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# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics

##### Examples
 Geometry Search for the term Geometry in any field. Queries are case-independent. Funct* Wildcard queries are specified by * (e.g. functions, functorial, etc.). Otherwise the search is exact. "Topological group" Phrases (multi-words) should be set in "straight quotation marks". au: Bourbaki & ti: Algebra Search for author and title. The and-operator & is default and can be omitted. Chebyshev | Tschebyscheff The or-operator | allows to search for Chebyshev or Tschebyscheff. "Quasi* map*" py: 1989 The resulting documents have publication year 1989. so: Eur* J* Mat* Soc* cc: 14 Search for publications in a particular source with a Mathematics Subject Classification code (cc) in 14. "Partial diff* eq*" ! elliptic The not-operator ! eliminates all results containing the word elliptic. dt: b & au: Hilbert The document type is set to books; alternatively: j for journal articles, a for book articles. py: 2000-2015 cc: (94A | 11T) Number ranges are accepted. Terms can be grouped within (parentheses). la: chinese Find documents in a given language. ISO 639-1 language codes can also be used.

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## Found 89 documents (Results 1–89)

Ammari, Habib (ed.) et al., Multi-scale and high-contrast PDE. From modelling, to mathematical analysis, to inversion. Proceedings of the conference, University of Oxford, UK, June 28 – July 1, 2011. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (ISBN 978-0-8218-6929-1/pbk; 978-0-8218-9100-1/ebook). Contemporary Mathematics 577, 105-124 (2012).
Ammari, Habib (ed.) et al., Multi-scale and high-contrast PDE. From modelling, to mathematical analysis, to inversion. Proceedings of the conference, University of Oxford, UK, June 28 – July 1, 2011. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (ISBN 978-0-8218-6929-1/pbk; 978-0-8218-9100-1/ebook). Contemporary Mathematics 577, 1-24 (2012).
Ammari, Habib (ed.) et al., Mathematical and statistical methods for imaging. NIMS thematic workshop, Inha University, Incheon, Korea, August 10–13, 2010. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (ISBN 978-0-8218-5289-7/pbk). Contemporary Mathematics 548, 151-163 (2011).
Ammari, Habib (ed.) et al., Mathematical and statistical methods for imaging. NIMS thematic workshop, Inha University, Incheon, Korea, August 10–13, 2010. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (ISBN 978-0-8218-5289-7/pbk). Contemporary Mathematics 548, 1-19 (2011).
Contemporary Mathematics 548. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (ISBN 978-0-8218-5289-7/pbk). vii, 163 p. $69.00 (2011). Kevrekidis, Panayotis G. (ed.) et al., Emergent nonlinear phenomena in Bose-Einstein condensates. Theory and experiment. Berlin: Springer (ISBN 978-3-540-73590-8/hbk). Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics 45, 25-43 (2008). Stochastic Modelling and Applied Probability 56. New York, NY: Springer (ISBN 978-0-387-30890-6/hbk). xx, 612 p. EUR 54.95/net; SFR 101.00; £ 47.50;$ 79.95 (2007).
Niederreiter, Harald (ed.) et al., Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods 2004. Refereed proceedings of the sixth international conference on Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods in scientific computation, Juan-les-Pins, France, June 7–10, 2004. Berlin: Springer (ISBN 3-540-25541-9/pbk). 127-145 (2006).
MSC:  76Q05 76M35
Abdullaev, Fatkhulla Kh. (ed.) et al., Nonlinear waves: Classical and quantum aspects. Proceedings of the NATO advanced research workshop, Estoril, Portugal, July 13-17, 2003. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (ISBN 1-4020-2189-5/pbk; 1-4020-2188-7/hbk). NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry 153, 427-441 (2004).
MSC:  35Q58 37K60 82D30
Workshop on integrable theories, solitons and duality. Proceedings of the workshop, São Paulo, Brazil, July 1–6, 2002. Trieste: Proceedings of Science (SISSA). The Journal of High Energy Physics. Conference Proceedings, 11 p., electronic (2002).
Dalang, Robert C. (ed.) et al., Seminar on stochastic analysis, random fields and applications III. Proceedings of the 3rd seminar, Ascona, Switzerland, September 20–24, 1999. Basel: Birkhäuser (ISBN 3-7643-6721-0/hbk). Prog. Probab. 52, 153-171 (2002).
Abdullaev, Fatkhulla (ed.) et al., Nonlinearity and disorder: Theory and applications. Proceedings of the 5th NATO advanced research workshop (ARW), Tashkent, Uzbekistan, October 2–6, 2001. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (ISBN 1-4020-0192-4/pbk). NATO Sci. Ser. II, Math. Phys. Chem. 45, 3-17 (2001).
Kallel, Leila (ed.) et al., Theoretical aspects of evolutionary computing. 2nd EvoNet Summer School, Middelheim campus, Univ. of Antwerp, Belgium, September 1999. Berlin: Springer. Natural Computing Series. 343-370 (2001).
MSC:  68W05 68T05
Papanicolaou, George (ed.), Wave propagation in complex media. New York, NY: Springer. IMA Vol. Math. Appl. 96, 31-48 (1998).
Cohen, Gary (ed.), Mathematical and numerical aspects of wave propagation. Proceedings of the third international conference, Mandelieu-La Napoule, France, April 24–28, 1995. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 584-593 (1995).
MSC:  35Q60 78A25

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# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics

##### Examples
 Geometry Search for the term Geometry in any field. Queries are case-independent. Funct* Wildcard queries are specified by * (e.g. functions, functorial, etc.). Otherwise the search is exact. "Topological group" Phrases (multi-words) should be set in "straight quotation marks". au: Bourbaki & ti: Algebra Search for author and title. The and-operator & is default and can be omitted. Chebyshev | Tschebyscheff The or-operator | allows to search for Chebyshev or Tschebyscheff. "Quasi* map*" py: 1989 The resulting documents have publication year 1989. so: Eur* J* Mat* Soc* cc: 14 Search for publications in a particular source with a Mathematics Subject Classification code (cc) in 14. "Partial diff* eq*" ! elliptic The not-operator ! eliminates all results containing the word elliptic. dt: b & au: Hilbert The document type is set to books; alternatively: j for journal articles, a for book articles. py: 2000-2015 cc: (94A | 11T) Number ranges are accepted. Terms can be grouped within (parentheses). la: chinese Find documents in a given language. ISO 639-1 language codes can also be used.

##### Operators
 a & b logic and a | b logic or !ab logic not abc* right wildcard "ab c" phrase (ab c) parentheses
##### Fields
 any anywhere an internal document identifier au author, editor ai internal author identifier ti title la language so source ab review, abstract py publication year rv reviewer cc MSC code ut uncontrolled term dt document type (j: journal article; b: book; a: book article)
Global bifurcation for 2$m$th-order boundary value problems and infinitely many solutions of superlinear problems. (English) Zbl 1029.34015

The author studies a boundary value problem associated to a $2m$th-order ordinary differential equation of the form

$Lu\left(x\right)=p\left(x\right)u\left(x\right)+g\left(x,{u}^{\left(0\right)}\left(x\right),\cdots ,{u}^{\left(2m-1\right)}\left(x\right)\right)u\left(x\right),$

where $L$ is a selfadjoint, disconjugate operator on $\left[0,\pi \right]$ and the boundary conditions are separated. It is assumed that $g$ is “superlinear at infinity” and that ${lim}_{|\xi |\to 0}g\left(x,\xi \right)=0$. It is proved the existence of infinitely many solutions having specified nodal properties.

The main result represents a generalization to higher-order problems of a result by P. Hartman [J. Differ. Equations 26, 37-53(1997; Zbl 0365.34032)]. In the proof, it is used a generalization of the Rabinowitz global bifurcation theorem together with general results on the nodal properties of the solutions to the linear eigenvalue problem $Lu=\mu pu$.

Related results for fourth-order problems have been given, among others, by M. Conti, S. Terracini and G. Verzini [Infinitely many solutions to fourth order superlinear periodic problems (preprint)] and by M. Henrard and F. Sadyrbaev [Nonlinear Anal., Theory Methods Appl. 33, 281-302 (1998; Zbl 0937.34020)].

##### MSC:
 34B15 Nonlinear boundary value problems for ODE 47J15 Abstract bifurcation theory 34C23 Bifurcation (ODE)

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# derivations's questions - English 1answer

15 derivations questions.

### 1 Prove a $C^{\infty}$ multivariable function is lipchitz via Jacobian matrix [closed]

I would like to prove a real $C^{\infty}$(polynomial) multivariable function $F : (a_1,a_2,...a_n) \rightarrow (b_1,b_2,...b_n)$ is lipchitz of parameter $l$ is it sufficient to prove the norm of ...

### 2 Derivative with multiple summation operators

I have a defined utility function as Eq.(1), and I am seeking the minimized utility subjects to some constraints. The notation used is as following: \linebreak $V$ is the set of nodes, $v_i\in V$; $O$...

### 6 Semantics of derivations as derivatives

My understanding of how derivations on commutative rings are like derivatives is that a derivation on $R$ is differentiation with respect to a vector field on $\text{Spec}(R)$. But derivations are ...


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Payment Processor Error message: 10525: Invalid Data This transaction cannot be processed. The amount to be charged is zero

When using CiviCRM 4.6.4, we notice when adding a $0 (Free) item to a price set, and a user contributes, they are asked to confirm, but then get this error with our Paypal Website Payment Pro processor: Payment Processor Error message: 10525: Invalid Data This transaction cannot be processed. The amount to be charged is zero.  When someone chooses a$0 amount, no Paypal payment method is presented on the form, yet it still seems to opt-in to using that processor. We have no other payment processors enabled.

