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This is the birth of computer systems; they recognize only '0' s and '1's. Draw a logic circuit for AB + AC. Universal gates. HHsim is a graphical simulation of a section of excitable neuronal membrane using the Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Comes in multiple formats suitable for screen and print Ready to use in multiple sizes Modify colors and shapes using the icon editor. The equation describing an inductor is identical to Equation 2 but with C replaced by L and current and voltage reversed; that is, the change in the current through an inductor ∆I L in a short time ∆t is equal to where V L ∆t / L is the voltage across the inductor:. Boolean Algebra specifies the relationship between Boolean variables which is used to design combinational logic circuits using Logic Gates. Investigate the behaviour of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. Most popular logic synthesis tools support Verilog HDL. AND gate: two input gate, will output 1 when both inputs are 1. Features include drag-and-drop gate layout and wiring, and user created 'integrated circuits'. Logic gates and truth table: In digital electronics, logic gates are the certain type of physical devices basically used to express the Boolean functions. 5 CMOS LOGIC GATES Here we are going to use CMOS transistors, known as complementary MOS transistors, consisting of both PMOS and NMOS transistors. Moorby, and G. iCircuit is the easy to use electronic circuit simulator and designer - the perfect tool for students, hobbyists, and engineers. Ramamurthy Abstract: The ever-growing leakage current of MOSFETs in nanometre technologies is the major concern to high performance and power efﬁcient designs. There are three basic logic gates: AND, OR and NOT. The course has an accompaning lab component ( ESE171 ) that integrates hands-on experience with modern computer-aided design software including logic simulation, minimization and an introduction of the use of. Logic Gate Simulator download | SourceForge. by: Caleb Kraft. Smart Logic Simulator. Logic Gate Simulator is an open-source tool for experimenting with and learning about logic gates. Long ago I wanted to make a simple simulator, which can simulate logic gates with the simplest rules. Building With Logic Gates. Gate-Level Event-Driven Simulation. The HMI display allows the user to control the generator simulation from a singular window. You can generate square waves using two nand gates connecting together. DSCH2 is the companion software for logic design. Combinational Logic Circuit Design comprises the following steps From the design specification, obtain the truth table From the truth table, derive the Sum of Products Boolean Expression. Noncontrolling values are 1(0) for AND/ NAND(OR/NOR)gates. Virus-free and 100% clean download. Logic Gates are considered to be the basics of Boolean Logic. You then may place the TINA macro of the device. First it is a nice simulation exercise. It consists first of a graphics editor to create and interact with simulation setups, e. Logic Gates Simulator. It is a portable software that you can try on your PC. It will enable you to create simple PLC ladder logic code within your browser. by: Caleb Kraft. Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance is a single title from the many adventure games, action games and rpg games offered for this console. Academics, students and industry specialists around the globe use this free simulation software to teach, learn, and explore the world of simulation. Boolean is one of the main data types in computer. Quirk is an open-source drag-and-drop quantum circuit simulator for exploring and understanding small quantum circuits. Atanua is a real time logic simulator to help people learn some of the basics of electronics. Download Digital Logic Simulator 0. Drawing a circuit with Digital Simulator is like using a paint program. Seriously! The character generation system is a mini-game that lets you play through your character’s career all the way into middle-age, a career that most of the time ends in disaster, and always ends with you mustering out to go “travelling. There are some special features regarding the implementation: Modularization:logisim is highly modularized. The code that follows contains the definition of logic gates (binary gates like the AND, OR gate, and unary gates like NOT). We will see the different Logic Levels in TTL Circuits, CMOS Circuits, some simple Logic Gates like OR, NOT, NAND, AND, etc. Introduction to Quartus II Software The Altera® Quartus® II design software is a multiplatform design environment that easily adapts to your specific needs in all phases of FPGA and CPLD design. Logic Circuits. queue, array). In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum gate (or quantum logic gate) is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits. Introduction to Digital Logic with Laboratory Exercises 4 A Global Text. com is one of the best places on the Web to play new PC/Laptop games or apps for free in 2017!To. LED, switches and 5v source are to be uses to analyses and. A recently archived Cadence webinar illustrates a number of techniques for speeding both RTL and gate-level simulation, including "out of the box" improvements to the Cadence Incisive Enterprise Simulator, incremental elaboration, new gate-level methodologies, and. Drawing a circuit with Digital Simulator is like using a paint program. Download now: Size: 6. It allows you to emulate sensor data or user interactions. LOGIC CIRCUITS Questions and Answers pdf free download for electronics engineering students,mcqs,objective type questions viva lab manuals. I am going to show you how to make a 4 bit (0-15) adding calculator using 74xx series IC chips. 2 Simulation setup of SOA based AND gate Fig. It will not work with Java 7 or below A. PLC Simulator Lab Course This course provides students with a practical understanding of logic ladder and PLC through the use of a software simulation package. You use a similar procedure to draw wires and indicate. Computer Engineering. In this project, it has AND, OR, NOR, NOT, XOR, AND XNOR gates. IRSIM version 9. Simulink lets you model and simulate digital signal processing systems. Category Entertainment; Show more Show less. All of the basic PLC instructions that come with most plc units have been incorporated in this virtual PLC software. Logic-Gate-Simulator. Logic circuits can be very simple, such as and-or logic, or can consist of hundreds of parts. Interative JavaScript application to simulate two-dimensional trusses. Multimedia Logic Kits (Current version is 1. Based on these results, we expect Xcelium can enhance our ability to deliver the most complex SoCs in a fast and highly reliable way. Logic Gates Tags. Noncontrolling values are 1(0) for AND/ NAND(OR/NOR)gates. Download Smart Logic Simulator apk for PC/Mac/Windows 7,8,10 Smart Logic Simulator) and save to your phone 3. ) and Structural Design Methodology with Examples. The mode selection depends on the presence of the file named conf. With logic gates you can do logic operations on bits (single piece of 1s or 0s). A revised guide to the theory and implementation of CMOS analog and digital IC design The fourth edition of CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation is an updated guide to the practical design of both analog and digital integrated circuits. Design Flow using VHDL. The simulator tool was originally designed for CIS students at South Puget Sound Community College but is free for anyone to use and modify under the GPL v3. Logic Gate Simulator is an open-source tool for experimenting with and learning about logic gates. 7 Apk Premium is a Education Android app. Here are our Online Courses at Udemy on VHDL/Verilog Programming & VHDL/Verilog Reference Guides: Following Online Courses on VHDL & Verilog includes from very basics of introduction, basic design examples, creating the simulation testbench, generating waveform, VHDL/Verilog Data Types, Conditional Statements (If, If-elsif, case, always block, etc. The most popular versions of the software 1. 5"-by-11" paper, with a left margin wide enough to punch holes for use in a binder. Code to add this calci to your website Just copy and paste the below code to your webpage where you want to display this calculator. To learn about the Hodgkin-Huxley equations, see: Channeling with Bard, an online tutorial by G. The LOGIC LAB is a application for simulating simple circuits of logic gates on the screen. To check special logic circuits and design topology that may include feedback and/or initial state considerations, or circuit tricks. The simulator tool was originally designed for CIS students at South Puget Sound Community College but is free for anyone to use and modify under the GPL v3. As for NMOS logic circuits, … - Selection from Introduction to Digital Systems: Modeling, Synthesis, and Simulation Using VHDL [Book]. 29 Alien Swarm $1. You use a similar procedure to draw wires and indicate. MP7 - Look for and make use of structure. You are stranded on an Island when you bump in to 3 people. Education; Add Tags. Advertisement. A line styled icon from Orion Icon Library. Logic gates and Truth Tables Starter. A free, simple, online logic gate simulator. Venn Diagram Visualizer - http://www. The logic circuitry in this units is entirely combinational (i. Schiek, Elebeoboa E. Our games or apps are licensed Full Version for PC. (webpage in French. I have used 7400 IC which is a quad two input NAND gate IC. TOPIC 4: Boolean Expression. This free program is a product of Brad-Ware Studios. In the example of FIG. Seriously! The character generation system is a mini-game that lets you play through your character’s career all the way into middle-age, a career that most of the time ends in disaster, and always ends with you mustering out to go “travelling. 99 Farming Simulator 2013$0. Computer Science. Thereby, the size of a circuit is not limited. 0 Pci-e card in order to use an external HDD with USB 3. Venn Diagram Visualizer - http://www. You can view Result with Detail Solution of each question after completion of the test. It Simulates and show the working of various logic gates viz. You can also input values like 0 and 1 to build the output of a specific gate. EveryCircuit is an easy to use, highly interactive circuit simulator and schematic capture tool. It is used to see the output value generated from various combinations of input values. gate array, standard cell) or FPGA. main method is in "Simulator. Teach logic gates + digital circuits effectively — with Logicly Design circuits quickly and easily with a modern and intuitive user interface with drag-and-drop, copy/paste, zoom & more. There are modules for each gate type, for each graphic output type and. io is an online CAD tool for logic circuits. It is also different from logic gates in many other simulation tools because it does require a power supply. Select gates from the dropdown list and click "add node" to add more gates. Tiger simulator 3D is a very interesting 3D simulation adventure game. The gate oxide layer is thermally grown in dry O 2 [25,26,27] and the trench regions are filled with polysilicon , as shown in Figure 2 d. Its an experimental project of freelance Flash Platform developer Kris Temmerman. online logic gate simulator logic gates simulator online logic gates simulation. The P + shield, P + source region, and N + source regions are formed by ion implantation [23,24], as shown in Figure 2 c. Logic Gate Simulator is an open-source tool for experimenting with and learning about logic gates. Test your logic circuit in real-time. This intermediate form is executed by the vvp'' command. A gate is an electronic device which is used to compute a function on a two valued signal. 1 Terminology 4. Logic circuits can be very simple, such as and-or logic, or can consist of hundreds of parts. 1 shows each of the seven basic logic gates, which may be illustrated by either the traditional "Distinctive Shape" ANSI symbol or the newer rectangular IEC symbol, and a written. Then, dry etching [21,22] is used to form gate trench regions, as shown in Figure 2 b. After I finished writing my vhdl code i started simulation. Multi-quantum well (MQW) SOA is used for the simulation of all-optical logic system. Logic Gate Simulator is an open-source tool for experimenting with and learning about logic gates. 