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What's New information on new releases

• August 14, 2013:  Release of MathToWeb Version 4.0.0.
[ released Aug 14, 2013 | revised Aug 24, 2013 | revised Sept 06, 2013 |
final revisions Jan 16, 2014 ]
Note:   Version 4.0.0 was revised extensively in the months following its initial release in August 2013 - due to user feedback. The final revisions were published Jan 16, 2014. If you downloaded MathToWeb ver 4.0.0 before this date, we advise you to download again, as a relatively large number of important corrections were written after the initial release.
This version has been in development so long, it's hard to know where to start. Its release is at least a year and a half behind schedule, its development has been fraught with delays, revisions, and several re-writes of the source code. However, it is my sincere hope that the advancments it contains will have been worth the wait. This is a major release. It is, without a doubt, the most important release of this program to date. For this version, almost all of the problems that characterized previous releases have been corrected, and a whole host of new improvements have been added to the program's repertoire.
There have been several highly significant contributors to this version, and in fact, the advancments that characterize it simply would not have come about without them. This release is dedicated to them and all the people who have helped by sending us feedback, reporting bugs and contributing new ideas. Their contributions are documented here, as well as in the souce code itself.
This program has been an extremely difficult one to write, but with version 4.0.0, I feel we've finally 'arrived' at what was envisioned at the outset of this program's development back in 2007, a vision that took so many years to get right. Not to say that we can't move forward from here. In fact, new ideas continue to come in, which means the program will continue to advance.
The list of the changes made for this version follow:
( Only the main changes to the program are described here. Hundreds of other small alterations were made for version 4.0.0, these are, for the most part, documented in the source code. )

The first important issue that was dealt with for version 4.0.0 was the correction of concurrency issues that were present when the program was being run in a server environment under load.
Many thanks to Bryan HendersonBYU Division of Continuing Education ) and the team at BYU for helping us through the re-write of the source code required to overcome this issue.

Performance issues, particularly with long equations, have finally been resolved for version 4.0.0.
For version 4.0.0, detailed time profiling was put in place in order to identify locations (in the source code) causing performance bottlenecks. This was a fruitful exercise. It led to the development of a new algorithm for skipping code that is of 'no interest' to the present conversion algorithm. This new algorithm worked extremely well and was written into every conversion function making up the program. Consequently, speed increases of up to one-hundred-fold were seen in some types of conversions. In general, the program performs its conversion far more quickly than ever before.
Performance issues were first identified by Nashi Power in the early days of the program's development, and brought to my attention again (for version 4.0.0) by Srinivasan Santhanam (April 30, 2013). I must give special thanks to Nashi Power who sent me a file called tough1.xml back in 2010. It contained a particularly long and difficult LaTeX equation. This file has been used as a benchmark test ever since, it has been immensely useful.

Massimiliano Margaronewww.smartlandproject.com ) at the smartlandproject was instrumental in suggesting the HTML numbering scheme, used prior to version 4.0.0, be replace with a pure XML one.
This affects math environments such as $$...$$, and in fact, all the dispaly environments. As of this version, the MathML output generated by MathToWeb is pure XML (i.e. pure MathML), every bit of the HTML has been removed.

Automatic equation numbering has been implemented for this version. Prior to this \tag{1.3} commands had to be added to display environments in order to number them as desired. This is no longer the case, the program will number display environments automatically. In addition, many of the LaTeX commands used to modify the numbering scheme (things such as, \numberwithin{equation}{section} and \setcounter{equation}{0}) are also fully functional in this release.

These are all explained in detail in the following section of the User's Guide, Equation Numbering.

As of this version (ver 4.0.0) mathtoweb.jar is a pure command-line program, all the references to GUI-related packages have been removed.

This was done because installations of mathtoweb.jar on servers with no windowing system were generating the error, "No X11 DISPLAY variable was set, but this program performed an operation which requires it.". This occurred because the command-line program still imported the javax.swing.* and java.awt.* packages, though it didn't actually use them in command mode.

A couple of people noted this problem, and my thanks goes out to them for suggesting it be corrected. Massimiliano Margarone (www.smartlandproject.com - Genova, Italy) and Zachary Hanson-Hart () were the influential people here.

