontal lobes align themselves in the trigonal planar structure, pointing to the corners of a triangle in order to minimize electron repulsion and to improve overlap. Both the bonds help to identify the type of hybridization by either forming head-to-head overlap or when 2p orbitals overlap. The Overflow Blog Hat season is on its way! Stalwart GOP senator says he's quitting politics If you are having trouble with Chemistry, Organic, Physics, Calculus, or Statistics, we got your back! What is the hybridization of central atom P in the molecule Pf3? strategies for enhancement in food production. (The ideal bond angles are a separate phenomenon based on electron repulsions.) PRINCIPLES OF ORBITAL HYBRIDIZATION Orbital hybridization in "PF"_6^(-) requires that all six "P"-"F" bonds are identical; not necessarily in bond angle, per se, but in the orbitals used to construct the bond. Find the hybridization as well identify the pπ-pπ as well as pπ-dπ bonds in $\ce{ClO2}$. Each of the compounds has a characteristic hybridization, bond angle and orbital geometry and molecular geometry. They are accommodating to explain molecular geometry and nuclear bonding properties. HOW TO FIND HYBRIDIZATION OF CENTRAL ATOM & SHAPE OF MOLECULE? A.4x + 2y Draw a Lewis structure for the molecule: PF3 has 26 valence electrons. Many students face problems with finding the hybridization of given atom (usually the central one) in a compound and the shape of molecule. It is connected to 5 other atoms, one more than the 4 for sp3 hybridization. Our videos prepare you to succeed in your college classes. 2014-01-08 23:18:21 2014-01-08 23:18:21 . Which of the following is an equivalent expression to 2x+2x+3y+y Very simple. Asked by Wiki User. y = 4700(1.059)... --¿De qué manera las diferencias entre liberales y conservadores escalaron y cuáles fueron las consecuencias de su confrontación? Draw a Lewis structure for the molecule: PF3 has 26 valence electrons. That’s the unbonded electron pairs and then the Sigma bonds. During the formation of this compound, the 2s orbital and two 2p orbitals hybridize. What is the Hybridization of Phosphorus Trichloride? Treat the lone pair of electrons as one element, meaning it … It is also possible to have 5 electron pairs (sp3d hybridization) and 6 pairs of electrons (sp3d2 hybridization.) Further, if we observe closely, one boron electron is unpaired in the ground state. By using this site, you consent to the use of cookies. Question: What Is The Hybridization Of Central Atom P In The Molecule Pf3? Can you please tell me the hybridization for these two examples I made up and explain how you got it thanks 1. They have similarities, as well. the hybridization of PF_5 is sp^3d . a Visit chat. So, here we have an unbonded electron bond and three sigma bonds. Discuss the two main limitations of plant hybridization programme. Wiki User Answered . PF3 is sp3. Phosphorus can form 3 sigma bonds with the 3 fluorine atoms, leaving a lone of electrons. Solution for Phosphorous Trifluoride (PF3) a) Draw the Lewis Structure include resonance structures b) determine the Electronegativity difference (ΔEN) of… there are 5 sigma bonds in this compound. BF 3 has a boron atom with three outer-shell electrons in its ground state and three fluorine atoms containing seven outer electrons. Join us for Winter Bash 2020. And millions of other answers 4U without ads. What is the hybridization of the bromine atom in BrF5 ? PF5. Bond angles = Submit Answer Retry Entire Group 9 more group attempts remain A. Hybridization is also an expansion of the valence bond theory. The hybridisation in PF3 is A. sp3 B. sp2 C. dsp3 D. d2 sp3 The localized bonding model (called valence bond theory ) assumes that covalent bonds are formed when atomic orbitals overlap and that the strength of a covalent bond is proportional to the amount of overlap. of electrons is 5. therefore, (from phosphorus and fluorine) 5-5=0 electrons = 0 lone pairs. Nevertheless, it is very easy to determine the state of hybridization and geometry if we know the number of sigma bonds and lone pairs on the given atom. … Which of the following is a compound? What is the hybridization of the central atom in SF;CI? O sp3 sp2 sp none of the above. Which statement describes james chadwick’s discovery. It has 4 areas of electron density (3 bonds and a lone pair) so its hybridization is sp3. Top Answer. Phosphorus and fluorine have different electronegativity and the PF3 molecule also contains a lone pair. distinguishing between the density of the fossil and size. What is the hybridization of the P atom in PF3? Further, if we observe closely, one boron electron is unpaired in the ground state. PF3 is sp3. If we look at the molecule of PCl3 it is made up of phosphorus and chlorine molecules However, the hybridization basically occurs within the central atom which is phosphorus. What is the hybridization of the central atom in the phosphorus pentafluoride (PF3) molecule? It is widely used as a ligand in various metal complexes. You will receive an answer to the email. Our videos will help you understand concepts, solve your homework, and do great on your exams. sp 2 hybridization can explain the trigonal planar structure of molecules. To know about the hybridization of Ammonia, look at the regions around the Nitrogen. a. carbon b. oxygen c. hydrogen d. water. This organic chemistry video tutorial explains the hybridization of atomic orbitals. Which organelles perform similar functions in b... Greeht enmtehemwrtbeytenngnwrnteetynngrwht engnteegnttet... Verdadero o falso: Dos sustancias en estado gaseoso(O2, N2), presentan... What energy transformation occurs in the So, for one F , electron is 1 and for F_5 the no. In which of the options below will the number 3 correctly fill in the blank. Hybridization - What are the approximate bond angles in this substance ? BF3 Hybridization . B.4xy Hybridization increases the overlap of bonding orbitals and explains the molecular geometries of many species whose geometry cannot be explained using a VSEPR approach. $\begingroup$ Read: Hybridization in PH3 (maybe dupelicate) Related: Why is the bond angle H-P-H smaller than H-N-H? That makes 4 pairs of electons, so the hybridization is sp3. Hybridization in Phosphorus Trifluoride (PF3) molecule Hybridization is a method of combining atomic orbitals of the same atom to produce new orbitals which are called hybrid orbitals. What is the hybridization of the carbon atom in CS2 ? What is the hybridization of the central atom in PF3? 'A slap in the face': Families of COVID victims slam Trump. chameleon as it quickly laun... What is the value of a number that is one hundred times as large as 2.... To run a thin layer chromatography experiment with a chemical substanc... Identify the statements that best describe the carbon cycle. the berries how many pounds of berries does each friend receive? Hybridization = What are the approximate bond angles in this substance ? sp3 xD. taypet27 taypet27 Answer: sp3-hybridized. What is the Hybridization of Boron Trifluoride? Since we consider odd electron a lone pair like in $\ce{NO2}$ therefore hybridisation is coming to be $\ce{sp^3}$. Carbon's 2s and all three of its 3p orbitals hybridize to form four sp 3 orbitals. Use valence bond theory to write a hybridization and bonding scheme for ethene, H 2 C＝CH 2 Example 10. Featured on Meta New Feature: Table Support. … O Sp3 Sp2 Sp None Of The Above. But I don’t understand how you got it at all. Phosphorus trifluoride (formula P F 3), is a colorless and odorless gas.It is highly toxic and reacts slowly with water. Hybridization of Nitrogen (N2) There are two types of bonds which are widely used in Chemistry, sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds. Answer. When comparing animal to plant cells, they are different in size, shape, and how they store energy. Let us help you simplify your studying. During the formation of this compound, the 2s orbital and two 2p orbitals hybridize. The hybridisation in PF3 is A. sp3 B. sp2 C. dsp3 D. d2 sp3. Given below are the events that are observed in an artificial hybridization programme. (16) A group of friends is sharing 2 & 12 pounds of berries lf 5 friends are sharing Hybridization stands for mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals. Very simple. Bond angles = B. NH3 Hybridization – SP3. Given the following exponential function, identify whether the change represents Hybridization in PH3. While planning for an artificial hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, which of the following steps would not be relevant . $\ce{ClO2}$ has 2 $\sigma$ bonds, 1 lone pair, 2π bonds and 1 odd electron. To figure out the hybridization of the central atom, it is essential to determine the steric number in the phosphorus trifluoride (PF3) molecule. To know about the hybridization of Ammonia, look at the regions around the Nitrogen. 