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# N e w B a n a c h s p a c e p r o p e r t i e s the d i s c a l g e b r a and H =

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### N e w B a n a c h s p a c e p r o p e r t i e s the d i s c a l g e b r a and H =

by J. BOURGAIN

Vrije Unioersiteit, Brussels, Belgium

### 0. Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to prove some new linear properties of the disc algebra A and the space H ~176 of bounded analytic functions on the disc. More precisely, results on absolutely summing operators, cotype, finite rank projections and certain sequence properties, such as Dunford-Pettis property and weakly completeness, are obtained.

The main motivation for this work were A. Pelczynski's notes (see [44]), which contain also most of the required prerequisites. Our work extends [44], since it solves several of the main problems. It is also of interest in connection withquestions raised in [30], [32], [33], [35], [59]. Besides [44], our references for Banach space theory are [36], [37], [38], [47]. Basic facts about/4P-spaces can be found in [18], [20], [27], [53], [54].

In what follows, we will first describe the frame of the work and recall some definitions. Then we will summarize the several sections of the paper and state the main results. If u is an operator from a space X into a space Yand 0<p<oo, we say that u is p-absolutely summing provided there is a constant ~. such that

xi,

### X*)[P; x*~X*, [[x*,[ <~ 1 }

holds for all finite sequences (xi) of elements of X. The p-summing norm :r,(u) of u is the smallest A with above property. Let H,(X, I9 be the space of p-summing operators from X into Y.

For O<p< 1, the spaces lip(X, 19 coincide and will also be denoted by Ho(X, 19, the O-summing operators from X into Y. Say that u is p-integral, resp. strictly p-integral, provided u admits a factorization

u j u

X :- Y = Y * * X : Y

### S L

L~O(/x) I :- Lp(/x) L~(p) I = LP(ix)

1-848288 Acta Mathematica 152. Imprim~ le 17 Avril 1984

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2 J. BOURGAIN

where/~ is a probability measure, I the identity map a n d j the canonical embedding. The space of strictly p-integral operators is denoted by

### Ip(X, Y)

and is equipped with the (strictly integral) norm

### i (u)

= inf[ISI111711

where the infimum is taken over all factorizations. Say that X has Grothendieck property provided any operator from X into ! 2 is 1-summing, thus

### B(X,/2)=III(X,

/2).

An equivalent formulation is the equality

### B(X*,

I~)=II2(X*, 1~). Grothendieck's theo- rem asserts that L~(a)-spaces have Grothendieck property. As pointed out in [44]

(Theorem 3.2), this general result follows easily from the fact that the operator

### --~l,

where P is a Paley projection, is onto. This shows the usefulness of certain specific operators arising in harmonic analysis to the general theory. It is shown in [41]

(Theorem 94) that Grothendieck's theorem can be improved to the equality

### B(l 1,/2)=ii0(ll,/2).

A way of seeing this (cf. [32], section 2) is to consider the set

A = Z + U {-2n; n = 0 , 1 , 2 .... } and the orthogonal projection

### Q:CA___~ 2 L{-En}

which is again onto by Paley's theorem. Now, for p>O, one has the inequality

\ ,,2 f

### \

from which it follows that Q is p-summing.

Absolutely summing operators on A appear in the study of certain multipliers. For instance, Paley's theorem that each (A, P)-multiplier M is/2-summable is equivalent to the statement MEH2(A, lJ). In this spirit, the reader is referred to [35] for a study of translation-invariant absolutely summing operators. Our work actually shows that these results extend to arbitrary operators and that the equality

### B(A,

/1)=1-I2(A, /l) holds in general.

One of the striking facts about operators on the disc algebra is the following extension of the coincidence of the notions of p-summing and p-integral operators on C(K)-spaces (see [44], section 2).

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N E W B A N A C H SPACE P R O P E R T I E S O F T H E D I S C A L G E B R A A N D H ~

PROPOSITION 0.1. For l < p < oo, any p-summing operator u on A is strictly p- integral. Furthermore

p2 ip(U) <- const. P - 1 :rp(U).

Proposition 0.1 extends the LP-boundedness of the Riesz-projection for 1 < p < oo. It provides a linear invariant which allows for instance to establish the non-isomorphism of A and the polydiscalgebra's. A new proof of Proposition 0. I based on weighted norm inequalities can be found in [32] (section 2).

Denote m the normalized Haar measure on the circle H. If A is a measurable subset of II, we shall sometimes use the notation

### IAI

for m(A). I f f E L l ( F l ) , f f means always f f d m . If H01 is the space of integrable functions f o n H such that

f(n) = f f ( o ) e-i"~ = 0 for n ~< 0

then the duality

### (f, w) = ff.wdm

identifies H ~ to the dual of the quotient space Ll/H~o . We consider the quotient map q: L1---~L1/H~. This map has several remarkable properties which the reader can find in [44] (sections 8 and 9). To each x in LI/HI o corresponds a unique f in L I such that q(f)=x and

### Ilfli--llxll.

This fact defines the minimum norm lifting o: L1/HI~,~,L I.

If A is a weakly conditionally compact (WCC) subset of Ll/L~o, then o(A) is relatively weakly compact in L ~. Recall that A is WCC provided each sequence in A has a weakly Cauchy sequence. This fact combined with the F. and M. Riesz character- ization of A* as

A* = L I / H ~ M s ( H ) (M s = singular measures)

implies that A* is weakly complete and satisfies the Dunford-Pettis property (DPP). It was unknown whether or not A could be replaced by H ~. We answer this affirmative- ly, by showing that any ultra-power (L1/H~o)~ of LI/H~ is weakly complete and has DPP.

Achieving this requires a local version of the regularity property of o with respect to WCC-sets. This localization, previously sketched in [7], turns out to generalize J.

Garnett's theorem that harmonically interpolating sequences in the disc are interpolat-

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4 J. BOURGAIN

ing (see [21]). We will use here a reverse approach (see also the remarks in last section) deriving the lifting theorem from certain facts on interpolating sequences which are apparently new. These will be obtained by dualization of certain results on vector- valued H~-spaces, which are of independent interest.

The fact that the Paley projection P:A-.-~I 2 does not factor through an Ll(u)-space, implies, by general results, that A has no local unconditional structure (see [44], section 4). This means that A cannot be obtained as closure of an increasing sequence Ea of finite dimensional subspaces so that supa unc(Ea)<oo, where

and

u n c X = inf {unc {xi} ; {xi} is a basis for X}

### unc'xi':supIIl +ax I i

In particular, A is not an LC~~ (see [36] p. 198 for defirition). However, as we prove, Co is the only (infinite dimensional) complemented subspace of A possessing an unconditional basis and A only admit c0-unconditional decompositions (cfr. [57], [58]).

Say that X is a P~-space (2/> l) provided X embeds as 2-complemented subspace of a C(K)**-space. The structure of f n i t e dimensional Pa-spaces is not yet understood, except in the case 2 is close to 1 (see [60]).

We investigate here finite rank projections in A and show that the range has to contain /m-Spaces of proportional dimension. Besides, any n-dimensional a-comple- mented subspace of A is a Pa for 2 of the order a-log n. Natural examples, such as the polynomial spaces L(o ' ~ ... } show that this result is best possible.

The results on the disc algebra presented in this paper use heavily the fact that A is a log modular algebra. For some of them, also the weak-type property of the Hilbert transform is involved. At this time, we don't know of extensions to other natural spaces, such as the polydisc- and ball-algebra's or spaces defined by singular integrals.

Let us now outline how the remainder of the paper is organized and indicate the main results obtained in the different sections.

In the next section, we derive some simple consequences of the weak-type property of the Hilbert transform. We then apply the classical construction of outer functions to obtain H | functions satisfying certain prescribed conditions. More pre- cisely, a Havin type lemma is obtained and certain "truncation" results. The main result is contained in Proposition 1.7, which will be used several times in the paper.

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N E W B A N A C H S P A C E P R O P E R T I E S O F T H E D I S C A L G E B R A A N D H ~

Section 2 is devoted to the study of absolutely summing operators on the disc algebra and H =. The central theorem can be stated concretely as follows

THEOREM 0.2. For each finite sequence (Xk)l<.k~n in LI/H I, there exists a lifting (fk)l<.k<.n in Ll(II), i.e. q(fk)=Xk for k---I ... n, such that

sup E ekfk <~C sup E ekxk

ek= +1 tk= +1

1

where C is a fixed constant.