How do we fix?

We also notice that when using CiviDiscount,if we make a 100% off CODE for a membership, it is also rejected by Paypal with the above error.

• Just as a general note - it's worth testing things like this on the latest point version (4.6.5) as this is the sort of thing that is likely to have a fix in a point version. If you still experience it on 4.6.5 then log in JIRA & hopefully we can fix for next week's release – eileen Jul 30 '15 at 22:07
• But beware that 4.6.5 has some significant bugs around search and smart groups, e.g. Broken smart groups due to CRM-16858, Search for event participants from event page causes error DB Error: syntax error so you might not want to upgrade your production environment until 4.6.6 comes out if these will affect you. – davejenx Jul 31 '15 at 8:43
• I am having the identical problem – it emerged on 4.6.3 for us, and is still present having updated to 4.6.6. We cannot process Free memberships currently, and our community members are putting in \$0.01 donations as a workaround. – Daniel Ando Scholnick Aug 18 '15 at 17:08
• After lots of hunting, I found this stack exchange question that appears to have the answer to this question. If I can apply the patch and it works, I'll submit it as an answer here to this question. – Daniel Ando Scholnick Aug 19 '15 at 14:04


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Algorithmic gap for Hochbaum's (greedy) algorithm for (metric) uncapacitated facility location

In Jain et al. (2003)1, at the bottom of page 801, they construct an instance of (metric) uncapacitated facility location for which they claim the greedy (Hochbaum's) algorithm has gap $$\Omega\left(\frac{\log n}{\log \log n}\right)$$. The algorithm is as follows:

Construct an instance of set cover, where the ground set of elements is the set of clients $$D$$ and the set system contains all sets of the form $$(i,A)$$ where $$i \in F$$ is a facility and $$A \subseteq D$$ is a set of clients. Set $$(i,A)$$ covers the elements in $$A$$ and $$\operatorname{cost}(i,A) = f_i + \sum{d_{ij}}$$. The greedy algorithm is to choose the set $$(i,A)$$ that minimizes $$\frac{\operatorname{cost}(i,A)}{|A\,\cap\, \text{uncovered}|}$$. This can be done in polytime by iterating through the facilities $$i \in F$$ and through $$s = 1,\ldots,|\text{uncovered}|$$ and considering $$A$$ to be the $$s$$ closest uncovered clients to facility $$i$$.

Part of the proof of Jain et al.1 is to claim that (on the instance they construct) the above greedy algorithm will open all $$k$$ facilities, while the optimal thing to do is to open only one of the facilities. I can't seem to see why the greedy algorithm will open all facilities. I can see how this would be the case if the cost of each element in set $$S_i$$ is $$\sum\limits_{j=1}^ip^{j-1}$$, but in this case opening one facility will have cost $$p^k + \sum_{i=1}^{k-1}p^{k-i+1}\sum_{j=1}^ip^{j-1} = \Theta(kp^k),$$ while they claim that the optimal cost (that of opening one facility) is $$p^k + \sum_{i=1}^{k-1}\sum_{j=1}^ip^{j-1} = \Theta(p^k).$$ A central part of their proof seems to be that since the greedy algorithm described above will open all $$k$$ facilities, it will have cost $$\Omega(kp^k)$$ and therefore, the gap between the algorithms performance and the optimum is $$\Omega(k)$$. Since there are $$n = \Theta(p^k)$$ clients, $$k = \log_p n = \ln n/\ln p$$, and therefore for $$p = \ln n$$, we have that the gap is $$\Omega\left(\frac{\log n}{\log \log n}\right)$$.

Another question I have is that for $$p = O(1)$$, wouldn't this result in a gap of $$\Omega(\log n)$$ which is a stronger result? Why doesn't this work? The last sentence of their paragraph is "We do not know whether the approximation factor of Hochbaum’s algorithm on metric instances is strictly less than $$\log n$$." So I assume I'm missing something.

Reference

[1] Jain, K., Mahdian, M., Markakis, E. et al. (2003). Greedy Facility Location Algorithms Analyzed Using Dual Fitting with Factor-Revealing LP. Journal of the ACM. 50(6):795–824.

1 Answer

I'm looking at the algorithm as it's described in Hochbaum (1982), which works like this: Suppose we have enumerated all $$2^n-1$$ subsets of the customers. Subset $$P_m$$ has cost $$C_m = \min_{j\in J} \left(\sum_{i\in P_m} c_{ij} + f_j\right),$$ i.e., the fixed plus transportation cost if we choose the best facility for the set $$P_m$$ of customers. At each iteration, we choose the $$P_k$$ that maximizes the ratio $$\frac{|P_m|}{C_m},$$ open the best facility for that $$P_k$$, remove the customers in $$P_k$$ from all of the other $$P_m$$ sets, and repeat.

I'm not exactly sure how that translates to the algorithm described in Jain et al. (2003); they say the two algorithms are equivalent, so let's take their word for it.

Their example has $$k$$ facilities with a fixed cost of $$p^k$$ for some $$p$$, all located at the same spot. (They don't give any restrictions on $$p$$ but the example only makes sense if $$p$$ is a positive integer.) There are $$k-1$$ groups of customers, called $$S_1,\ldots,S_{k-1}$$, oriented as rings around the facilities. $$S_i$$ contains $$p^{k-i+1}$$ customers, each at a distance of $$\sum_{j=1}^i p^{j-1}$$ from the facilities.

Consider the first iteration of Hochbaum's algorithm. Suppose $$P_1=S_1$$, $$P_2=S_2$$, and $$P_{1,2}=S_1\cup S_2$$. The relevant ratios are: \begin{align} \frac{|P_1|}{C_1} & = \frac{p^k}{p^k+p^kp^0} = \frac12 \\ \frac{|P_2|}{C_2} & = \frac{p^{k-1}}{p^k + p^{k-1}(p^0+p^1)} = \frac{1}{2p+1} < \frac12 \\ \frac{|P_{1,2}|}{C_{1,2}} & = \frac{p^k+p^{k-1}}{p^k + p^kp^0 + p^{k-1}(p^0+p^1)} = \frac{p+1}{3p+1} < \frac12. \end{align} And presumably the pattern will repeat, in the sense that if we either add more "rings" to the subset, or we replace $$S_1$$ with a different "ring", the ratio will go down. Therefore, $$P_1 = S_1$$ attains the maximum ratio, so we open a facility (doesn't matter which one) and assign $$S_1$$ to it. Then remove $$S_1$$ from all of the other subsets, and repeat. The same logic will hold at the next iteration, so we will open a facility and assign $$S_2$$ to it, and so on. This continues until we have opened all $$k$$ facilities.

• Ah, I see, I misunderstood them as saying the sum of the distances of the clients in group $S_i$ from the facilities was $\sum\limits_{j=1}^i p^{j-1}$, but actually each client in group $S_i$ has distance $\sum\limits_{j=1}^i p^{j-1}$ from the facilities. This makes sense, thanks for the clear and concise response. – ydubey7 Jun 19 '19 at 2:36
• Sure, glad to help. – LarrySnyder610 Jun 19 '19 at 2:38
• Also to clarify the relationship b/w the above greedy method to the algorithm described in Jain et. al (2003)—referring to Algorithm 1 from the paper—they are actually not equivalent. They differ in that Alg. 1 no longer accounts for the fixed cost $f_i$ in measuring the effectiveness of covering subset $P_m$ with facility $j$, i.e. $|P_m|/\sum_{i \in P_m} c_{ij}$, if that facility has already been chosen by the algorithm. Their algorithm is able to achieve a constant-factor approximation for metric uncapacitated facility location, while the above greedy procedure is not. – ydubey7 Jun 19 '19 at 2:44
• I was referring to where it says that Hochbaum’s greedy algorithm for facility location is equivalent to the set cover algorithm applied on the set of stars. Maybe I misunderstood that point though. – LarrySnyder610 Jun 19 '19 at 2:48
• Actually after looking again at the Jain et. al (2003) paper, they do say that the optimum solution, opening just one facility, has value $p^k + \sum\limits_{i=1}^{k+1}\sum\limits_{j=1}^i p^{j-1}$. So I believe the sum of the distances of the clients in group $S_i$ from the facilities is $\sum\limits_{j=1}^i p^{j-1}$ (i.e. $d(s) = \frac{1}{p^{k-i+1}}\sum\limits_{j=1}^i p^{j-1}$ for all $s \in S_i$ where $d(a)$ is the distance of client $a$ from the facilities). – ydubey7 Jun 19 '19 at 3:43


text:
# The small GTPase Rab5 regulates the early endocytic pathway of transferrin