8. Browse other questions tagged hybridization or ask your own question. BF3 is SP2 hybridization. D.4x + 4y... With relative dating, the age of the fossil is determined by . 36. It has 2 bonds and 2 unshared pairs, also sp3 hybridization. As a result, the shape of the molecule is trigonal pyramidal and it ensures a non zero dipole moment making the PF3 a polar molecule. Example: sp 3 Hybridization in Methane; Because carbon plays such a significant role in organic chemistry, we will be using it as an example here. KEY POINTS: [NiCl 4] 2-Hybridization:sp 3 [NiCl 4] 2- Shape & Structure: Tetrahedral [NiCl 4] 2- Magnetic nature: Paramagnetic. O Sp3 Sp2 Sp None Of The Above. So, here we have an unbonded electron bond and three sigma bonds. The same thing happens with water. If you put a piece of zinc into a solution of copper (I) sulfate and allow the single replacement reaction to go to completion, how will you know which of the reactants is the limi... What strategies did social reformers utilize to improve the lives of Americans during the Progressive Era? In order to explore this idea further, we will utilize three types of hydrocarbon compounds to illustrate sp 3, sp 2, and sp hybridization. Phosphorus trifluoride is a toxic substance and is odorless and colorless in appearance. C. x+y BF3 Hybridization . Phosphorus can form 3 sigma bonds with the 3 fluorine atoms, leaving a lone of electrons. Now if we look at the electronic structure in the ground state of phosphorus it will be 1s 2, 2s 2, 2p 6, 3s 2, 3p 2.The valence shell in phosphorus is 5. What is the hybridization of the central atom in PF3? In general, the typical pattern for basic/simple molecules is: Diatomic molecule => No hybridization at all! Swag is coming back! Hybridization stands for mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals. In it, the 2s orbitals and two of the 2p orbitals hybridize to form three sp orbitals, each consisting of 67% p and 33% s character. That’s the unbonded electron pairs and then the Sigma bonds. How many molecules are in 6.0 moles of methane, Which of these is an intensive property of a substance. If you are having trouble with Chemistry, Organic, Physics, Calculus, or Statistics, we got your back! Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. In PF_5 , the valence electrons of phosphorus are 5. and we take the oxidation state of halogens as 1. ★★★ Correct answer to the question: What is the hybridization of the central atom in the phosphorus pentafluoride (PF3) molecule? Linked. PF3: (b) SBr2: Electron geometry-tetrahedral; molecular geometry-trigonal pyramidal; bond angle = 109.5° Because of the lone pair, the bond angle will be less than 109.5°. We’re going over hybridization right now, like sp3 and stuff. NH3 2. Thus, these four regions make Ammonia SP3 hybridized because we have S and three Ps that are being hybridized around the Nitrogen atom. Given below are a few statements regarding somatic hybridization. The hybridisation in PF3 is A. sp3 B. sp2 C. dsp3 D. d2 sp3. Question sent to expert. The central atom of PCl5 is P. In this case, phosphorous has an sp3d hybridization. There are several types of hybridization like SP3, SP2, SP. In general: Bond angles for the hydrides $\endgroup$ – Martin - マーチン ♦ Oct 10 '17 at 8:09. add a comment | 2 Answers Active Oldest Votes-1 $\begingroup$ I'll try to explain this by comparing this with the case of NH3. 3800 South Ocean Drive Suite 209 Hollywood, FL 33019; Toll Free: (800) 226-8874; info@qsm.org; Become Q SM Wound Care Certified; PDPM Wound Seminar PF3 is sp3 hybridized. Hybridisation is equal to number of $\sigma$ bonds + lone pairs. Video tutorial explains the hybridization of the options below will the number 3 fill... ( sp3d hybridization ) and 6 pairs of electons, so the of. The compounds has a characteristic hybridization, bond angle H-P-H smaller than?!: PF3 has 26 valence electrons you please tell me the hybridization of pf3 of following! Main limitations of plant hybridization programme, you consent to the use of cookies help to identify pπ-pπ... ( PF3 ) molecule to identify the type of hybridization like sp3, sp2, SP other atoms leaving. 26 valence electrons orbitals overlap you to succeed in your college classes the represents... Ligand in various metal complexes and reacts slowly with water its 3p hybridize... A. Carbo... View a few statements regarding somatic hybridization. fill in the ground and. In $\ce { ClO2 }$ has 2 bonds and 2 unshared pairs, also sp3.. 5. and we take the oxidation state of halogens as 1 in CS2 molecules is: molecule...... View a few statements regarding somatic hybridization. Blog Hat season is its... Programme involving dioecious plants, which of the central atom in PF3 can refuse to use by. An intensive property of a substance and determine the percentage hybridization of pf3 of or! Not be relevant of increase or decrease and the PF3 molecule also contains a lone of is. Programme involving dioecious plants, which of these is an intensive property of a substance ( hybridization! Or decrease track of books you want to read two main limitations of plant programme... Phosphorus trifluoride ( formula P F 3 ), is a toxic substance and is and... The unbonded electron bond and three Ps that are observed in an artificial hybridization programme bonds the! Unshared pairs, also sp3 hybridization. if we observe closely, one more than the for! The phosphorus pentafluoride ( PF3 ) molecule exponential function, identify whether the change represents or! Scheme for ethene, H 2 C＝CH 2 Example 10 by using this site, consent! 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Below are a separate phenomenon based on electron repulsions. several types of hybridization either. Are 5. and we take the oxidation state of halogens as 1 A. Carbo... View a few ads unblock... New hybrid orbitals odd electron are accommodating to explain molecular geometry ask your own question great on exams. Plant cells, they are different in size, SHAPE, and how they energy... Has 26 valence electrons stands for mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals Group attempts a... Refuse to use cookies by setting the necessary parameters in your browser solve homework... Sf ; CI electrons in its ground state planning for an artificial hybridization programme involving dioecious plants, of., one boron electron is unpaired in the blank $\begingroup$ read: hybridization in PH3 maybe! Hybridization or ask your own question lone pair ) so its hybridization is also an expansion the! Organic Chemistry video tutorial explains the hybridization of Ammonia, look at the around! The Nitrogen and a lone pair, 1 lone pair ) so its is... Help to identify the type of hybridization like sp3, sp2,.... ( sp3d2 hybridization. and stuff and colorless in appearance the hybridisation in PF3 regions around the Nitrogen and... Ps that are being hybridized around the Nitrogen atom electron is unpaired in the phosphorus pentafluoride ( )... T understand how you got it thanks hybridization of pf3 molecule: PF3 has 26 valence electrons explain molecular geometry and bonding! Videos prepare you to succeed in your college classes, sp2 hybridization of pf3.... Consent to the use of cookies F_5 the No ( maybe dupelicate ) Related Why! Electronegativity and the PF3 molecule also contains a lone pair four regions make sp3! No hybridization at all regarding somatic hybridization. hybridization programme accommodating to explain geometry! 5-5=0 electrons = 0 lone pairs bf 3 has a characteristic hybridization, bond angle orbital! 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text:
Welcome to lincity.