Theorem 0.2 is equivalent to the Grothendieck property of LI/HIo . Two different proofs of this fact are presented. The first is the so-called extrapolation-method, which relies on an interpolation enequality for the p-summing norms of an operator on A. The second, which was suggested in [32], consists in proving that 0-summing operators on A are nuclear. Both approaches have several further consequences for the local structure of the disc algebra.

In section 3, certain vector-valued Hi-spaces are characterized. More precisely, the following result is proved.

THEOREM 0.3. Let Xo (resp. XO be C N equipped with a weighted l ~ (resp. I l) norm. Then the spaces Hloux~ and H'xoOH'x~ have equivalent norms (up to a fixed 1 l constant).

This fact combined with classical Blaschke product techniques has consequences for interpolating sequences in the unit disc, which will be used in the next section. One could use Theorem 0.3, and the method to derive it, to develop the real interpolation method for H l (and H p) spaces taking values in Lorentz spaces. Theorem 0.3 can indeed be rephrased in terms of K- or J-functionals (see [2] p. 38, for instance). This further development is however not worked out in the paper since it seems us a bit outside its purpose.

The results of section 3 are used in section 4 to derive the following property of the minimum norm lifting of L~/H~o .

THEOREM 0.4. Let (Xk)l<~k<~ n be elements o f L1/H~ and assume fk=o'(xk) satisfy

### (i) J / max' k lfkl a Xk llxkll

w h e n e v e r ~ k ~ O .

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6 J. BOURGAIN Then there are H~176 (Cpk)l~k~. such that

(iii) I(fk, q ~ k ) l > e ( 6 ) f o r k = l ... n.

This fact can be seen as a local version of the lifting property of weakly condition- nally compact subsets of L1/H~ by a.

In section 5, further linear properties of H ~ are obtained. We first combine Theorem 0.4 with results of N. Tomczak-Jaegermann [56] to prove that any finite dimensional well-complemented subspace of H ~ contains l d subspaces of proportional dimension. Theorem 0.4 is then used to extend J. Chaumat's results (see [15]) on the Dunford-Pettis property and weakly completeness of LI/H~ to the space (H~) *. Our method uses ultraproduct representation, which in this context seems the most conve- nient form of the local reflexivity principle.

Section 6 contains further extensions and applications. Results of D. Marshall [39]

allow to generalize part of our work to closed subalgebra's of L~(II) containing H ~176 Our results on the Grothendieck property solve affirmatively a question of N. Varopou- los on projective tensor algebra's. They also turned out to be useful in a recent construction of Banach spaces in connection with some conjectures of A. Grothen- dieck on tensor products (see [50]).

Part of the material presented here was already announced in the C.R. Acad. Sci.

Paris notes [4] and [6]. The reader will find a summary in [11].

1. Preliminaries and decomposition lemma Let us first fix some notation.

D = { z E C ;]z[<l} is the open unit disc and H, m the circle equipped with Haar measure. Denote Pr (0~<r<l) the Poisson kernel, ~ = ~ + (resp. ~ _ ) the positive (resp.

negative) Riesz projection and ~ the Hilbert transform.

Define for convenience

Hfllw = sup2rn[]j~ >~.] for f measurable on H

2 > 0

]lf]], = IIfI]L,/H, = inf {[]f+h ]l,, h E H0 I} for f E L'(H).

The restriction map f~3qrl gives an isometric embedding of A in C(H).

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N E W B A N A C H SPACE PROPERTIES O F THE DISC A L G E B R A A N D H = 7 Identifying the /-F-function with its radial limit, the space H p can be seen as subspace of Le(YI). If it is not specified otherwise, A- and/-F-functions will always be seen as functions on H. Through the paper, C will be some numerical constant.

PROPOSITION 1.1. Assume/u in M(II). Then (i) For a< 1, ~(tt~Pr) converges in L~(I-I)for r-.1.

<

(ii) I[fllw <<-Cl~ull, where f = s u p

### I~(,u-~Pr)].

r < l

The reader will find a detailed exposition of these classical facts in [20] (see Theorem 3. I p. 57, Theorem 2.1 p. 111).

LEMMA 1.2. I f toEL~(H) and 0~<a<l, then -< I,', -o llol,:

Proof. Define A(2)=m[IJ]>~.] and fix 0<2o<OO. Then, by partial integration

Taking then

the required inequality follows.

] ' 0 - -

### II'oll,

As consequence of Proposition 1.I and Lemma 1.2, we get LEMMA 1.3. IffELl(II),

### ~oeL+(rI)

and 0~<a<l, then

f I~t-(f)l ~c~ <~,l_-~Ca IIt~ Iltoll: I~1,

Let us recall the construction of an outer function. Assume f > 0 a bounded measurable function on II and log f i n Li(FI). If for zED, we define

f ei~

g(z) = exp log f(0) ~ m(dO).

e - z ) then g is an H~-function and has boundary value f e i ~ecIogD

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8 J. B O U R G A I N

N e x t l e m m a is related to the so-called Havin lemma (see [25]).

LEMMA 1.4. I f A is a measurable subset o f H and 0 < e < l , then there are H ~- f u n c t i o n s q9 a n d ~0 such that

(i)

(ii)

### I~(z)-l/51~<

e for z E A (iii) [~p(z)I---<e for z E A (iv)

(log e-l)2lAI

(log e - i )

### IAI i/2.

Proof. Only the L2-boundedness of the Hilbert transform is involved here. Take first

and consider the H~-function

r = 1 - - ( 1 - - e ) Z A

f = r e i~(l~

Then 13q=e on A and since

I 1-3~ ~< I 1 - rl + {(1 - cos ~e(log r)) 2 + sin 2 Y((log r) ) 1/2

we get

~< I I - r l + l ~ ( l o g r)l

/ I x ,

Thus if

### q0=l(1--f) 2,

(ii) and (iv) are fulfilled. Take now u = 1-iqo I and g = ~ c e i~(l~

Then Iqol+lg[~<l and one verifies easily that IIl-gll2~<C(log l/e)IAI ~/2.

Define v / = f . g , which satisfies clearly (i), (iii) and (v).

LEMMA 1.5. There is a constant C such that i f f is positive measurable on II and 0 < 2 < ~ , one can f i n d cp E H ~ satisfying

(i)

(ii) Iq~ If~<3;t

(qi)

### (iv) I1(1-~)f111 ~<c Str>ajf.

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N E W B A N A C H SPACE PROPERTIES OF T H E DISC A L G E B R A AND H =

Proof. If [IfHw=~, there is nothing to prove. Otherwise, the function r = [ max (2-If, 1)] -I

has integrable logarithm and one can consider the H~-function

= T e i ~(Iog r).

Define ~=l--(1--~l)2=2~l--~q 2 for which

### 1~1<~31~0,1.

Hence (on FI)

Also

where

and

Iq~lf<~ 3rf <~ 3k.

### f(

1 - r ) z ~< m l f > 2 ]

Because (log X ) 2 ~ X for x > 1, it follows that II1-~011, ~< c,~ -~ Ilfllw and Finally

~ c & - '

### fry>a f"

9

f = f l + f 2 /-

II(1-~o)f[I,~4~ f+A[[1-~[l,

JOe>).]

implying (iv).

As a consequence of preceding lemma, we get following Marcinkiewicz decompo- sition for/-P' functions.

PROPOSITION 1.6. For giuen 0<p<o% there is a constant Cp such that i f f E H p and 0<2<oo, there is a decomposition in H p

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10 J. BOURGA1N

where

(i) Ifll ~< CplJ] and If2] ~< CplJq (ii) If~l -< cp

### (iii) f IAI~ <- c, ft~ >~ 0q'.

Proof. Apply preceding result to the Ll-function ~ replacing 2 by ;t p. Let q9 be the H~176 obtained in this way. If p/> 1, define

f l = f q 0 and f2=f(1-q0).

For 0 < p < I, define first

q~, = 1-(1-qr k where k = [ 1 ] + 1 and take again f i = f q~l, fz =f( l-cpl ).

In what follows, crucial use will be made of the following result.

PROPOSITION 1.7. There is a constant C such that given a positive Ll(1-l) function f, f f = 1, and 0 < 8 < 1 , there are positive scalars (ci) and sequences (Oi), (ri) o f H ~ functions satisfying following conditions

(i) IlOell~ ~ c (ii) E kil ~ c (iii) [ri[f~< c i

(iv) Z

### c;Ik;ll~ ~

c a - c

(v) f [1-E O~[f<~ b

Proof. Fix a positive number M=M(6)> 1 which will be specified later and define for i E Z

A i = [M / ~<f< M~'+'].