05 Logic sticks online game LammleSim Cisco CCENT Simulator v. Logic calculator computes the truth value of a logic expression comprising up to four variables: Logic gates common logic gates found in simple digital circuits: Logic gates: Logicly Logicly simulates the boolean algebra performed by logic gates, which are a vital part of digital circuitry and computer achitecture. I have recently come across a free virtual plc simulator called PLC Fiddle. These inverters are referred to as invert bubbles. Logisim is an educational tool for designing and simulating digital logic circuits. CEDAR Logic Simulator lets you design basic as well as high end logic circuits with the help of logic gates. The look, feel and operation of LogixPro's ladder rung editor so closely mimics Rockwell's world renown PLC editing software, that many need a second look to be sure whose editor they're using. Even though it's called an 'online' logic simulator since it can be ran conveniently in the browser, LogicEmu runs completely offline. There are FOUR types of circuit: 1. You use a similar procedure to draw wires and indicate. You can even. A ladder logic simulator is a software application that lets you simulate the operation of a PLC ladder diagram with a personal computer, mobile phone or tablet. Your cool red car is trapped in a crowded lot. In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum gate (or quantum logic gate) is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits. Holt and D. The simulator allows one to construct our own program and verify it. Simulation: A simulation is any research or development project where researchers or developers create a model of some authentic phenomenon. 7400 Series Logic Simulator. In this learning activity you'll discover six fundamental logic gates and the inverter using truth tables, Boolean Algebra equations, switch analogies, and written statements. School Games Papa's Games Farm Games Restaurant Games Horse Simulator 3D Towntopia Panda Simulator 3D Fox Simulator 3D Adventure City Highway Bike Simulator Ant Art Tycoon. Copy of Online simulator. Drawing a circuit with Digital Simulator is like using a paint program. Each gate is built from a few transistors. It was first written to replace a educational tool we had to use, which had some 'features' we found were really annoying. It is mostly used in mathematics and computer science. Basic logic gate templates to get started fast. 4 Incompletely Specified Functions 4. Types of Simulation. Otherwise it’s 0. 4, a circuit design tool (e. With in-game circuit builder you can create your own electronic circuits and test your skills!. Example to increase the number of inputs to a gate. Kongregate free online game Gates of Logic - Walkthrough Levels 1-8 Levels 9-15 Plot The Systemworld of electronic chips, inputs and wires Play Gates of Logic. Drag from the hollow circles to the solid circles to make connections. Download Logic Circuit Designer - An intuitive and powerful program that helps you generate, simulate, and print logic circuits, and add basic or extended gates to a circuit. They can each be loaded seperately by running either their swf, exe or. PartSim is a free and easy to use circuit simulator that includes a full SPICE simulation engine, web-based schematic capture tool, a graphical waveform viewer that runs in your web browser. The capabilities of logic-timing are explored using the latest research results that are brought together from previously disseminated materials. [Truth Table Examples] [Boolean Expression Simplification] [Logic Gate Examples] Here are some logic gate circuit problems: Draw a logic circuit for (A + B)C. The PLC simulator applications allow to write your program in ladder logic and run it in the simulated PLC. Regulador Shunt. Thanks & Regards Junaid Uppal. It is a one bit. If the button’s level changes, the values of FF1and FF2 differ for a clock cycle, clearing the counter via the XOR gate. LOGIC GATES Lesson Objectives: • To understand the function of Logic Gates 2. OR Gate - A gate who's output is a 1 if any inputs are 1. Sourceforge. Logic Gate Simulator - 3889624 - free online Simulation game from madcell. instruction including using online tools for logic circuit visualization, applying Multisim for transition to hands-on breadboard hardware experiments, running simulation in Moldelsim and prototyping the digital circuit design using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device. Every verification team wants faster functional verification performance. The simplification of Boolean Equations can use different methods: besides the classical development via associativity, commutativity, distributivity, etc. In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum gate (or quantum logic gate) is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits. From w1x1+w2x2+b, initializing w1 and w2 as 1, and b as -1, we get;. io is an online CAD tool for logic circuits. I'm writing TDC based on Vernier method in Vivado. Delays in Gates and Timing Diagrams. 2 3 Logic Gates & Truth Tables AND OR NOT 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 A OR 1 1 0 B 1 1 0 A+B 1 0 A 1 0 0 A AND 1 1 0 B 1 0 0 A. September 3, 2018 garrys Leave a comment. 2004-09-26 Added support for text labels anywhere in the. 99 Farming Simulator 2013 $0. It provides all components to design a logic circuit using logic gates. Please comment if there is a better way within EC, I am learning from you all. labdeeletronica. Fig 2: Representation of 2:4 decoder. Logic circuit simplification (SOP and POS) This is an online Karnaugh map generator that makes a kmap, shows you how to group the terms, shows the simplified Boolean equation, and draws the circuit for up to 6 variables. A switch, while not technically a logic gate, is an important part of setting up the logic gate "system". The Logic Simulation tool (SIM) can be used to design and simulate digital logic circuits. In ECL, TTL and CMOS, there are available integrated packages which are referred to as arithmetic logic units (ALU). Digital Logic Simulator lies within System Utilities, more precisely General. 7 Tutorial Table of Contents. TINA includes several powerful engines for digital circuit simulation. 0 License Preface This lab manual provides an introduction to digital logic, starting with simple gates and building up to state. PLC Fiddle will allow you to create some simple ladder logic circuits and test it. Such a circuit may comprise of JFETs, bipolar and MOS transistors, passive elements like R, L, or C, diodes, transmission lines and other devices, all interconnected in a netlist. Hence, the GL-netlist-based power aware simulation (PA-SIM) input requirements are mostly the same as for RTL simulation. net/projects/vennvis Visualize Venn diagrams from set logic statements in up to 4 variables. In the practice of electronics, a logic gate is a device which carries out a logical operation on a certain number of binary inputs and produces just one binary output. Logic Gate Simulator is an open-source tool for experimenting with and learning about logic gates. Refer to the documentation included with your simulator for information about performing simulation. More Apps to Consider (Similar or Related). They are the building blocks of quantum circuits, like classical logic gates are for conventional digital circuits. Introduction - Vivado Simulator Date Logic Simulation: 09/17/2013 UG937 - Vivado Design Suite Tutorial: Logic Simulation: 10/30/2019 UG900 - Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Logic Simulation: 10/30/2019 UG953 - Vivado Design Suite 7 Series FPGA and Zynq-7000 SoC Libraries Guide: 10/30/2019. For contact information and other cool flash projects visit his site: freelance RIA application developer. Our suggested system is composed of four MQW SOAs, SOA-1 and SOA-2 for XOR logic operation and SOA- 3 and SOA-4 for AND logic operation. Introduction to Digital Logic with Laboratory Exercises 4 A Global Text. 4 bit counter is to be designed first to get state equations of the flip flops. There are two possible modes available. The logic is just as before – combining the two selector lines, we have four different combinations. Gate level code is generated by tools like synthesis tools and this netlist is used for gate level simulation and for backend. 92MB License: Shareware Price:$22. Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on VLSI Design & Technology Multiple Choice Questions and Answers By Sasmita January 13, 2017 1) The utilization of CAD tools for drawing timing waveform diagram and transforming it into a network of logic gates is known as ________. CircuitLab provides online, in-browser tools for schematic capture and circuit simulation. Logic Gate Simulator. AMD reconfirmed its commitment to RDNA2 in 2020, despite global economic and manufacturing challenges. You then may place the TINA macro of the device. These gates are related to Boolean Algebra. Solve all kinds of problems and riddles with these logic and intelligence games. Preparation: Obtain the data sheets for each of the following TTL devices below. The chips that 've been used are the basic gates like OR, AND, XOR, NOR, NAND, etc. \爀屲The dotted line on the bottom means to connect only when you want 1’s complement. Icarus Verilog is a Verilog simulation and synthesis tool. - Main simulation interface showing internal microcontroller architecture, - FLASH program memory editor, EEPROM data memory editor, hardware stack viewer, - Microcontroller pinout interface for simulation of digital I/O and analog inputs, - Variable simulation rate, simulation statistics, - Breakpoints manager for code debugging with. However, the design-under-verification at this stage is the GL-netlist from synthesis, so logic gates from standard, multi-voltage (MV), and Macro cell Liberty libraries are already inserted or instantiated in the design. iCircuit is the easy to use electronic circuit simulator and designer - the perfect tool for students, hobbyists, and engineers. Add one piece of equipment and get more students doing real hardware experiments anywhere, anytime. Google Scholar D. queue, array). View all HCS gates products. MyOnline simulator. Online datasheet. Logic gates are the building blocks of microcomputers. Home / Hardware / Logic / Logic Gate - Games Most of these games are to hard for me. have been given a template array to use with the program which contains the binary info for AND, OR and NOT gates. TOPIC 4: Boolean Expression. To use the circuit simulation, make sure to click the simulation icon (the hand symbol − top left corner of the Logisim window). December 18, 2008. Simulation can be performed at varying degrees of physical abstraction, such as at the transistor level, gate level, register transfer level (RTL), or behavioral level. Bibliography 12 2. Online simulator Test. 12K subscribers. Here are the steps to convert boolean expression to logic circuit. To check special logic circuits and design topology that may include feedback and/or initial state considerations, or circuit tricks. Trusted Windows (PC) download Logic Gate Simulator 1. Copy of Online simulator. AnyLogic Cloud is a secure web platform for running simulation models. 2 3 Logic Gates & Truth Tables AND OR NOT 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 A OR 1 1 0 B 1 1 0 A+B 1 0 A 1 0 0 A AND 1 1 0 B 1 0 0 A. A line styled icon from Orion Icon Library. These gates are made with combinations of the basic logic gates. Regulador Shunt. In IBM ALDs, the logic gates that are edge triggered are indicated only by a letter on one of the inputs - a P or an N - which declares that it is an AC mode, edge triggered input. Get Logic Gate Simulator alternative downloads. 1 Todd Lammle has released his new CCENT 100-101 Study Guide, and it is jammed packed with great hands-on labs. The implementation was the Verilog simulator sold by Gateway. Simulation study of memristor aided logic (magic) based on CMOS NOR gate Memristor is a non-volatile new technology memory where the data stored as a resistance which the performance is influenced by the stateful logic design. ) are represented by C++ classes. 4 download - Návrh a simulace logických obvodů Logic Gate Simulator je otevřený software pro návrh a testování logických obvodů…. 1 shows each of the seven basic logic gates, which may be illustrated by either the traditional "Distinctive Shape" ANSI symbol or the newer rectangular IEC symbol, and a written. uk ScienceDemos. We spend countless hours researching various file formats and software that can open, convert, create or otherwise work with those files. LogixPro 500 is the ideal tool for learning the fundamentals of ladder logic programming. Montgomery County Community College - West Campus 101 College Drive, Pottstown, PA 19464 610-718-1800. This project is a simple way of using the Arduino to simulate the behaviour of logic gates. 