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The small GTPase Rab5 regulates the early endocytic pathway of transferrin (Tfn), and Rab5 deactivation is required for Tfn recycling. Rab5 deactivation on endosomes, and Tfn recycling. Ectopic manifestation of shRNA-resistant DRG2 rescued Tfn recycling in DRG2-depleted cells. Our results demonstrate that DRG2 is usually an endosomal protein and a important regulator of Rab5 deactivation and Tfn recycling. INTRODUCTION Intracellular vesicular trafficking contributes to diverse cellular processes, such as nutrient uptake and cell migration (Mellman, 1996 ). Small GTPase Rab proteins make sure the delivery of cargoes to their correct destinations by binding to numerous effectors, such as molecular motors and tethering factors (Stenmark, 2009 ). Rab5, a well-known early endosome marker, recruits early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1; Christoforidis (Sun and images were acquired for the double-labeled samples. Several cells were imaged by using donor only (EGFP), acceptor only (mRFP), and donor and acceptor colabeled cells under the same experimental conditions. By calculating the correction factor INCB8761 based on the pixel-by-pixel intensity of single-labeled cells (EGFP/mRFP) and then applying these values as a correction factor to the appropriate matching pixels of the double-labeled cells (EGFP and mRFP combination: EGFP-EEA-1 and mRFP-DRG2, EGFP-RABGAP5 and mRFP-Rab5), we obtain precision Worry (PFRET) = ? DSBT ? ASBT where is usually the uncorrected Worry, ASBT is usually the acceptor spectral bleedthrough, and DBST is usually the donor spectral bleedthrough transmission acquired by single-labeled cells. The donor bleedthrough signal in the Worry channels for all of the pixel elements of the whole image is usually decided by the equation DSBT signal = (is usually the donor channel image with donor excitation in single-labeled donor specimens, is usually the acceptor channel image with donor excitation in single-labeled donor specimens, and is usually the donor channel image with donor excitation in double-labeled donor and acceptor specimens. The acceptor bleedthrough signal in the Worry channels for all the pixel elements of the whole image is usually decided by the equation ASBT signal = (is usually the acceptor channel image with donor excitation in single-labeled acceptor specimens, is usually the acceptor channel image with acceptor excitation in single-labeled acceptor specimens, and is usually the acceptor channel image with acceptor excitation in double-labeled donor and acceptor specimens. This equation not only removes the spectral bleedthrough but also nullifies the effect INCB8761 of the variance in fluorescence protein manifestation levels. The Worry efficiency is usually calculated by using the formula = 1 ? assessments (two-tailed) were used to determine the significance of differences between groups. < 0.05 is considered significant. Supplementary Material Supplemental Materials: Click here to view. Acknowledgments We thank Pann-Ghill Suh (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea), Letizia Lanzetti (Istituto di Candiolo, Torino, Italy), Tamas Balla (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD), Michiyuki Matsuda (Kyoto University or college, Kyoto, Japan), Maxime Dahan (Institut de Biologie de lEcole Normale Superieure, Paris, France), INCB8761 Emilia Galperin (University or college of Kentucky, Lexington, KY), and Steve Caplan (University or college of Nebraska, Omaha, NE) for providing plasmid constructs used in this study. This work was supported by Korea Research Foundation Grants or loans funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD; 2014005655, Rabbit Polyclonal to GSPT1 2014R1A6A1030318, HI14C2434). Abbreviations used: DRG2developmentally regulated GTP-binding proteinEEA1early endosome antigen 1EGFPenhanced green fluorescent proteinEGFRepidermal growth factor receptorFRETfluorescence resonance energy transferGAPGTPase-activating proteinGEFguanine nucleotide exchange factorMEFmouse embryonic fibroblastmRFPmonomeric reddish fluorescent proteinMVEmultivesicular endosomePI3Kphosphatidylinositol 3-kinasePI3Pphosphatidylinositol 3-phosphateshRNAsmall hairpin or short hairpin RNAsiRNAsmall interfering RNATfntransferrin. Footnotes This article was published online ahead of print in MBoC in Press (http://www.molbiolcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1091/mbc.E15-08-0558) on November 18, 2015. Recommendations Aoki K, Matsuda M. Visualization of small GTPase activity with fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensors. Nat Protoc. 2009;4:1623C1631. [PubMed]Bolte S, Cordelieres FP. A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy. J Microsc. 2006;224:213C232. [PubMed]Bright NA, Lindsay MR, Stewart A, Luzio JP. The relationship between lumenal and limiting membranes in swollen late endocytic compartments formed after wortmannin treatment or sucrose accumulation. Traffic. 2001;2:631C642. [PubMed]Bucci C, Thomsen P, Nicoziani P, McCarthy J, van Deurs B. Rab7: a key to lysosome biogenesis. Mol Biol Cell. 2000;11:467C480. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Chotard L, Mishra AK, Sylvain MA, Tuck S, Lambright DG, Rocheleau CE. TBC-2 regulates RAB-5/RAB-7-mediated endosomal trafficking in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell. 2010;21:2285C2296. [PMC free article] [PubMed]Christoforidis S, McBride HM, Burgoyne RD, Zerial M. The Rab5 effector EEA1 is a core component of endosome docking. Nature. 1999a;397:621C625. [PubMed]Christoforidis S, Miaczynska.

# Control of infectious disease might end up being accomplished by successful

,

Control of infectious disease might end up being accomplished by successful vaccination, or by compound immunologic and genetic elements favoring antigen-specific multicellular defense reactions. cells, splenic and circulatory NK cells displayed related service information, buy 32780-64-6 whereas liver organ and mucosal NK cells displayed a reduced service profile, related in SIV managing and non-controlling macaques. Lack of Capital t cell-dependent NK cell function was rescued in SIV noncontrolling macaques through drug-mediated control of viremia. Our outcomes indicate that control of disease development in SIV managing macaques is definitely connected with co-operation between antigen-specific Compact disc4+ Capital t cells and NK cell effector function, spotlight the importance of such cell-to-cell co-operativity in adaptive defenses and recommend this connection should become additional looked into in HIV vaccine advancement and additional prophylactic vaccine methods. Intro Organic monster (NK) cells are important parts of the immune system program. Credited to their quick response potential and wide biodistribution, they influence natural and adaptive anti-viral resistant replies (1). They are specific in reduction and recognition of pathogen-infected and neoplastic cells, and modulate resistant replies through creation of inflammatory and regulatory chemokines and cytokines (2, 3). The cytotoxic activity of NK cells is certainly exerted by both antibody-dependent and Cindependent systems, showing the capability of NK cells to connection natural and adaptive defenses (4). Further proof of this linking comes from reviews of an antigen-specific IL-2-reliant co-operation between individual Compact disc4 Testosterone levels cells and NK cells (5, 6). Pursuing vaccination against either or rabies pathogen, antigen-specific IL-2 creation by storage Compact disc4+ Testosterone levels cells is certainly related with, and required for, NK cell account activation (7-9). In some people the NK cell response to can represent up to 70% of IFN–producing lymphocytes in such antigen-specific recognition assays (8). Hence, systems which business lead to effective Testosterone levels cell-mediated NK cell effector function are of curiosity for both prophylactic and healing vaccine advancement (7). Latest proof suggests that natural defenses may buy 32780-64-6 play a essential function in the control of HIV infections at all levels of disease (10). NK cell features such as creation of IFN-, -chemokines, and immediate eliminating of HIV-infected cells possess all been hypothesized as potential correlates of security in HIV-1 extremely open seronegative topics (11). The likelihood that co-operation with the adaptive resistant program might influence NK cells, offering a potential for Testosterone levels cell-dependent effector replies, provides buy 32780-64-6 essential significance for HIV/SIV vaccine advancement, and would offer however another system obtainable for prophylactic and/or healing security. Right here we examined rhesus macaques, the model of choice for analyzing SIV vaccines (12), to determine if Testosterone levels cell-dependent NK cell resistant replies lead to control of SIV infections. We asked if storage Compact disc4 Testosterone levels cells co-operate with NK cells, and whether such an relationship impacts SIV duplication in managing versus noncontrolling SIV-infected macaques. We present that subpopulation-specific tissues and circulatory NK cell replies had been observed just in SIV-controlling pets. These replies had been straight related with and reliant on antigen-specific IL-2 creation by SIV-specific storage Compact disc4+ Testosterone levels cells and inversely related with virus-like insert. Our outcomes recommend that NK and Compact disc4+ Testosterone levels cell replies co-operate in the control of SIV duplication and disease development, offering another potential correlate of defensive defenses. Components AND Strategies Pets and cell collection Assays utilized recently singled out (d=25) and iced (d=20) peripheral bloodstream mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from na?ve or SIV macintosh251-infected rhesus macaques (worth of 0.05 was considered significant for each check statistically. Outcomes Gag-specific IFN- creation by lymphocytes of SIV managing macaques SIVmac251-contaminated macaques had been grouped as managing (Cont) or noncontrolling (Non-Cont) structured on their chronic virus-like insert amounts (Fig. 1A). No difference was noticed buy 32780-64-6 in the percentage of NK cells (Compact disc3-Compact disc8+NKG2A+) in either group of SIV-infected macaques likened to na?ve pets (Fig. 1B). As anticipated, Compact disc4+ Testosterone levels cells had been reduced in both groupings of contaminated macaques considerably, even more therefore in non-controllers, while Compact disc8+ Testosterone levels cells had been proportionally elevated (as percent of Compact disc3+ Testosterone levels cells) in both SIV-infected groupings. TRAILR3 Pleasure of PBMCs of SIV-infected pets with Gag or Env peptide private pools for 24 h considerably up-regulated Gag-specific IFN- making cells just in SIV managing macaques (Fig. 2A and C), although all groups responded to SEB equally. IFN–producing cells included NK, Compact disc4+ and Compact buy 32780-64-6 disc8+ Testosterone levels cells (Fig. 2B and N). Among SIV controllers, the percentage of IFN- making cells.