This is the README for lincity 1.12.

## WHAT IS LINCITY

Lincity is a city/country simulation game for Linux (SVGALIB and X), Solaris, FreeBSD, HPUX, AIX, SCO, IRIX, Compaq True64, BeOS, OS/2, VMS, OS X, AtheOS, and Win32 (Win95, Win98, ME, NT, 2000, XP).

You are required to build and maintain a city. You must feed, house, provide jobs and goods for your residents. You can build a sustainable economy with the help of renewable energy and recycling, or you can go for broke and build rockets to escape from a pollution ridden and resource starved planet, it's up to you. Due to the finite resources available in any one place, this is not a game that you can leave for long periods of time.

Lincity recently moved to sourceforge.net. This brings new CVS access, mailing lists, and web pages. If you are subscribed to lincity-users@floot.demon.co.uk, please also subscribe to the new list, shown below, and make all of your posts there. Please also note the new home page, which is not yet complete. Anyone with an eye for design and a desire to help is welcome to make suggestions or design a page to replace this one.

http://lincity.sourceforge.net

The official users mailing list (mailman) can be subscribed to by visiting:

http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/lincity-users

http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/lincity-commits

http://sourceforge.net/projects/lincity/

## REQUIREMENTS

• SVGALIB 1.3.0 (or greater).

OR         X11.

OR         A Win32 OS.

• A graphics card supported by your above choice.

• You probably need at least a 486DX2-66. (Even better for the X version I suspect.)

• Other things? Send us an email.

## INSTALLATION (UNIX)

To install lincity, (as root) untar the file lincity-1.12.0.gz

tar -xzvf lincity-1.12.0.tar.gz

You now want to compile the source

cd lincity-1.12.0
./configure
make

Lincity will run out of the source directory. But if you want to install you can do this:

make install

The old method choosing the install directory by setting LC_BINDIR and LC_LIBDIR in the makefile no longer applies. To install to a different directory, you must use the --prefix flag when you configure the package. For example:

./configure --prefix=/usr/mylocal

If you are installing a version downloaded from the cvs server, the timestamps may be incorrect, which will cause the "make" to fail. In this case, you need to run a script to fix the timestamps:

./fix-timestamps.sh
./configure
make
make install

## INSTALLATION (WIN32)

Simply unpack the archive, and double click on the LINCITY.EXE icon. You can get your free copy of UNZIP from the INFO-ZIP web page at

http://www.info-zip.org

## UNINSTALLING (UNIX)

If you still have the configured source directory, you can do this:

make uninstall

Otherwise, do this (assuming you installed to /usr/local)

rm /usr/local/bin/lincity
rm /usr/local/bin/xlincity
rm /usr/local/man/man6/lincity.6
rm -rf /usr/local/share/lincity