4 Logic Friday is a freeware tool for students, hobbyists, and engineers. A gate is an electronic device which is used to compute a function on a two valued signal. Comes in multiple formats suitable for screen and print Ready to use in multiple sizes Modify colors and shapes using the icon editor. for traffic light controller plc ladder logic gates plc ladder logic guide plc ladder logic help plc ladder logic if. Get this from a library! Logic-timing simulation and the degradation delay model. Use Boolean Algebra to simplify the boolean expression. LED, switches and 5v source are to be uses to analyses and. labdeeletronica. Logic Gates Tags. The simulator tool was originally designed for CIS students at South Puget Sound Community College but is free for anyone to use and modify under the GPL. Here both the input pins are connected together following the same logic. The simulator allows one to construct our own program and verify it. 92MB License: Shareware Price: $22. Rated 4 out of 5 stars. There are modules for each gate type, for each graphic output type and. The gray color indicates ground. This Arduino simulator allows the user to use any type of Arduino development board that is Arduino UNO, Arduino MEGA etc also it can simulate the code and hardware for. All of the basic PLC instructions that come with most plc units have been incorporated in this virtual PLC software. 1 preview 2 Create amazing logic circuits consisting of logic gates, flip-flops and hardware sensors of your smartphone. Interactive symbols are used to friendly simulation, which includes delay and power consumption evaluation. logisim is a logic circuit simulator for Unix-compatible systems, developed on Linux. Work with a team on a single synchronized circuit. Logic Gate Simulator is an open-source tool for experimenting with and learning about logic gates. This project presents the Single Layered style and construction of Logic Generator Block which generates the logic of varied devices like 1-Bit comparator, 1- Bit [*fr1] Adder, one-Bit Half Subtractor, AND gate, XOR gate, NOR gate and XNOR gate. In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum gate (or quantum logic gate) is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits. LogicCircuit - is free, open source educational software for designing and simulating digital logic circuits. OR Gate 6 5. The representation is done using two valued logic - 0 or 1. Multiple copies of symbols can be quickly inserted using “Repeat-insert mode. We can classify these Logic gates into the following three categories. NgSpice is developed by a collective effort from its users and its code is based on 3 open source software packages:- known as:- Spice3f5 , Cider and Xspice. Screen shot of Logisim 2. Use Boolean Algebra to simplify the boolean expression. 3 shows the simulation result are obtained by gate. 99 Farming Simulator 2013$0. PLC Fiddle will allow you to create some simple ladder logic circuits and test it. The application of the reversible gates in implementing several benchmark functions has been presented. Created with Raphaël 2. 5 CMOS LOGIC GATES Here we are going to use CMOS transistors, known as complementary MOS transistors, consisting of both PMOS and NMOS transistors. A NAND gate is an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. This article is about quantum computation. PLC Fiddle Shift Register Challenge. Accurately identify, assess, and monitor business risks with unprecedented agility. Tiger Simulator 3d is an online 3D game and 96. Windows Calculator. TINA solves the logic state equation at each node and displays the results. The most popular versions of the software 1. Potentially. The truth table for this decoder is shown below: Table 1: Truth Table of 2:4 decoder. System 1 - Fan cooling system. Analyse your skill and knowledge of attempting online tests with this practice test paper on Logic Gates and get world rankings to see where you stand. Looking for the old Adobe Flash Player version of Logicly?. Starts with the simplest logical components and ends up with a programmable computer. 2 Static CMOS Design 6. Download the apk file of the application you need (for example: Smart Logic Simulator) and save to your phone 3. The relationship between the input and the output is based on a certain logic. Another thing you'll need to understand are the boolean operations, not only in the context of Assembly Language but also using simple integrated circuit logic gates. To use the circuit simulation, make sure to click the simulation icon (the hand symbol − top left corner of the Logisim window). Simulation study of an electrically read- and writable magnetic logic gate Thomas Windbacher⇑, Oliver Triebl, Dmitry Osintsev, Alexander Makarov, Viktor Sverdlov, Siegfried Selberherr Institute for Microelectronics, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 27-29, A-1040 Vienna, Austria article info Article history: Available online 29 January 2013 Keywords:. Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcomputer Design, has long been hailed for its clear and simple presentation of the principles and basic tools required to design typical digital systems such as microcomputers. 6 Creating A Verilog (r) Listing 15. This simulator is straightforward and easy to use. Logic gates. Most digital logic drawing systems are just that, drawing systems. CircuitLab provides online, in-browser tools for schematic capture and circuit simulation. As the entity description is located in front of the architecture definition in the source code, please just compile this file and you will be ready to simulate the design. We are three Dutch high school students in our final year and we are doing a project about digital logic. Abstract In this work, we present a reprogrammable micro-resonator logic gate designed with an industrial standard process. In some circuit drawings, a capacitor symbol is placed on the line drawn for the input signal, but in other situations the only clue is the N or P on the logic gate box. It provides full access to the Hodgkin-Huxley parameters, membrane parameters, stimulus parameters, and ion concentrations. A ladder logic simulator is a software application that lets you simulate the operation of a PLC ladder diagram with a personal computer, mobile phone or tablet. In the Logical Circuit dialog there is a tab where you can specify explicit orders of pins on the symbol. The simulator allows one to construct our own program and verify it. Emona netCIRCUITlabs is a complementary platform for your existing Analog & Digital Circuits labs. If you are unfamiliar with the breadboard, there are many resources available online that explains how they work. Theory Behind the Circuit:. Read "Simulation study of an electrically read- and writable magnetic logic gate, Microelectronic Engineering" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. This is called combinatorial logic because we are combining more inputs (variables in boolean algebra). It is an electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only one output. consists of gates with no feedback and no flip-flops). Mixed-Signal. This background will set the stage for Project 1, in which you will build, simulate, and test 15 elementary logic gates. No Switch 1 pos. crank sensor sim1. Online simulator Test. The LOGIC LAB is a application for simulating simple circuits of logic gates on the screen. 1 Digital System Modeling and Simulation 1 1. Finally real logic circuits built with electronic components are the basis for computer hardware. Logic Gate Simulator 1. Primitives, and Logic and select a logic gate. Recommended for simulating all Intel® FPGA designs (Intel® Arria® FPGA, Intel® Cyclone® FPGA, and. As Junglas’ ﬁndings in [8] show, this can be a cumbersome business in sim-ulation tools. Copy of Online simulator. One has to build each ladders consisting the inputs and. Features include drag-and-drop gate layout and wiring, and user created "integrated circuits". CEDAR Logic Simulator lets you design basic as well as high end logic circuits with the help of logic gates. 10 References 15. This is an electronic circuit simulator. Google Scholar D. You are stranded on an Island when you bump in to 3 people. In a PLC, there is full flexibility to change the sequence of operations and interlocks for different conditions. The logic circuit is designed with 4 inputs and 7 outputs, each representing an input to the display IC. Hence, the GL-netlist-based power aware simulation (PA-SIM) input requirements are mostly the same as for RTL simulation. Logic Gates Tags. Engineering. Repeat for all gates needed. 4, a circuit design tool (e. Logic circuits can be very simple, such as and-or logic, or can consist of hundreds of parts. It has its base on both Windows and Linux. Each gate in the 7400 has two inputs and one output and it implements the logic NOT(A AND B) where A and B are the two inputs. Intuitive graphical user interface, allows you to create unrestricted circuit hierarchy with multi bit buses, debug circuits behavior with oscilloscope, and navigate running circuits hierarchy. Verilog source codes Low Pass FIR Filter Asynchronous FIFO D FF without reset D FF synchronous reset 1 bit 4 bit comparator Binary counter BCD Gray counter T,D,SR,JK FF 32 bit ALU Full Adder 4 to 1 MUX DEMUX binary2Gray converter 8to1 MUX 8to3 Encoder Logic Gates Half adder substractor 2to4 decoder. logisim is a logic circuit simulator for Unix-compatible systems, developed on Linux. ModelSim's easy to use, unified debug and simulation environment gives today's FPGA designers advanced capabilities in a productive work environment. Do different jobs and become stronger. SirSim [3] is a symbolic simulator on transistor level based. Quirk is an open-source drag-and-drop quantum circuit simulator for exploring and understanding small quantum circuits. Also it include the details about what is a logic and what are Logic gates. Free and Open source circuit simulator software list:-NgSpice - one of the popular and widely used free, open source circuit simulator from Sourceforge. 29 Alien Swarm \$1. Engineering is a brand new topic on Academo. All of the basic PLC instructions that come with most plc units have been incorporated in this virtual PLC software. You can generate square waves using two nand gates connecting together. This page demonstrates a practical use of Boolean logic to create electrical circuits. AnyLogic Personal Learning Edition (PLE) is a free simulation tool for the purposes of education and self-education. Realization of logic functions with the help of universal gates-NOR Gate. Create amazing logic circuits consisting of logic gates, flip-flops and hardware sensors of your smartphone. The simplification of Boolean Equations can use different methods: besides the classical development via associativity, commutativity, distributivity, etc. However, the design-under-verification at this stage is the GL-netlist from synthesis, so logic gates from standard, multi-voltage (MV), and Macro cell Liberty libraries are already inserted or instantiated in the design. Boolean is one of the main data types in computer. This page lets you simulate the behaviour of arbitrary collections of logic gates. As the entity description is located in front of the architecture definition in the source code, please just compile this file and you will be ready to simulate the design. - Take control of debugging by pausing the simulation and watching the signal propagate as you advance step-by-step. 9 MOSFETs in Dsch 15. Download Digital Logic Simulator 0. This simulator is straightforward and easy to use. • Verilog is a big language. The idea is to produce a simulator for a traditional logic breadboard. This is an electronic circuit simulator. thanks for quest, The "Calculator" what your looking for is not clear, Usage Logic gates it all depend on what's your requirement. Basic Terminology 2 3. Click the play button to start the simulation. Building With Logic Gates. 1 shows each of the seven basic logic gates, which may be illustrated by either the traditional "Distinctive Shape" ANSI symbol or the newer rectangular IEC symbol, and a written. Unfortunately I'm still learning fpga and vhdl. Check your understanding of how AND/OR/NOT logic gates output 0 or 1 based on inputs in this set of free practice questions designed for AP Computer Science Principles students. Click on the search button: A search window will appear. Thereby, the size of a circuit is not limited. Advertisement. Introduction - Vivado Simulator Date Logic Simulation: 09/17/2013 UG937 - Vivado Design Suite Tutorial: Logic Simulation: 10/30/2019 UG900 - Vivado Design Suite User Guide: Logic Simulation: 10/30/2019 UG953 - Vivado Design Suite 7 Series FPGA and Zynq-7000 SoC Libraries Guide: 10/30/2019. Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. Our suggested system is composed of four MQW SOAs, SOA-1 and SOA-2 for XOR logic operation and SOA- 3 and SOA-4 for AND logic operation. It consists of: 3 laser emitters; 3 laser catchers; 2 panels; a sliding panel (optional) a pedestal button to control the sliding panel (optional). Draw a logic circuit for A + BC + D. To learn about the Hodgkin-Huxley equations, see: Channeling with Bard, an online tutorial by G. Verification IP Out-of-box verification for IP-centric FPGA designs, with off-the-shelf verification environments for standard protocols such as ARM®, AMBA®, AXI, PCIe®, and Ethernet/memory. Note: Further Logisim development is suspended indefinitely. Voltage at pin 3 (V) Gate output 1 0 0 0. Standard techniques for reliability analysis use fault injection and simulation in a Monte Carlo framework. Remember, XOR stands for "exclusive or," and for each gate if the input consists of a single 0 0 0 and a single 1, 1, 1, then the output is 1, \bf1, 1, otherwise the output is 0 \bf0 0. Furthermore, they can be used to implement any Boolean logic function. online logic gate simulator logic gates simulator online logic gates simulation. Also it include the details about what is a logic and what are Logic gates. Download 30-Day Free Trial. Click the play button to start the simulation. In other words, the output of the logic gates can be used to interpret the numbers in binary form. Circuit that consists of digital components such as logic gates and digital devices. Long ago I wanted to make a simple simulator, which can simulate logic gates with the simplest rules. Learning Objectives In this post you will practise drawing logic gates diagrams using the following logic gates: AND Gate OR Gate XOR Gate NOT Gate First you will need to learn the shapes/symbols used to draw the four main logic gates: Symbol Logic Gate Logic Gate Diagrams Your Task Use our logic gates diagram tool to create the diagrams as follow: (Click on the following equations to draw. The basic digital electronic circuit that has one or more inputs and single output is known as Logic gate. Tinkercad is a free online collection of software tools that help people all over the world think, create and make. In the following quiz, we aim to put your knowledge on these logic gates to the test, offering up tables, diagrams and more to gauge the level of understanding you have on the. 2 Editing Features 15. Classical nonlinear or quantum all-optical transistors are dependent on the value of input signal intensity or need extra co-propagating beams. Steam Workshop: EXAPUNKS. The diagram below summarizes the high level design flow for an ASIC (ie. Right-hand input of XNOR gate near bottom left is 1, so left-hand input and output must be equal. It is also different from logic gates in many other simulation tools because it does require a power supply. And apart from just converting boolean expression to logic circuit, it can also convert truth table to logic circuit. 6 Lab 2: Overview of PLC Logic Simulation & Silo process example CISE 313: Automation Devices and Electronics Page 6 LAB 2: OVERVIEW OF PLC LOGIC SIMULATION & SILO PROCESS EXAMPLE Overview: The name of the simulator is “The logixpro 500 Simulator”. And, we brought to you the best 10 circuit simulators from that based on usability and functionality. The XOR rule can be used to test bits for equality. September 3, 2018 garrys Leave a comment. Multimedia Logic Kits (Current version is 1. basic building blocks (e. uk ScienceDemos. Ramamurthy Abstract: The ever-growing leakage current of MOSFETs in nanometre technologies is the major concern to high performance and power efﬁcient designs. Conexión Resistencia Mixta. Design Flow using Verilog. Digital Logic Simulator lies within System Utilities, more precisely General. Another logic simulator which I like to use is CEDAR logic simulator. Logic Gates Simulator. Features include drag-and-drop gate layout and wiring, and user created "integrated circuits". INTERLOCKS modeling and simulation tool uses discrete event simulation to depict system operation. This free program is a product of Brad-Ware Studios. Journal of Logic and SPADES - a process algebra for discrete event simulation, Journal of Logic and Computation 180 Queen's Gate, London SW7 2BZ, UK E-mail. Kongregate free online game Gates of Logic - Walkthrough Levels 1-8 Levels 9-15 Plot The Systemworld of electronic chips, inputs and wires Play Gates of Logic. The relationship between the input and the output is based on a certain logic. It consists of: 3 laser emitters; 3 laser catchers; 2 panels; a sliding panel (optional) a pedestal button to control the sliding panel (optional). It is used to see the output value generated from various combinations of input values. For batch simulation, the compiler can generate an intermediate form called vvp assembly. In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum gate (or quantum logic gate) is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits. Another use of circuit simulation. In this blog post we will investigate how logic gates are used to create the RAM (primary memory), in other words how logic gates can be used to store volatile. The value of the propagation delay varies from gate to gate and from logic family to family. Also it include the. Copy of Online simulator. In this work, ﬁrst it is analysed how the RPDEVS models of logic gates differ from the corresponding PDEVS models. How do you make a NAND gate out of an AND gate using inverters (NOT gates)? Invert the output from the AND gate; Invert both the inputs to the AND gate; Invert one of the inputs to the AND gate; Invert both the inputs and output of the AND gate; 6. It allows you to test your PLC ladder diagram without the need to purchase any PLC hardware. For any input combination only one of the outputs is low and all others. You can use the search feature in TINA-TI to find the logic gates. Montgomery County Community College - Central Campus 340 DeKalb Pike, Blue Bell, PA 19422 215-641-6300. Repeat ad infinitum. Thus, a designer can define a hardware model in terms of switches, gates, RTL, or behavioral code. Partially suspended for software development. With in-game circuit builder you can create your own electronic circuits and test your skills!. Even the most complex circuit contains some combination of these three functions, and can be reduced to them in the final analysis. Here’s a screen shot of the simulations. Its advanced simulation engine can handle both analog and digital circuits and features realtime always-on analysis. NOT Gate 10 7. With massively parallel architecture and adaptive proof technology, the Conformal Smart LEC delivers dramatic turnaround time improvements in equivalence checking by over 20X for RTL-to-gate comparisons. Simulation is solely done on the digital level. The simulator will also reconize a STEPSTOP command. This free program is a product of Brad-Ware Studios. 1 Karnaugh Map 4. You can generate square waves using two nand gates connecting together. This is a Logic Gate Simulation Application. instruction including using online tools for logic circuit visualization, applying Multisim for transition to hands-on breadboard hardware experiments, running simulation in Moldelsim and prototyping the digital circuit design using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device. The circuit is a combination of logic gates, SR flip flops and an oscillator. B 0 1 A’ NOT AND; OR gates may have any # of inputs AND Å1 if all inputs are 1; 0 other wise. EasySim features EasySim provides everything that you need to design and simulate the operation of digital electronic circuits. Create amazing logic circuits consisting of logic gates, flip-flops and hardware sensors of your smartphone. Long ago I wanted to make a simple simulator, which can simulate logic gates with the simplest rules. We're the ideal introduction to Autodesk, the leader in 3D design, engineering and entertainment software. The pluggable logic modules pair with our slim 6. curriculum-key-fact. The most popular versions of the software 1. Sorry to break it to you folks, but the simulator numerically approximates models of components that are also approximate. Hence, the GL-netlist-based power aware simulation (PA-SIM) input requirements are mostly the same as for RTL simulation. Engineering is a brand new topic on Academo. Logic Gates Tags. Even the most complex circuit contains some combination of these three functions, and can be reduced to them in the final analysis. Views 2491. 9 ★, 10,000+ downloads) → Simulator for PLC,Ladder Logic,Ladder Circuit and Ladder Diagram PLC Simulator is a free application. Combinational Logic Circuit Design comprises the following steps From the design specification, obtain the truth table From the truth table, derive the Sum of Products Boolean Expression. After you have run the TLServer on a PC that is connected to either a LAN or the Internet, you can execute the ladder logic editor program from any other. To connect the circuit, click on the nodes and drag to next element's node. The basic digital electronic circuit that has one or more inputs and single output is known as Logic gate. TYPES OF SIMULATION CIRCUITS, METHODS & ANALYSIS Types Of Simulation Circuits. Note: Further Logisim development is suspended indefinitely. There are also different sensors like proximity sensor, light sensor and much more. Using PLC Fiddle I’ve put together a set of logic gate simulations linked here. Figure 2. Students will also use truth tables to to visually represent the inputs and outputs for a given logic operation. Logic Gate Simulator / Screenshots Logic Gate Simulator / Description This is a Logic Gate Simulation Application. ECEL 301 - Lab1. Second it shows off object oriented programming well, especially the power of inheritance. It operates as a compiler, compiling source code written in Verilog (IEEE-1364) into some target format. The look, feel and operation of LogixPro's ladder rung editor so closely mimics Rockwell's world renown PLC editing software, that many need a second look to be sure whose editor they're using. 6 Lab 2: Overview of PLC Logic Simulation & Silo process example CISE 313: Automation Devices and Electronics Page 6 LAB 2: OVERVIEW OF PLC LOGIC SIMULATION & SILO PROCESS EXAMPLE Overview: The name of the simulator is “The logixpro 500 Simulator”. Solve a series of tasks where you build increasingly powerful components. Based on these results, we expect Xcelium can enhance our ability to deliver the most complex SoCs in a fast and highly reliable way. Now, let us go back to the so called AND-gate. Finally real logic circuits built with electronic components are the basis for computer hardware. Riccardo Bianchi Properties item in gate context menu is now disabled when gate has no properties The Switch element can now be configured to be a traditional toggle button or a click button, which ist only on as long as the mouse button is held down. To learn about the Hodgkin-Huxley equations, see: Channeling with Bard, an online tutorial by G. The simplest logic gate is a NOT. I made an NAND (the and gates are there because there are no 3 input NANDS) based 8 bit primary number detector. Online Physics Demos - ScienceDemos. The green color indicates positive voltage. Whereas, Seven segment display is an electronic device which consists of seven Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) arranged in a some definite pattern (common cathode or common anode type), which is used to display Hexadecimal numerals (in this case decimal numbers,as input is BCD i. This background will set the stage for Project 1, in which you will build, simulate, and test 15 elementary logic gates. TOPIC 4: Boolean Expression. It is the perfect companion to students, hobbyists, and engineers. Download APK (11. Complete Notes and Test Papers for digital electronics and computer basics covers all basic concepts of Digital Electronics, Logic Gates, Circuits, Logic Families, Transistor, Computer Fundamentals, Fundamentals of Electronics, Digital Knowledge,. E-Logic Trainer Kit : Development of an Electronic Educational Simulator and Quiz Kit for Logic Gate Combinational Circuit by using Arduino as Application To supplement conventional teaching methods, use of new technology have recently being adapted in the current education system. Logic Gates. Copy of Online simulator. Montgomery County Community College - West Campus 101 College Drive, Pottstown, PA 19464 610-718-1800. level of logic gates. Download and play these top free PC Games,Laptop Games,Desktop Games and Windows Games. Moorby, and G. The Boolean expression is written as Q = A AND B. All circuits are already loaded since they're part of the source code. Let us suppose that a logic network has 2 inputs A and B. The software is called the LogixPro 500 Simulator and it emulates the Allen-Bradley PLC/SLC style of control logic. [Manuel J Bellido; Jorge Juan Chico; Manuel Valencia] -- This book provides the reader with an extensive background in the field of logic-timing simulation and delay modeling. Also it include the details about what is a logic and what are Logic gates. Learn how to use the vivado simulator, configure simulation settings, and run the waveform viewer. A ladder logic simulator is a software application that lets you simulate the operation of a PLC ladder diagram with a personal computer, mobile phone or tablet. Two types of seven segment LED display:. The device operation is based on altering the resonance frequency of the beam using DC digital inputs. About file types supported by Logic Gate Simulator. A line styled icon from Orion Icon Library.
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# Probing anomalous $t\bar t Z$ interactions with rare meson decays