Clearly [Ail<~M-ifAif<~M-i. Apply L e m m a 1.4 t o each set Ai, taking e=M -~, which leads to H~-functions ~Pi, ~Pi. Hence, by (i), (v) of L e m m a 1.4,

1~0~+ s- 11 ~< sl~Pi+ ~- 11 because [~Pi§ ~< 1 for s = 1,2 ....

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N E W B A N A C H SPACE P R O P E R T I E S OF T H E DISC A L G E B R A A N D H ~ 11 and thus

IIl-~i+~lh ~ slll-~,+~llz~<

### ClogM

sIAi+s[ 1;2 < oo.

s = l s = l s = l

Therefore, the formula

oo

~; =

### 5 ~0; I-I

V:;'+,

s = 8

defines an H~ Moreover, by (ii) and (v) of L e m m a 1.4, and the Cauchy- Schwartz inequality

(vi)

### ~fAll--~,lf<~/fAI]--59~ilf+~SfA, II--w,+,lf

~ 5 e + C l o g M Z M ' + ' 2 slAill/2lA,+,l ''2

i s>~8

<~ 5 e + C l o g M E s M '-'2 E ( Mi

### Ia;I) ';2 ( M;+' Ia;+,l) ''2

s~>8 i

<~ 5 M-I + C l o g M E s M l-s/2 = C M -l.

s>~8

Further

(vii) flril ~< 5 M i+8

since by L e m m a 1.4(iii) we get on the set Aj forj~>i+8

~r;I ~< 5 M j+' l~X-i ~ 5M j+l E j - i = 5 M i+1 while f~r/l~<5f<~5 M i+8 on LIj<i+ s A~.

Also, by L e m m a 1.4(iv)

(viii) ~ M;ll~,.Ih = 5 ~

~ C (logM)Z ~

### MqA;I

~ C (log M) z.

For t=0, 1,2 ... 7, write for convenience i=t provided i=t (mod 8).

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~ 5.

T h u s

7

t = 0

### j>>-i+8

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NEW BANACI-1 SPACE PROPERTIES OF THE DISC ALGEBRA AND H ~

By (ix)

(xii)

### Elr,.l~40

and from definition and (x) (xiii)

Since

f ~ 7

### f 1--~OiT~ f~Itll--r]tlf<~Ct~=ofBIl--r]t[f.

(xi) shows that (v) will be satisfied for M~c~ -j .

Taking ci=5 M '§ conditions (iii) and (iv) follow from (vii) and (viii).

So this completes the proof.

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2. Absolutely summing operators and the cotype property

For completeness sake, we recall the following fact (cf. [44], Theorem 2.3) concerning the decomposition of an absolutely summing operator T on the disc algebra A.

PROPOSITION 2.1. A s s u m e T p-surnming (p<. 1) on A. Then T has a decomposition T= TI + T2, where the c o m p o n e n t s T1, 1"2 fulfil the following conditions:

(i) zcv(Tly' + grp(T2)P ~rtp(T) p,

(ii) ~rp(Tj) is realized by a Pietch measure on the circle H belonging to Ll(m).

Moreover

~rq(T~) <<. rCq(T) forO < q <~ oo.

(iii) There is a sequence o f operators S , : C(FI)---~A, such that (T2Sn) converges in Jrp-norm to an operator ]'2 satisfying T2 = TzJ where j : A---~C(FI) is the injection.

Proof. Since p~> 1, the A. Pietch factorisation theorem (cf. [47]) provides a Radon probability measure/~ on 1-I such that

### IIT( )II for EA.

Let dt~=h dm+dl~s be the Lebesgue decomposition and L = U , ~ t K,, K, compact, a Ko- subset of I-I so that m(L)=0 and/~s(L)=lLu~ll.

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14 J. BOURGAIN

By classical results from peak-set theory (see [20], p. 203, possible to find a sequence (~0k) in A satisfying the conditions

### (iv) II 0kll l

(v) (~PD converges pointwise to 0 on the set L (vi) (~Pk) converges to 1 a.e. (with respect to m), Since in particular (~/'k) converges in LP(g), one can define

and

Clearly

T ~ ( O = lira T(tp~p k)

k ----> 0o

L e m m a 4.5), it is

T2= T - T 1.

and

### [IZ2( 0)ll )

from where (i).

A similar reasoning actually shows that ~rp(Ti) is realized by an m-regular meas- ure. Also, from definition, it follows immediately that

### .7"tq(Ti) ~ ,7l(q(T)

for all 0 < q ~< ~ . Denote for each n = I, 2 .... ,

R,, : C(H) ~ C(Kn) the restriction operator and

E , : C ( K , ) - + A a norm-preserving extension (cf. [44], Theorem 2.1).

If one defines S,=E,d~n, it is easily verified that the sequence (T2Sn) converges in ~rp- norm to an extension/~2 o f T2.

Remarks. (I) The first c o m p o n e n t Tt can be extended to H =, defining T1(9) = lim

### Tl(q~-~Pr).

r - - } l

<

It is indeed clear that the limit exists. This extension will be useful in what follows.

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N E W B A N A C H SPACE P R O P E R T I E S OF T H E DISC A L G E B R A A N D H ~ 15 (2) In case T is 0-summing, one applies Proposition 2.1 with p = 1. Thus T1 and T2 are again 0-summing. Now, for each n, the operator T2Sn will therefore be nuclear (see [32], Theorem 5) and therefore also 7~2 and T2.

Let us now state our first main result.

THEOREM 2.2. Let p ~ 2 and Y a Banach space such that any bounded operator from C into Y is p-summing, i.e. B(C, Y)=FIp(C, Y). Then also B(A, Y)=lip(A, Y).

(lip can be replaced by Ip, taking Proposition O. 1 in account.)

Theorem 2.2 will be obtained from an extrapolation technique, which was already previously used in [43], [34] and G. Pisier's proof that the q u o t i e n t o f L 1 by a reflexive subspace verifies the Grothendieck theorem [48].

The main ingredient is an interpolation inequality on the p-summing norms, which will be presented in the next sub-section.

2.1. An interpolation inequality

Our purpose is to show the following fact:

PROPOSITION 2.3. A s s u m e l < p < ~ and T p-summing on A. Let p<q<oo and 0 such that

Then f o r all 0 < ~ < 0 , one has an inequality

iq(T) <~ C(p, q,

### ~9) II~ql~

where, more precisely, C(p, q, ~)=C(p)/(O-@).

This result turns out to be sharp, as will be clear from a discussion below.

The proof of Proposition 2.3 depends on the following preliminary decomposition property.

LEMMA 2.4. There is a constant C > I such that under the hypothesis o f Proposi- tion 2.3 and for given 0<t~<l, the operator T has a decomposition T=I+R, where

(i) I is strictly q-integral and

iq(1) <~ Cp(O-~)) -1 ~-c(I-~)/p

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16 J. BOURGAIN

(ii)

### where Cp is the norm of the Riesz-projection regarded as an operator in L p.

Proposition 2.3 is then obtained by an iteration procedure. Starting from Ro=T, consider successive decompositions

### Rk=Ik+~+Rk+~

according to Lemma 2.4.

We see that for ~ small enough

and

### iq(lk) ~ Cp(O-~))-If~-c(I-r f~(I-~)*) k-1

IlZll@~rp(T) l-~.

Specifying

### 6=(2C) -~

leads to the estimation

and thus

k

### iq(T)~

C(p) ( 0 - ~ ) -jlITII~gT) 1-r as required.

### Proof of Lemma

2.4. First one can identify T with the component T~ in decomposi- tion 2.1. Indeed, since T2 is defined on C(H), H61der's inequality yields immediately (cf. [48], p. 75) that

i q( Z2) <~ i q( T2) <~

### II f211~176 ~< 2llTllSr g T) '-~

Thus T extends to H ~ and there exists f E LI+(H), S f = I, such that

forq06H |

Let

### (ci),

(0i), (ri) be the sequences obtained by application of Proposition 1.7 to the function f, taking 5 as in L e m m a 2.4. Define

and

### R = T - I

~ m

I(q~) =

which makes sense by (i), (ii) of Proposition 1.7. Also []RI[ ~< CI[T[[. Since

### IIR(cp)II<~p(T) lq~l p l-~,Oir~ l fdm I

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N E W B A N A C H SPACE P R O P E R T I E S O F T H E DISC A L G E B R A A N D H = 17 estimation (v) of Proposition 1.7 combined with (i) and (ii) of Proposition 1.7 show that

### ~p(R) ~< c~ vOrp(T)

Remains to verify (i), Extend I to C(H) by the formula

which clearly makes sense if ~ has finite spectrum. Now

for F E Ll(II) satisfying

### fq3Fdm I

~IIT(~)II for a l l ~ E H | Also

### f(Ezi~+(OiricP))F=limfEOirig~(ri F)

defining for convenience ~_=~_-x-P,.