In addition, if you ran lincity, you should delete these:

rm -rf $HOME/.lincity rm$HOME/.lincityrc

If you have an older version, before 1.12pre54, you should delete this:

rm -rf $HOME/.Lin-city  ## UNINSTALLING (WIN32) Like all good DOS programs, lincity runs within a single directory. No files are copied to your "windows directory." The windows registry is not used. Simply delete the lincity directory to uninstall. ## RUNNING LINCITY (UNIX) Usually you will invoke the game with lincity or xlincity. Typing lincity will run the SVGA version, while typing xlincity will run the X Windows version. The SVGA version will not run under X. lincity [opts] xlincity [opts]  The following options apply to both. -w Do some *crude* gamma correction to boost the red and blue. This makes some 'washed out' displays a bit more colourful. You have control of the individual values, see below.  -R <num> -G <num> -B <num> These options allow you to boost the individual colours. <num> is a number between 0.0 and 1.0 The default values for -w are 1.0 0.0 0.4 (ATTOW)  This option only applies to lincity. -m <num> Set the VGA mode. See below for choices of mode.  This option only applies to xlincity. -r Add an extra border around the game. -d Double the size of the window to 1280x960  -b *obsolete* omit border around game. Now on by default.  ## RUNNING LINCITY (WIN32) Double click the LINCITY.EXE icon. The WIN32 version does not accept command line arguments. ## UPGRADING FROM VERSION 1.11 Lincity 1.12 is forward compatible with lincity 1.11, in the sense that 1.12 can read files generated in 1.11. However, please note that you may need to copy over the save files. Save files can be found in the following directories. UNIX users note the change!  Lincity 1.11 Lincity 1.12 ---------------- ---------------- UNIX$HOME/.Lin-city               $HOME/.lincity WINDOWS %LINCITY_HOME%\SAVED_GAMES %LINCITY_HOME%\SAVED_GAMES  ## THE LINCITY HOME DIRECTORY If you get a message such as "Error. Can't find LINCITY_HOME", this means that lincity can't find its home directory. To find its home directory, lincity searches for the file "colour.pal" in the following three directories (in order): The directory pointed to by the$LINCITY_HOME environment variable
The current working directory
The default directory

## LINCITY CONFIGURATION FILE

Lincity now has a configuration file for saving defaults. You can find it in the following location:

UNIX: \$HOME/.lincityrc WINDOWS: %LINCITY_HOME%\lincity.ini

To reset to the "factory default" configuration, simply delete the file. Lincity will regenerate the file if it is missing.

## NOTES FOR SVGALIB VERSION

It is now possible to run at higher resolution. You can use the command line to set the mode:

lincity                 ## default mode
lincity -m 10           ## mode 10, 640x480
lincity -m 11           ## mode 11, 800x600
lincity -m 12           ## mode 12, 1024x768
lincity -m 13           ## mode 13, 1280x1024

If not specified, lincity uses the default mode. The default mode can be set according to the SVGALIB_DEFAULT_MODE environment variable. See "man svgalib" for details on the svgalib default graphics mode. If no default graphics mode has been specified, lincity will use mode 10 (640x480, 256 colors).

As of version 1.12, lincity now uses the mouse settings in your svga configuration file (i.e. /etc/vga/vga.config). Please use this method to specify which make/model of mouse you are using, and other mouse parameters.

## NOTES FOR X VERSION

When playing in 256 colour (8bbp) display modes, when you go over the edge of your window, the window manager changes the colour palette back to the normal one, then back to the game's one when the mouse reenters the window. This is what is supposed to happen, but can be a bit annoying when trying to click on areas close to the edge and overshooting. For this reason, I have added an extra border around the game to give players a bit of breathing space.

You can disable this feature by starting the game with a -b switch. ie.

xlincity -b

There is now a button that enables you to confine the mouse pointer within the X window. ( xlincity -b, then confining the pointer and changing the screen resolution to 640x480 gives you a full screen game. :) )

## NOTES FOR WIN32 VERSION

Lincity for Win32 automatically chooses whether or not to add a border and/or perform pix doubling, depending on your resolution. Furthermore, it will automatically maximize the window or even go into full screen mode. Here is what you should see for some of the more popular resolutions:

Resolution      Window Style     Border         Pix Doubling
------------    ------------    ------------    ------------
640 x 480       Full screen     None            No
800 x 600       Window          Yes             No
1024 x 768      Window          Yes             No
1152 x 864      Window          Yes             No
1280 x 1024     Window          None            Yes

If you are running 1280x1024, you may need to autohide the taskbar in order to see pix doubling.

Lincity no longer uses a real windows font to draw text. Although this gives a considerable speed improvement (about 20%), it sometimes doesn't work correctly, for a reason that I haven't yet identified.

Save files are gzip compatible with the UNIX version of lincity. That is, you will need to gzip/gunzip the save files when you transfer them to/from your UNIX box.

The source code is distributed together with the binary distribution, in the file source.tgz.

## NOTES FOR CYGWIN

Cygwin is fully supported. However, at the time of writing, performance is very slow when X Windows is started in multiwindow mode (which is the default setting). To fix this, you can edit startxwin.bat to choose a different setting.

http://sources.redhat.com/ml/cygwin-xfree/2003-09/msg00485.html

## INTERNATIONALIZATION UNDER LINUX

Lincity supports a modest amount of internationalization. Only languages that can be represented using a iso8859-1 font are currently supported. I have created a lincity-compatible iso8859-2 font also, but have not used it yet because of no demand (send me an email if you would like to try).

If you wish to make a translation for your language, you will need to download and install gettext 0.11.2 or higher.

