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Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Fundamentals » Reagents and Apparatus Acquisition » The Chemical Closet part II Select A Forum Fundamentals   » Chemistry in General   » Organic Chemistry   » Reagents and Apparatus Acquisition   » Beginnings   » Responsible Practices   » Miscellaneous   » The Wiki Special topics   » Technochemistry   » Energetic Materials   » Biochemistry   » Radiochemistry   » Computational Models and Techniques   » Prepublication Non-chemistry   » Forum Matters   » Legal and Societal Issues

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Author: Subject: The Chemical Closet part II
Polverone
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Mind that I am not in any way defending the erosions of civil liberties that have taken place in the last 7 years, but I actually think it helps to keep some historical perspective that goes beyond a decade or so. The US has been much closer to a totalitarian state at some points in the past than it is now. Violent measures were taken under both Woodrow Wilson and Abraham Lincoln to keep the draft working during unpopular wars. Vietnam was worse too in that regard and it's less than two generations removed from the present. Things have been better and they have been worse, but they've never been all that much better.

That doesn't mean that I am satisfied with or complacent about the present, but the past wasn't so golden either. If you want a better place to live you won't find it in a time machine.

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chloric1
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Yes Polverone I see where you are coming from. I do recall hearing about during WWII that having strategic chemicals like potassium chlorate etc. hurt the war effort and they where restricted and many things needed be rationed aside from chemicals. What makes Iraq unique is that they have not done the draft this time despite it is a major war.

I am relatively young (36) and I might not immediatley be able to appreciate what happened one or two generations age but the current situation does seem different though. Unlike Vietnam, WWI Europe, etc the war on drugs, terror, liberties, is not finite but a perpetual cause for stifling oppression and a blank check for preemptive foreign policy. Iraq will fade into history only to be replaced by the next 'terrorist" state,(Iran?)

I will say that that now is the time to cherish because the policies and restrictions are mainly just annoyances for the most part. Alot of us are clever enough to cicumvent these roadblocks. However, I fear for the future as I do not wish anyone has to risk losing life and limb or freedom just based on there hobby of home chemistry.

In the theater of life its nice to know where the exit doors are located.
Sauron
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The late W.F.Buckley Jr., hardly a liberal, was a champion of the decriminalization of drugs, precisely because of the dwindling civil liberties, which apalled him, as well as the absurd economics and the obvious and long term failure to produce positive results.

Sadly no one took Bill Buckley seriously and no one took me seriously when I made the same arguments on this forum last year.

The 40 year war on drugs is a failure, the supply constantly goes up, while the street price just as consistently goes down. The congressional response is to pass more laws, budget more money for cops, and prisons, and strip us of more of out constitutionally guaranteed rights.

It's time to stop and let the drugglies poison themselves as they see fit.

To summarize, all drugs (presently scheduled controlled substances) should be freely available at pharmacies for the asking. This need not be taxpayer subsidized. It should be done by the pharm industry as a pro-bono-publico activity required by law, as part of the cost of doing business. Why?

Because essentially every one of these drugs were introduced by the selfsame Big Pharma corporations.

Heoin from Bayer (as a cold remedy)
Cocaine from a cartel of Merck, Sandoz and a few others - look it up
Amphetamines as anorexics and stimulants by several companies
LSD Sandoz
PCP Parke Davis I think

and so one down the line.

These corporations therefore bear substantial responsibility for the introduction of these substances into society and their subsequent abuse in precisely the same way that British traders led by the East India Company introduced opium to China (as countertrade for tea!) with disastrous consequences including millions of deaths and uncounted addictions and two wars. Read about the founding of Hong Kong sometime.

In return Big Pharma gets permamently immunized, held harmless, quit claimed against all present or future liability.

No taxation on the free drugs.

The black market dries up and blows away. Organized crime looks for something better to do (smuggling Cuban cigars perhaps.) Related corruption of police and judiciary falls to zilch.

All positive outcomes I think.

Drug related crime falls. No one stealing to support their habit. No turf wars. Drug cops have to go do traffic duty. DEA agents have to go kill terrorists. Or do traffic duty. Or join the Park Police and pray someone tries to blow up the Wahington Monument (again). Yes, the snipers who riddles THAT guy were friends of mine too. Old drinking buddies.

No, the churches won't like it and the kneejerk liberals will say we are abandoning the underclasses.

Wake up and smell the P2P, people, We "abandones" those long ago, or they "abandoned" us. Not sure which.

A few caveats:

Anyone who takes the free drugs and tries to sell them is permamently barred from the program and is also jailed.

Anyone who does not get the message and tries to engage in the black market is treated...harshly.

If new drugs are introduced in an attempt to create a new black market, these are simply added to the program.

ALL of this is exempt from FDA oversight.

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kclo4
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I think drugs should be legalized as well for much the same reasons as Sauron.

People should have the right to hurt themselves with whatever product they want.

The war on drugs could easily be won too, but they are letting their weird moral beliefs get in the way, its really not even a hard problem to figure out, I'm sure they have thought of this:

This is how to eliminate almost all of the drugs I believe:

1. Make it legal to buy, use, and process drugs.
2. Make it illegal to grow, manufacture, sell, or trade drugs.
3. Give a reward for anyone who reports a person who makes, grows, or trades the drugs.

In weeks, or months the entire black market I think would be collapsed. Who would sell drugs? Also, what crackhead wouldn't turn a person selling drugs in for a few thousand dollars? Especially when he isn't going to get in trouble for having them.
Sauron
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You are dreaming. Any proposal that maintains essentially any law enforcement component is useless. Any proposal that involves having to pay for drugs, is useless. If people have to pay for drugs they will have to continue criminal activity to subsidize their habits. No. FREE distribution is the only answer.

My proposal allows 99% or more of anti-drug law enforcement to be redirected to other priorities or disbanded.

Nor do I agree with your proposal 3 which turns people into snitches, rats, informers. No need for that. NO black market can compete with FREE drugs. Using Big Pharms to manufacture these removes the QC issue. The drugs will not be adulterated, contaminated, stepped on, whatever. If people die it will be from the drug and not from the incompetence of the cook or avarice of the dealer. Of course the user will be dead either way but after all isn't that what the self-destructive fools want anyway?

Any approach that does not reliably dismantle both the black market and the law enforcement side, is doomed. Any proposal that charges for the drugs or taxes them, is doomed. FREE means FREE.

I predict an initial upswing in usage followed by a drop from attrition and over time a sharp drop from declining interest. Drugs will drop from fashion. The romance will be gone. If it was ever there.

Maybe all those unemployed narcs can be assigned to PROPERLY policing the borders. Swell the ranks of the Border Patrol by a few thousand percent.

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DerAlte
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Sauron said:

 Quote: It's time to stop and let the drugglies poison themselves as they see fit....To summarize, all drugs (presently scheduled controlled substances) should be freely available at pharmacies for the asking.

Hallelujah! At cost +profit, @ < 1/10 (?) of the street price. Wasn't something like this tried in the UK in the 60s/70s? Why did it not work? Dutch laws are more relaxed than in the US, IIRC. How is the situation there?

 Quote: ...in precisely the same way that British traders led by the East India Company introduced opium to China (as countertrade for tea!) with disastrous consequences including millions of deaths and uncounted addictions...

.. which will be the downside. It all depends on whether you believe in personal responsibility or the Nanny State. It also depends upon the k3wl factor of the ignorant (the millions?). Currently legal drugs kill far more people than illegal, in the US.

Prohibition virtually made it essential for all hedonists to break the law - and for some the same is true of the laws today. History has lessons. Remember Reefer Madness? (Laugh). Tell me, how can a weed or plant (Lophophora Williamsoni, eg) be illegal? It does not obey any silly laws made by man, only those of nature. Those laws are the laws that science (= 'knowledge') seeks to find and the ignorant seek to deny.