# Background Procedure assessments measure the sustainability and execution of organic health

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Background Procedure assessments measure the sustainability and execution of organic health care interventions within clinical studies, with well-established theoretical versions designed for evaluating involvement delivery within particular contexts. enactment of protocols for notions of execution and theoretical fidelity (i.e. involvement delivered as designed and whether congruent using the involvement theory). Results Execution from the triage involvement required personnel to integrate important components of the process within everyday practice, noticed through the utilization and adoption of different text messages which were distributed across personnel and within specific occasions. Staff were observed deploying texts in diverse ways (e.g. reinterpreting scripts, deviating from standard operating procedures, difficulty completing decision support software), providing numerous instances of disruption to maintaining intervention fidelity. Rabbit Polyclonal to HTR2C Such observations uncovered tensions between different contextual features in which the trial was implemented, offering theoretical explanations for the main trial findings. Conclusions The value of following how trial protocols produce new texts is that we can observe the flow of the intervention as intended across a series of events which are enacted to meet specific demands of intervention delivery. Such observations are not solely premised on identifying routines or practices of implementation, but where protocols as intended breaks down. In doing so, I discuss whether it is here where we might expose the active ingredients of interventions in 20(R)Ginsenoside Rg2 manufacture action. Electronic supplementary materials The online edition of this content (doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1651-8) contains supplementary materials, which is open to authorized users. without the required inferences needed from going for a group of interviews or observations. Kell described these moves of occasions as a couple of emergent cultural processes unfolding as time passes and space, sketching on multi-modal types of conversation [27]. To systematically examine the written text trajectory of the trial process we can framework our evaluation within a conceptual construction that pieces out which components of framework operate of which contextual amounts and to analyse the way the signifying of protocols, initiated at a macro degree of framework, translates across each contextual level. Similarly to Realist Evaluation [17], Harris and Rampton [29] lay out four components of framework which catch the powerful and historical romantic relationship between cultural structure and cultural action, that i have adapted right here 20(R)Ginsenoside Rg2 manufacture for this content concentrate on the execution of complex wellness interventions: Broader discourses, procedures in play during trial execution, 20(R)Ginsenoside Rg2 manufacture infra-structural relationships; Institutional, network relationships, histories of interactions and relationship to implementing the involvement prior; Types of activity (i.e. duties, what exactly are we carrying out here?) individuals are involved in and interactional preparations of involvement delivery; and Works (specific activities within actions) and utterances involved with involvement delivery. We are able to view each component of this contextual construction as interrelated in creating moments of involvement delivery. Participant (doctor, individual, nurse etc.) histories and relationships of relationship will inform the way the involvement is certainly built-into regular practice, how it really is discussed and this nuance directed at the experience of involvement delivery therefore. The activation of particular discourses when the involvement is applied, signifying systemic, culturally-circulated explanations (for instance, a broader discourse of what it means to provide continuous care to patients) will influence both how participants make sense of this kind of interpersonal activity and the ongoing sequences of conversation within it. Analytical focus of text trajectory analysis The consequences of setting out a spatial-temporal framework of context and the implementation of health interventions as one in which language and interpersonal action are viewed as interconnected is that it suggests an alternative way to observe the implementation of interventions. Experts typically obtain a series of discrete snapshots and then compare them looking for patterns and routines in how it is implemented. While this approach provides invaluable solid explanations [30] it has the potential to gloss over how events come about, how they are historically constituted. One way of empirically observing the connection between macro, meso and micro isn’t just by analyzing how interventions are routinised in practice, but also in observing where implementation and integration is definitely disrupted or breaks down. This is important as it exposes the wider interpersonal.

# Vegetation are known to be able to acclimate their photosynthesis to

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Vegetation are known to be able to acclimate their photosynthesis to the level of irradiance. for photosynthesis must decrease. For plants grown at 100 mol m?2 s?1, such a decrease has already occurred at an actinic irradiance equal to the growth irradiance (Fig. 1A), which implies that, even at low growth irradiances, acclimation did not maximize light use efficiency. In a light-saturated leaf, PSII is limited by electron transport or metabolic factors that generally can differ greatly between species (Seemann, 1989; Murchie and Horton, 1997; Valladares et al., 1997) and within species (Balaguer et al., 2001; Walters et al., 2003; Ptushenko et al., 2013). Values for heritability generally range from 0 to 1 1 (Visscher et al., 2008), where a value of 1 1 means that all of the observed phenotypic variance is due solely to genetic variation. The heritability for PSII ranges around 0.5, independent of the actinic irradiance at which it is measured (Fig. 1B), from which we conclude that the amount of genetic variation for short-term responses of PSII to increased irradiance is independent of the level of the irradiance. To further dissect the variation for photosynthetic light use efficiency, PSII can be broken down into its Fluorescence Imaging and Analysis For the non-GWAS experiments, chlorophyll fluorescence was TAPI-0 supplier measured using an imaging fluorimeter (Open FluorCam; P.S.I.; http://www.psi.cz) driven by the Fluorcam software package (FluorCam7). Fluorescence was detected by a camera of which the electronic shutter time and sensitivity were adapted to the irradiance being utilized. Measurements from the dark-adapted Fm and Fo were made after 20 min of dark version. Images from the dark-adapted Fo had been assessed using nonactinic calculating flashes supplied by light-emitting diodes. Next, a 1-s duration pulse of saturating light (6,500 mol m?2 s?1) generated from the same and other light-emitting diode sections was given to create the Fm. A graphic of Fv/Fm was determined. To gauge the irradiance reactions of guidelines explaining the rules and procedure of PSII, the vegetation had been illuminated with some raising actinic irradiances (100, 225, 450, 700, and 1,150 mol m?2 s?1). Each irradiance was requested 15 min, and the Ft (steady-state fluorescence produce) and Fm produce had been assessed. Pilot experiments demonstrated that using these irradiances for 15 min was adequate to permit Ft and Fm to TAPI-0 supplier stabilize after every irradiance boost. The Fm fluorescence produce was assessed throughout a 1-s duration pulse of saturating light (6,500 mol m?2 s?1). Ideals for Fo, Fm, Ft, and Fm in the pictures had been averaged total pixels per vegetable; derived ideals for PSII, Fv/Fm, NPQ, qp, rETR, Fo, and Fv/Fm had been determined using these averages of Fo, Fm, and Fm (Oxborough and Baker, 1997; Baker, 2008). For imaging from the 344 accessions useful for GWAS, we utilized a laboratory-built high-throughput chlorophyll fluorescence imager. This technique imaged vegetation in sets of 12 (a 3 4 array). Chlorophyll fluorescence was assessed at 730 nm and thrilled using rays from Phlatlight light-emitting diodes (Luminus; maximum emission wavelength of 624 nm). PSII was imaged at development room irradiance, as well as the irradiances given by the development room (made by fluorescent pipes) as well as the imager (made by light-emitting diodes) had been matched by evaluating PSII (assessed utilizing a chlorophyll fluorimeter [MiniPam; Walz]) in leaves beneath the development room irradiance as well as the imager irradiance. The coordinating from the irradiances supplied by the development room lights as well as the actinic irradiance from the imager intended that there is only a disruption of photosynthesis as a result of positioning the camera over the plants; a 30-s recovery time was found to be enough to allow the disappearance of any disturbance before the imaging procedure for PSII was begun. Genetic Variation To estimate the genetic variation for a parameter, we calculated its heritability. Heritability, TAPI-0 supplier in this case broad-sense heritability, is a term used in quantitative genetics that describes the portion of the total phenotypic variance in a population that is contributed by genetic variance (Visscher et al., 2008). Genetic variance and the TAPI-0 supplier total phenotypic variance within an experiment were calculated with an ANOVA using type III sums of squares in a general linear model in the IBM statistical software program SPSS. The genetic variance Rabbit polyclonal to AnnexinA10 was estimated as the proportion of variance explained by differences between genotypes based on measurement of three plants per genotype. se values for heritability were calculated using the heritabilities of.