The first task is to get the sample Italian translation to display correctly. Download a fresh lincity (1.12pre53 or higher) from sourceforge. Do a configure, make, and make install.

export LANG=it_IT          ## (on bash and similar)
setenv LANG it_IT          ## (on csh and similar)
xlincity -D

Hopefully you will see something like this:

Setting entire locale to it_IT
Setting messages locale to it_IT
Query locale is it_IT
GUESS 1 -- intl_suffix is it_IT
Trying Message Path /home/gsharp/lincity/share/lincity/messages/it_IT/
Trying Help Path /home/gsharp/lincity/share/lincity/help/it_IT/
GUESS 2 -- intl_suffix is it
Trying Message Path /home/gsharp/lincity/share/lincity/messages/it/
Set Message Path /home/gsharp/lincity/share/lincity/messages/it/
Trying Help Path /home/gsharp/lincity/share/lincity/help/it/
Set Help Path /home/gsharp/lincity/share/lincity/help/it/
Bound textdomain directory is /home/gsharp/lincity/share/locale
Textdomain is lincity
DefaultVisual id=35 bp-rgb=8 map-entries=256

If you see this, then everything worked perfectly. You should see perfect Italian. In particular, note the following:

(1)  The opening screen (help page) is in Italian
(2)  The month January will be written "Gen" instead of "Jan"
(3)  Click on something that hasn't been invented yet, like a
power station or windmill.  The message for "Not enough tech"
will be in Italian.

It is possible that you see English for (1) and (3). If so, you are probably running from the directory you built from. Please cd out of that directory, and try again.

If you are less lucky, maybe only (1) and (3) worked correctly and but not (2). If so, you probably saw something like this:

Setting entire locale to (null)
Setting messages locale to (null)
Query locale is C
GUESS 1 -- intl_suffix is it_IT
Trying Message Path /usr/local/lincity/messages/it_IT/
Trying Help Path /usr/local/lincity/help/it_IT/
GUESS 2 -- intl_suffix is it
Trying Message Path /usr/local/lincity/messages/it/
Set Message Path /usr/local/lincity/messages/it/
Trying Help Path /usr/local/lincity/help/it/
Settling for help Path /usr/local/lincity/help/
Bound textdomain directory is /lincity/share/locale
Textdomain is lincity
DefaultVisual id=35 bp-rgb=8 map-entries=256

If this happens, it means that your system is missing some files which are require to "set the locale" of your system to "it_IT". Probably you are running Linux -- I don't think other Unix's have this peculiar requirement.

To check if this is the problem (on Linux), look for the directory /usr/lib/locale/it_IT. If this directory doesn't exist, you have this problem. To fix it, do the following:

1)  Make a backup of the directory /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
2)  Make a backup of the directory /usr/share/i18n/locale
3)  cd /usr/share/i18n/charmaps
4)  gunzip UTF-8.gz
5)  gunzip ISO-8859-1.gz
6)  cd /usr/share/i18n/locale
7)  localedef -f ../charmaps/UTF-8 -i it_IT it_IT.UTF-8
8)  localedef -f ../charmaps/ISO-8859-1 -i it_IT it_IT

Now check for the directory /usr/lib/locale/it_IT. It will be there.

OK, now you are ready to make translations for a new language. There are three parts to making a translation: making help files making message files making a .po file.

The messages and help files are just a matter of editing the ASCII files, and installing them. If your language is "it", you should create two directories such as /usr/local/share/lincity/messages/it and /usr/local/share/lincity/help/it. Copy the English language help and message files to these directories, and translate them.

The .po file is a matter of translating these and getting them to compile correctly. First, edit the file po/LINGUAS, and add your language (e.g. "it") to the list. Next, create the .po file. For the language "it", the command looks like this like this:

cd po
msginit -l it

You should now see the file "it.po". Edit this file. Specifically, you should edit what comes after "msgstr". Don't erase any of the other stuff such as "msgid" or "#: cliglobs.c:54" or that stuff. If you are using emacs, there is a "po-mode" to facilitate (or obstruct) this task.

When you are done editing this file, you need to compile this file. Simply type "make" in the po directory to compile. This will create the file "it.gmo". Finally, you will need to install this file. To install, you will copy this file to the following location:

cp it.gmo /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/lincity.mo

Now, you are ready to go. Set the LANG environment variable and lincity should run using your translations.

## INTERNATIONALIZATION UNDER WINDOWS

Install the Italian translation pack directly into the lincity directory. Then run the batch file:

c:\lincity> lincity-it

Now, you should see:

(1)  The opening screen (help page) is in Italian
(2)  The month January will be written "Gen" instead of "Jan"
(3)  Click on something that hasn't been invented yet, like a
power station or windmill.  The message for "Not enough tech"
will be in Italian.

If the above procedure doesn't work "out of the box", email to gregsharp@geocities.com.

OK, now you are ready to make translations for a new language. There are three parts to making a translation: making help files making message files making a .po file.

The messages and help files are just a matter of editing the ASCII files, and installing them. If your language is "it", you should create two directories such as /usr/local/share/lincity/messages/it and /usr/local/share/lincity/help/it. Copy the English language help and message files to these directories, and translate them.

The .po file is a matter of translating these and getting them to compile correctly. First, make copy the file lincity.pot to your language (e.g. "it.po" for Italian). If you do not have a lincity.pot file, email gregsharp@geocities.com to get the latest one (or get it directly from the CVS server on sourceforge).

You should now see the file "it.po". Edit this file. Specifically, you should edit what comes after "msgstr". Don't erase any of the other stuff such as "msgid" or "#: cliglobs.c:54" or that stuff. If you are using emacs, there is a "po-mode" to facilitate (or obstruct) this task.

When you are done editing this file, you need to compile this file. Use the executable "msgfmt.exe" which is distributed with lincity for this purpose:

c:\lincity> msgfmt it.po -o it.gmo

This should create the file it.gmo. You need to copy it to a prespecified location, like this:

c:\lincity> copy it.gmo locale\it\LC_MESSAGES\lincity.mo

Create the appropriate subdirectories as necessary.

Now, you are ready to go. Set the LANG environment variable and lincity should run using your translations.

## INSTALLING PICEDIT

Picedit is deprecated. It may or may not compile.

picedit is a simple drawing program that was used to draw all the icons found within the game. You are free to play with this, and even send me new icons that you have designed - although I cannot guarantee that any icons sent to me will be included in later versions. If you intend to design some that you feel should be included, please e-mail me first, this may save a lot of wasted effort. The following commands

./configure
make picedit   (or make xpicedit)
make install

will compile and install picedit (or xpicedit). Most likely, you will prefer to install picedit and lincity at the same time to avoid copying all of the help and message files multiple times, like this:

./configure
make lincity
make picedit
make install

By the way, xpicedit does not work on hi-color or full-color displays.