To deny any substance produced by nature or even producible by man is an abrogation of the freedom of the individual, and as such, against the spirit of the constitution. I believe firmly that the framers would allow every man (or woman) to go to their own personal hell in their own personal handbasket - provided, of course that they do not trample on the right of others, nor harm them in any way (old JC's message).

Bleed away, O bleeding liberal hearts! Bleat away in your pulpit, misguided preacher man (of the not-for-profit variety - the rest are beneath contempt, mere purveyors of commercial Christianity).

Le Chatelier's principle is universal in application. If you apply a constraint to a system, it reacts in such a manner as to oppose that restraint. We need less restraints to reach an equilibrium acceptable to all.

Regards, Der Alte
Sauron
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The present system is doing nothing to protect any stratum of society from these drugs. And it is costing us a lot, not just economically. Nanny = expensive. Fire Nanny.

The US as a society is not much akin to the UK or Holland. So I do not think those experiments really apply.

Nor can direct estimates of deaths from the Chinese experience be apoplied for the same reason.

It is the indirect effects that concern me much more than the fate of the addicts.

Loss of civil liberties
Burgeoning prison populations 90% for drug related crimes
Lastly the economic costs, a distant last in this field.

[Edited on 12-9-2008 by Sauron]

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Panache
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 Quote: Originally posted by chloric1 Have you been seeing more jobs and college coares geared towards Forensic science in the last couple years? I "arrest" my case. (pun intended)

Actually that phenomena has been attributed to the popularity of the CSI and ilk television series. There is a direct correlation, kind of funny though, my god how crap is television.

I assume Sauron you've read 'High Society' a fiction by Ben Elton.

I couldn't agree with your position more Sauron and i have absolutely no hope we will realise anything even remotely like it being considered, i mean ffs they still have abortion as a crime here in australia, i can't bear how stupid my fellow humans are and how incapable they are of separating their emotional experiences with rational decision making.

[Edited on 12-9-2008 by Panache]

Sauron
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One is forced to wonder what parallel effects ALIAS or 24Hrs had (also crap of course) or for that matter X Files.

Goof thing they never made a TV series out of Ghost Busters.

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OMG
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Sauron, you must have some common sense indicating to you that you are being completely ignorant in your idea about making drugs like meth freely available.

The human mind causes behavior that all leads to one goal. Seek pleasure and avoid pain.

If a drug is created that does exactly that, and it is freely available, and not shunned by society, then that would be disastrous.
If even a small amount (say 25%) of the population gets addicted, do you not think that would have a significant impact on... well... everything about that society??
What reason would people have to NOT do meth?

If 25% of the population is addicted, what percentage of the next generation of teenagers do you think would try meth? I'd guess 90%. How many of those you you think would get addicted?

I'm all for natural selection, but killing off 95% of your society just to make it more "immune" to drugs is a little crazy.
Polverone
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 Quote: Originally posted by OMG Sauron, you must have some common sense indicating to you that you are being completely ignorant in your idea about making drugs like meth freely available. The human mind causes behavior that all leads to one goal. Seek pleasure and avoid pain. If a drug is created that does exactly that, and it is freely available, and not shunned by society, then that would be disastrous. If even a small amount (say 25%) of the population gets addicted, do you not think that would have a significant impact on... well... everything about that society?? What reason would people have to NOT do meth? If 25% of the population is addicted, what percentage of the next generation of teenagers do you think would try meth? I'd guess 90%. How many of those you you think would get addicted? I'm all for natural selection, but killing off 95% of your society just to make it more "immune" to drugs is a little crazy.

But the historical evidence is against 95% addiction rates. Before 1908 or so in the United States, opiates and cocaine could be freely sold yet dependency rates were nowhere near 95%. It is also worth noting that habitual use does not necessarily mean the person is going to drop dead or become unable to hold a job. The intrinsic illegality of drugs and the accompanying black-market prices make it much harder to be a functional addict. If cigarettes cost $3/day and employers let smokers have regular breaks to get a fix without shame, but one's illegal drug costs$100/day and must be consumed in utmost secrecy, it's much more likely that the illegal drug user will be a bad (mysteriously absent, thieving, and/or distracted) worker even before you consider differing physiological effects.

It's also premature to presume that free availability of meth or heroin would mean everyone would use such drugs. Cigarettes are even more freely available than alcohol, but smoking rates have been falling for decades. If other drugs were treated like tobacco (warnings on packages, little or no advertising permitted, government propaganda to discourage smoking without actually making it illegal) I think it quite likely that most people wouldn't use drugs with such bad reputations in the first place.

According to the US government's own data, less than 10% of people who have ever used highly reinforcing drugs like heroin, meth, or crack cocaine have used them in the past year. These are obviously people who know how to get such drugs despite prohibition and had an interest in trying them at least once. But most don't go on to become habitual users.

In short, I agree with Sauron's proposal. The drug funding available to organized crime evaporates, a host of threats to civil liberties evaporates, and the DEA and all its inconveniences for chemists evaporate as well.

I do believe that addiction rates would rise. I don't think they would rise overwhelmingly. Neither do I think those addicts would have as negative of social effects as addicts do now. They wouldn't be supporting organized crime with their purchases or resort to theft/prostitution to pay for them. They'd be diminished as disease vectors if they don't resort to reusing needles or selling their bodies. They might still end up with essentially dead-end lives of no productivity, but giving 20 do-nothing addicts a warm cot, soup, and a bucket of crack rocks (or whatever their drug of choice is) is still cheaper than imprisoning a dealer and funding the interdiction apparatus that hunts users and dealers in the first place.

If you still want offer a lifeline for people who have spiraled deep into use and want to reenter the mainstream of society, treat them like alcoholics. On a voluntary basis, provide them vaccinations against their drug(s) of choice (this technology is already in testing) and offer counseling and job searching to help them find something productive to do with their lives. This should be more effective than existing treatment programs, which include many people who are forced there by the courts and have little personal interest in changing.

[Edited on 9-12-2008 by Polverone]

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Sauron
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I am so very pleased that Polverone, who is a thoughtful and in all ways moderate individual, has seen fit to give my ideas a second look.

The narcs won't like it any more than the enforcers of the idiotic Volstead Act liked reversing that one, either. In fact it has long been argued that the Harrrson Act creating the Federal Bureau of Narcotics was mostly make-work for the soon to be out of work (and mostly corrupt) anti-bootleg agents. That bureau evolved into the BNDD then into the present DEA over about 45 years.

Sorry, OMG, if you think I am ignorant for thinking outside the box. But inside the box is nothing but dysfunctionality. The present (and past) approaches to drug enforcement are and always have been ineffective. The only period when heroin smuggling into the US dropped to zero was 1941-1945, when shipping routes were inoperative due to World War II. Every addict in the country went cold turkey. So, would you care to propose a world war to repeat this side effect? Problem is the next one would be thermonuclear. Overkill, wouldn't you agree?

But never mind me. I'm ignorant.

The rehab industry won't like my ideas either. They have an obvious vested interest in the status quo. They also have such an outstanding exemplary record of near total failure that it is downright breathtaking, and in order to match their unperformance one must look to the equally abyssmal record of law enforcement at all levels in order to come close.

Ignorance is bliss. "Stupid is as stupid does." - F.Gump

---------------------

The real hurdle is translating this idea into a real political movement. I am not a member of NORML and do not really know much about it but my impressions are that, despite its having been around for decades and being reasonably large in membership and reasonably well funded, NORML has been highly ineffective at political action. As a case in point my own brother in law (now deceased) ran for governor of Louisiana on the NORML ticket and got all of 50,000 votes. In fact he was an embarassment to my family. Anyway my point is that NORML is WAY ahead of us and they are getting nowhere fast. Perhaps the lesson is: don't build an organization on a member base of drug users if you want to get anywhere with your agenda.