Fixing r < 1, application of the HOlder inequality leads to

By definition of 0, we get

### q'=(~q')a+(1--~q')p'

where a = p ( p - 1 + ; ) - ' .

So, applying the H N d e r inequality for sequences, we get the estimation U x g on the first factor of the preceding inequality, where

2 - 8 4 8 2 8 8

### Acta Mathematica

152. Imprim6 le 17 Avril 1984

(18)

18 J. BOURGAIN

To estimate U, apply first L e m m a 1.3 with w=lri[, which gives

### f I ~'-(~,~1 ~ 13,1 ~ ~ I1~,11',-~ I1~, ~1: 9

Thus, using (ii) and (iv) of Proposition 1.7

### ( c y'o ~"'-~176 ( c y'aa_c,(,_o),o

~< \ ~ ---2-d/ Ilelff,

<~ C- (OP)~ O-cto-~),p tlTIt~

(o-~) ~

~<p~(0-~)-I~ -cO-~p IITII ~

The L P - L p' duality shows that

I I/p"

over the sequence

### (~i)

fulfilling

Since

we obtain estimation by

_ I~ / ~ / ~

By Proposition 1.7 (ii), (iii) and the M. Riesz theorem

(19)

NEW BANACH SPACE PROPERTIES OF THE DISC ALGEBRA AND / ~

Consequently

/"

### v <~ (cc. ~.(r))~'("q'-~'~ <~ (cc~ ~(~)'-*.

By completion, I extend to C(H) and

### c~(o_~)., ~-c.-.)~ 11711' ~(r) ~-'

as desired.

19

2.2. Consequences

Let us first proceed with the proof of Theorem 2.2. Denote y~(T) the factorization constant of the operator T through an L~(~)-space. By Proposition 2.3, we get for T E IIp(A, Y)

### ~,| ~< iq(T) ~< ~ [Irll ~ ~,(T) ~-'

for p < q and ~ < 0 . Since 0--->1 for q-->~

### (*)

If now Y satisfies the hypothesis B(C, Y)=YIp(C, Y), we get also

~tp(T)~<C(Y)F| for a fixed constant C(Y).

Hence

### ytp(T) <~ ( C(~C(P).) I/q~ HT H.

proving the equivalence of operator- and p-summing norms for finite rank operators

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20 J. BOURGAIN

from A into Y. Since A has the bounded approximation property (in fact A has a basis [3]), we conclude that B(A, Y)=Hp(A, Y).

If we choose in (*)

we find

/ ~p(T) \ - I

### ~p(T)

r~(T) ~ C(p)IITI[ log IITll "

Hence

THEOREM 2.5. I f TE IIp(A, II), then T has an extension 7" to C(II) satisfying

### %(I)

IITII ~< C(p)HTlilog IITII Since always

y/'2(T) ~ [[T[[ (rank T) v2

for finite rank operators, the following corollary is immediate:

COROLLARY 2.6. (i)A rank n operator T o n the disc algebra has an extension T to C(H) satisfying IITI[~<C(2) (log n) IIT[t.

(ii) I f X is an n-dimensional subspace o f A complemented by a projection P, then X is a Pa-space with 2~<C(2) (log n) IlPl[.

This result, answering affirmatively problems raised in [46] and [59], is best possible as we will indicate at the end of this section.

Combining Theorem 2.2 with Grothendieck's fundamental theorem B(C, P)=

H2(C, I l) and a result due to Maurey (see [40]), the following consequences are derived.

COROLLARY 2.7. B(A, ll)=H2(A, lZ), or equivalently, A* verifies the Grothen- dieck theorem.

COROLLARY 2.8. I f CO is not finitely representable in Y, then B(A, Y)=Hp(A, Y) f o r some p<oo. In particular, if Y is a cotype 2 space, then B(A, Y)=H2(A, Y),

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N E W B A N A C H S P A C E P R O P E R T I E S O F T H E D I S C A L G E B R A A N D H ~ 21 Let us recall that Y has cotype q(2~<q<oo) provided

### f ['~ eiYi[lde>~7(~ HyiHq) .Iq

holds for some constant y > 0 and for all finite sequences (Yi) in Y.

(As usually,

### (el)

denotes the Rademacher sequence.)

### Proof of.Theorem

0.2. Consider elements (Xk)j~<k<~n in

and the operator

### T:A---,IIn

given by T(cp)=((q0,xk))~<k~< ~. Clearly

### 'llql<~2 sup I[~ ekxk

By the extension property for 2-summing norm and Corollary 2.7, there exists an operator T:C(I-I)-->II~ satisfying

where

### j:A--->C(FI)

is the injection, and

### 11 ll < 2( = 2(T) <CllTll.

Denote/zkEM(H) the kth component of ( ~ * . Then

ek = --.I

Moreover, if for k= 1 ... n we consider -~k in L~(II) representing

it follows that

### (~k-~) •

thus ~k--J?k is in H~ and in particular ~k<<m.

The following observation, due to Figiel and Pisier (cfr. [19] and the remarks at the end of [58]) is well known. We include its proof for selfcontainedness sake.

PROPOSITION 2.9.

### Proof.

If A denotes the Cantor group, then L~(A) verifies the Grothendieck theorem. For ~EL~(A) and S a finite set of positive integers, denote ~(S) the corre- sponding Fourier-Walsh coefficient of ~. Fix a sequence (x~ in X* satisfying

### I<x:,x>l <llxll

for all x f i X .

Then the map

### a:Llx---~l 2

defined by a(~)=((~{i}, x*)) is norm-1 bounded and hence

### zq(a)<~C(X).

Given an arbitrary (finite) sequence (x~) in X, it follows thus

### C(X)f[l~ixilld~>>'~lla(xi| x'>l"

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22 J. BOURGAIN Hence, in particular

by an appropriate choice of the x~.

The reader is referred to [57] and [58] for the following facts:

PROPOSITION 2.10. (i) For l<<.p<~, the space lip is isomorphic to its direct sum (ii) The disc algebra A is isomorphic to (~'n~l A)c o"

Combining Corollary 2.7 and Proposition 2.10 (ii) we get

COROLLARY 2.11. The dual o f the disc algebra A* is a space o f cotype 2.

By arguments of local reflexivity, Corollaries 2.7 and 2.11 remain valid if A is replaced by H ~. Since it is not known i f / - ~ has the bounded approximation property, extension of Corollary 2.8 to H | is not clear. However, the result holds assuming that

Y has the bounded approximation property.

Next results are formal consequences of the cotype 2 and Grothendieck property, COROLLARY 2.12. (i) Co is up to isomorphism the only complemented subspace o f A possessing an unconditional basis.

(ii) I f E Xj is an unconditional decomposition o f A (resp. H~), then E Xj is a Co- sum (resp. l| (cf Proposition 2.10).

Corollary 2.8 allows to improve Theorem 2 of [30] as follows

COROLLARY 2.13. Given a reflexive subspace X o f A*, there exists an embedding fl :X--->C(II)* such that moreover j*iff(x)=x for x E X , where j:A-->C(1-I) is again the injection.

Proof. By Lemma 3 of [30], a reflexive subspace X of A* does not contain lln's uniformly and hence X* has a finite cotype. Therefore, by Corollary 2.8, denoting i:X--*A* the injection, i*[A=T is p-summing and thus p-integral for some p<oo. Thus T factors through an L ~ ) - s p a c e and can be extended to C(FI). Let/~ be this extension.

Since ~ = T , it follows that i=j*fl where fl is the restriction of ( ~ * to X.

Further results concerning projections in the spaces L~/H~ A and //~ will be presented in section 5.

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NEW BANACH SPACE PROPERTIES OF THE DISC ALGEBRA AND H ~ 23 2.3. An alternative approach

I f X is a Banach space, the Grothendieck property of X* is a formal consequence of the fact that each 0-summing operator from X in Hilbert space is nuclear, thus the equality

### IIo(X, 12)= N(X, /2).

We give a direct proof of this fact, without using the theory of operator ideals. Denote by v~ the nuclear norm.