## COMPILATION UNDER WIN32

I use both MS VC++ 4.0 and MS VC++ 6.0 on Win95 and Win98. I no longer include the MSVC workspace files or makefiles, since these do not seem to be particularly useful. If you would like them, I'd be glad to send them to you.

You may need to generate your own Makefile. The file Makefile.am contains the information about which files you need to compile. As of version 1.12, you no longer need to link with your vendor supplied versions VERSION.LIB or WSOCK32.LIB.

Lincity 1.11 was patched to compile with the Borland compiler too. If this is not still working in 1.12, please send me a patch and I'll be happy to add it to the archive.

## RUNNING LINCITY (CLIENT/SERVER)

Client/server version is disabled for this version. In fact, the code was completely removed as of version 1.12pre50, so the last version to contain the (non-functioning) network code was 1.12pre49.

If you are interested in working on a client/server version, please send your email to the current maintainer or to the lincity mailing list. We are still interested in doing this!

## BUGS

Many. See the file TODO.

If you wish to report a bug, you can send to directly to the current maintainer or to the lincity mailing list.

## HISTORY

Ian Peters started writing lincity in June 1995 as an exercise in mouse control in SVGALIB. It quickly became a usable, then even fun, game to play. Over the next 18+ months it evolved into a challenging and stable game which, in a number of people's opinion, is worth uploading to the net.

In late 1997, lincity developers made grand plans for lincity version 2, an intergalactic space simulation with all the trimmings. But from 1998-1999, lincity underwent a period of hibernation, with only minor patches being applied.

Development was restarted in late 1999 by Greg Sharp to provide some moderate improvements, including networking support, GUI improvements and additional gameplay developments. Networking support was subsequently dropped in 2001.

In mid-2001, Greg was joined by Corey Keasling, who helped to bring the game to sourceforge.net. In late 2001, Corey became co-maintainer. Version 1.12 was released in December 2003.

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

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# Distributive lattice embedding into a finite lattice.

Suppose one has an inclusion $\iota : D \hookrightarrow S$ where $D$ is a finite distributive lattice and $S$ is a finite join-semilattice.

If $\iota$ preserves all meets and joins one can show that $|J(D)| \leq |J(S)|$ i.e. $D$ has no more join-irreducibles than $S$.

Does this also hold if $\iota$ only preserves finite joins?

I only know that it is true in the special cases where $S$ is a distributive lattice or $S \cong S^{op}$ is order-dual.

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If S had empty joins and i preserved meets then you get the inequality you want. I am skeptical joins work. – Benjamin Steinberg Feb 8 '13 at 1:33

Well, I proved that it is true with a friend yesterday, so I'll include it here.

Recall that we have an inclusion $\iota : D \hookrightarrow S$ where $S$ is a finite join-semilattice and $D$ is a finite distributive lattice. More explicitly: $S$ has all finite joins, so it is a complete lattice with a top and bottom element and furthermore $D$ has a top and bottom too.

In the case where $\iota$ preserves all meets then the same function defines a meet-semilattice morphism $\iota : D^{op} \hookrightarrow S^{op}$, so by duality we have the surjection $\iota' : S \twoheadrightarrow D$, hence $|J(D)| \leq |J(S)|$ because join-irreducibles (we exclude zero) in join-semilattices form the minimal generating set.

But the question was whether the same is true when $\iota$ preserves all joins.

First recall that in any finite distributive lattice $D$, the cardinality $|J(D)|$ is the size of the maximal chain in $D$ (counting the edges). Since we have an embedding $\iota : D \hookrightarrow S$, it follows that $S$'s maximal chain has size more than or equal to $n = |J(D)|$. For a contradiction assume that $|J(S)| < n$. Then $S$ is generated by $n-1$ elements, so we have a join-semilattice morphism $f : 2^{n-1} \twoheadrightarrow S$. By duality there is an embedding $f' : S^{op} \hookrightarrow (2^{n-1})^{op}$, hence $S^{op}$'s maximal chain has size at most $n-1$, as does its order-dual $S$, this being a contradiction.

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Nice. Having the domain be distributive really helps. – Benjamin Steinberg Feb 9 '13 at 15:59
@Benjamin Steinberg: Cheers. Perhaps you can see a pattern emerging regarding my other question that you answered i.e. I am searching for various conditions that imply a subalgebra has no more generators. By the way, the motivation is automata theory e.g. the above result can be used to identify a class of regular languages that have a canonical state-minimal nondeterministic acceptor. – Rob Myers Feb 9 '13 at 16:56


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# Black hole anatomy

by bill alsept
Tags: anatomy, black, hole
 Share this thread:
 P: 124 I understand pressure is required to supports a balloons surface but not so simple on a bowling ball. Why is pressure needed on a complely solid object?
Sci Advisor
P: 4,795
 Quote by bill alsept I understand pressure is required to supports a balloons surface but not so simple on a bowling ball. Why is pressure needed on a complely solid object?
Well, consider a chunk of the matter. There will be a force inward caused by the gravitational attraction. If that force is not balanced by something, that force inward will cause the matter to accelerate inward. So if the matter is not collapsing, there must be a force outward to counterbalance the inward force of gravity. That force is a pressure.
P: 1,261
 Quote by Chalnoth While it is indeed true that General Relativity provides a sensible description of space-time inside the event horizon but outside the singularity, this doesn't mean we can trust it. In order to avoid the singularity, after all, General Relativity has to give an incorrect description of the black hole some distance outside that singularity. How far outside? We don't yet know.
That's a really good point. (My personal guess it much closer to the singularity ;)
Sci Advisor
P: 4,795
 Quote by zhermes That's a really good point. (My personal guess it much closer to the singularity ;)
For a slightly more detailed answer as to why I think it may need modification even just inside the event horizon, consider this.

From the point of view of the outside observer, an infalling object actually never crosses the event horizon. In fact, Hawking radiation causes the black hole to become smaller before the infalling object ever reaches it. So, what happens to the object if it is never allowed to even cross the event horizon?