Bill Buckley might have signed on, and indeed was the inspiration for a lot of my premises. But he's dead. So is Barry Goldwater. No faction of the Republican Party that is in any way beholden to the Christian Right would go anywhere near this. And I doubt either major party would want to buck Big Pharma.

The Libertarian Party appears impotent.

So I fear we are a LONG way off from even starting to actualize this idea. But, it is better than having no idea at all. What's the old line? "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step."

That was Confucious. He was ignorant too.

[Edited on 13-9-2008 by Sauron]

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woelen

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You do not take into account the cost, associated with illness due to excessive use of free drugs. Who takes care of all those (very) sick people? When their bodies are almost ruined, they will ask a lot of medical care. All those people have to be taken care of.

When drugs becomes free, I expect a large rise in addiction, and also a large rise in costs of medical care.

[Edited on 12-9-08 by woelen]

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Polverone
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 Quote: Originally posted by woelen You not take into account the cost, associated with illness due to excessive use of free drugs. Who takes care of all those (very) sick people? When their bodies are almost ruined, they will ask a lot of medical care.

Will they? Maybe there are some drugs that continually degrade the body until the addict can tell his body is almost ruined, and then repent of drug use and seek care, but I don't think this happens commonly. Some drugs (like morphine and related compounds) are safe in controlled dosage for long term use, but can be acutely lethal if the dosage goes up too much or if the addict's tolerance declines from a few days without use. Stimulants like cocaine can damage the heart, but this is not something that requires expensive chronic care. The user may live a fairly normal life or may have a heart attack, but won't end up in a hospital bed for months either way. Marijuana may bring out latent schizophrenia but its only physical health burden is (possibly) lung cancer, like tobacco.

I could be wrong, and I will humbly accept corrections if I am. It is hard for me to find quantified scholarly data about the chronic and acute physical effects of drug use. Lethal incidents, like a fatal heroin overdose, or untreatable chronic problems like persistent visual distortions after heavy LSD use, are downsides of drug use but they don't actually increase the health care burden. Hepatitis and AIDS patients are heavy chronic users of health care, and overrepresented among drug-using populations, but this is related to social factors and not caused by the consumption of illegal drugs.

[Edited on 9-12-2008 by Polverone]

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Sauron
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woelen, the US does not have socialized medicine or free health care. Drug users like anyone else, either have health insurance, or they don't. If they don't and get sick, and can't pay for health care, they die. If their sickness is a consequence of what is a lifestyle choice (drug use) what is different about that and the lifestyle choice to be a homosexual and engage in unsafe sex (for example) or the lifestyle choice to smoke 5 packs of cigarettes a day or the lifestyle choice to be an acute alcoholic?

None that I can see.

We already have health care costs associated with drug use and contaminated adulterated drugs. We already have health care costs associated with AIDS transmission by needle sharing among IV drug abusers who refuse to get the message.

I say, by eliminating the cost of incarceration, the cost of maintaining massive law enforcement efforts at drug control that have never worked, the country can save a great deal of money - billions of dollars, likely tens of billions - and that is a lot more than the sorts of costs you are hypothecating.

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ScienceSquirrel
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 Quote: Originally posted by Sauron woelen, the US does not have socialized medicine or free health care. Drug users like anyone else, either have health insurance, or they don't. If they don't and get sick, and can't pay for health care, they die. If their sickness is a consequence of what is a lifestyle choice (drug use) what is different about that and the lifestyle choice to be a homosexual and engage in unsafe sex (for example) or the lifestyle choice to smoke 5 packs of cigarettes a day or the lifestyle choice to be an acute alcoholic? None that I can see.

Quite right.

One of ther leading causes of death among the current American population is obesity and the diseases caused by it.

A huge proportion of the population is morbidly obese, in some areas as much as 60% of the population.

Land of the Free though
Sauron
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Quite right! Pass the bangers and mash, please.

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kclo4
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wait.. Why wouldn't my way work?
I think it would get rid of all incentive to make and sell drugs, and be cheaper then what they are doing now.

Legal to have.
Illegal to sell.
Reward for those who turn in the dealers.

Incentive = Risk/Reward.. doesn't it?
Sauron
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You obviously are naive, and you also have not read my posts carefully.

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kclo4
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I'll agree with the last part of that.
Panache
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 Quote: Originally posted by Sauron You obviously are naive, and you also have not read my posts carefully.

Evian spelt backwards is naive, Reality Bites.

The fact that sincere considered counter arguments can be made against legalisation and free supply does not address the necessity to shift the current status-quo in social thinking and policy in relation to the prohibition of drugs.

I think society would benefit from all those suburban dead-head obese australians losing some weight because they shift their addiction temporarily to an amphetamine or a something. This is obviously an emotional oversimplification however at least their gardens would be well tended.

I imagine KFC and the like does not share this stance however they are just as insidious as the fabled (because i never knew one) drug-pusher of the 70's getting his customers addicted to heroin. Their tactics in creation of their menus, marketing to the vulnerable and unnerving inflexibility to improve their impact on public health is immoral and despicable, however its legal, so somehow less despicable and immoral than the same behaviour in a drug syndicate.

I say let the playing field be leveled, why make one illegal and the other legal, it can't get worse than it is presently. And it is preposterous to think that because cocaine is available at the corner store i will likely become a crack addict or that my neighbour will. The reality is that it is available at the corner store and i and my neighbour are not crack addicts. However it supply is illegal, meaning corruption and crime has a backer.

The argument that selling drugs be illegal but not using them is naive because its just transposing one illegal behaviour for another, thus not reducing all the key social parameters that make up the basis for the argument like incarceration rates, corruption, police spending etc etc. It would also be almost impossible to write decent legislation for, i mean 'i'm not selling drugs your honour i'm supplying them free just charging for delivery' x1000 variants on that theme comes to mind.

raiden
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As above
Sauron
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kclo4:

I am reluctant to have to repeat myself. Your proposal is to narrow the WOD to only the supply side. That does not eliminate the law enforcement structure, nor the supply side. It leaves both in place unchanged. LE has proven highlky ineffective at dealing with dealers/importers.manufacturers and cartels. A lot of money is wasted in the effort and a lot of civil liberties are lost. A lot of people rot in prison and cost us more money.

Y9u also want to turn a large segment into professional rats for pay and we are supposed to pay for that. I say there ought to be fewer rats in the world not more.

In short your proposal in ineffective and costly and fails to address the real issues in any meaningful way. I conclude therefore that you do not clearly and fully understand or apprehenmd the problem, hence you are naive. In some ways naivete is an admirable state, it suggests innocence (or perhaps dullness) as opposed to my own cynicism and world-weariness. But, unfortunately, it is not a very helpful state of mind when trying to come up with practical and effective solutions to complex problems.

In order to roll things back and restore civil liberties lost to the useless WOD we must junk the law enforcement approach to it almost entirely.

We must also create a condition which effectively neutralized organized crime interest in drugs (organized crime defined to include traditional mafias, drug cartels and all drug syndicates that operate above a local level.)

Decriminalizing drugs completely and making them freely available is the ONLY way to achieve these ends. The state should not be involved in their manufacture, or distribution, I already outlined how to force the corporeations who introduced essentially all of these drugs in the last 150 years to do that pro-bono. Fuck Bayer, Fuck Merck, etc. In return they are forever freed from all liability. They created these messes. Give them the job of cleaning them up.

These proposals are elegant, balanced and comprehensive. The WOD GONE. The Nanny State dealt a death blow. The criminal justice system unburdered and left to deal with real criminals. Nine out of ten prisons closed. Organized crime paupered.

What the WOD has taught us is that the supply of drugs exists because of the permanent and apparently insatiable DEMAND for drugs. Presently the supply is a for-profit illegal enterprise worth billions annually. The society (government) spends billions vainly trying to shut this down. This has consistently failed.