# Endocrine disrupters add a broad spectral range of chemicals such as

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Endocrine disrupters add a broad spectral range of chemicals such as for example industrial chemicals, natural androgens and estrogens, synthetic androgens and estrogens. and mycoestrogens bind with ER LBD in comparison to that of estradiol and artificial estrogen modulators. Our research highlights that framework dynamics could play a significant part in the structure function relationship when endocrine disrupters interact with estrogen receptors. [26]. Agonism or antagonism depends on the recruitment of a co-activator or co-repressor, which is determined by the conformational switch when the estrogen receptor is definitely triggered from the agonist or antagonist. Nevertheless, in order to Telatinib (BAY 57-9352) understand the molecular mechanism of agonist and antagonist action, it is very important to understand the conformational switch of the estrogen receptor when triggered by a ligand. As the ER conformational switch plays an important part in recruiting the co-activator and/or co-repressor protein to function in those ER-dependent rules pathways, it is essential to understand how different array of chemicals interact with the ER and lead to structurally different conformational changes in ER. In the past, it was discovered that structure dynamics represents one crucial aspect of the ER/ligand connection. In one of the studies using hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry analysis, the solution phase dynamics of ER/ligand complex is related to the downstream biological activity when Telatinib (BAY 57-9352) estrogen receptor is definitely triggered by different chemical substances [27]. In that study Particularly, the various activation setting by selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) was in comparison to estradiol, the endogenous binding ligand of ER. SERMs are artificial molecules that connect to estrogen receptors. SERMs may become an antagonist or agonist with regards to the cellular articles or the mark body organ. The structure-activity romantic relationship (SAR) of SERMs continues to be broadly studied to comprehend the action systems of SERMs because of their tissues- and cell-selectivity. Framework dynamics, probed by HDX mass spectrometry, provides been shown to be always a effective system to characterize SERMs framework function romantic relationship [27]. In today’s research, we have used the HDX mass spectrometry evaluation technique to research the connections of particular phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens Telatinib (BAY 57-9352) using the ER ligand binding domains (ERBL21 changed lines having plasmid had been inoculated into 50 mL LB moderate filled with 50 g/mL ampicillin and cultured at 37 C for right away. As the inoculant, 10 mL of right away lifestyle was then moved into 1 L of clean LB medium filled with 50 g/mL ampicillin as well as the lifestyle was incubated at 37 C before optical cell thickness gets to OD 600:0.6. At this time, the induction of proteins appearance under T7 promoter was induced with the addition of isopropyl ER HDX test was performed using Telatinib (BAY 57-9352) the same process except which the D2O solution included no ligand. Separate HDX analysis tests for every ER-ligand complicated, for every one of the Rabbit Polyclonal to MRPL16 aforementioned ligands, are summarized and performed in Desk 2. The beliefs in Desk 2 reveal the common deuterium incorporation percentages for every of both exchange time factors when you compare ERLBD towards the ligand-bound receptor LBD. Desk 2 Average distinctions in deuteration amounts (in %) of ERvalues of every peptide ion isotopic cluster had been calculated using the in-house created software program HDX-analyzer (Yuan Laboratory., College Place, TX, USA) [28]. The deuteration level was computed based on the next equation as well as the corrections for back-exchange had been made predicated on 70% deuterium recovery and accounting for 80% deuterium content material in the on-exchange buffer: (P), (N), and (F) will be the centroid worth of partly deuterated peptide, nondeuterated peptide, and deuterated peptide fully, [29] respectively. The triplicated data established was put through statistical evaluation through HDX-analyzer software program for the perseverance of the importance of framework dynamics adjustments induced upon in?depth connections with various ligands [28]. 3. Outcomes The HDX profile was analyzed for 8 mycoestrogens and phytoestrogens. The binding data was presented from published literatures previously. Total of 45 interesting peptides had been successfully examined in the HDX evaluation rendering 90% series coverage of the complete ERERERLBD from ER… 4. Debate Upon sequence-specific response component binding, receptors regulate gene transcription by activating serials of molecular goals. The conformational transformation dictates the way the receptor equipment recruits co-activators or co-repressors as well as the recruitment network marketing leads to different mobile activities. Framework dynamics is normally one essential feature from the receptor/ligand complicated and may correlate with the ligand pharmacology properties. In the previous study by Dai et al., a group of synthetic drug compounds Telatinib (BAY 57-9352) was analyzed with HDX mass spectrometry and exposed the binding mode and.

# The objectives of the study are to integrate the conditional Latin

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The objectives of the study are to integrate the conditional Latin Hypercube Sampling (cLHS), sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) and spatial analysis in remotely sensed images, to monitor the effects of large chronological disturbances on spatial characteristics of landscape changes including spatial heterogeneity and variability. of multiple NDVI images present a very BMS-794833 robust behavior, which advocates the use of the index for the quantification of the landscape spatial patterns and land cover change. In addition, the results transferred by Open Geospatial techniques can be accessed from end-user and web-based applications of the watershed management. is the lag distance that separates pairs of points; + + << is the number of that falls between quantiles and is the proportion of class j in Z. To ensure that the correlation of the sampled variables shall replicate the original data, another objective function is added: is the change in the objective function, and T is a cooling temperature (between 0 and 1), which is decreased by a factor d during each iteration. Generate a uniform random number between 0 and 1. If < < and replace it with a random site(s) from unsampled sites r. End when the value of P is between 0 and 1, indicating that the probability of the search is a random search or systematically replacing the samples that have the worst fit with the strata. Go to step 3. Repeat steps 3C7 until the objective function value falls beyond a given stop criterion or a specified number of iterations. 2.6. Sequential Gaussian Simulation The SGS assumes a Gaussian random field, such that the mean value and covariance characterize the conditional cumulative density function [56] completely. During the PRKACA SGS process, Gaussian transformation of available measurements is simulated, such that each simulated value is conditional on original data and all previously simulated values [21,57]. A value simulated at a one location is randomly selected from the normal distribution function defined by the kriging mean and variance based on neighborhood values. Finally, simulated normal values are back-transformed into simulated values to yield the original variable. The simulated value at the new randomly visited point value depends on both original data and previously simulated values. This process is repeated until all true points have been simulated. In sequential simulation algorithm, modeling of the N-point cumulative density function (ccdf) is a sequence of N univariate BMS-794833 ccdfs at each node (grid cell) along a random path [58]. The sequential simulation algorithm has the following steps [58]: Establish a random path that is visited once and only once, all nodes = 1, , N discretizing the domain of interest Doman. A random visiting sequence ensures that no spatial continuity artifact is introduced into the simulation by a specific path visiting N nodes. At the first visited N nodes (= 1,, ({((+ 1, to be used for all subsequent local ccdf determinations. At the ith node along the random path: Model the local ccdf of ? {1 near previously simulated values 1 near simulated values = 1 previously,, ? 1: + i. Repeat step 3 until all N nodes along the random path are visited. 2.7. Morans I Spatial autocorrelation BMS-794833 is a useful tool for describing the dependency of spatial patterns. First, spatial structures are described by so-called structure functions [25,59].Morans I, which ranges between ?1 and +1, is a well known spatial autocorrelation method [60]. The index, I, is calculated as follows:

$I=(1/W)h=1ni=1nwhi(yh?y)(yi?y)(1/n)i=1n(yi?y)2$

(7) where yh and yi denote the values of the observed variable at sites h and I, respectively; and whi denotes the weight of the variable. The weights, wij, are written in an (n BMS-794833 n) weight matrix W, which is the sum of the weights whi for a given distance class [61]. Morans I is positive and high when a value is similar to adjacent values, and low when a value is dissimilar to adjacent values. In this paper, the global Morans I value for the NDVI was calculated to compare the spatial relations of the NDVI among various events. As a total result, the phenomenon of spatial autocorrelation of NDVI could be tested. 3.?Discussion and Results 3.1. Statistics and Spatial Analysis of NDVI Images The NDVI is one of the most popular methods for monitoring vegetation conditions. It has been reported that multitemporal NDVI is useful for classifying land cover and the dynamics of vegetation [19,62,63]. However, the earthquakes and typhoons is a major natural disturbance to land cover change in Taiwan. For example, the Chi-Chi earthquake led to landslides, dammed lakes and a high death toll. Like the typhoons, subsequent rainstorms cause divergent destruction of vegetation;.

# Purpose Developing immunotherapies for fungal eye infections is a high priority.

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Purpose Developing immunotherapies for fungal eye infections is a high priority. with killed spores, implicating antibody and cellular reactions in the response against fungal keratitis. These studies hinted that immunotherapy for fungal keratitis is possible, but to day, you will find no clinically relevant vaccines or antibody-based immunotherapies for these sight-destroying infections. To address this major medical need, we identified if the surface antigen, poly-(MRSA).13 A fully human being IgG1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) to PNAG14 detects the antigen on the surface of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial SB-207499 organisms, including fungi, and does not cross-react with fungal glucans.9 Protective efficacy of the MAb to PNAG against keratitis in mice has been demonstrated,9 but the efficacy of targeting PNAG on other major corneal fungal pathogens has not been determined to our knowledge. In the current study, we evaluated whether SB-207499 antibodies to PNAG-mediated killing of and in opsonophagocytic assays and were protective following either prophylactic or therapeutic administration in an experimental keratitis model. We additionally evaluated protection against keratitis. The pattern of antibody administration was designed to mimic potential uses for human clinical settings, including prophylactic administration that might be useful for those at high risk for infection, such as following corneal injury, as well as therapeutic administration after infection is established, a potential component of therapeutic treatment modalities. Antibody SB-207499 to PNAG provided reduced fungal burdens in infected corneas and lower median pathology against all the fungal pathogens in all settings tested, indicative of a potential broad efficacy targeting these therapeutically challenging infectious agents. Materials and Methods Fungal Strains, Cells, and Mice strain (BP09-1), and (B1-11) are clinical isolates kindly provided by Darlene Miller, Bascom-Palmer Eye Institute. and were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) at 28C for 3 days. For use, the conidia were scraped from the SDA plate into PBS, placed into a tube, conidia counted with a hemocytometer, and then adjusted to a concentration of approximately 109 conidia/ml. was grown in Sabouraud Dextrose broth (SDB) 30C with shaking at 225 rpm overnight and then adjusted to approximately 2 109 CFU/mL after counting. C57BL/6 mice (6C8 weeks old) were purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). Mice deficient in (KO), IL-17 receptor (IL-17R KO), and IL-22 (IL-22 KO) were bred in our animal facility. Antibody to PNAG Polyclonal antibody to PNAG was raised in goats using a synthetic oligosaccharide of polyglucosamine, 9GlcNH2 conjugated to the carrier protein tetanus toxoid (9GlcNH2-TT).15 Monoclonal antibody to PNAG was found in this research also, which really is a human IgG1 MAb F598 completely.14 Settings were normal goat serum SB-207499 or human being IgG1 MAb F429 particular to alginate,16 respectively. ELISA Assay To coating wells for ELISA recognition of PNAG manifestation, (10 L of the frozen share) was inoculated into 100 L of SDB per well of 96-well sterile cells tradition microplates, and cultivated for 3 times at room temp. was cultivated on SDA plates and suspended in 0.04 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 for an OD650 nm of just one 1.0 (approximately 2 109 CFU/ml). After that, 100 l of the suspension utilized to coating 96 well ELISA plates (Immulon 4; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Next, the plates had SIS been incubated at 37C for one hour to bind towards SB-207499 the wells. After sensitization with both strains, wells were washed and aspirated with 400 L of PBS with 0.05%Tween-20 (PBS-T), then each well blocked with PBS containing 1% BSA at 37C for 2 hours. After cleaning, 100 l of MAb F598 or control MAb F429 (20 g/mL) was added, the MAb F598 to PNAG diluted serially.