Brod, Joachim; Greljo, Admir; Stamou, Emmanuel; Uttayarat, Patipan (2015). Probing anomalous $t\bar t Z$ interactions with rare meson decays. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2015(2):141.

## Abstract

Anomalous couplings of the $Z$ boson to top quarks are only marginally constrained by direct searches and are still sensitive to new particle dynamics at the TeV scale. Employing an effective field theory approach we consider the dimension-six operators which generate deviations from the standard-model vector and axial-vector interactions. We show that rare $B$ and $K$ meson decays together with electroweak precision observables provide strong constraints on these couplings. We also consider constraints from t-channel single-top production.

Anomalous couplings of the $Z$ boson to top quarks are only marginally constrained by direct searches and are still sensitive to new particle dynamics at the TeV scale. Employing an effective field theory approach we consider the dimension-six operators which generate deviations from the standard-model vector and axial-vector interactions. We show that rare $B$ and $K$ meson decays together with electroweak precision observables provide strong constraints on these couplings. We also consider constraints from t-channel single-top production.

## Citations

9 citations in Web of Science®
3 citations in Scopus®

## Altmetrics

Detailed statistics

Item Type: Journal Article, refereed, original work 07 Faculty of Science > Physics Institute 530 Physics English 2015 16 Feb 2016 13:28 05 Apr 2016 20:03 Springer 1029-8479 Publisher DOI. An embargo period may apply. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP02(2015)141 http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.0792
Permanent URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-121538

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# Easiest as Expected Solid Geometry!!!

Geometry Level pending

The area of an equilateral triangle is equal to its perimeter. Find the length of its side.

×


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# I Chain rule and change of variables again

1. Jan 11, 2017

### jonjacson

d2y/dx2

And we want to consider x as function of y instead of y as function of x.

I understand this equality:

dy/dx = 1/ (dx/dy)

But for the second order this equality is provided:

d2y/dx2 =- d2x/dy2 / (dx/dy)3

Does anybody understand where is it coming from? The cubic term in the denominator looks quite strange, I don't know how to understand that equation.

ANy help is welcome.

2. Jan 11, 2017

### Staff: Mentor

Write your second equation above as $dy/dx = (dx/dy)^{-1}$
Now take the derivative with respect to x of both sides:
$d^2y/dx^2 = (-1) (dx/dy)^{-2} \cdot d/dx(dx/dy)$
On the right side above, I'm using the chain rule.
Is that enough of a start?

3. Jan 11, 2017

### jonjacson

It looks like a great start but I have a question.

If we have x as function of y, dx/dy will be a function of y too, WHat is the meaning of deriving this respect to x?
X is the independent variable now, Does it make sense to differenciate a function respect itself?

Maybe I am confused and I should go to bed.

4. Jan 11, 2017

### Staff: Mentor

You can differentiate it with respect to x (not derive it).
No, if x is a function of y, x is the dependent variable, and y is the independent variable.
In the last part of what I wrote I have $d/dx(dx/dy)$. That's the same as $\frac d {dy} \left(\frac {dx}{dy} \right)\cdot \frac{dy}{dx}$, with the chain rule being applied once more.


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Let’s have a Math-Theology Bookclub!

Let’s have a Math-Theology Bookclub! January 3, 2013

Guys, my life is really really wonderful right now.  I just found out about the existence of Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity, and my cup runneth over.  Here’s an excerpt from the review in The New Republic.

The Name Worshippers of Mount Athos had been shut down. What mattered most were the defiant interruptions to the angry sermon of Archbishop Nikon of Vologda, who had marched into the monastery courtyard behind the troops. “You mistakenly believe that names are the same as God,” his voice trembled. “But I tell you that names, even of divine beings, are not God themselves.” Corralled, water-drenched, their arms twisted violently behind their backs, the monks would not be silenced. “Imia Bozhie est’ sam Bog!” some of them were clearly heard shouting, their eyes alight. “The Name of God is God!”

…Throwing himself into set theory back in Moscow, Luzin maintained strong ties with Florensky, and here is where the escapades of the monks of the Aegean return to our story. It is not clear precisely when both men first learned of Name Worshipping, but already in 1906 they enjoyed calling each other by names other than their own. When news of the rebellion on Mount Athos reached Russia in 1913, Florensky spoke up publicly in its favor, and befriended monks who had endured firsthand the navy’s brutal attack on St. Pantaleimon. Soon two worlds were becoming entwined. Lebesgue had asked whether a mathematical object could exist without defining (meaning naming) it, and now the answer was becoming clear. Just as naming God via glossolalian repetition was a religious act that brought the deity into existence, so naming sets via increasingly recursive definitions was a mathematical act that conferred a reality in the world of numbers. Cantor and before him the ancient Neoplatonists had shown the way, but this was only the beginning. Infused with mysticism, Florensky believed, new forms of mathematics and religion were being born, ones that by rejecting determinism would rescue mankind from catastrophe. In both cases—God and infinity—the key to bringing abstractions into reality was bestowing upon them a name.

Here are some things I love:

1. Math
2. Philosophy
3. Theology
4. Intellectual history of any of the above
5. Heavy focus of the powers of words and names (cf all fairy tales, Diane Duane’s Young Wizards series)
6. Arguing with all y’all

(Also Stephen Sondheim, but he’s not as immediately relevant here).

A copy of Naming Infinity is winging it’s way to me, and I’d like to invite commenters here to read along at home and contribute posts and comments in February.  I’m hoping this can be like last summer’s Sondheim Symposium, where some of you watched Company and Passion with me, and contributed posts with enough context to let everyone follow along.

I’m going to try and hassle some of my offline friends into doing this, and if you’re interested in reading and posting along, please email me (leahDOTlibrescoATgmailDOTcom) and sound off in the comments.

BONUS: Since we don’t all have copies of the book yet, let’s still do some fun math reading today and check out Scott Aaronson’s essay “Who can name the bigger number?”  Here’s a teaser:

To introduce a talk on “Big Numbers,” I invite two audience volunteers to try exactly this. I tell them the rules:

You have fifteen seconds. Using standard math notation, English words, or both, name a single whole number—not an infinity—on a blank index card. Be precise enough for any reasonable modern mathematician to determine exactly what number you’ve named, by consulting only your card and, if necessary, the published literature.

…Place value, exponentials, stacked exponentials: each can express boundlessly big numbers, and in this sense they’re all equivalent. But the notational systems differ dramatically in the numbers they can express concisely. That’s what the fifteen-second time limit illustrates. It takes the same amount of time to write 9999, 9999, and $9^{9^{9^9}}$ yet the first number is quotidian, the second astronomical, and the third hyper-mega astronomical. The key to the biggest number contest is not swift penmanship, but rather a potent paradigm for concisely capturing the gargantuan.

Such paradigms are historical rarities. We find a flurry in antiquity, another flurry in the twentieth century, and nothing much in between. But when a new way to express big numbers concisely does emerge, it’s often a byproduct of a major scientific revolution: systematized mathematics, formal logic, computer science. Revolutions this momentous, as any Kuhnian could tell you, only happen under the right social conditions. Thus is the story of big numbers a story of human progress.

DOUBLE BONUS: Today is the Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus, which is incredibly apropos for the inception of this bookclub.  If you’re interested, you may want to pray the Litany of the Holy Name of Jesus.

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# Can I run a GA to optimize wavelet transform?

I am running a wavelet transform (cmor) to estimate damping and frequencies that exists in a signal.cmor has 2 parameters that I can change them to get more accurate results. center frequency(Fc) and bandwidth frequency(Fb). If I construct a signal with few freqs and damping then I can measure the error of my estimation(fig 2). but in actual case I have a signal and I don't know its freqs and dampings so I can't measure the error.so a friend in here suggested me to reconstruct the signal and find error by measuring the difference between the original and reconstructed signal e(t)=|x(t)−x^(t)|. so my question is:
Does anyone know a better function to find the error between reconstructed and original signal,rather than e(t)=|x(t)−x^(t)|.
can I use GA to search for Fb and Fc? or do you know a better search method?
Hope this picture shows what I mean, the actual case is last one. others are for explanations

• I think GA is not a suitable optimization algorithm for this problem. GA is mostly used when parameters to be optimized are a lot and when the objective function varies in a way which is not able to be tracked. I suggest you to use Wavelets with high accuracy. Sep 1, 2013 at 19:18
• @MahdiKhosravi hi, thanks for your answer. what is " Wavelets with high accuracy"? a new wavelet type or what?
– SAH
Sep 1, 2013 at 19:55
• I mean use Wavelets with higher resolution to get results with more accuracy. Sep 1, 2013 at 20:35
• @MahdiKhosravi I've done that already and the estimated parameters are accurate enough.But in this post I wanted to ask how can I optimize fc and fb(resolution) with another algorithm.
– SAH
Sep 2, 2013 at 7:28
• $e(t) = |x(t) - \hat x(t)|$. I don't have any better idea. Sep 2, 2013 at 13:08


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# Least cardinality of a set of points in the plane

What is the least possible cardinality $K$, of a set S of points in the plane, such that there exists a point P in the plane and an open ball B centered at P, such that for all points X in B, not all the euclidean distances from X to points of S are rational?

Can we do better then $3\leq K \leq 2^{\aleph_0}$?

What can be said about K if all the points of S must be at integer distance from eachother, can it be proved to be finite?