I say: REPLACE the for profit supply with a free supply thus shutting down the criminal supply. You can't shut down the DEMAND. Feed the demand, deny the profits to the gangsters/drug profiteers. FORCE the original drug profiteers to make the stuff and give it away. The demand is thus satisfied, the black market withers and dies. The enormous overhead of the WOD is saved.

For sure at the expense of the people who are the demand side but I say those people are lost anyway and have been for a long time and will be in the future no matter what we do. Let's get out of the business of engaging in a pyrhhic struggle to protect people from themselves, who don't want to be protected and who constantly strive with considerable success to defeat that protection.

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OMG
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I would agree that decriminalizing drugs that do no more harm to you than alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, salt, etc etc., would be the way to go. Even just legalizing marijuana would be a very good start and save society a lot of wasted resources.

I disagree with legalizing drugs that the human mind cannot easily resist and cause significant deleterious alterations to peoples behavior.

In the end its all about the money anyway. Obviously the powers that be keep things the way they are because it is most profitable for them. If it was more profitable to legalize drugs then they would surely do it. That's the thing about democracy, it's set up so over time the most greedy and weaselly people have the most power.
Sauron
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No, it's not about the money. It's about trashing our rights and liberties for a lost cause. And you want to continue the lost cause with partial measures.

The WOD and drug laws are protecting no one. Every 11 year old school attending child has access to just about any drug you care to name in every corner of the nation, whether it is white suburbia, the inner cities, or the rural heartland. So who is being protected? No one is. What you propose is vanity in the name of making yourself feel like you are doing good. Nothing more. A meaningless exercise devoid of effect. Give your high horse a rest.

Sic gorgeamus a los subjectatus nunc.
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# 10.4 Divide monomials  (Page 2/5)

 Page 2 / 5

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{x}^{8}}{{x}^{15}}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{12}^{11}}{{12}^{21}}$

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{1}{{x}^{7}}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{1}{{12}^{10}}$

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{m}^{17}}{{m}^{26}}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{7}^{8}}{{7}^{14}}$

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{1}{{m}^{9}}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{1}{{7}^{6}}$

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{a}^{5}}{{a}^{9}}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{x}^{11}}{{x}^{7}}$

## Solution

 ⓐ Since 9>5, there are more $a$ 's in the denominator and so we will end up with factors in the denominator. $\frac{{a}^{5}}{{a}^{9}}$ Use the Quotient Property for $n>m,\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{n}}=\frac{1}{{a}^{n-m}}.$ Simplify. $\frac{1}{{a}^{4}}$
 ⓑ Notice there are more factors of $x$ in the numerator, since 11>7. So we will end up with factors in the numerator. $\frac{{x}^{11}}{{x}^{7}}$ Use the Quotient Property for $m>n,\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{n}}={a}^{n-m}.$ Simplify. ${x}^{4}$

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{b}^{19}}{{b}^{11}}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{z}^{5}}{{z}^{11}}$

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{b}^{8}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{1}{{z}^{6}}$

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{p}^{9}}{{p}^{17}}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{w}^{13}}{{w}^{9}}$

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{1}{{p}^{8}}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{w}^{4}$

## Simplify expressions with zero exponents

A special case of the Quotient Property is when the exponents of the numerator and denominator are equal, such as an expression like $\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{m}}.$ From earlier work with fractions, we know that

$\frac{2}{2}=1\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\frac{17}{17}=1\phantom{\rule{2em}{0ex}}\frac{-43}{-43}=1$

In words, a number divided by itself is $1.$ So $\frac{x}{x}=1,$ for any $x$ ( $x\ne 0$ ), since any number divided by itself is $1.$

The Quotient Property of Exponents shows us how to simplify $\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{n}}$ when $m>n$ and when $n by subtracting exponents. What if $m=n$ ?

Consider first $\frac{8}{8},$ which we know is $1.$

 $\frac{8}{8}=1$ Write 8 as ${2}^{3}$ . $\frac{{2}^{3}}{{2}^{3}}=1$ Subtract exponents. ${2}^{3-3}=1$ Simplify. ${2}^{0}=1$

Now we will simplify $\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{m}}$ in two ways to lead us to the definition of the zero exponent    .

## Zero exponent

If $a$ is a non-zero number, then ${a}^{0}=1.$

Any nonzero number raised to the zero power is $1.$

In this text, we assume any variable that we raise to the zero power is not zero.

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{12}^{0}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{y}^{0}$

## Solution

The definition says any non-zero number raised to the zero power is $1.$

 ⓐ ${12}^{0}$ Use the definition of the zero exponent. 1
 ⓑ ${y}^{0}$ Use the definition of the zero exponent. 1

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{17}^{0}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{m}^{0}$

1. 1
2. 1

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{k}^{0}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{29}^{0}$

1. 1
2. 1

Now that we have defined the zero exponent, we can expand all the Properties of Exponents to include whole number exponents.

What about raising an expression to the zero power? Let's look at ${\left(2x\right)}^{0}.$ We can use the product to a power rule to rewrite this expression.

 ${\left(2x\right)}^{0}$ Use the Product to a Power Rule. ${2}^{0}{x}^{0}$ Use the Zero Exponent Property. $1\cdot 1$ Simplify. 1

This tells us that any non-zero expression raised to the zero power is one.

Simplify: ${\left(7z\right)}^{0}.$

## Solution

 ${\left(7z\right)}^{0}$ Use the definition of the zero exponent. 1

Simplify: ${\left(-4y\right)}^{0}.$

1

Simplify: ${\left(\frac{2}{3}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}x\right)}^{0}.$

1

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\left(-3{x}^{2}y\right)}^{0}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}-3{x}^{2}{y}^{0}$

## Solution

 ⓐ The product is raised to the zero power. ${\left(-3{x}^{2}y\right)}^{0}$ Use the definition of the zero exponent. $1$
 ⓑ Notice that only the variable $y$ is being raised to the zero power. ${\left(-3{x}^{2}y\right)}^{0}$ Use the definition of the zero exponent. $-3{x}^{2}\cdot 1$ Simplify. $-3{x}^{2}$

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\left(7{x}^{2}y\right)}^{0}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}7{x}^{2}{y}^{0}$

1. 1
2. 7 x 2 1

Simplify:

1. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}-23{x}^{2}{y}^{0}$
2. $\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\left(-23{x}^{2}y\right)}^{0}$

1. −23 x 2
2. 1

## Simplify expressions using the quotient to a power property

Now we will look at an example that will lead us to the Quotient to a Power Property.

 ${\left(\frac{x}{y}\right)}^{3}$ This means $\frac{x}{y}\cdot \frac{x}{y}\cdot \frac{x}{y}$ Multiply the fractions. $\frac{x\cdot x\cdot x}{y\cdot y\cdot y}$ Write with exponents. $\frac{{x}^{3}}{{y}^{3}}$

Notice that the exponent applies to both the numerator and the denominator.

We see that ${\left(\frac{x}{y}\right)}^{3}$ is $\frac{{x}^{3}}{{y}^{3}}.$

$\begin{array}{ccccc}\text{We write:}\hfill & & & & {\left(\frac{x}{y}\right)}^{3}\hfill \\ & & & & \frac{{x}^{3}}{{y}^{3}}\hfill \end{array}$

This leads to the Quotient to a Power Property for Exponents.

## Quotient to a power property of exponents

If $a$ and $b$ are real numbers, $b\ne 0,$ and $m$ is a counting number, then

${\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)}^{m}=\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{{a}^{m}}{{b}^{m}}$

To raise a fraction to a power, raise the numerator and denominator to that power.

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# Thread: Rate of Change - Volume and Surface Area of Cylinder

1. ## Rate of Change - Volume and Surface Area of Cylinder

We have a special type of cylinder whose height, h, is always twice its radius r. What is the rate of change of its volume V with respect to r in terms of the total surface area, A?