PROPOSITION 2.14.

Let

### TEB(X*,

/2n) be induced by the sequence

### (xi)l<_i<_n

in X. Take elements

### (Xjg)I<~j.<~N

in X* satisfying sups:_+ I lie

### ejXT[ [

~<1. Consider a matrix

### (a~i)l<~i<~n" I<~j~N

such that supj r.i[ao[2~l and denote

### M:l~N----)12,,

the corresponding operator, for which tlMII~ < 1. Consider the composition

2 T* R I M 2

In---> X---> l~---, ! n

where

Because

### B(l~,12)=IIo (l 1,12)

(see introduction) the hypothesis

g i v e s

v~(MR) <<.

~<2C(X) and thus

trace

2C(X)IITII.

But clearly

N

trace

### (MRT*) = ~ a# ( x i, xT)

i=l j = l

and for a suitable choice of (a0), it follows

Proposition 2.14 has no converse as will be indicated at the end of this section. The following theorem, which was conjectured in [32] (cf. Theorem 1), provides a different proof that A* has Grothendieck property.

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2 4 J. BOURGAIN

THEOREM 2.15. A O-summing operator from the disc algebra into an arbitrary Banach space is nuclear.

Besides the l e m m a ' s presented in section 1, the p r o o f o f T h e o r e m 2.15 requires some further observations.

LEMMA 2.16. Assume TE 1-10(H ~176 Y) and

### (ri) a

sequence o f H~-functions such that

For each i, define the operator Ti by T,(qg) = T(rig).

Then

(i) ~

### fftp(Ti) ~ II I ,111| ,,03

(O<P ~<1)

(ii) The serie E Ti converges in II,(/-/~, Y) (p>O).

Proof. It i s clear that (ii) follows from (i), replacing the r i b y sums of the ri on consecutive blocs.

In order to verify (i), take for each i a system (q0;, D in H ~ such that

### X I( ~Di, k'X*

) l p ~ I for x* e (/-F)*, IIx*ll ~ 1.

k and

k

Then, for some sequence (Qi) o f positive numbers such that II(oi)llm_p,~l and for some x* (~ (H~) *, Ilx*ll < I.

Ti~gi, k, ) l p

### r i X*

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N E W B A N A C H SPACE P R O P E R T I E S O F T H E DISC A L G E B R A A N D H ~ 25

If g is a function on II and 0 E l I , let

### go

be the translate, i.e.

### go(~)=g(O+Ip).

N e x t lemma goes back to [1] and was in slightly different form also used in [35] and [32]. The author is grateful to S. Kisliakov for an alternative proof.

LEMMA 2.17.

(i)

(ii)

### Proof.

Fix O < p < 1. The Pietch theorem yields a Radon probability m e a s u r e ~ on the closed unit ball o f C(Y[)* such, that for ~ EA

### [[T(qg)l[<~ygp(T)(f Ix*(cp) lPg-2(dx*)} lip.

Given x* E C(H)*, denote x~' the image measure of x* for the map

Observe that

### X*(~(Pr, o))=[~(x~*Pr)](O).

F o r 0 E H and 0~<r, s < l , it follows

J

and

### [[~r__~S[[Lpg~ys S II~((x~* Pr)-(xr* P ,) )ll~( dx*) ) i 1lip

.

Thus (i) follows from Proposition 1:I and the Lebesgue dominated convergence theo- rem. Further

sup

sup

### I~(xt.P r) (O)['O(dx*)

r < l . ) r

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2 6 J. BOURGAIN

and hence, taking

(,0 m X[F;~,ll

### fP'~o<~,trrf/(supl~txt.e)W)l)"o)r

By Proposition I. 1 and L e m m a 1.2, we can estimate for fixed x*

### f (suPl~(x'~*P)(O)])Pto(O, dO

~< l_~2p ][to,]l-' ]1 sup ]~(/~'-x-P,,] ]]~v

Hence

and finally

### &P IIr ~ ~r~(T~-~Cp I1~o11] -p

completing the proof.

To prove Theorem 2.15, we proceed again by decomposition. Fix 0 < p < l . We show that for each 6 > 0 there is a constant K~<o0 such that any

decom-

poses as

where

(i)

### NEN(A, Y)

and vl(N)~<K~p(T) (ii) ~p(R)<6 9 ~p(T).

Fixing 0 < 6 < 1 and iterating, an estimation

### vl(T)<<.C:tp(T)

then follows.

By the second remark after Proposition 2.1, we can assume that ~ ( T ) is realized by an m-regular Pietch measure on II and hence is defined on H ~176

Consider again a Radon probability measure f~ on the unit ball of C(II)* for which

### ItTt~ll~<~p(~{f Ix*(~Qtd~*)} '/"

forq0EA.

Denoting Ix*] the variation of the measure x*, consider following measure on II

### = f Ix*l Q(dx*).

Thus/~ is positive and

Let

### dl~=fdm+dlus

be the Lebesgue decomposition.

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NEW BANACH SPACE PROPERTIES OF THE DISC ALGEBRA AND H = 2 7

Fixing 6 > 0 , apply Proposition 1.7 to f , giving the sequences (ri), (0i) in H = and

### (ci)~>O.

If for each i, we define the operator

### T,.(cp)=T(Oi~cp),

Lemma 2.16 implies

<<.

If

### F,~(O)=SUPr<l [[Ti(~(Pr.-o))1[,

application of Lemma 2.17 gives

Take

### 2i=ci~rp(T)/6

and apply Lemma 1.5 to

to obtain an H*~

### Ki

such that II~/IL ~< 3

Define now

### N = E N i i R = T - N .

For 0 ~ r < l , consider the operator

on C(H).

Since

(ri

J we get

Hence

### ~(T)

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28 J. BOURGAIN Also, for

s < l

I(r/xi) (W)l

### II

T,<~(P,, _~,))- T , ( ~ ( e s, -

### f I~,(,p)l

F i ( ~ ) ) 1 - p

### IITA~(P~._w))- T,(~(e,,_w))ll,

C

I- ]]T,(~(P,, w))-

### Ti(~(Ps,

~0))[I p

~.CA~ ~ p J

and L e m m a 2.17 implies the convergence of

### (Si, r)

in HI(C(II), Y) for r-->l. Since the

### Si. r are

clearly nuclear, the limit operator Si will also be nuclear and Pl(Si) =

Since

extends

we obtain

and

1/I(N) ~ ~ /

~p(T) ~.~

### c, IIr,lh -< C~-C-'~p(T).

So it remains to estimate :tp(R). Let for convenience r/= 1 - E 0i ~ u r Take a sequence 0Pk) in A such that

(i) ll~2kll| ~ 1

(ii)

### J I'Pkl

d ~ - - , o (iii) ~ k ~ l m-a.e.

Consider for each k the operator

Then

### IIRk(OII

= I[T((1-~-~ 0,. q ~i) ~Wk)l[ = lim

### IlT(OT*Pr)

q~Wk)[I r---~ I <

and

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N E W B A N A C H SPACE P R O P E R T I E S OF T H E DISC A L G E B R A A N D H ~ 29 Hence

where the second factor is dominated by

### l ,f

( It/, -x-Pr) ,~k[ d/~.

Since lim

### IIR-RklI--0,

we get

k--~oo

Taking previous estimates in account, we see that the latter quantity is bounded by

### <~+C(p)6.

This establishes Theorem 2.15.

Theorem 2.15 permits to distinguish the disc algebra from certain other translation invariant spaces. Recall that a subset A of Z is a Ap-set provided L ~ and LP-norms are equivalent on linear combinations of the characters e int with n E A. Combining Theo- rem 2.15 with Lemma 1 of [30], following result is derived.

COROLLARY 2.18. Assume A c Z such that A n Z_ is a Ap-set for some p > l . Then the space CA, closure in C(II) o f the polynomials f = E , , e A c~ e i~t, is not a quotient of the disc algebra.

2.4. Remarks

(1) In proving the interpolation inequality in Proposition 2.3, the norms rtp(T) and :rq(T) were computed using different measures. It may be possible to derive the result from weighted norm inequalities on the Hilbert transform, using less the algebra structure.