# Objectives To examine the proposed systems of cognitive adjustments associated with

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Objectives To examine the proposed systems of cognitive adjustments associated with non-central nervous system cancer and cancers treatment. navigating treatment, keeping sociable support, and achieving significant goals during and pursuing tumor treatment.1 However, attention and additional the different parts of cognitive function (e.g., operating memory, information control speed) could be impaired due to cognitive adjustments directly connected with tumor treatment or additional clinical factors in individuals with noncentral nervous system (CNS) cancers. Malignancy- and treatment-related cognitive changes may be mediated through inflammatory cytokine upregulation and hormonal changes.2 In Everolimus addition, the biology of the cancer,3 as well as stress4 and attentional fatigue5 may contribute to cognitive changes. Finally, genetic predisposition2 and co-occurring symptoms6 may clarify some of the inter-individual variability in these cognitive changes. The severity of cognitive changes may be moderated by age.7 The purpose of this short article is to review the evidence for various mechanisms that may Everolimus underlie the development of diminished cognitive function in individuals with cancer Rabbit Polyclonal to 5-HT-2B. and cancer survivors (observe Figure 1). However, relevant findings in additional populations and from pre-clinical studies are included. The article concludes having a conversation of medical implications and recommendations for long term study. Number 1 Proposed Mechanisms for Malignancy and Treatment-Related Cognitive Changes. Clinical factors effect baseline cognitive function to produce cognitive changes. These changes may be mediated by upregulation of swelling, hormonal changes, and neurotransmitter … Treatment-Related Mechanisms Evidence suggests that malignancy treatments play a role in cognitive changes. Chemotherapy is the most frequently evaluated treatment for its effects on cognitive function.8 Some chemotherapeutic medicines cross the blood-brain barrier (e.g., carmustine) or may be given intrathecally (e.g., methotrexate), potentially damaging the CNS directly. 2 High-dose chemotherapy may cause more damage to the CNS than standard-dose chemotherapy.9 In addition, treatment-induced cardiotoxicity may effect cognitive function by reducing the flow of blood to the brain.2 Alternatively, systemic chemotherapy may induce CNS damage through inflammatory pathways upregulated by non-apoptotic cell death. 10 Additional treatments may contribute to cognitive changes. Surgery treatment11 and radiation therapy12 may result in cognitive changes through peripheral tissue damage that activates inflammatory pathways. In addition, anesthesia given during surgery could effect cognitive function directly.13 Finally, hormonal therapy could influence cognition through changes in hormone levels.14 Cytokine Upregulation Peripheral swelling may mediate cognitive changes associated with cancer treatment.10 A peripheral inflammatory state can be communicated to the CNS in many ways (e.g., through afferent nerves such as the vagus nerve15,16). In response, proinflammatory cytokines are produced by microglial cells in the CNS.15 These central cytokines damage neurons by inducing oxidative pressure.17 Therefore, peripheral swelling may negatively effect cognitive function.18 Chemotherapy medicines may damage the CNS indirectly through the production of free radicals (e.g., reactive oxygen varieties).2,19 When cellular antioxidants are unable to neutralize free radicals, cells enter a state of oxidative pressure in which cellular structures and DNA are damaged.19,20 Mitochondria, which produce cellular energy, are susceptible to oxidative damage because of their involvement with free radical production and their poor DNA repair capabilities.19,21 Damage to mitochondria may reduce neuronal energy production, leading to poorly functioning neurons.19,22 Damaged or poorly functioning neurons may be destroyed by apoptosis, contributing to cognitive changes.23 Results of one study demonstrated that administration of doxorubicin, which is not known to cross the blood-brain barrier,19,24 was associated with increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the periphery.25 This upregulation of peripheral cytokine levels may be communicated to the CNS, subsequently damaging neurons via oxidative pressure.2,18,26 Study results suggest that upregulated peripheral cytokine levels and peripheral oxidative pressure mirror oxidative pressure in the CNS. Experts conducting pre-clinical studies found that mice treated with doxorubicin experienced higher levels of CNS neuronal oxidation.17,27 Similarly, in a recent Everolimus study of breast cancer survivors an average of six years after chemotherapy, oxidative DNA damage in peripheral white blood cells was associated with decreased grey matter denseness in the brain.28 These findings support the pathway whereby treatments that do.

# New antimycotic medicines are difficult to find as potential target proteins

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New antimycotic medicines are difficult to find as potential target proteins may have close human being orthologs. synthesis lipid and amino acidity biosynthesis including 18 focuses on validated through the books two validated and five presently examined in personal genetic tests and 38 additional guaranteeing novel focus on proteins that are non-orthologous to human being proteins involved with metabolism and so are extremely ranked drug focuses on from these pipelines. can be challenging (Denning 1998 As the healthful human being immune system can fend off attacks generally immune-deficient individuals are extremely susceptible against invasive aspergillosis. Aspergillosis is among the major lethal circumstances in immunocompromised individuals (Dagenais and Keller 2009 In eukaryotic pathogens most potential proteins focuses on for antimycotic development bear a considerable risk of toxic side effects for the patient as a similar protein might be present in the human host. Although several anti-mycotic strategies exist they are only partially effective due to the significant immunosuppression of those patients. Therefore the development of new therapeutic strategies against contamination is crucial. Targeting the metabolism of pathogens is usually in general a valid strategy as it is Ivacaftor Ivacaftor usually central for pathogen survival and there is also a lower chance for development of resistance mutations as those usually affect fitness and are thus counter selected Ivacaftor (Kohanski et al. 2010 Unlike Ivacaftor many other approaches that exploit a direct anti-fungal therapy pursuing identified antimycotic leads we want to introduce here a book general technique to deal with a pathogen on the metabolic level selecting the human-pathogenic mildew as example. Known issues in the seek out new antimycotic focuses on are the high similarity between fungal genes and the ones of the individual host. To reduce this issue we combine three different bioinformatics techniques that we have got previously developed to focus on the pathogen’s major fat burning capacity: (I) metabolic modeling (for example put on antibiotics in Cecil et al. 2015 immediate metabolic network modeling using primary mode evaluation and flux quotes constrained through the use of gene appearance data (II) enzyme regulation-based technique: concentrating on metabolic genes Ivacaftor by transcriptome evaluation of condition-specific extremely portrayed enzymes (for example put on antibiotics in Cecil et al. 2011 (III) protein-protein interaction-based technique: evaluation of enzyme framework enzyme interconnectedness (“hubs”) and id of pathogen-specific enzymes using orthology relationships (for example used in viral attacks in Shityakov et al. 2015 Each one of these techniques has its talents and limitations nevertheless their combination presents a powerful device to reveal metabolic goals for later medication advancement. Predicated on the Rabbit polyclonal to Caspase 6. ensuing candidates we recommend a prioritized set of focus on genes that are essential for but haven’t any close orthologs in human beings. By focusing your time and effort in the metabolic pathways for (a) supplement synthesis (b) lipid biosynthesis and (c) proteins biosynthesis we created a pipeline that integrates and compares outcomes from all three bioinformatics techniques (I-III) to lessen and focus the mark list towards the most guaranteeing applicant genes. These applicant proteins for concentrating on fungal fat burning capacity by antimycotics had been partly validated regarding to literature proof several are tested and examined experimentally while some are still designed for targeting. More information could be included for even more refinement and iterations of our combined target screening pipeline. Our Ivacaftor workflow is not restricted to but can also be easily transferred to other pathogens which are comparable challenging to target. Materials and methods Metabolic modeling Physique ?Figure11 shows the metabolic network modeling approach applied as a first strategy to target fungal metabolism by interfering substances. We outline the flow chart of analysis procedures used to obtain a metabolic network which can be used for prediction of flux and elementary modes with the help of various different types of data and software. Physique 1 Metabolic network modeling strategy. Flow chart of.