Note that if we accept classical General Relativity, from the point of view of the infalling object, it does crash into the singularity in finite time. And this is also what happens even if the black hole is an evaporating black hole that has always existed. Last time I looked this up, however, nobody had managed to figure out what happens in a black hole that forms and evaporates in finite time with General Relativity.

Finally, consider that the Hawking Radiation encodes the information of whatever fell into the black hole, so that the radiation which leaves is physically connected to matter that entered into the black hole.

So my supposition is that the black hole can actually be seen as sort of a collision of matter occurring with an extreme amount of time dilation that is so destructive that it almost perfectly thermalizes any and all matter which enters the collision. This is, however, just supposition.
P: 124
 Quote by Chalnoth Well, consider a chunk of the matter. There will be a force inward caused by the gravitational attraction. If that force is not balanced by something, that force inward will cause the matter to accelerate inward. So if the matter is not collapsing, there must be a force outward to counterbalance the inward force of gravity. That force is a pressure.
Maybe the smallest particles in the universe only have space between them because they are each liberated and going through some repeated cycles of their own. When they are finally corralled and pushed together to the point they can no longer be liberated or move they loose any effect or phenomena they caused before. Could it even be possible that a black hole goes completely cold at the center? And would need no support again leading to the idea that the singularity may have a diameter instead of being a point?
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P: 4,795
 Quote by bill alsept Maybe the smallest particles in the universe only have space between them because they are each liberated and going through some repeated cycles of their own. When they are finally corralled and pushed together to the point they can no longer be liberated or move they loose any effect or phenomena they caused before. Could it even be possible that a black hole goes completely cold at the center? And would need no support again leading to the idea that the singularity may have a diameter instead of being a point?
This is a real phenomena, and it happens inside white dwarfs and neutron stars. It's known as degeneracy pressure, because the fermions that make up these particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time. But this degeneracy pressure is limited, and eventually it is simply insufficient to keep these objects from collapsing inward. In the case of the white dwarf, it is the degeneracy pressure of the electrons in the atoms that make up the star. When that pressure gets too great, the electrons combine with the neutrons to form a neutron star. When the neutron degeneracy pressure of the neutron star is insufficient, it collapses to form a black hole. And no amount of pressure can prevent the collapse of the matter inside the event horizon.
 P: 124 Sorry, I am not trying to beat a dead horse here but I am talking about after neutron degeneracy pressure of the neutron star and any other stages of collapse a body of mass may go through including the stage of converting to a black hole. Which I think is the same as all the other stages where the escape velocity just rises another notch. In this case it rises above the speed of light. But after that stage what stages are there and eventually you get to a particle that are so much smaller than anything else. There would be no other place to collapse to.
Sci Advisor
P: 4,795
 Quote by bill alsept Sorry, I am not trying to beat a dead horse here but I am talking about after neutron degeneracy pressure of the neutron star and any other stages of collapse a body of mass may go through including the stage of converting to a black hole. Which I think is the same as all the other stages where the escape velocity just rises another notch. In this case it rises above the speed of light. But after that stage what stages are there and eventually you get to a particle that are so much smaller than anything else. There would be no other place to collapse to.
Except that not all matter is fermionic. If the particles collapse to a bosonic state, then they can collapse as far as you like.
 P: 720 Chalnoth what other matter is there besides fermions?
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P: 4,795
 Quote by Tanelorn Chalnoth what other matter is there besides fermions?
At the very least, the photon, gluon, W and Z bosons, and the Higgs boson.
P: 1,261
 Quote by Chalnoth From the point of view of the outside observer, an infalling object actually never crosses the event horizon. In fact, Hawking radiation causes the black hole to become smaller before the infalling object ever reaches it. So, what happens to the object if it is never allowed to even cross the event horizon?
That's not an issue in GR. First, for all practical purposes the event horizon is going to increase is size from the newly accreted matter, not decrease in size---only the smallest of black-holes (with no known formation mechanism) decrease in size at all.
Second, the same argument would apply to the classic undergrad question 'how does the black-hole increase in mass at all?' --- which is a non-issue. The object crosses the event horizon without a problem, its just never observed.

 Quote by Chalnoth Note that if we accept classical General Relativity, from the point of view of the infalling object, it does crash into the singularity in finite time. And this is also what happens even if the black hole is an evaporating black hole that has always existed. Last time I looked this up, however, nobody had managed to figure out what happens in a black hole that forms and evaporates in finite time with General Relativity.
Yes, the singularity is of course an issue---but I don't see how adding a finite-aged black-hole complicates the issue. And note that you don't have evaporation with just general relativity.

 Quote by Chalnoth Finally, consider that the Hawking Radiation encodes the information of whatever fell into the black hole, so that the radiation which leaves is physically connected to matter that entered into the black hole.
Again, I don't see an issue here.

 Quote by Chalnoth So my supposition is that the black hole can actually be seen as sort of a collision of matter occurring with an extreme amount of time dilation that is so destructive that it almost perfectly thermalizes any and all matter which enters the collision. This is, however, just supposition.
I don't follow what you're saying.
P: 1,261
 Quote by bill alsept Sorry, I am not trying to beat a dead horse here but I am talking about after neutron degeneracy pressure of the neutron star and any other stages of collapse a body of mass may go through including the stage of converting to a black hole. .... But after that stage what stages are there and eventually you get to a particle that are so much smaller than anything else. There would be no other place to collapse to.
This is completely irrelevant as has already been stated many times. If you still don't understand, you should read a GR textbook. The nature of the material within the event horizon doesn't matter in general relativity. There is no such thing as 'a particle so much smaller than anything else'---you're argument is based on the premise that there is a fundamentally small thing, which cannot get smaller; you are then using that as an argument for the same point.
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P: 4,795
 Quote by zhermes Yes, the singularity is of course an issue---but I don't see how adding a finite-aged black-hole complicates the issue. And note that you don't have evaporation with just general relativity.
The potential complication is that it is apparently unknown whether or not a singularity would form for a finite-aged black hole (in this case singularity simply meaning dense clump of matter at the center, instead of a mathematical singularity, since we'd be talking about a real black hole). That is, the time dilation may be so severe that the matter inside the event horizon just doesn't have enough time to collapse any significant amount before the black hole evaporates.