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3 0 J. BOURGAIN

(2) It is shown in [13] that the spaces L~0,1 ... ,} of polynomials of degree ~<n embed uniformly complementedly in A. Hence, previous results localize to these poly- nomial spaces. It is also proved in [13] that the Banach-Mazur distance d(l~+l,L(o,l ... ,))~<Clogn, while for an arbitrary finite subset A of Z, one always has that L A is only a P~-space for ~. of order log IA[, So Corollary 2.6 is sharp. Other examples of complemented subspaces of A are those obtained by spline interpolation in [3].

(3) Assume A ~ Z such that Z + = A and AflZ_ is a Hadamard lacunary set. From the result on the disc algebra, it is then straight forward to show that also B(CA, It) = I'I2(CA, ll). On the other hand, as we explained in the introduction, the orthogonal projection from CA o n L 2 A n Z is 0-summing and onto. Consequently, the previous property does not imply nuclearity, even in case of translation invariant spaces. The reader will find related results in [32], section 3.

(4) It should be mostly interesting to determine for what spaces X it is true that any operator from A into X can be extended to C(II). This property is obviously true for X = l | and, by our results, i f X has a finite cotype (the extreme case in the other sense).

The case X=B(I 2,12) is unsettled and a positive solution will have applications in operator theory.

3. An interpolation result for vector valued H~-spaces

The purpose of this section is to characterize certain spaces H~. Our motivation for studying such spaces was to simplify earlier work on the minimum-norm lifting L ' / H ~ L ! by using the interpolating sequence theory. The results presented in the first paragraph can be extended in the frame of the Lions-Peetre interpolation theory.

There are also possibly other applications than those considered here.

3.1. Characterization of certain vector-valued H a functions

Our purpose is to prove Theorem 0,3. In what follows, Proposition 1.7 will be again important.

We first show the following extension of Proposition 1.6.

LEMMA 3.1. Given f E Ll+(1-I) and 6>0, there exists f E Lt+(rI) and 9 E H | satisfy- ing the following conditions:

(ii)

### Ilfll,<-.c6-cllfll,

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(iii) (iv)

N E W B A N A C H SPACE P R O P E R T I E S OF T H E DISC A L G E B R A A N D H ~

-q~lfdm<~61lfll,

### JiI

31

If we let

then obviously

and

Notice that by (iii) of Proposition 1.7 IF~l <~ C g and where

I r f l >~ cl]

and

### f2= E OiTif ~

Thus the decomposition

### Fq~=FI

+F2 satisfies (iv)9 Let us now fix some terminology.

### Proof.

Apply first Lemma 1.7 and put q0=E 0 i ~ and f = E

### girl[.

Then (i), (ii), (iii) hold9

Next, apply for fixed i E Z Lemma 1.6 to the H ~ function

### ~'iF,

taking ;t=ci. This gives a decomposition in H ~

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32 J. BOURGA~

IfXo, X1 are linear subspaces of a vector space X and

### II

respectively, we equip

and

with the norm

### I10, II

Ill norms on Xo, X1

X o f~ X 1 with the norm

### Ilxll~0, x,

= max (llxll0, llxlh)

X otJX I= {xEX, x = x o + x I for some xoEXo, xlEXi}

### Ilxllxoox= inf (llxollo+llxlll0.

X = X 0 + X I

Fix a positive integer N and e>O.

L e t Xo be C N equipped with sup-norm and XI obtained by defining on C N the

n o r m

### II(z~ ... zN)ll~

We will use the following simple fact:

k

LEMMA 3.2. For given x=(zl . . . ZN) E C N, define x' =(z[ . . . z'N) by { z'k = zk if Izkl ~>

x,

z'k 0 otherwise.

Then

### IIx'lh.<211xllxoo~.

Proof. L e t X=Xo+X I where Xo=(Zl, o .. . . . ZN.0),

I f

### Izkl~211xllxooX,,

then clearly

and hence

x~=(Zl,i . . . ZN, ~) are such that

### IIx,ll, ~ ' T ~ Izkl, IlxllxouX,

proving the lemma.

I f X i s a Banach space, denote for l<~p~<oo b y / - F x the subspace o f L~ of f u n c t i o n s f such that f ( n ) = 0 if n < 0 .

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N E W B A N A C H SPACE P R O P E R T I E S O F T H E DISC A L G E B R A A N D H ~ 33 Let us prove T h e o r e m 0.3.

PROPOSITION 3.3. The norms o f the spaces HloUHlxt and HIxouX~ are equivalent up to a fixed constant (which does not depend on N or e).

Proof. The H 1 ~ U H)x~ norm clearly dominates the HlxouX~ norm, since if ~o+ ~1, then

### =11~o11%+11~111,,,,.

Conversely, assume ~=(F1 ... FN) in H~roUX and define f b y

= Eli(F1(0) ...

### eN(O))llxoox,

for o ~ n .

Fixing 6 > 0 , take f and ~ as in L e m m a 3.1. For k = l ... N, let further Fkcp=Fk, o+Fk, 1

### IIFk, llh ~C f IFkl.

J[lFkl ~>f]

be an H L d e c o m p o s i t i o n satisfying [Fk, o]<~f and

Define ~0=(F1,0 ... FN, 0) and ~1 =(F1,1 ... FN, i)- Then by L e m m a 3. I (ii)

max

### I&,ol <~ Ilflll ~<

2c6-C)1~11,,,oO~, and using L e m m a 3.2

k k

### <<. 2of

II(fl . . . fDIIxo o x,.

Finally, b y L e m m a 3.1 (iii)

### ][~-(~o+OllZ,Xoo~ = f ll-~l llW, ... F~)llxoo X =-~ f ll-~olf

~< 6 II~ll,%ox,.

3 - 8 4 8 2 8 8 A c t a Mathematica 152. Imprim6 le 17 Avril 1984

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34 J. BOURGAIN

For ~>0, denote ~ the ball with midpoint 0 and radius Q in

### nlooxi.

From the preceding, it follows that ~1 is contained in

x0 u x, :llr

### ~2c~-C+2c} +flt~"

Choosing 6 < I , we conclude that

II~ll.~, u., ~< const, t[~[In, 9

X 0 X 1 X 0 0 X I

Dualization of Proposition 3.3 (in which one can obviously replace H l by H01) leads to PROPOSITION 3.4. The norms o f the spaces Lx.o/~nLx;/~ and Lxonx;/~ are equiv- oo

alent up to a f i x e d constant.

We denote here by ~ the subspace of Lcs of those elements which have H ~ components.

3.2. Application to interpolating sequences in the disc

Proposition 3.4 can be applied to obtain certain P. Beurling type functions.

Consider the following vector-valued interpolation problem. Let N be a fixed positive integer and ~ , ~2 . . . ~fN (finite) subsets of the open disc D. Let further for each k= 1 ... N a complex valued function Vk on ~k be given. Consider

~ = ( ~ l . . . ~N) suchthat ~ k E H ~ and ~kl~k=V~ (*) Let now X be C N equipped with an unconditional norm. Define

ax = inf IIr where the infimum is taken over all 9 satisfying (*).

Let Bk be the Blashke-product of the points in ~fk. If qb is a particular solution of (*), the general solution becomes

tlJ=0pl ... ~0 u) where ~k=~k+Bk'Wk and w k E H ~.

By unconditionality of X, this fact leads to the formula

a x = \ B 1 .... BN

If Xo, X1 are as above, Proposition 1.4 leads to the following result:

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N E W B A N A C H SPACE P R O P E R T I E S OF T H E DISC A L G E B R A A N D H ~ 35 PROPOSITION 3.5. Oxonx~<.Kmax (axo, Ox~), for some numerical K.

This property can be restated as follows.

COROLLARY 3.6. I f ~o, ~1 are solutions o f (*), then (*) has a solution ~ for which

Thus in solving (*), information on 1 ~- a n d / l - e s t i m a t i o n s can always be combined.

In particular, one has

COROLLARY 3.7. A s s u m e ~1 ... ~N subsets o f D for which there exist H ~- functions qgl ... Cpu satisfying

(i) ~k(Z)= 1 f o r each z E ~ and k= I ... n

### (ii) lIE I~l [l~ ~<M-

Then there exist also H~-functions v/l,..., v/N fulfilling (i) and moreover (iii)

### II ,kl/ <g

f o r each k = l , . . ~ , n

### (iv) Ilr IV, hi

< KM.

Recall that a sequence (z,) in the open unit disc is b-interpolating (5>0) provided to each 5-bounded sequence (an) o f complex numbers corresponds some cp E H ~~ with

and

### Cp(Zn)=an

for each n. A result of L. Carleson asserts that a sequence (zn) is interpolating if and only if the sequence is uniformly separated, i.e.