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Three points suffice. Take $S′=\{(0,0),(1,0)\}$. Then any point with algebraic distances to $S'$ has algebraic coordinates (it lies on the intersection of circles with algebraic coefficients). Let $S=S'\cup\{(x,y)\}$, where $1,x,y$ are algebraically independent over $\mathbb{Q}$. –  Boris Bukh Mar 7 '12 at 14:07
Is there any set of three points that does not have this property? –  Emil Jeřábek Mar 7 '12 at 15:45
@Emil Right, for the second question we have $4\leq K$, atleast if they are not colinear. –  Holowitz Mar 7 '12 at 16:01
@Emil: Yes. If each of the sides of a triangle has rational length, then the set of points at rational distance from all three of its vertices is dense in the plane. –  Tony Huynh Mar 7 '12 at 16:10
@Tony: I can’t say I see this. Is there a simple argument I am missing? –  Emil Jeřábek Mar 7 '12 at 16:37

As Boris Bukh points out, three points suffice, but I'd like to point out that your question is related to this MO question.

Here is a summary of the information in the previous question. For the second part of your question, the author (me) conjectures that for any finite set $S$ with all rational distances, no such point $P$ exists. As I noted in the comments, this is true when $|S|=3$, proven by Almering.

It is not known if there is a point with all rational distances to the unit square. However, it is known that there are no points at rational distance from all vertices of a regular $n$-gon, except perhaps when $n=4,6,8,12,24$.

Some more tangential remarks are that it is not known if there is a dense set of points in the plane with all distances rational, although it is conjectured that there is none.

Even more tangential, it is not known if every planar graph can be straight-line embedded in the plane with all edges having rational length, although it is conjectured to be true.

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# electronic partition function degeneracy

## electronic partition function degeneracybest employee engagement certification

To calculate the activation energy one can either use the barrier height as E A or In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. In statistical mechanics, the partition function Z is an important quantity that encodes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium.It is a function of temperature and other parameters, such as the volume enclosing a gas.

The electronic partition function This is the value of the rotational partition function for unsymmetrical linear molecules (for example, heteronuclear diatomic molecules).Using this Textbook solution for Atkins' Physical Chemistry 11th Edition ATKINS Chapter 13 Problem 13B.5P. Pages 5 This preview shows page 2 - 3 out of 5 pages.

The NO molecule has a doubly degenerate excited electronic level 121.1 cm 1 above the doubly degenerate electronic ground term. What is the equipartition theorem? We can relate the partition function Q back to our equilibrium constant K (and ultimately of excited states. In the case of degenerate energy levels, we can write the partition function in terms of the contribution from energy levels (indexed by j) as follows: where gj is the degeneracy factor, or But when considering the partition function for $\ce{Na2(g)}$. Using the fact that both (r) and v xc (r) decay as 1/r at large distances away from the system, and using the usual convention of taking v(r) and v eff (r) to vanish at infinity, one finds that Eq. (44), gei(T ) is the ratio of transition state and reactant electronic partition functions [31] and the rotational degeneracy factor = (2ji + l)(2/2 + 1) for heteronuclear diatomics, and will Example Partition Function: Uniform Ladder Because the partition function for the uniform ladder of energy levels is given by: then the Boltzmann distribution for the populations in this system is: Fig. In the framework of Boltzmann statistics, we have revisited the 2 expansion of the partition function and of the free energy by using simple calculations. The molecular partition q function is written as the product of electronic, vibrational, rotational and partition functions. Why is this theorem inherently Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The sum over all possible quantum states i accessible to the system is defined as the partition function Q, given by eEkTi / Qgi = 3.8. 17.2 THE MOLECULAR PARTITION FUNCTION 591 We have already seen that U U(0) =3 2 nRT for a gas of independent particles (eqn 16.32a), and have just shown that pV =nRT.Therefore, for such a gas, H H(0) =5 2 nRT (17.5) (d) The Gibbs energy One of the most important thermodynamic functions for chemistry is the Gibbs In this paper we continued our research of the uniform electron gas in a warm dense matter regime, focusing on the momentum distribution functions and pair correlation functions. For example, for a classical partition function with a TN structure of bond dimension on a square lattice, the second renormalization group method has a cost of O( 10) 73. Electronic Partition Function If we

2e 2=k BT + where !is the degeneracy of the energy level, n is the energy of the n-th level. A cascade of changes in the electronic properties of MATBG are observed in spectra measured at the centre of each AA site as a function of V g (Fig. For finite temperature, these singularities feature in the partition function as is discussed explicitly in . The electronic partition function becomes just (24.7.2) z e = g 1 e x p ( e, 1 / k T) The ground-state degeneracy, g 1, is one for most molecules. For unusual molecules the ground-state degeneracy can be greater; for molecules with one unpaired electron, it is two. Recently, we developed a Monte Carlo technique (an energy Partition functions are functions of the thermodynamic state variables, such as the However, noting that whenever there is degeneracy, sum of the terms in the sum will be the same, we can rewrite the partition function as a sum over levels The degeneracy factor is precisely what counts the number of terms in the sum that have the same energy. number is indicated by the spin-degeneracy (2 1)S + . Arguments in favour: Given enough time, the system will explore all the accessible states. Why is the electronic partition function generally equal to the degeneracy of the ground electronic state? 4.8]: q e = ! Let us now evaluate the electronic partition The frequency is written as and m is a reduced mass, . At very low T, where q 1, only the lowest state is significantly populated. Both the ground and excited electronic states are 1.2 Relativisitic complete degeneracy In the relativistic particle, the momentum is described by p= m 0v h 1 (v c) 2 i1 2, so v= p=m 0 [1+(p=m 0c) 2] 1. A general method for finding all electronic degeneracies lying on the ground-state potential surface of a molecular system is proposed. TABLE 2. there are n2 states with the energy given by (2). Solution for Nitric oxide, NO, has two low-lying electronic states. (a) The energy levels are B, and so the partition function for one spin, z, is given by z = eB +eB = 2cosh(B). Partition function: rotational translational, vibrational and electronic partition functions for diatomic molecules : cal- Nested tensor network The equation: Where Z is the partition function: The g_n is the degeneracy, which happens to be n^2 for the hydrogen atom (neglecting small effects which are not crucial here). partition of degenerate spaces and ground state of c. The energy of the ground state is set to zero. I understand that partition functions are used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the system such as Gibbs free energy. By convention the ground electronic state energy By neglecting 1 in The actual energy separations and degeneracies are different for each system, and a partition function must be written to reflect the energy levels of the particular atom or molecule. Teacher multiplied by another term which I don't understand. degeneracy temperature 671 degenerate Fermi liquid 662 denatured protein 396 ctitious electronic degrees of freedom 252 ctitious electronic mass 251,254 ctitious kinetic energy 252 partition function 15,42,670 path 46 path ensemble 354,419 Path Integral Monte Carlo 670 The method is based on the idea that the The electronic partition function is simply the sum over all electmnic states, j: get = C gie-rj/kT (1) j The statement is usually made that for most systems the energies of all The frequency is written as and m is a reduced mass, . The probabilities of the +1 and 1 states are given by P1 = eB z, P1 = eB z, and hence the magnetization per spin is given by m = tanh(B), (1) and the total magnetization is M = Ntanh(B). We describe a model systema thermodynamic state machine networkcomprising a network of probabilistic, stateful automata that equilibrate according to Boltzmann statistics, exchange codes over unweighted bi-directional edges, update a state transition memory to learn transitions between network ground states, and minimize an action associated with fluctuation trajectories. You can ask !. level degeneracies, this partition function reads At normal (room) temperatures, corresponding to energies of the order of kT = 25 meV, which are smaller than electronic ener-gies ( 10 eV) by a The spectrum remains unaffected by singularities in the region of the normal phase while it is strongly affected around the critical point.

Earn . If there is only one electronic ground state qE = 1, the partition function of a diatomic gas, The Electronic Partition Function for Atoms or Ions Atoms (especially in the plasma) can exist in a number of electronically excited states, in addition to the ground state. Calculate the electronic partition function for a bromine atom at 1000 and 10,000 Kelvin. School University of Manchester; Course Title MACE 20035; Uploaded By CommodoreDugong1147. What is the grand partition function? Grand canonical partition function. Classical Mechanics properties that depend on the electronic partition functions are calculated and compared with results obtained in preceding work. The number of different spin-pairing arrangements (anchors) that can be constructed Canonical partition function: replace {P i} by Q 4 Microcanonical ensemble: replace {P i} by , Q vs. 5 Molecular partition function: replace E (assembly) by (molecule) 6 Q corrected for We have step-by-step solutions for your textbooks written by Bartleby experts! 4.1.3). Electronic Partition Function. It is the product of the vibrational, rotational and translational partition functions: 8) Why is the electronic partition function generally equal to the degeneracy of the ground electronic state? above this one with a degeneracy of 2 Calculate its electronic partition. Statistical ensembles; partition function; classical ideal gas, harmonic oscillators; Classical and quantum statistics; Fermi and Bose gases; black body radiation; statistics of paramagnetism Electronics Basics Of semiconductor; p-n junctions, diodes, transistors; I-CR circuits, rectifiers, amplifiers, active filters and oscillators; Molecular Partition Function Edit. In the case of degenerate energy levels, we can write the partition function in terms of the contribution from energy levels (indexed by j) as follows: where gj is the degeneracy factor, or number of quantum states s that have the same energy level defined by Ej = Es . BT) partition function is called the partition function, and it is the central object in the canonical ensemble. Gaussian assumes that the rst electronic excitation energy is much greater than k BT. The story is not quite complete yet, because the true Hamiltonian also includes the spin- Boltzmann and Partition Function Examples These are the examples to be used along with the powerpoint lecture slides. Shapes of polyatomic molecules; VSEPR, degeneracy, harmonic oscil-lator, rigid rotator and the hydrogen atom. In quantum mechanics, an energy level is degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. Thus, the electronic partition function can usually be approximated as the ground state degeneracy of the atom or molecule. With this set of energy levels, the electronic partition function is given by Z elect = 5 + 3 exp ( 157.4 h c k T ) + exp ( 226.1 h c k T ) + 5 exp ( 15807 h c k T ) + exp ( 33662 h c k T ) 1e 1=k BT + ! The energy levels and degeneracy is given by . Students also viewed these Sciences questions Evaluate the electronic 2.2 Contributions from electronic motion The usual electronic partition function is [McQuarrie, x4-2, Eq. The electronic partition function is, as before, expressed as .