I figured V= (pi)(r^2)(h) and since h=2r , V = (pi)(r^2)(2r)
Surface Area = 2(pi)(r^2)+(pi)(r)(h) = 2(pi)(r^2)+(pi)(2r^2)

I'm really not sure what to do after that though, thanks.

We have a special type of cylinder whose height, h, is always twice its radius r. What is the rate of change of its volume V with respect to r in terms of the total surface area, A?

I figured V= (pi)(r^2)(h) and since h=2r , V = (pi)(r^2)(2r)
Surface Area = 2(pi)(r^2)+(pi)(r)(h) = 2(pi)(r^2)+(pi)(2r^2)

I'm really not sure what to do after that though, thanks.

I'm afraid your total surface area, A, is lacking.

The problems asks us to find dV/dr in terms of A.

V = pi(r^2)h = pi(r^2)(2r) = 2pi(r^3)

A = 2[pi(r^2)] +2pi(r)*h
A = 2pi(r^2) +2pi(r)(2r)
A = 2pi(r^2) +4pi(r^2)
A = 6pi(r^2)

So,
V = 2pi(r^3)
= [pi(r^2)](2r)
= [A/6](2r)
= (1/3)A*r

Differentiate that with respect to r,

3. ## Thanks

That was very helpful, and generally the path I was trying to take, I think my problem was the surface area, which you helped with a lot, thanks again.

,

,

,

,

,

### rate of change of volume with respect to radius physics

Click on a term to search for related topics.


text:
# What is the relationship between base and number of digits?

For instance, the number $1000$ takes $4$ digits in base $10$, $10$ digits in base $2$, $3$ digits in base $20$, and $2$ digits in base $1000$.

What is the mathematical relationship between number of digits and base?

-
The Logarithm! –  k.stm Mar 19 '13 at 19:38

Let $n$ be a positive integer. The base $b$ representation of $n$ has $d$ digits if $b^{d-1}\le n<b^d$, which is the case if $d-1\le\log_b n<d$, or $\lfloor\log_bn\rfloor=d-1$. The number of digits in the base $b$ representation of $n$ is therefore

$$\lfloor\log_bn\rfloor+1=\left\lfloor\frac{\ln n}{\ln b}\right\rfloor+1\;.$$

When $n$ is large compared with $b$, it’s roughly inversely proportional to $\ln b$.

-

$N$ in base $10$ has $\lfloor\log_mN\rfloor+1$ digits in base $m$.

-

If $$10^n \le x < 10^{n+1},$$ then $x$ has $n+1$ digits in base $10$ and $$4^{n\log_4 10} \le x < 4^{(n+1)\log_4 10}$$ Find out which integers $n\log_{10}4$ is between and which integers $(n+1)\log_{10}4$ is between. That will tell you something about the number of digits that $x$ has in base $4$.

Multiplying the number of base-$10$ digits by $\log_4 10$ gives you the approximate number of base-$4$ digits.

-


text:
• ### Improved search for two-neutrino double electron capture on $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe using particle identification in XMASS-I(1801.03251)

April 16, 2018 hep-ex, nucl-ex, physics.ins-det
We conducted an improved search for the simultaneous capture of two $K$-shell electrons on the $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe nuclei with emission of two neutrinos using 800.0 days of data from the XMASS-I detector. A novel method to discriminate $\gamma$-ray/$X$-ray or double electron capture signals from $\beta$-ray background using scintillation time profiles was developed for this search. No significant signal was found when fitting the observed energy spectra with the expected signal and background. Therefore, we set the most stringent lower limits on the half-lives at $2.1 \times 10^{22}$ and $1.9 \times 10^{22}$ years for $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe, respectively, with 90% confidence level. These limits improve upon previously reported values by a factor of 4.5.
• ### The LiteBIRD Satellite Mission - Sub-Kelvin Instrument(1801.06987)

March 15, 2018 astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.IM
Inflation is the leading theory of the first instant of the universe. Inflation, which postulates that the universe underwent a period of rapid expansion an instant after its birth, provides convincing explanation for cosmological observations. Recent advancements in detector technology have opened opportunities to explore primordial gravitational waves generated by the inflation through B-mode (divergent-free) polarization pattern embedded in the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies. If detected, these signals would provide strong evidence for inflation, point to the correct model for inflation, and open a window to physics at ultra-high energies. LiteBIRD is a satellite mission with a goal of detecting degree-and-larger-angular-scale B-mode polarization. LiteBIRD will observe at the second Lagrange point with a 400 mm diameter telescope and 2,622 detectors. It will survey the entire sky with 15 frequency bands from 40 to 400 GHz to measure and subtract foregrounds. The U.S. LiteBIRD team is proposing to deliver sub-Kelvin instruments that include detectors and readout electronics. A lenslet-coupled sinuous antenna array will cover low-frequency bands (40 GHz to 235 GHz) with four frequency arrangements of trichroic pixels. An orthomode-transducer-coupled corrugated horn array will cover high-frequency bands (280 GHz to 402 GHz) with three types of single frequency detectors. The detectors will be made with Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers cooled to a 100 milli-Kelvin base temperature by an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator.The TES bolometers will be read out using digital frequency multiplexing with Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) amplifiers. Up to 78 bolometers will be multiplexed with a single SQUID amplidier. We report on the sub-Kelvin instrument design and ongoing developments for the LiteBIRD mission.
• ### Direct dark matter search by annual modulation with 2.7 years of XMASS-I data(1801.10096)

Jan. 30, 2018 astro-ph.CO
An annual modulation signal due to the Earth's rotation around the Sun would be one of the strongest indications of the direct detection of dark matter. In 2016, we reported a search for dark matter by looking for an annual modulation with the single-phase liquid xenon XMASS-I detector. That analysis indicated a slightly negative amplitude at low energy. In this work, we included more than one year of additional data, which more than doubles the exposure to 800 live days with our 832 kg target mass. When we assume Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter elastically scattering on the xenon target, the exclusion upper limit for the WIMP-nucleon cross section was improved by a factor of two to 1.9$\times$10$^{-41}$cm$^2$ at 8 GeV/c$^2$ with our newly implemented data selection through a likelihood method. For the model-independent case, without assuming any specific dark matter model, we obtained more consistency with the null hypothesis than before with a $p$-value of 0.11 in the 1--20 keV energy region. This search is probing this region with an exposure that is larger than that of DAMA/LIBRA. We also did not find any significant amplitude in the data for periodicity with periods between 50 and 600 days.
• ### Identification of $^{210}$Pb and $^{210}$Po in the bulk of copper samples with a low-background alpha particle counter(1707.06413)

Jan. 9, 2018 physics.ins-det
We established a method to assay $^{210}$Pb and $^{210}$Po contaminations in the bulk of copper samples using a low-background alpha particle counter. The achieved sensitivity for the $^{210}$Pb and $^{210}$Po contaminations reaches a few mBq/kg. Due to this high sensitivity, the $^{210}$Pb and $^{210}$Po contaminations in oxygen free copper bulk were identified and measured for the first time. The $^{210}$Pb contaminations of our oxygen free copper samples were 17-40 mBq/kg. Based on our investigation of copper samples in each production step, the $^{210}$Pb in oxygen free copper was understood to be a small residual of an electrolysis process. This method to measure bulk contaminations of $^{210}$Pb and $^{210}$Po could be applied to other materials.
• ### Search for solar Kaluza-Klein axion by annual modulation with the XMASS-I detector(1707.08995)