### H Iz l

inf d(z,, z,~) > 0 where d(z, w) = l - s

m n * m

(see [141). F o r z E D , denote 5z its Dirac measure. The sequence (z,) is called a Carleson sequence provided the measure ~ = E ( 1 - 1 z , I)5~o is a Carleson measure on D (see [20], p. 31 for definition). The constant of the Carleson sequence (z~) is the Carleson norm o f ~.

A sequence in D is known to be Carleson iff it is finite union o f interpolating sequences. If (z,) is interpolating, then, by a result of P. Beurling, there is a sequence (q~) in H ~ satisfying

### (i) lie [q~[ II~<o~

(ii) qOm(Z~)=5,~,, ( K r o n e c k e r ' s symbol).

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36 J. BOURGAIN

For an explicit formula for the functions tp~, see [28] (Theorem 1). In the next section, we will make use of the following consequence of Corollary 3.7.

COROLLARY 3.8. Given M<oo there is Ml<oo such that if ~1,@2 ... ~N is a partition o f a Carleson sequence o f constant M, then there exist H~-functions

qh, cp2 ... q~N satisfying

(i) Cpk(Z)= 1 for each z E ~k and k= 1,2 ... N (ii) II~kll~<g for each k = l , 2 . . . . N

(iii)

### IIr~ I~kl II=~<M~-

The important thing is that K does not depend on M. A slightly weaker version of previous result was obtained in [8] by different techniques.

4. Properties of the minimum norm lifting

Let us repeat that the minimum-norm lifting o : LI/H~,,~,L 1 maps x ELt/H~ on the unique f E L I satisfying

### Ilxll=l l,

and q(f)=x.

If AcL1/HIo is a W C C set (see introduction), then o(A) is relatively weakly compact ([44], T h e o r e m 7.1). The purpose of this section is to prove a local version of this property. The following result implies Theorem 0.4.

THEOREM 4.1. For each 6 > 0 there exists 61>0 such that given Ll(Fl)-functions fl,f2 ... fn satisfying the following conditions:

(i) ]]q(fm)]l>(1--6 2) ][f,,,]l' for l<~m<~n

(ii) j" maxm,~.m [fm[~C6E,~m Ilfmll, whenever ~rn~0, then there are H~-functions g~, g2 ... gn such that

(iii)

### Igd+lg2l+...+lg~l<.l

pointwise on FI, (iv)

### (fm, g,~)=ffmg,n=6~llf,.lllfor

l<.m<-n.

Condition (ii) o f T h e o r e m 4.1 also means that the fm have mass at least

### C611fmll,

on disjoint subsets of H (cf. [17], Proposition 2.2). We will derive Theorem 4.1 as a consequence of Corollary 3.8. The author obtained the result previously by a more direct method.

Next lemma, based on an argument of successive extractions, is left as an exercice.

(37)

N E W B A N A C H SPACE P R O P E R T I E S OF T H E DISC A L G E B R A A N D H ~ 37 LEMMA 4.2. Given •>0, n > 0 , there exists r/=r/((9, n ) > 0 such that if

### (am)l<~m<~n are

positive functions in L1(FI) and

### f max am >~ Q ~ ]lCtmlh,

m m = l

one can find a subset S o f {1,2 . . . n} and a system

### (Am)m E S of

disjoint measurable subsets o f H satisfying

(i) Ilamlh

(ii) IAmam~(Q/2)llamlh foreach m E S (iii) f

### maXmes(t2mXil\am)<~;g f maXmesa m.

Another elementary fact needed for the proof of Theorem 4.1 is the following approximation principle.

LEMMA 4.3. To each e > 0 corresponds ~,=y(e)>0 such that for positive, disjointly supported L l(FI)-functions at, a2 ... an o f norm 1, there exist functions a~, a~ ... a'~

such that

(i) Nam-a'~ll,<e for each m

(ii) the functions a'm are obtained by taking disjoint convex combinations o f the Poisson-kernels Pzk, f o r some y-interpolating sequence (zk) in D.

Recall that

pz(o)= l-lzl 2 leiO-zl 2"

Sketch o f p r o o f o f L e m m a 4.3. If we define for fixed e > 0 and positive integer K for k = 0 , 1,2 . . . e - l K - 1

Z k = ( 1 - - 1 ) e i~ w h e r e

### Ok = 2~e k ,

then (zD is a v-interpolating sequence, where y does not depend on K. Also 1 and I z - w l < K IlPz-Pw[[l - d(z, w) <- const, e iflz I = Iwl = 1 - - ~

Choose now K sufficiently large to ensure in particular that arn~am-X-Pr for each m--1,2 . . . n, taking r = l - 1 / K . The functions a " are then obtained by replacement of

(38)

38 J. BOURGAIN

the Poisson-integrals by convex combination of the Pz,. Since the a m were assumed to be disjointly supported, it is clear that one can choose these combinations to be disjointly supported on the sequence (zk).

P r o o f o f Theorem 4.1. We show that for some 61>0 one has for a~ ... a n E C

### f mamX lamfm +hml >I" ~1 Z

laml IVmlll (*)

inf

where the infimum is taken over all systems

### (hm)l<m<~n

with h m E 111o . The proof is then concluded by a Hahn-Banach extension argument. Notice that the a m in (*) can be taken positive. Let K be the numerical constant appearing in Corollary 3.8 and put t = I / 2 K . Take F=~(e) as in Lemma 4.3 and let M < ~ be such that y-interpolating sequences are Carleson sequences of constant at most M. Denote M1 be constant associated to M by Corollary 3.8. Defining p = C r , x = 6 , it follows from (ii) of Theorem 4.1 and Lemma 4.2 that there exist a subset S of { 1,2 ... n} and disjoint measurable subsets (Am)m~ s of FI satisfying

(i) X S o~ m Ibemll,>~r/X~.=, a m I]fm]],

(ii) fAmlfml~(C/2) 6llfmll, for each m E S (iii) J" maxm~s(a,. [fm[ g n \ a . ) ~<u ~ maxs am ]fm["

Application of Lemma 4.3 gives a Carleson sequence (zD of constant M and disjoint subsets (Vm)me s of the index set. such that

(iv) where

(v)

(m E S)

### flm~-Wm'COnVex

hull (Pzk;kE Vm) where ~m=llfmZAml[1.

Defining @m:

k ~..

### Vm}

for rn E S, we can choose H~176 (~m)m ~ s fulfilling the conditions of Corollary 3.8.

By (i) of Theorem 4.1, there are norm-I H~-functions Vim SO that (vi)

### <fro' ~m)=(1

_r

First, one deduce easily from (vi) that

[ max lamfm + hm[>>- ( max lam[fm [+ h m ~pm[--36 Z am [[fm[ll"

3 3 s s

(39)

NEW BANACH SPACE PROPERTIES OF THE DISC ALGEBRA AND H ~ Then, by (iii) of Corollary 3.8 and (iii)

### Earn f ~fmlqgm s

Since, by (i) of Corollary 3.8

= IV.zAmlI, we deduce from (iv) and (ii) cf. Corollary 3.8

(!-eK)llfmZ,

### AJll

m

Hence, combining inequalities, it follows

l f am

[Ifmlh.

for

for

39

(

M, / max

(1-eK)

### E am JJf,.zAmll,--xM, E am

[[fro[J,

J s s s

and hence, using (ii) and (i)

### f maxlamfm+hml>~I(4-~l -4) 6~am,]fml],.

m

Since Mj is a numerical constant, we can take C=20M~ and let 6~=r/6.

So we obtain (*) and Theorem 4.1 is proved.

Theorem 4.1 implies clearly the following property.

COROLLARY 4.4.

6 > 0

61>0

Updating...

## References

Related subjects :


text:
# Why is the composition of relations $R$ and $S$ written $S \circ R$ instead of $R \circ S$?

This is really basic (I'm new to this stuff), and doesn't even matter at all - But I'm just curious:

From my book:

If $R = (G,A,B)$ and $S = (H,B,C)$ the composition of $R$ and $S$ is known as $S \circ R = (H \circ G,A,C)$

First of all, if it says "of $R$ and $S$" I'd expect the $R$ to come first, and then the $S$. Which is not the case in $S \circ R$.

Even the graphs are inverted. I would expect $G$ to come first. But we got $(H \circ G,A,C)$.