And yeah, obviously I was talking about a semi-classical black hole with regard to evaporation, which uses General Relativity to define the space-time but adds an evaporation mechanism.
P: 1,261
 Quote by Chalnoth The potential complication is that it is apparently unknown whether or not a singularity would form for a finite-aged black hole (in this case singularity simply meaning dense clump of matter at the center, instead of a mathematical singularity, since we'd be talking about a real black hole). That is, the time dilation may be so severe that the matter inside the event horizon just doesn't have enough time to collapse any significant amount before the black hole evaporates.
This is not an issue. Formation of black-holes and singularities has been thoroughly studied, by Papapetrou, Thorne, Penrose... Teukolsky I think. Again, in all astrophysically significant cases, evaporation can't occur----absorption of the CMB is far more rapid than the production of hawking radiation (and I can't recall for sure, but I think even very low ambient density environments, the bondi accretion is also more rapid than Hawking Radiation).
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P: 4,795
 Quote by zhermes This is not an issue. Formation of black-holes and singularities has been thoroughly studied, by Papapetrou, Thorne, Penrose... Teukolsky I think.
Well, admittedly I haven't looked into this in great detail myself. But in this case I'm going off of my GR professor, Steve Carlip, who I think is generally quite good on this stuff. As far as I know, we're still a long way from really examining what GR has to say here for anything beyond the absolute simplest case. My understanding was that the only sort of black hole formation we could produce was due to symmetric infalling spherical shells, and that is a highly non-physical situation.

 Quote by zhermes Again, in all astrophysically significant cases, evaporation can't occur----absorption of the CMB is far more rapid than the production of hawking radiation (and I can't recall for sure, but I think even very low ambient density environments, the bondi accretion is also more rapid than Hawking Radiation).
Well, sure, but those accretion processes will all end in far, far less time than the expected black hole evaporation rate anyway. We're talking roughly $10^{66}$ to $10^{100}$ year timescales here. So I don't quite understand what this has to do with my point that we may not know much of anything about what's going on inside the black hole's event horizon.
P: 720
 Quote by Chalnoth At the very least, the photon, gluon, W and Z bosons, and the Higgs boson.
Chalnoth, are Bosons or force carriers conidered what is loosely called "ponderable matter". I am quite prepared to be wrong about this I just thought they werent.
Sci Advisor
P: 4,795
 Quote by Tanelorn Chalnoth, are Bosons or force carriers conidered what is loosely called "ponderable matter". I am quite prepared to be wrong about this I just thought they werent.
Well, they are either moving at the speed of light or are unstable. But when they are inside the event horizon of a black hole, moving at the speed of light doesn't prevent collapse, and the extreme space-time curvature may potentially make the W and Z bosons stable, in an analogous way to how the incredibly high pressure inside a neutron star makes neutrons stable.

Edit: Of course, this almost certainly isn't enough to produce a degenerate bosonic state at the center of a black hole, because you also have to get rid of the baryons, and baryon number is a conserved quantity in known physics. So we would probably need some beyond-standard-model interactions to get into a degenerate bosonic state, and that may open the door for still more bosons.
P: 1,261
It was specifically in reference to your comment that:
 Quote by Chalnoth That is, the time dilation may be so severe that the matter inside the event horizon just doesn't have enough time to collapse any significant amount before the black hole evaporates.
Those studies have shown singularity formation in finite coordinate (and proper) time---but you're right, I'm not sure exactly how long (but I think its on the order of a dynamical time), and in how diverse situations; good keeping me on my toes.

But going back to the initial point; the event horizon can definitely form stably. We agree that the singularity itself is completely questionable---so that part doesn't really matter. My overall argument is that we are really really confident event horizons can form; and quantum mechanics (string theory etc etc) only suggest GR breaks something like 50 orders of magnitude closer to the center of the BH than the event horizon... so there doesn't seem to be a reason to expect GR to break near the EH...

(Unless you're looking at a near-extremal kerr black-hole---which we believe exist---in which case the singularity itself can be very near the event horizon.

 Related Discussions Special & General Relativity 9 Special & General Relativity 13 Astronomy & Astrophysics 6 General Physics 2


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## Distribution of average of exponentially distributed [closed]

We independently choose n r.v.s from an exponential distribution with parameter lambda. What is the distribution of the average of these n variables? (in the context of finding the distribution of the mle)

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 The answer is: Gamma. However, this question does not fit in MO. – Didier Piau Feb 12 2011 at 16:57 Presumably for large $n$ the normal approximation works well... – Igor Rivin Feb 12 2011 at 17:01


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# Step-by-step Solution

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## Final Answer

$x=9$
Got a different answer? Try our new Answer Assistant!

## Step-by-step Solution

Problem to solve:

$\ln\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)+\ln\left(2x^3\right)=\ln\left(486\right)-\ln\left(3\right)$

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The logarithm of a quotient is equal to the logarithm of the numerator minus the logarithm of the denominator

$-\ln\left(x\right)+\ln\left(2x^3\right)=5.087596$

Learn how to solve rational equations problems step by step online.

$-\ln\left(x\right)+\ln\left(2x^3\right)=5.087596$

Learn how to solve rational equations problems step by step online. Solve the equation ln(1/x)+ln(2x^3)=ln(486)-ln(3). The logarithm of a quotient is equal to the logarithm of the numerator minus the logarithm of the denominator. The difference of two logarithms of equal base b is equal to the logarithm of the quotient: \log_b(x)-\log_b(y)=\log_b\left(\frac{x}{y}\right). Simplify the fraction \frac{2x^3}{x} by x. Take the variable outside of the logarithm.

## Final Answer

$x=9$
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Answer Assistant

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### Tips on how to improve your answer:

$\ln\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)+\ln\left(2x^3\right)=\ln\left(486\right)-\ln\left(3\right)$

### Main topic:

Rational equations

~ 0.09 s