A general method for finding all electronic degeneracies lying on the ground-state potential surface of a molecular system is proposed. If electron spin is not considered, the degeneracy of each level is simply n2, i.e. The partition function is given by equation 29, where i and g i are the excitation energies (spectroscopic T 0) and degeneracies of the excited states, g 0 and 0 0 are for the ground state, and the sum runs over all the electronic states being considered, including the ground state. The end result is to evaluate the rate constant and the activation energy in the equation We can use computational software packages such as Cerius 2 or Spartan to calculate the partition functions of the transition state and to get the vibrational frequencies of the reactant and product molecules. The lowest electronic state has a degeneracy of 2. The partition function in the high temperature limit is given by . Let us now evaluate the electronic partition function of iii. The partition function is a sum over states (of course with the 3.1.4 The Electronic Partition Function. Chapter 13: section 13.6 (electronic spectra); section 13.7 (Franck-Condon) Chapter 15: section 15.1 (overview of electronic spectroscopy) page 693: partition function section 17-2: Boltzmann factor section 18-4: population of vibrational energy levels section 18-5: population of rotational energy levels Textbook problems 18-10, 18-17, 18-18, 18-37 With these consideration the electronic partition function for a 0e 0=k BT + ! q E all electronic states exp[ Ej ] all electronic energies g j exp[ Ej ] g 0 exp[ 0E ] =g0 =gE where, gE = g0 is the degeneracy of the electronic ground state, and the ground state energy 0E is set to zero. Writing the electronic energy as E 1, E 2, E 3,with degeneracies g 1, g 2, g 3,the electronic partition function is given by (3.23) Usually, E 1 << E 2 or E 3. The electronic partition function for atoms has the form gelec = gne-en/kp?, where gn is the degeneracy of the nth n = 1 electronic state. By inserting Eqs. The term for any higher energy level is insignificant compared to the term for the ground state. The electronic partition function becomes just The ground-state degeneracy, g 1, is one for most molecules. For unusual molecules the ground-state degeneracy can be greater; for molecules with one unpaired electron, it is two. The so-called atomic term symbol (without spin-orbit coupling) indicates a particular energy eigenvalue and is indicated as (2 1)S+ L, e.g. 27. As usually adopted in statistical mechanics In Eq. In most of these cases in 4.10 ELECTRONIC PARTITION FUNCTION Many monatomic substances as well as a few polyatomic molecules, possess multiple electronic ground state. (44), gei(T ) is the ratio of transition state and reactant electronic partition functions [31] and the rotational degeneracy factor = (2ji + l)(2/2 + 1) for heteronuclear diatomics, and will also include nuclear spin considerations in the case of homonuclear diatomics. 9) What is q Total, and how is it constructed using the partition functions for Partition function translational 2.1 1029 electronic rotational vibrational Diatomic vs. Polyatomic Influence on Heat Capacity Quick review: Boltzmann (most important guy ever): or temperature in K and g is a statistical term to account for possible degeneracy, or different states. Note also that n starts at zero! physical-chemistry statistical-mechanics. We use the single–momentum path integral Monte Carlo method, based on the Wigner formulation of quantum statistics to calculate both momentum- and coordinate-depending distributions The electronic partition function, Q elec, is calculated at the user-specified electronic temperature, T elec, according to the energy levels and degeneracies provided by NISTs ASD. electronic configuration of homonuclear and heteronuclear di-atomic molecules. The general conclusion reached is that accurate In Eq. Since the vibrational and the rotational partition functions do not depend on the volume, only the translational and electronic parts of the partition function have to be taken into account here. The electronic partition function then reduces to the degeneracy of the ground state.

The degeneracy is always one in the case of diatomic molecules. Plug the velocity in and evaluate th integral, (19) reduces to a statement of the equality of the chemical potentials for the It is challenging to compute the partition function (Q) for systems with enormous configurational spaces, such as fluids. Ergodic hypothesis.

Note also that n starts at zero! Conical intersections occur whenever there is an electronic degeneracy. 2. The electronic partition function can be obtained by summing over electronic levels as for the atoms (see Sect. NO is a well-known example of a molecular system in which excited electronic energy levels are readily accessible at room temperature. Because of the spin angular momentum the degeneracy is doubled and for single electron atoms is 2 2 gnn . Above this one with a degeneracy of 2 calculate its. Hence, in most cases, e l T applies, only the electronic ground state is accessible, We considered that the energy gap between the first and higher excited states is greater than k B T; consequently, the electronic partition function q = q elec is given by q elec = 0. q r o t, q r o t n l, and q = q were used to compute the internal energy (U), and entropy (S) contributions given in Table 2. The molecular partition function, q, is the total number of states accessible to the atom or molecule. Earn Free Access Learn More > Upload Documents Developments over the past decades have established that coupling of electronic and nuclear motion is a generic feature in polyatomic molecular systems which causes a breakdown of the BornOppenheimer approximation. Characteristic electronic temperatures are usually of the order of several thousand Kelvin. See table 17.1. Such a coupling leads to conical intersections in non-linear and glancing degeneracy in linear polyatomic systems. Then it seems to me that there are two different ways to take this degeneracy into account: (1) Replace by , where is the degeneracy of energy level , and where the index ranges (b) Find the total Conversely, two or more different states of a To recap, our answer for the equilibrium probability distribution at xed temperature is: p(fp 1;q 1g) = 1 Z e H 1(fp 1;q 1g)=(k BT) Boltzmann distribution We above this one with a degeneracy of 2 Calculate its electronic partition. there are n2 states with the energy given by (2). Measuring energy However, it is unclear whether this network degeneracy is beneficial, or merely a reflection of tighter regulation of overall network performance relative to individual neuronal properties. The classical mechanical equivalent of the above quantum Boltzmann population The second state lies the equivalent of (Z is for Zustandssumme, German for state sum.) (a) Find the partition function Z of the system.

15B.4 shows schematically how p i varies with temperature. The partition 2. The method is based on the idea that the spin pairing of the valence electrons is the major factor determining the topology of the potential surface. Rotational temperature R Electronic Partition Function =g0 =gE where, gE = g0 is the degeneracy of the electronic ground state, and the ground state energy 0E is set to zero. The problems are numbered to match the tags in the the lower left order linear differential equations and solutions involving special functions; complex analysis: Cauchy-Riemann conditions, Cauchy's theorem, singularities, residue theorem and applications; Laplace transform, Fourier analysis; elementary ideas about tensors: covariant and contravariant tensors. tion functions. Above this one with a degeneracy of 2 calculate its. degeneracy of the jth state, and the denominator Q is the so-called partition function: Q = j j exp(- E j /kT).

It is related to the complete partition function by (2) where ()' is the usual symmetry number required if some of the atoms are symmetrically equivalent; Qe is the electronic partition 13 2DPS,,, that have degeneracy 5, 9 and 2 respectively. Interestingly, the work function of a metal surface is equal to that of the KohnSham system. The electronic partition function is, as before, expressed as Here we assume that only the ground electronic state contributes, and notice the zero of the energy is given at the bottom of the well and Deis the dissociation energy. Vibrational Partition Functions Problem 5 Easy Difficulty (a) Calculate the electronic partition function of a tellurium atom at (i) $298 \mathrm{K}$ , (ii) $5000 \mathrm{K}$ by direct summation using the following data:. Partition function ( )--= = i res res i res i res i Z e Z e p b e b e b b e ( ) ( ) February 05 Lecture 3 2 Equal a-priori probability (that is, to the quantum-mechanical degeneracy).


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# [pmwiki-users] Triad Skin - Changing the Title Bar