I can live with that. But I'd like to know why is this the case. Why are they inverted?

-
You are right, it certainly could be done the other way. Some people do. The problem is that the usual left to right convention of European languages does not play well with the function notation. –  André Nicolas Dec 5 '12 at 5:59

Composition of relations is a generalization of composition of functions. When we have a function $f:A\to B$ and a function $g:B\to C$, the composite function is a function from $A$ to $C$ that takes $a$ to $g\big(f(a)\big)$, so it makes sense to write the composition in that same order: $g\circ f$ to match $g\big(f(a)\big)$ rather than $f\circ g$ to mean ‘apply $f$ first, then $g$’.

That said, however, it should be mentioned that some people do use the opposite convention for composition: when they write $f\circ g$, they do mean that $f$ is applied first, so that the result of applying $f\circ g$ to $a$ is $g\big(f(a)\big)$. When this convention is used, functions are often written to the right of their arguments: $(a)(f\circ g)=\big((a)f\big)g$. (The parentheses around the argument are often omitted.)

-

Because the argument of a function is usually written to its right. Then it looks like $$(S \circ R)(x) = S(R(x))$$ and function application is right to left.

-

It quite probably originates from function notation: If you have $f:A\to B$ and $g:B\to C$ and want to compose them, you get $g(f(x))$, so $g\circ f:A\to C$. This then got extended to relations and other things. I would personally prefer $f\circ g$ in this case and $xf$ or similar for function application.

-

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# Lab Worksheet: independent samples t-test . Identify the proper variables and hypotheses for the following research...

###### Question:

Lab Worksheet: independent samples t-test . Identify the proper variables and hypotheses for the following research question: Is there a difference in the number of digits recalled between auditory and visual presentation of the digit span task? 2 point:s a. What is the IV and its corresponding levels conditions? i. Condition: 1. Auditory 2. Visual b. What is the DV as operationally defined (measured)? i. Digits Recalled ii. Time To Complete State the null hypothesis: Ho: A d. State the alternative hypothesis: Ha: c. 2. Conduct an independent samples t test on the data and report your findings: 4 points a. Can homogeneity of variance be assumed? i YINHox do you know? What is the mean difference between the groups? b. i. Digits Recalled: -0.690 Time To Complete: 48.593 ii. c. What is.the appropriate degrees of freedom? i. 56 d. What is your computed (obtained) t-value from JASP? i. Digits Recalled: -1.701 ii. Time to Complete:-1.423 e. What is the p-value in JASP)?
e. What is the p-value in JASP)? i. Digits Recalled p-value: 0.094 Time To Complete p-value: 0.160 ii. f Compare the p-value to a 05 Is the p-value higher or lower? i. Digits Recalled: α-A5 < 0.094; the p-value is higher. Time to Complete: α-A5 < 0.160; the p-value is higher. ii. Should you accept or reject the null hypothesis, and why? Paste a plot of the means below. g. h. Results Independent Samples T-Test Independent Samples T-Test R Mean Difference SE Difference DigitsRecalled 1.701 56.00 0.094 Tinsto Complets 1423 56.00 0.160 Note. Student's t-test. 0.690 -48.593 34.138 Assumption Checks Test of Equality of Variances (Levenes) F d R 1.109 1 0297 3280 1 0076 Time to Comolete
Test of Equality of Variances evene s) F dt R 1.109 1 0297 DigitsRccalled Tict Complets3280 0.076 Descriptives Group Descriptivss DisitsRecalled Auditory 29 6.103 1448 Group N Mean SD SE Visua 29 6.793 1.634 0.303 Visua 29 469.826 150.660 27.977 0.269 Descriptives Plots DigitsRecalled 7.5 5.5 Auditory Visual Condition
550- 350 Auditory Visual Condition 3. Follow the instructions found at the following website to write a full APA-formatted results paragraph for your t-test analysis. 4 points http:l/statistics-helo-for students. m How do I report independent samples T test data in APA steht NCTz? UrLct

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text:
# Word Embedding for Item Names(integer, one-hot encoding)

I am looking for the way to get the similarity between two item names using integer encoding or one-hot encoding.

For example, "lane connector" vs. "a truck crane".
I have 100,000 item names consisting of 2~3 words as above.
also, items have its size(36mm, 12M, 2400*1200...) and unit(ea, m2, m3, hr...)

I wanna make (item name, size, unit) as a vector. To do this, I need to change texts to numbers using some way. All I found is only word2vec things, but my case has no context corpus. So I don't think it is possible to learn some context from my data.

• Will be good if you provide few samples with complete feature list, possibly will help me in my better understanding. – vipin bansal Jun 20 '19 at 5:11
• Why word2vec or Glove wouldn't be useful for your item names? Also before that you could think of using TF-IDF to construct your vectors, it is very simple and I think it will be better than integer or one-hot encoding. – TwinPenguins Jun 20 '19 at 5:17
• @vipinbansal added the image :) – Ken Kim Jun 20 '19 at 5:36
• @TwinPenguins I don't think that I can use those method because of the data – Ken Kim Jun 20 '19 at 5:38

I'm not sure, if it's possible with this data set. Word2Vec is used to generate word embedding, which works on the principle of "words association" in a sentence.

So I dont think you can apply Word2Vec on this dataset which looks like doesn't have any association, except on some places where you can match(perform clustering) some parameters like:

1. Units
2. Size/dimension of the item-name

Interested to know some solution for such types of problems.

Okay, so what I understand is you just have a list of words and want to get word vectors for those. You are correct that you cannot train a word2vec model as it requires a corpus. But what you can do is use a pre-trained model (word2vec or glove). I suggest you use word2vec as gensim has a pretty simple implementation. You can download Google’s pre-trained model here. And then you can use the following code to get word_embed for a given word_list.

import gensim


text:
# Proving that a linear operator is bounded

Let $$X$$ be a real Banach space and $$T: X \rightarrow X^*$$ a linear operator such that $$[T(x)](y) = [T(y)](x)$$ for all $$x,y \in X$$. Prove that $$T$$ is bounded.

So, I need to prove that there exists an $$M \geq 0$$ such that $$\|T(x)\| \leq M \|x\|$$, for all $$x \in X$$, or, equvalently, that $$T$$ is continuous.
I have shown that, if $$[T(x)](x) \geq 0$$ for all $$x \in X$$, then $$T$$ is bounded. I don't know if this result is related to what I'm trying to show though.

I can't really see where to start with this. Any help would be much appreciated. Thanks.

• Hint: Use the "uniform boundedness principle" Jun 2, 2021 at 21:55
• @Simon Could you please demonstrate what you have in mind? I gave an answer using the closed graph theorem but I can't see how one would use the principle of uniform boundedness instead. Jun 2, 2021 at 23:40
• @JustDroppedIn Just did. Hope its correct, havent done functional analysis in a long time^^ Jun 4, 2021 at 15:09

• Consider the set of operators $$F=\{ T(x)\ |\ x\in X, |x|=1 \}$$
• For any fixed $$y\in X$$ it is $$\sup_{f\in F} f(y) = \sup_{|x|=1} T(x)(y) = \sup_{|x|=1}T(y)(x)=||T(y)||<\infty$$
• By the uniform boundedness principle, it follows that $$\infty > \sup_{f\in F, |y|=1} |f(y)| = \sup_{|x|=|y|=1} T(x)(y)$$
I think the standard idea is to use the closed graph theorem. So $$T:X\to X^*$$ is a linear operator between Banach spaces. In order to show that it is bounded we can employ the closed graph theorem. Therefore, we can assume that we are given a sequence $$(x_n)\subset X$$ so that $$x_n\to 0$$ and we know that $$T(x_n)\to\phi$$ for some $$\phi\in X^*$$. If we manage to show that $$\phi=0$$ (the zero functional), then we will be able to deduce that $$T$$ is bounded, thanks to the closed graph theorem.
Indeed, suppose that we have the above sequence $$(x_n)\subset X$$ satisfying $$x_n\to0$$ and $$T(x_n)\to\phi$$. If $$z\in X$$, then $$\phi(z)=\lim_{n\to\infty}T(x_n)(z)=\lim_{n\to\infty}T(z)(x_n)=T(z)(0)=0$$ where in the second last equation we use the fact that $$T(z)\in X^*$$, so $$T(z)$$ is a continuous functional and $$x_n\to0$$. This shows that $$\phi(z)=0$$ for all $$z\in X$$, so $$\phi=0$$ and as we explained this proves the claim.