In theories with the large extra dimensions beyond the standard 4-dimensional spacetime, axions could propagate in such extra dimensions, and acquire Kaluza-Klein (KK) excitations. These KK axions are produced in the Sun and could solve unexplained heating of the solar corona. While most of the solar KK axions escape from the solar system, a small fraction is gravitationally trapped in orbits around the Sun. They would decay into two photons inside a terrestrial detector. The event rate is expected to modulate annually depending on the distance from the Sun. We have searched for the annual modulation signature using $832\times 359$ kg$\cdot$days of XMASS-I data. No significant event rate modulation is found, and hence we set the first experimental constraint on the KK axion-photon coupling of $4.8 \times 10^{-12}\, \mathrm{GeV}^{-1}$ at 90% confidence level for a KK axion number density of $\bar{n}_\mathrm{a} = 4.07 \times 10^{13}\, \mathrm{m}^{-3}$, the total number of extra dimensions $n = 2$, and the number of extra dimensions $\delta = 2$ that axions can propagate in.
• ### Observation of a new field-induced phase transition and its concomitant quantum critical fluctuations in CeCo(In$_{1-x}$Zn$_x$)$_5$(1706.01210)

We demonstrate a close connection between observed field-induced antiferromagnetic (AFM) order and quantum critical fluctuation (QCF) in the Zn7%-doped heavy-fermion superconductor CeCoIn5. Magnetization, specific heat, and electrical resistivity at low temperatures all show the presence of new field-induced AFM order under the magnetic field B of 5-10 T, whose order parameter is clearly distinguished from the low-field AFM phase observed for B < 5 T and the superconducting phase for B < 3 T. The 4f electronic specific heat divided by the temperature, C_e/T, exhibits -lnT dependence at B~10 T (= B_0), and furthermore, the C_e/T data for B >= B_0 are well scaled by the logarithmic function of B and T: ln[(B-B_0)/T^{2.7}]. These features are quite similar to the scaling behavior found in pure CeCoIn5, strongly suggesting that the field-induced QCF in pure CeCoIn5 originates from the hidden AFM order parameter equivalent to high-field AFM order in Zn7%-doped CeCoIn5.
• ### Quantum Hall effect in a bulk antiferromagnet EuMnBi$_2$ with magnetically confined two-dimensional Dirac fermions(1703.04127)

For the innovation of spintronic technologies, Dirac materials, in which the low-energy excitation is described as relativistic Dirac fermions, are one of the most promising systems, because of the fascinating magnetotransport associated with the extremely high mobility. To incorporate Dirac fermions into spintronic applications, their quantum transport phenomena are desired to be manipulated to a large extent by magnetic order in a solid. We here report a bulk half-integer quantum Hall effect in a layered antiferromagnet EuMnBi$_2$, in which field-controllable Eu magnetic order significantly suppresses the interlayer coupling between the Bi layers with Dirac fermions. In addition to the high mobility more than 10,000 cm$^2$/Vs, Landau level splittings presumably due to the lifting of spin and valley degeneracy are noticeable even in a bulk magnet. These results will pave a route to the engineering of magnetically functionalized Dirac materials.
• ### Possible quantum liquid crystal phases of helium monolayers(1406.4388)

The second-layer phase diagrams of $^4$He and $^3$He adsorbed on graphite are investigated. Intrinsically rounded specific-heat anomalies are observed at 1.4 and 0.9 K, respectively, over extended density regions in between the liquid and incommensurate solid phases. They are identified to anomalies associated with the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Halperin-Nelson-Young type two-dimensional melting. The prospected low temperature phase (C2 phase) is a commensurate phase or a $\textit{quantum hexatic}$ phase with quasi-bond-orientational order, both containing $\textit{zero}$-$\textit{point}$ defectons. In either case, this would be the first atomic realization of the $\textit{quantum liquid crystal}$, a new state of matter. From the large enhancement of the melting temperature over $^3$He, we propose to assign the observed anomaly of $^4$He-C2 phase at 1.4 K to the hypothetical supersolid or superhexatic transition.
• ### Improving the Lieb-Robinson bound for long-range interactions(1604.05809)

Sept. 26, 2016 math-ph, math.MP, math.FA
We improve the Lieb-Robinson bound for a wide class of quantum many-body systems with long-range interactions decaying by power law. As an application, we show that the group velocity of information propagation grows by power law in time for such systems, whereas systems with short-range interactions exhibit a finite group velocity as shown by Lieb and Robinson.
• ### A measurement of the time profile of scintillation induced by low energy gamma-rays in liquid xenon with the XMASS-I detector(1604.01503)

We report the measurement of the emission time profile of scintillation from gamma-ray induced events in the XMASS-I 832 kg liquid xenon scintillation detector. Decay time constant was derived from a comparison of scintillation photon timing distributions between the observed data and simulated samples in order to take into account optical processes such as absorption and scattering in liquid xenon. Calibration data of radioactive sources, $^{55}$Fe, $^{241}$Am, and $^{57}$Co were used to obtain the decay time constant. Assuming two decay components, $\tau_1$ and $\tau_2$, the decay time constant $\tau_2$ increased from 27.9 ns to 37.0 ns as the gamma-ray energy increased from 5.9 keV to 122 keV. The accuracy of the measurement was better than 1.5 ns at all energy levels. A fast decay component with $\tau_1 \sim 2$ ns was necessary to reproduce data. Energy dependencies of $\tau_2$ and the fraction of the fast decay component were studied as a function of the kinetic energy of electrons induced by gamma-rays. The obtained data almost reproduced previously reported results and extended them to the lower energy region relevant to direct dark matter searches.
• ### Direct dark matter search by annual modulation in XMASS-I(1511.04807)

A search for dark matter was conducted by looking for an annual modulation signal due to the Earth's rotation around the Sun using XMASS, a single phase liquid xenon detector. The data used for this analysis was 359.2 live days times 832 kg of exposure accumulated between November 2013 and March 2015. When we assume Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) dark matter elastically scattering on the target nuclei, the exclusion upper limit of the WIMP-nucleon cross section 4.3$\times$10$^{-41}$cm$^2$ at 8 GeV/c$^2$ was obtained and we exclude almost all the DAMA/LIBRA allowed region in the 6 to 16 GeV/c$^2$ range at $\sim$10$^{-40}$cm$^2$. The result of a simple modulation analysis, without assuming any specific dark matter model but including electron/$\gamma$ events, showed a slight negative amplitude. The $p$-values obtained with two independent analyses are 0.014 and 0.068 for null hypothesis, respectively. we obtained 90\% C.L. upper bounds that can be used to test various models. This is the first extensive annual modulation search probing this region with an exposure comparable to DAMA/LIBRA.
• ### Search for two-neutrino double electron capture on $^{124}$Xe with the XMASS-I detector(1510.00754)

May 26, 2016 hep-ex, nucl-ex, physics.ins-det
Double electron capture is a rare nuclear decay process in which two orbital electrons are captured simultaneously in the same nucleus. Measurement of its two-neutrino mode would provide a new reference for the calculation of nuclear matrix elements whereas observation of its neutrinoless mode would demonstrate lepton number violation. A search for two-neutrino double electron capture on $^{124}$Xe is performed using 165.9 days of data collected with the XMASS-I liquid xenon detector. No significant excess above background was observed and we set a lower limit on the half-life as $4.7 \times 10^{21}$ years at 90% confidence level. The obtained limit has ruled out parts of some theoretical expectations. We obtain a lower limit on the $^{126}$Xe two-neutrino double electron capture half-life of $4.3 \times 10^{21}$ years at 90% confidence level as well.
• ### An Electron-Tracking Compton Telescope for a Survey of the Deep Universe by MeV gamma-rays(1507.03850)