# Considering that ligands of metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptors may exert

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Considering that ligands of metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptors may exert beneficial results on schizophrenia we evaluated the actions from the first mGlu4-selective orthosteric agonist LSP4-2022 in a number of testing reflecting positive bad and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. sociable interaction test revised pressured swim check (FST) and novel subject recognition (NOR) check were utilized as the types of adverse and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. LSP4-2022 inhibited hyperactivity (inside a dose-dependent way 0.5 mg/kg) induced by MK-801 or amphetamine and DOI-induced mind twitches. In mGlu4 receptor knockout mice LSP4-2022 had not been effective. Nonetheless it reversed MK-801-induced impairment in the sociable interaction ensure that you the MK-801-induced boost of immobility in the revised FST. In the NOR SHGC-10760 check LSP4-2022 was energetic at a dosage of 2?mg/kg. GABAB receptor antagonist “type”:”entrez-protein” attrs :”text”:”CGP55845″ term_id :”875097176″CGP55845 (10 mg/kg) reversed LSP4-2022-induced results in hyperactivity and head twitch tests. At the same time the simultaneous administration of subeffective doses of LSP4-2022 (0.1 mg/kg) and a positive allosteric modulator of GABAB receptor PAM GS39783 (0.1 mg/kg) induced clear antipsychotic-like effects in those two tests. Such an interaction between mGlu4 and GABAB receptors was not observed in the social interaction and NOR tests. Therefore we suggest that the activation of the mGlu4 receptor is a promising approach facilitating the discovery of novel antipsychotic drugs and that the interplay between mGlu4 and GABAB receptors may become the basis for a novel therapy for schizophrenic patients with predomination of positive symptoms. potency of LSP4-2022 to mGlu4 receptor is higher than that of LSP1-2111 or any other known mGlu4 agonist or PAM (EC50=0.11 ±0.02 μM). Simultaneously the affinity of LSP4-2022 to mGlu7 receptor remains significant although it is weaker than that to mGlu4 receptor (EC50=11.6 ±1.9 μM) [34]. Our study conducted in 2012 revealed that the activation of mGlu7 receptor did not induce any antipsychotic-like effect in rodents [15]. Therefore on the basis of our previous results we assumed that the stimulation of mGlu4 receptor and not mGlu7 receptor is responsible for the observed antipsychotic-like effect. Additionally LSP4-2022 has been tested against 34 GPCRs including GABAB receptor in the laboratory of J.P Pin at the Institute for Functional Genomics in Montpellier France and showed to have no effects on these targets. The paper is currently being prepared with Abderazack Belhocine as the first author (personal communication). A study by Cajina the induction of glutamate release caused by activation of 5-HT2A receptors placed postsynaptically on pyramidal neurons [43] the concomitant stimulation of presynaptic GABAB and mGlu4 receptors expressed on the presynaptic site of the same Dactolisib neuron may counteract the effect of DOI. We are aware that in studies with simultaneous administration of up to 3 compounds the lack of drug-drug interactions should be confirmed. Unfortunately we did not have any drug exposure studies for either LSP4-2022 or GS39783. However except LSP4-2022 which is a new compound (the close analog of LSP1-2111 described in Dactolisib the work of Cajina pharmacological characterization of the structurally novel potent selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY404039 in animal models of psychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2007;193(1):121-136. doi: 10.1007/s00213-007-0758-3. [PubMed] [Cross Ref] 26 Rorick-Kehn L.M. Johnson B.G. Burkey J.L. Wright R.A. Calligaro D.O. Marek G.J. Nisenbaum E.S. Catlow J.T. Kingston A.E. Giera D.D. Herin M.F. Monn J.A. McKinzie D.L. Schoepp D.D. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of a structurally novel potent and selective meta- botropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist: characterization of agonist (-)-(1R 4 5 6 6 acid (LY404039). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Dactolisib Ther. 2007;321(1):308-317. doi: 10.1124/jpet.106.110809. [PubMed] [Cross Ref] 27 Noda Y. Kamei H. Mamiya T. Furukawa H. Nabeshima T. T. Repeated phencyclidine treatment induces negative symptom-like behavior in forced swimming test in mice: imbalance of prefrontal serotonergic and dopaminergic functions. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000;23(4):375-387. [PubMed] 28 Noda Y. Yamada K. Furukawa H. Nabeshima T. Enhancement of immobility in a forced swimming test by subacute Dactolisib or repeated treatment with phencyclidine: a new model of schizophrenia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1995;116(5):2531-2537..


text:
# Discriminant - Nice thinking stump

1. Aug 11, 2007

### Palindrom

This is driving me nutty.

Here's a theorem and its proof as appearing in my notes. It's short, go through it if you have the courage.

Theorem. Let $$L=K\left(\alpha\right)$$, and let $$\alpha_{1},...,\alpha_{n}$$ be the $$n$$ conjugates of $$\alpha$$ . Then if $$f\left(x\right)\in K\left[x\right]$$ is the miminal polynomial of $$\alpha$$ over $$K$$, we have $$\mbox{disc}_{L/K}\left(1,...,\alpha^{n-1}\right)=\prod_{j<i}\left(\alpha_{i}-\alpha_{j}\right)^{2}=\left(-1\right)^{{n \choose 2}}N_{L/K}\left(f'\left(\alpha\right)\right)$$

Proof. The first equality is easy. For the second, note that $$f\left(x\right)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(x-\alpha_{i}\right)$$ Hence, if without loss of generality $$\alpha=\alpha_{1}$$, $$f'\left(\alpha\right)=\prod_{i=2}^{n}\left(\alpha-\alpha_{i}\right)$$

Thus $$\sigma_{j}\left(f'\left(\alpha\right)\right)=\prod_{i=2}^{n}\left(\alpha_{j}-\sigma_{j}\left(\alpha_{i}\right)\right)$$.

But this move in not kosher! $$\sigma_{j}$$ is only defined on $$\alpha$$, not on any of its conjugates! That we found an expression for the evaluation of the derivative at $$\alpha$$ is all nice and good, but I don't see why I can push $$\sigma_{j}$$ into the product...

This is the way it appears in my notes, I must have been half sleeping when my professor did this not to notice. Can anyone convince me that this can be done? Or point me in an alternate (and right!) direction?

2. Aug 11, 2007

### Kummer

I do not really follow what you did exactly because you did not define your notation.

This is my understanding.
First, I assume that $$f(x)$$ has all zeros of multiplicity 1, otherwise writting,
$$f(x) = \prod (x-\alpha _ i)$$ is wrong, but I assume that this is okay in your context.

I also assume that $$\sigma$$ is an automorphism of $$L$$ leaving $$K$$ fixed. In that case $$\sigma$$ maps conjugates into conjugates and elements of $$K$$ stay fixed.

3. Aug 11, 2007

### Palindrom

Recall from Galois theory that the n embeddings $$\sigma_{1},...,\sigma_{n}:K\left(\alpha\right)\hookrightarrow C$$ (where C is an algebraic closure of $$K\left(\alpha\right)$$) are exactly $$\sigma_{i}\left(\alpha\right)=\alpha_{i}$$.

I'm assuming the extension is separable. Better yet, assume char(K)=0.

Now do you see? $$\sigma$$ is defined only on $$\alpha$$, the other conjugates do not lie in the field $$K\left(\alpha\right)$$...

Edit: The extension is of dimension n.

Last edited: Aug 11, 2007
4. Aug 12, 2007

### Palindrom

Guys, I'm still stumped. Is my problem not clear enough or just not interesting enough?

5. Aug 12, 2007

### mathwonk

too confusing to me. i am kind of lazy, can you tell me in words what is going on? what are you trying to prove? id rather just prove it than read someone else's proof. thats my advice to you too. quit trying to understand his proof since it seems flawed and just prove it.

6. Aug 13, 2007

### Palindrom

I agree with you, the thing is I don't really have any other direction (it's also how I would have started).

Here's the thing to prove: In the field L=K(a), the discriminant of 1,a,...,a^n-1 (where n is the dimension of the extension) is equal to the norm of f'(a) (the derivative of the minimal polynomial of a over K evaluated at a).

Edit:
Char(K)=0.

Last edited: Aug 13, 2007
7. Aug 13, 2007

### matt grime

What do you mean that sigma is only defined on alpha? It is not. It is a Galois GROUP you're using.

8. Aug 13, 2007

### Palindrom

I meant that $$\sigma$$ is only defined on K(a), and that the conjugates of a do not necessarily lie in K(a) (take, for example, a to be the real third root of 2).

I'll sharpen it, and maybe then you'll tell me how it is defined on its conjugates.

We know that given an extension L/K of degree n, there are exactly n distinct embeddings of L into its algebraic closure C.

Now, the extension L=K(a) over K isn't necessarily Galois (like my above example). There are actually more embeddings of E, the splitting field of the minimal polynomial of a, into C. We can't say that the n $$\sigma$$'s are defined on the conjugates...

Now go, make me understand your point.

9. Aug 13, 2007

### mathwonk

well if it makes no sense why not change it. instead of letting the sigmas be embeddings, choose one embedding, and then after your field is embedded, let the sigmas be the galois group of the noirmal closure of that embedded subfield. then they are defined everywhere, and have the same action on the subfield.

just make sense of the argument, thats all im saying. even if you have to change it.

10. Aug 13, 2007

### matt grime

and is that a Galois extension? The point is you have a splitting field of f to play with.

11. Aug 13, 2007

### Palindrom

@mathwonk - What do you mean, change your embeddings? The norm of f'(a) is defined by the product of the n evaluations of the specific $$\sigma_1 ,...,\sigma_n$$. I can't just change them without proper justification...

@matt grime - First read my above comment (to mathwonk). I know I have the splitting field to play with, but the embeddings are not defined on it. I could extend them, sure, but there are several ways to do it, and anyway I have to justify that I can calculate the norm with use of this expansion...

I guess you two are trying to make me see something awfully clear, and I'm being dumb. Happens to me sometimes, sorry if that frustrates you. :)

12. Aug 13, 2007

### mathwonk

i mean if you dont like his proof make your own, by changing the meanings of the sigmas until they ARE defined everywhere. dont be such a right wing conservative student. accept the awful possibility THAT YOU My be right ND HE IS wRONG.

13. Aug 13, 2007

### Palindrom

Oh, of course, like I said there's no argument there. I'm absolutely going in my direction, and I'm not trying to restrict myself to what he did.

The only thing I AM restricted to is the definition - and in that definition, the sigmas are NOT defined everywhere. I'm sure there's a way of overcoming it, but that's exactly what I'm asking you to help me with.

Under no circumstances am I asking you to make his proof correct. I wrote it just in case I might have missed something in it and someone else will notice it, in particular because it is not very polite to present a theorem and say "prove it to me!" without at least some background.