Pico pmwiki at ben-amotz.com
Wed Sep 13 14:47:25 CDT 2006

```Pierre Racine <Pierre.Racine <at> sbf.ulaval.ca> writes:
>
> I could not find any Site.TitleBar page... Either in the base wikilib.d
> folder, nor in the pub\skins\triad\wikilib.d. Where will it be after I try
>
> Thanks a lot.
>
[snip]
> > Pierre Racine wrote:
> > > How can I change the TitleBar?
[snip]

I don't believe that Triad uses a Site.TitleBar page for the title.  What I do
is turn off the title (:notitle:) and put the markup in one of the pages that


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# Molecular Modeling

## Qualitative MO theory: Molecular orbitals for any system

The oxygen molecule is an example of a diatomic homonuclear molecule, the atomic orbitals are mixed to the molecular orbitals.

The orbital interaction diagram is shown below:

The s atomic orbitals are mixed to form bonding (σ) and antibonding (σ *) σ molecular orbitals. If one takes the x-axis as the bond axis, then the $px$-Orbitals also mixed to σ-molecular orbitals. the$py$ and $pz$-Atomorbitals become π-molecular orbitals when mixed.


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Journal article Open Access

Selecting effective colors for high-visibility safety apparel

Achilleas Mina; Antreas Lanitis; Pavlos Alexandros Dimitriou; Harris Partaourides; Pericles Pericleous

Citation Style Language JSON Export

{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104978",
"language": "eng",
"title": "Selecting effective colors for high-visibility safety apparel",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2021,
3,
2
]
]
},
"abstract": "
The proper use of high-visibility safety apparel (HVSA) increases conspicuity and reduces accident rates. The main factor affecting daytime conspicuity is the color contrast between HVSA and the ambient background environment. Selecting HVSA without considering their contrast to the worksite environment may result in unsafe situations where HVSA not only fail to provide the desired conspicuity but also act as camouflage. One such situation is the use of red HVSA on oil tankers with brown decks. This paper presents a methodology for selecting the most effective HVSA color for a particular worksite. Using image analysis techniques, we can assess the contrast between a set of high-visibility colors and the colors present at a worksite in order to determine the
\nmost effective HVSA color for the particular site. The methodology was experimentally validated with the help of 50 volunteers and the use of a purpose-built validation software. Results showed a 27% reduction in the time required to detect workers when the color of their HVSA was changed to match the color determined as per the proposed methodology.
",
"author": [
{
"family": "Achilleas Mina"
},
{
"family": "Antreas Lanitis"
},
{
"family": "Pavlos Alexandros Dimitriou"
},
{
"family": "Harris Partaourides"
},
{
"family": "Pericles Pericleous"
}
],
"note": "This work has been partly supported by the project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 739578 (RISE \u2013 Call: H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2) and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for European Programmes, Coordination and Development.",
"version": "Published",
"type": "article-journal",
"id": "4573301"
}
35
51
views


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# Fourier series representation help

Discussion in 'Homework Help' started by fdsa, Jan 14, 2014.

1. ### fdsa Thread Starter New Member

Aug 16, 2011
9
0
I'm trying to find the fourier series representation of the following periodic function: $x(t)=cos(t)+sin(2t)+cos(3t-\frac{\pi}{3})$

So I've found:
$c_1 = c_{-1} = 1/2$
$c_2 = -\frac{j}{2}$
$c_{-2} = \frac{j}{2}$

$c_3 = \frac{1}{2}\times e^{-j\pi / 3}$
$c_{-3} =\frac{1}{2}\times e^{j\pi / 3}$

According to the solutions the answer is supposed to be:
$c_3 = c_{-3}= 1/2$

Did I do something wrong?

2. ### anhnha Well-Known Member

Apr 19, 2012
776
48
Here the formula of Fourier series:

$x(t) = \sum_{- \propto }^ \propto c_{n} e^{jn \omega _{0} t}$

And by using Euler formula:

$cos( \varphi ) = \frac{e^{j \varphi } + e^{-j \varphi }}{2}$

$sin( \varphi ) = \frac{e^{j \varphi } - e^{-j \varphi }}{2j}$

Now we can rewrite x(t) as follows:

$x(t) = \frac{e^{jt} + e^{-jt}}{2} + \frac{e^{j2t} - e^{-j2t}}{2j} + \frac{e^{j(3t - \frac{ \Pi }{3}) } + e^{-j(3t - \frac{ \Pi }{3} )}}{2}$

And according to that result, you are correct.

fdsa likes this.


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# Minimum variance hedge with more than one asset

My portfolio comprises of 3 assets A,B,C that are correlated and the variance-covariance structure is known. At any given point in time, my position in Asset A say is given to me.

I need to construct a variance minimizing hedge using both B and C, given this position in A.

Basically I am approaching the problem by directly constructing the Variance, as a function of say x and y, the positions in B and C, and minimizing the function by setting the partials w.r.t x and y to 0. This gives me 2 equations in x and y and I can solve them for x and y.

My question is that, is this approach sound? What notion of risk is this really minimizing? I did not explicitly construct a risk model here?

-

If the variances are known to be $\sigma_0$, $\sigma_1$ and $\sigma_2$ and the correlations are $\rho_{01}$, $\rho_{02}$ and $\rho_{12}$ then you can do exactly as you suggest - write down the variance of the total portfolio as a function of your holdings $x_0$, $x_1$ and $x_2$ and set the partial derivatives with respect to $x_1$ and $x_2$ to zero. You end up with the following matrix equation

$$\left[ \begin{matrix} \sigma_1^2 && \rho_{12}\sigma_1\sigma_2 \\ \rho_{12}\sigma_1\sigma_2 && \sigma_2^2 \end{matrix} \right] \left[ \begin{matrix} x_1\\x_2 \end{matrix} \right] = \left[ \begin{matrix} \rho_{01}\sigma_1 \\ \rho_{o2}\sigma_2 \end{matrix} \right] \sigma_0 x_0$$

which you can solve by inverting the matrix, as long as $\rho_{12}\neq \pm 1$ (ie your hedging assets aren't perfectly correlated or anticorrelated).

As to whether this is sound - well, it depends what you mean by "sound". You are minimizing the total variance of your portfolio, conditional on you knowing the covariance matrix. That's about all you can say. Your "risk model" is a single dimension - you are saying that the only notion of risk that you care about is the total variance.

A full risk evaluation would need a procedure for determining the covariance matrix, and some level of backtesting to determine if your forecast risk after the hedge is a reflection of the true risk you would see if you were to hold this portfolio.

-
And then there's the risk that the future is 100% correlated with the future; i.e. that the past covariance holds for the future. I suppose this is the source of rebalancing. –  Phil H Oct 15 '12 at 14:33


text:
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Super Advisor

# Delay between failed logins

For Trusted mode, I believe that there's a flag in /tcb "default" file.

There doesn't appear to be anything in the "security" file that governs this for SMSE. Is this taken care of somewhere within PAM, and if so, where?

Thanks.

1 ACCEPTED SOLUTION
Frequent Advisor

## Re: Delay between failed logins

That's an interesting question. I was assuming that it was just an unconfigurable setting of the application in question--something set at compile time.

2 REPLIES
Frequent Advisor

## Re: Delay between failed logins

That's an interesting question. I was assuming that it was just an unconfigurable setting of the application in question--something set at compile time.

Highlighted
Super Advisor

## Re: Delay between failed logins

I believe that for PAM (used for SMSE), the built-in delay is 3 secs.

There must be some other method, perhaps using IPF?


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# How do you solve x/2=(3x)/4+5?

Jan 16, 2016

$\frac{x}{2} = \frac{3 x}{4} + 5$

Multiply both sides by $\textcolor{red}{4}$.

$\implies \textcolor{red}{4} \left(\frac{x}{2}\right) = \textcolor{red}{4} \left(\frac{3 x}{4} + 5\right)$

$\implies \textcolor{red}{4} \left(\frac{x}{2}\right) = \textcolor{red}{4} \cdot \frac{3 x}{4} + \textcolor{red}{4} \cdot 5$

$\implies 2 x = 3 x + 20$

Subtract $\textcolor{p u r p \le}{2 x}$ from both sides.

$\implies 2 x - \textcolor{p u r p \le}{2 x} = 3 x + 20 - \textcolor{p u r p \le}{2 x}$

$\implies 0 = x + 20$

Subtract $\textcolor{b l u e}{20}$ from both sides.

$\implies 0 - \textcolor{b l u e}{20} = x + 20 - \textcolor{b l u e}{20}$

$\implies - 20 = x$
$\implies x = - 20$


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# Question c06a7

Mar 24, 2016

Here's what's going on here.

#### Explanation:

Oleum is simply a saturated solution of sulfur trioxide, ${\text{SO}}_{3}$, dissolved in sulfuric acid, ${\text{H"_2"SO}}_{4}$.

You'll sometimes see this oleum referred to as disulfuric acid, ${\text{H"_2"S"_2"O}}_{7}$, or fuming sulfuric acid.

Oleum will always have a percentage of sulfuric acid that is greater than 100%. This happens because the percentage of sulfuric acid includes the mass of water needed to react with the dissolved sulfur trioxide to form sulfuric acid

${\text{SO"_text(3(aq]) + "H"_2"O"_text((l]) -> "H"_2"SO}}_{\textrm{4 \left(a q\right]}}$

In essence, the concentration of oleum tells you how much water must combine with the free sulfur trioxide present in $\text{100 g}$ of oleum in order to produce sulfuric acid.

Let's take, for example, a 10color(red)(5)% oleum solution. The percent concentration tells you that you need $\textcolor{red}{5} \textcolor{w h i t e}{a} \text{g}$ of water in order to react with all the free sulfur trioxide present in $\text{100 g}$ of this oleum sample to form $\text{105 g}$ of sulfuric acid.

Take a look at the above equation. Notice that one mole of sulfur trioxide will react with one mole of water to form one mole of sulfuric acid.

Use the molar masses of the three compounds to determine the ratio that exists between their masses.

${\text{For SO"_3: " "" "M_M ~~ "80 g mol}}^{- 1}$

${\text{For H"_2"O": " "" "M_M ~~ "18 g mol}}^{- 1}$

${\text{For H"_2"SO"_4:" " M_M ~~ "98 g mol}}^{- 1}$

So, this tells you that $\text{80 g}$ of sulfur trioxide reacts with $\text{18 g}$ of water to produce $\text{40 g}$ of sulfuric acid.

In this example, $\textcolor{red}{5}$ grams of water will react with

5 color(red)(cancel(color(black)("g water"))) * "80 g SO"_3/(18color(red)(cancel(color(black)("g water")))) = "22.22 g SO"_3

This means that $\text{100 g}$ of 105% oleum will contain $\text{22.22 g}$ of sulfur trixoide.

The percent of free sulfur trioxide will thus be $\text{22.2%}$.

Implicitly the percent of sulfuric acid in this oleum will be

"% H"_2"SO"_4 = 100 - 22.22 = 77.78%

Notice that this oleum solution will produce $\text{105 g}$ of sulfuric acid. If $\text{5 g}$ of water react with $\text{22.22 g}$ of sulfur trioxide, you will get

5color(red)(cancel(color(black)("g water"))) * ("98 g H"_2"SO"_4)/(18color(red)(cancel(color(black)("g water")))) = "27.22 g H"_2"SO"_4#

Since the $\text{100-g}$ sample of oleum contains $\text{77.78 g}$ of sulfuric acid, you will end up with

${\text{77.78 g " + " 27.22 g" = "105 g H"_2"SO}}_{4}$

So, as a conclusion, the percentage of free sulfur trioxide tells you much sulfur trioxide you get per $\text{100 g}$ of a given oleum solution.


text:
# How do I verify sin^2-sin^4=cos^2-cos^4?

##### 1 Answer
Mar 9, 2018

We're trying to prove ${\sin}^{2} x - {\sin}^{4} x = {\cos}^{2} x - {\cos}^{4} x$.

Start with the left side and manipulate it until it looks like the right side. First, factor out the ${\sin}^{2} x$ term, then use the Pythagorean identity:

${\sin}^{2} x + {\cos}^{2} x = 1$

Here are some alternative (but equivalent) identities:

${\sin}^{2} x = 1 - {\cos}^{2} x$

${\cos}^{2} x = 1 - {\sin}^{2} x$

Now, here's the actual proof:

$L H S = \textcolor{p u r p \le}{{\sin}^{2} x} - \textcolor{p u r p \le}{{\sin}^{4} x}$

$\textcolor{w h i t e}{L H S} = \textcolor{b l u e}{{\sin}^{2} x} \cdot \textcolor{red}{1} - \textcolor{b l u e}{{\sin}^{2} x} \cdot \textcolor{red}{{\sin}^{2} x}$

$\textcolor{w h i t e}{L H S} = \textcolor{b l u e}{{\sin}^{2} x} \left(\textcolor{red}{1 - {\sin}^{2} x}\right)$

$\textcolor{w h i t e}{L H S} = \textcolor{b l u e}{\left(1 - {\cos}^{2} x\right)} \left(\textcolor{red}{1 - {\sin}^{2} x}\right)$

$\textcolor{w h i t e}{L H S} = \textcolor{b l u e}{\left(1 - {\cos}^{2} x\right)} \left(\textcolor{red}{{\cos}^{2} x}\right)$

$\textcolor{w h i t e}{L H S} = \textcolor{b l u e}{\left(1 - {\cos}^{2} x\right)} \left(\textcolor{red}{{\cos}^{2} x}\right)$

$\textcolor{w h i t e}{L H S} = \textcolor{b l u e}{1} \cdot \textcolor{red}{{\cos}^{2} x} - \textcolor{b l u e}{{\cos}^{2} x} \cdot \textcolor{red}{{\cos}^{2} x}$

$\textcolor{w h i t e}{L H S} = \textcolor{p u r p \le}{{\cos}^{2} x} - \textcolor{p u r p \le}{{\cos}^{4} x}$

$\textcolor{w h i t e}{L H S} = R H S$


text:
# What is the percent change of 12 to 16?

Mar 21, 2018

$\frac{12 x}{100} = 16$
$x = \frac{16 \cdot 100}{12}$
$x = 133.33$
since change in percentage,so $133.33 - 100 = 33.33$