Photon imaging for MeV gammas has serious difficulties due to huge backgrounds and unclearness in images, which are originated from incompleteness in determining the physical parameters of Compton scattering in detection, e.g., lack of the directional information of the recoil electrons. The recent major mission/instrument in the MeV band, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory/COMPTEL, which was Compton Camera (CC), detected mere $\sim30$ persistent sources. It is in stark contrast with $\sim$2000 sources in the GeV band. Here we report the performance of an Electron-Tracking Compton Camera (ETCC), and prove that it has a good potential to break through this stagnation in MeV gamma-ray astronomy. The ETCC provides all the parameters of Compton-scattering by measuring 3-D recoil electron tracks; then the Scatter Plane Deviation (SPD) lost in CCs is recovered. The energy loss rate (dE/dx), which CCs cannot measure, is also obtained, and is found to be indeed helpful to reduce the background under conditions similar to space. Accordingly the significance in gamma detection is improved severalfold. On the other hand, SPD is essential to determine the point-spread function (PSF) quantitatively. The SPD resolution is improved close to the theoretical limit for multiple scattering of recoil electrons. With such a well-determined PSF, we demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to provide reliable sensitivity in Compton imaging without utilizing an optimization algorithm. As such, this study highlights the fundamental weak-points of CCs. In contrast we demonstrate the possibility of ETCC reaching the sensitivity below $1\times10^{-12}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ at 1 MeV.
• ### Magnetic field-induced insulator-semimetal transition in a pyrochlore Nd2Ir2O7(1506.07336)

We have investigated magneto-transport properties in a single crystal of pyrochore-type Nd2Ir2O7. The metallic conduction is observed on the antiferromagnetic domain walls of the all-in all-out type Ir-5d moment ordered insulating bulk state, that can be finely controlled by external magnetic field along [111]. On the other hand, an applied field along [001] induces the bulk phase transition from insulator to semimetal as a consequence of the field-induced modification of Nd-4f and Ir-5d moment configurations. A theoretical calculation consistently describing the experimentally observed features suggests a variety of exotic topological states as functions of electron correlation and Ir-5d moment orders which can be finely tuned by choice of rare-earth ion and by magnetic field, respectively.
• ### Letter of Intent to Construct a nuPRISM Detector in the J-PARC Neutrino Beamline(1412.3086)

Dec. 13, 2014 hep-ex, physics.ins-det
As long-baseline neutrino experiments enter the precision era, the difficulties associated with understanding neutrino interaction cross sections on atomic nuclei are expected to limit experimental sensitivities to oscillation parameters. In particular, the ability to relate experimental observables to neutrino energy in previous experiments has relied solely on theoretical models of neutrino-nucleus interactions, which currently suffer from very large theoretical uncertainties. By observing charged current $\nu_\mu$ interactions over a continuous range of off-axis angles from 1 to 4 degrees, the nuPRISM water Cherenkov detector can provide a direct measurement of the far detector lepton kinematics for any given set of oscillation parameters, which largely removes neutrino interaction modeling uncertainties from T2K oscillation measurements. This naturally provides a direct constraint on the relationship between lepton kinematics and neutrino energy. In addition, nuPRISM is a sensitive probe of sterile neutrino oscillations with multiple energy spectra, which provides unique constraints on possible background-related explanations of the MiniBooNE anomaly. Finally, high-precision measurements of neutrino cross sections on water are possible, including $\nu_e$ measurements and the first ever measurements of neutral current interactions as a function of neutrino energy. The nuPRISM detector also benefits the proposed Hyper-Kamiokande project. A demonstration that neutrino interaction uncertainties can be controlled will be important to understanding the physics reach of Hyper-K. In addition, nuPRISM will provide an easily accessible prototype detector for many of the new hardware components currently under consideration for Hyper-K. The following document presents the configuration, physics impact, and preliminary cost estimates for a nuPRISM detector in the J-PARC neutrino beamline.
• ### Search for bosonic superweakly interacting massive dark matter particles with the XMASS-I detector(1406.0502)

Bosonic superweakly interacting massive particles (super-WIMPs) are a candidate for warm dark matter. With the absorption of such a boson by a xenon atom these dark matter candidates would deposit an energy equivalent to their rest mass in the detector. This is the first direct detection experiment exploring the vector super-WIMPs in the mass range between 40 and 120 keV. Using 165.9 days of data no significant excess above background was observed in the fiducial mass of 41 kg. The present limit for the vector super-WIMPs excludes the possibility that such particles constitute all of dark matter. The absence of a signal also provides the most stringent direct constraint on the coupling constant of pseudoscalar super-WIMPs to electrons. The unprecedented sensitivity was achieved exploiting the low background at a level $10^{-4}$ kg$^{-1}$keV$_{ee}^{-1}$day$^{-1}$ in the detector.
• ### Search for inelastic WIMP nucleus scattering on $^{129}$Xe in data from the XMASS-I experiment(1401.4737)

A search for inelastic scattering of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) on the isotope $^{129}$Xe was done in data taken with the single phase liquid xenon detector XMASS at the Kamioka Observatory. Using a restricted volume containing 41 kg of LXe at the very center of our detector we observed no significant excess of events in 165.9 days of data. Our background reduction allowed us to derive our limits without explicitly subtracting the remaining events which are compatible with background expectations and derive for e.g. a 50 GeV WIMP an upper limit for its inelastic cross section on $^{129}$Xe nuclei of 3.2 pb at the 90% confidence level.
• ### Development of a 30 cm-cube Electron-Tracking Compton Camera for the SMILE-II Experiment(1312.0438)

To explore the sub-MeV/MeV gamma-ray window for astronomy, we have developed the Electron-Tracking Compton Camera (ETCC), and carried out the first performance test at room condition using several gamma-ray sources in the sub-MeV energy band. Using a simple track analysis for a quick first test of the performance, the gamma-ray imaging capability was demonstrated by clear images and 5.3 degrees of angular resolution measure (ARM) measured at 662 keV. As the greatest impact of this work, a gamma-ray detection efficiency on the order of $10^{-4}$ was achieved at the sub-MeV gamma-ray band, which is one order of magnitude higher than our previous experiment. This angular resolution and detection efficiency enables us to detect the Crab Nebula at the 5 sigma level with several hours observation at balloon altitude in middle latitude. Furthermore, good consistency of efficiencies between this performance test and simulation including only physical processes has a large importance; it means we achieve nearly 100% detection of Compton recoil electrons. Thus, our estimation of enhancements by upgrades of the detector is more dependable. We are planning to confirm the imaging capability of the ETCC by observation of celestial objects in the SMILE-II (Sub-MeV gamma ray Imaging Loaded-on-balloon Experiment II). The SMILE-II and following SMILE-III project will be an important key of sub-MeV/MeV gamma-ray astronomy.
• ### Mission design of LiteBIRD(1311.2847)

Nov. 12, 2013 astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.IM
LiteBIRD is a next-generation satellite mission to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. On large angular scales the B-mode polarization of the CMB carries the imprint of primordial gravitational waves, and its precise measurement would provide a powerful probe of the epoch of inflation. The goal of LiteBIRD is to achieve a measurement of the characterizing tensor to scalar ratio $r$ to an uncertainty of $\delta r=0.001$. In order to achieve this goal we will employ a kilo-pixel superconducting detector array on a cryogenically cooled sub-Kelvin focal plane with an optical system at a temperature of 4~K. We are currently considering two detector array options; transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers and microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKID). In this paper we give an overview of LiteBIRD and describe a TES-based polarimeter designed to achieve the target sensitivity of 2~$\mu$K$\cdot$arcmin over the frequency range 50 to 320~GHz.
• ### Search for solar axions in XMASS, a large liquid-xenon detector(1212.6153)

XMASS, a low-background, large liquid-xenon detector, was used to search for solar axions that would be produced by bremsstrahlung and Compton effects in the Sun. With an exposure of 5.6ton days of liquid xenon, the model-independent limit on the coupling for mass $\ll$ 1keV is $|g_{aee}|< 5.4\times 10^{-11}$ (90% C.L.), which is a factor of two stronger than the existing experimental limit. The bounds on the axion masses for the DFSZ and KSVZ axion models are 1.9 and 250eV, respectively. In the mass range of 10-40keV, this study produced the most stringent limit, which is better than that previously derived from astrophysical arguments regarding the Sun to date.
• ### Light WIMP search in XMASS(1211.5404)