14. Aug 13, 2007

### mathwonk

you are ignoring my response to your request to point you in an alternate and correct direction.

indeed as you say, the formula above makes no sense unless the sigmas were defined on the aj. so you have to show how indeed they can be so defined.

threfore saying they are different embeddings of K(a) into some alg closure cannot be corrct unless L is normal, i.e. unless you assume further that all ai are contained in the field L.

you have not given us the ropecise hypotheses for your argument, i.e. whether L is assumed normal, what the sigmas mean, etc,....

instead of just stamping your foot and crying that the formula is undefined, do something about it.

i.e. either assume L is normal, or take the normal closure of the union of the various embeddings of L, and extend the sigmas to that field.

15. Aug 13, 2007

### Palindrom

I'm not stamping my foot, I'm being careful not to make a subtle mistake.

You have all my assumptions - L=K(a) for some a and Char(K)=0. Clearly then L/K is NOT necessarily normal.

Like I said before, the sigmas are the n distinct embeddings of L=K(a) into C, the algebraic closure of L=K(a). What's not correct about that? That's a theorem from Galois theory. Given a field K with Char(K)=0 and an extension (not necessarily normal!) L/K of degree n, there are exactly n distinct K - embeddings of L into an algebraic closure of L.

That said, I believe I now have a proof.

I understand you have the impression that I'm very close minded. It is true that I can't be the judge of that, but I'm fairly sure I'm not. What you take as close mindedness is actually pedantry. Wavy proofs are my biggest enemies, and on this I do stamp my foot.

It is very annoying to read a proof with a big whole in it. I assure you that when it happens, I usually tend to completely reject the proof and find one of my own rather than to try and fix it. I definitely do not stay stuck on it hoping that it resolves itself!


text:
# Autocorrelation in Elo ratings

In a previous post, I gave an interpretation of Elo ratings as weights of a logistic regression, updated online à la stochastic gradient descent.

Something that didn’t quite fit within this scheme, though, was FiveThirtyEight’s autocorrelation adjustment. I (try to) work through that why that term is what it is in this post.

Caveat. There are still several things about this that I don’t think are right: this is a working post, and I’m hoping to get some inspiration/feedback from someone out there smarter than me. :)

## Motivation

FiveThirtyEight uses the following formula for their NFL Elo ratings:

where $z$ is the game’s margin of victory, $x=R_i^k - R_j^k$, and

Let’s just ignore ties.

My question is the specific justification for the $A(x)$ term:

• why this form, and
• why those numbers.

I’m looking for more than a layman’s explanation, which 538 already offers and is the typical answer elsewhere. (Although this post goes a bit deeper.)

## Quick intuition

So first you should buy off on the idea that given Team $i$’s current rating is $R_i$, we should expect its rating after the current game to still be $R_i$. For example, we shouldn’t ever expect Team $i$’s rating to increase, because if we did, “we should have rated them higher to begin with”!

Put in statistical language, this is the statement that we want $\mathbb{E}[R_i^{k+1}\vert\text{all prev ratings}] = R_i^k$, but more on that in a second.

## The typical explanation

So $A(x)$, which again is

is intended to correct for over- or under-inflation of ratings in the model. We see the function is designed so that

• If Team $i$ is the favorite ($x>0$), a loss is upweighted ($A(x)>0$) and a win is downweighted ($% $).
• If Team $i$ is the underdog ($% $), the opposite.

So this seems like it would correct for over-inflation of rating due to a heavy favorite, and vice-versa for a big underdog.

However, we are left with the questions: why achieve it in this way? And why use the denominator $d=2200$?

## Gettin stats-y

We may interpret Elo ratings as a time series where each new rating depends only on the previous rating, plus some “noise.” More specifically, under this interpretation Elo assumes each team has some true rating, its mean, about which it is constantly fluctuating. This is called an autoregressive model, in our case AR(1). We are also assuming the team’s ratings are stationary, meaning (loosely) the mean stays the same over time.

(By the way, this is a different interpretation than the connection to SGD I wrote about before, but SGD and AR(1) are, in some sense, the same thing.)

Skipping some details, (I think) this all amounts to needing the next observation in the time series to, in expectation, equal our current observation. That is, $\mathbb{E}[R_i^{k+1}\vert\text{prev ratings}] = R_i^k$.

The fact that we’re fretting about a correction term at all arises because of the margin-of-victory $M(z)$ term we are including. This isn’t part of the “classical” Elo rating scheme, and it’s messing everything up! Without it, we have

which is just fine.

Now, including a margin-of-victory term $M(z)$, we need

which, computing expectation over all possible game outcomes as encoded in $z$, given $R_i^k$ and $R_j^k$, implies

over some distribution for the margin $z$. Rearranging, we get

and we want some $A(x)$ so this holds for any Elo delta $x$.

We should be able to interpolate some function for the expected $M(z)$’s, and then if we are satisfied with our functional form for $A(x)$, solve for the denominator $d$.

Let’s try it.

## In search of d

We need to (1) work out the empirical conditional expectations for $M(z)$, then (2) approximate them with functions, and finally (3) solve for $d$ in terms of those functions.

We can easily* pull boxscores, Elo ratings, and plot the mean $M(z)$’s. (*really not that easy, but see code at the bottom of this post.)

Here’s the expected $M(z)$ given various Elo rating deltas, based on the past 18 NFL seasons.

Nice! So the empirical (conditional) expectations we’re after are both reasonably approximated by linear functions:

(Let the reader note: the slope and intercept here are what you might call “eyeball” estimates, although they are quite close to an OLS estimate.)

Returning to Eq. \eqref{eq:goal} and using our satisfying functional form for $A(x)$ from Eq. \eqref{eq:autocorr}, we (almost) have

which gives $d=2200$. Voila!

To do. To get here, we had to ignore the $\sigma/(1-\sigma)=10^{x/400}$ term in Eq. \eqref{eq:goal}. There might be a way to rewrite the expected $M(z)$’s in a way they still fit the data and cancel this other term out, but if not, I’m not sure.

## Code

Fortunately we can make heavy use of 538’s public NFL data.

First some imports to get us running in a Jupyter notebook:

%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

Then we load the data, extract just the last few seasons, and run the desired stats:

box = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fivethirtyeight/nfl-elo-game/master/data/nfl_games.csv')

# convert date to datetime
box['date'] = pd.to_datetime(box['date'])

# grab since ____ season
box = (box[box['date'] > '2003-08-01']
.reset_index()
.drop(['index'], axis=1)
.copy())

n = box.shape[0]
elodiffs = np.zeros(n)
pdiffs   = np.zeros(n)
for i, row in box.iterrows():
elodiffs[i] = row['elo1'] - row['elo2'] + (0 if row['neutral']==1 else 65)
pdiffs[i]   = row['score1'] - row['score2']

We could do something like a pdiffs vs. elodiffs plot with Seaborn at this point, perhaps a jointplot like this …

import seaborn as sns
sns.jointplot(elodiffs / 25, pdiffs, ylim=(-50,50), kind='hex')

which is quite exciting. But what we’re really interested in is the mean MOV function distributions, which is the much less pretty:

xs = np.linspace(-300,400,10)

def g1(x):
return x/1000) + 2.2
def g2(x):
return -x/1000 + 2.2

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1, figsize=(8,6))

ax.plot(ed, mw, 'ko-', label='Win')
ax.plot(xs, g1(xs), 'k--')

ax.plot(ed, ml, 'co-', label='Loss')
ax.plot(xs, g2(xs), 'c--')

ax.set_xlabel(r'$R_i - R_j$', fontsize=16)
ax.set_ylabel(r'Mean $M(z)$', fontsize=16)
ax.legend()

plt.show()


text:
# The Pantheon+ Analysis: SuperCal-Fragilistic Cross Calibration, Retrained SALT2 Light Curve Model, and Calibration Systematic Uncertainty

We present here a re-calibration of the photometric systems used in the Pantheon+ sample of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) including those used for the SH0ES distance-ladder measurement of H$_0$. We utilize the large and uniform sky coverage of the public Pan-STARRS stellar photometry catalog to cross-calibrate against tertiary standards released by individual SN Ia surveys. The most significant updates over the SuperCal' cross-calibration used for the previous Pantheon and SH0ES analyses are: 1) expansion of the number of photometric systems (now 25) and filters (now 105), 2) solving for all filter offsets in all systems simultaneously in order to produce a calibration uncertainty covariance matrix that can be used in cosmological-model constraints, and 3) accounting for the change in the fundamental flux calibration of the HST CALSPEC standards from previous versions on the order of $1.5\%$ over a $\Delta \lambda$ of 4000~\AA. The re-calibration of samples used for light-curve fitting has historically been decoupled from the retraining of the light-curve model. Here, we are able to retrain the SALT2 model using this new calibration and find the change in the model coupled with the change to the calibration of the light-curves themselves causes a net distance modulus change ($d\mu/dz$) of 0.04 mag over the redshift range $0<1$. We introduce a new formalism to determine the systematic impact on cosmological inference by propagating the covariance in fitted calibration offsets through retraining simultaneously with light-curve fitting and find a total calibration uncertainty impact of $\sigma_w=0.013$, which is roughly half the size of the sample statistical uncertainty. Similarly, we find a systematic SN calibration contribution to the SH0ES H$_0$ uncertainty is less than 0.2~km/s/Mpc, suggesting that SN Ia calibration cannot resolve the current level of the Hubble Tension'.

### Cited Authors

• Brout, D; Taylor, G; Scolnic, D; Wood, CM; Rose, BM; Vincenzi, M; Dwomoh, A; Lidman, C; Riess, A; Ali, N; Qu, H; Dai, M; Stubbs, C

### Published Date

• December 10, 2021