Jan. 17, 2013 hep-ex, nucl-ex, astro-ph.CO
A search for light dark matter using low-threshold data from the single phase liquid xenon scintillation detector XMASS, has been conducted. Using the entire 835 kg inner volume as target, the analysis threshold can be lowered to 0.3 keVee (electron-equivalent) to search for light dark matter. With low-threshold data corresponding to a 5591.4 kg$\cdot$day exposure of the detector and without discriminating between nuclear-recoil and electronic events, XMASS excludes part of the parameter space favored by other experiments.
• ### XMASS detector(1301.2815)

The XMASS project aims to detect dark matter, pp and $^{7}$Be solar neutrinos, and neutrinoless double beta decay using ultra pure liquid xenon. The first phase of the XMASS experiment searches for dark matter. In this paper, we describe the XMASS detector in detail, including its configuration, data acquisition equipment and calibration system.
• ### An rf-carpet electrospray ion source to provide isobaric mass calibrants for trans-uranium elements(1211.1448)

Dec. 16, 2012 nucl-ex, physics.atom-ph
For trans-uranium elements, stable atomic isobars do not exist. In order to provide isobaric reference ions for the mass measurement of trans-uranium elements, an electrospray ion source (ESI) was combined with an rf-carpet to collect molecular ions efficiently. The rf-carpet allows for simplification of the pumping system to transport ions from the ESI to a precision mass analyzer. Molecular ions appropriate for isobaric references of trans-uranium elements were extracted from the rf-carpet and analyzed by a multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph (MRTOF-MS) with a resolving power of $\rm{R_m} \gtrsim100,000$.
• ### Preliminary Heat Capacity and Vapor Pressure Measurements of 2D 4He on ZYX Graphite(1207.3842)

Dec. 11, 2012 cond-mat.other
We report preliminary heat capacity and vapor pressure measurements of the first and second layers of 4He adsorbed on ZYX graphite. ZYX is known to have much better crystallinity than Grafoil, the most commonly-used exfoliated graphite substrate, such as a ten-times larger platelet size. This allows us to distinguish different phases in 2D helium-4 much more clearly and may provide qualitatively different insights into this system. We found a significantly asymmetric density-dependence of the heat-capacity peak associated with the 1/3 phase formation comparing with that obtained with Grafoil. The 2nd-layer promotion density is determined as 11.8+-0.3 nm-2 from the heat-capacity measurement of low density samples in the 2nd layer and vapor pressure measurement.
• ### Development of a resonant laser ionization gas cell for high-energy, short-lived nuclei(1210.6483)

Oct. 24, 2012 nucl-ex, physics.ins-det
A new laser ion source configuration based on resonant photoionization in a gas cell has been developed at RIBF RIKEN. This system is intended for the future PArasitic RI-beam production by Laser Ion-Source (PALIS) project which will be installed at RIKEN's fragment separator, BigRIPS. A novel implementation of differential pumping, in combination with a sextupole ion beam guide (SPIG), has been developed. A few small scroll pumps create a pressure difference from 1000 hPa - 10^-3 Pa within a geometry drastically miniaturized compared to conventional systems. This system can utilize a large exit hole for fast evacuation times, minimizing the decay loss for short-lived nuclei during extraction from a buffer gas cell, while sufficient gas cell pressure is maintained for stopping high energy RI-beams. In spite of the motion in a dense pressure gradient, the photo-ionized ions inside the gas cell are ejected with an assisting force gas jet and successfully transported to a high-vacuum region via SPIG followed by a quadrupole mass separator. Observed behaviors agree with the results of gas flow and Monte Carlo simulations.


text:
# Metrics for Probabilistic Geometries

Alessandra Tosi, University of Oxford
Søren Hauberg
Alfredo Vellido
Neil D. Lawrence, University of Sheffield

in Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 30, pp 800-808

#### Abstract

We investigate the geometrical structure of probabilistic generative dimensionality reduction models using the tools of Riemannian geometry. We explicitly define a distribution over the natural metric given by the models. We provide the necessary algorithms to compute expected metric tensors where the distribution over mappings is given by a Gaussian process. We treat the corresponding latent variable model as a Riemannian manifold and we use the expectation of the metric under the Gaussian process prior to define interpolating paths and measure distance between latent points. We show how distances that respect the expected metric lead to more appropriate generation of new data.

  @InProceedings{tosi-metrics14, title = {Metrics for Probabilistic Geometries}, author = {Alessandra Tosi and Søren Hauberg and Alfredo Vellido and Neil D. Lawrence}, booktitle = {Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence}, pages = {800}, year = {2014}, editor = {Nevin Zhang and Jin Tian}, volume = {30}, month = {00}, publisher = {AUAI Press}, edit = {https://github.com/lawrennd//publications/edit/gh-pages/_posts/2014-07-23-tosi-metrics14.md}, url = {http://inverseprobability.com/publications/tosi-metrics14.html}, abstract = {We investigate the geometrical structure of probabilistic generative dimensionality reduction models using the tools of Riemannian geometry. We explicitly define a distribution over the natural metric given by the models. We provide the necessary algorithms to compute expected metric tensors where the distribution over mappings is given by a Gaussian process. We treat the corresponding latent variable model as a Riemannian manifold and we use the expectation of the metric under the Gaussian process prior to define interpolating paths and measure distance between latent points. We show how distances that respect the expected metric lead to more appropriate generation of new data.}, crossref = {Zhang:uai14}, key = {Tosi:metrics14}, linkpdf = {http://auai.org/uai2014/proceedings/individuals/171.pdf}, OPTgroup = {} }
 %T Metrics for Probabilistic Geometries %A Alessandra Tosi and Søren Hauberg and Alfredo Vellido and Neil D. Lawrence %B %C Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence %D %E Nevin Zhang and Jin Tian %F tosi-metrics14 %I AUAI Press %P 800--808 %R %U http://inverseprobability.com/publications/tosi-metrics14.html %V 30 %X We investigate the geometrical structure of probabilistic generative dimensionality reduction models using the tools of Riemannian geometry. We explicitly define a distribution over the natural metric given by the models. We provide the necessary algorithms to compute expected metric tensors where the distribution over mappings is given by a Gaussian process. We treat the corresponding latent variable model as a Riemannian manifold and we use the expectation of the metric under the Gaussian process prior to define interpolating paths and measure distance between latent points. We show how distances that respect the expected metric lead to more appropriate generation of new data.
 TY - CPAPER TI - Metrics for Probabilistic Geometries AU - Alessandra Tosi AU - Søren Hauberg AU - Alfredo Vellido AU - Neil D. Lawrence BT - Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence PY - 2014/07/23 DA - 2014/07/23 ED - Nevin Zhang ED - Jin Tian ID - tosi-metrics14 PB - AUAI Press SP - 800 EP - 808 L1 - http://auai.org/uai2014/proceedings/individuals/171.pdf UR - http://inverseprobability.com/publications/tosi-metrics14.html AB - We investigate the geometrical structure of probabilistic generative dimensionality reduction models using the tools of Riemannian geometry. We explicitly define a distribution over the natural metric given by the models. We provide the necessary algorithms to compute expected metric tensors where the distribution over mappings is given by a Gaussian process. We treat the corresponding latent variable model as a Riemannian manifold and we use the expectation of the metric under the Gaussian process prior to define interpolating paths and measure distance between latent points. We show how distances that respect the expected metric lead to more appropriate generation of new data. ER -
 Tosi, A., Hauberg, S., Vellido, A. & Lawrence, N.D.. (2014). Metrics for Probabilistic Geometries. Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 30:800-808