Related to the above alteration, the online applet has been retired and replaced with an XHTML/Javascript/AJAX application that exchanges data with a new dedicated server to perform the required LaTeX to MathML conversions. This works really quite well. You can try it out here: MathToWeb Online.

(There are plans, in the near future, to have this run behind a secure socket layer - SSL.)

This was done because, at this time, the applet could not be run entirely on Open Source software, to which MathToWeb is fully dedicated.

The scripts for this have been included in the source code, for those that might be interested. If you are planning to run mathtoweb.jar in a server environment, you may want to look at,  Extras/mathtoweb_online_converter.pl.

There is a new package designation for ver. 4.0.0  (prior to this, the default package was used).

If you look at the source code, you'll see:

package mathtoweb.engine;

All the files for MathToWeb are now found in directory .../mathtoweb/engine  (  in our case, .../Source/mathtoweb/engine ).

To compile ( from the Source/ dir ):   javac ./mathtoweb/engine/*.java

To run ( from the Source/ dir ):   java mathtoweb.engine.MathToWeb -unicode -stdout ./bugs/example_latex.xhtm

Note:  This new package designation has no effect on the running of mathtoweb.jar, it is still something similar to the following,
java -jar mathtoweb.jar  -unicode -vf   <your text file>.

This was suggested by Massimiliano Margarone (www.smartlandproject.com - Genova, Italy), April 2012.

Colour can now be added to any equation (or part thereof) using the LaTeX command
{\color{html-color} some LaTeX math }
MathToWeb implements this in a slightly different manner than LaTex by allowing any HTML-acceptable color to be used as its argument. Particularly, the 141 color names as defined in the HTML and CSS color specification will all work nicely, and are supported by all modern browsers. There is a list of these, along with more information on adding colour to your equations in the User's Guide Adding color to your equations.

If you prefer to use
\textcolor{html-color}{some LaTeX math},
it is also supported.

The command
\colorbox{html-color}{some LaTeX math}
has also been implemented as a way to produce coloured backgrounds for equations (or parts thereof).
Note:   If you're partial to the colour spelling (as opposed to the American variant, color), MathToWeb supports this for the three commands decribed above:

{\colour{html-colour} some LaTeX math }
\textcolour{html-colour}{some LaTeX math}
\colourbox{html-colour}{some LaTeX math}

(The magenta colour signifies that this is non-standard LaTeX - specific to MathToWeb.)
Below are a few examples:
 ${\color{red}A + B}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $A+B$
Or equivalently,  $\textcolor{red}{A + B}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $A+B$
 ${\color{red} \left( \frac{\color{green}A^2}{b_n} \right) }$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0.1ex}{}{{A}^{2}}{{b}_{n}}\right)$
 $\colorbox{yellow}{A} + \colorbox{LightGreen}{B}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $A+B$
 $\epsilon_{ \alpha \colorbox{yellow}{\beta} \colorbox{LightGreen}{\gamma} } A_{ \colorbox{yellow}{\beta} } B_{ \colorbox{LightGreen}{\gamma} }$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ ${\epsilon }_{\alpha \beta \gamma }{A}_{\beta }{B}_{\gamma }$
  \begin{equation*} \begin{pmatrix} {\color{red} a_{11}} & {\color{green} b_{12}} & c_{13} \\ {\color{orange} d_{21}} & {\color{blue} e_{22}} & f_{23} \\ g_{31} & h_{32} & i_{33} \\ \end{pmatrix} \end{equation*}  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\begin{array}{c}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}{a}_{11}& {b}_{12}& {c}_{13}\\ {d}_{21}& {e}_{22}& {f}_{23}\\ {g}_{31}& {h}_{32}& {i}_{33}\end{array}\right)\hfill \end{array}$

Strikethrough is now supported using the LaTeX command
\cancel{LaTeX math to be struck out}
It was implemented using the MathML,  <menclose notation="updiagonalstrike"> .. </menclose>
( To see this, right-click on any of the examples below; choose View MathML Source from the menu.
trick:  if you are having problems getting the View MathML Source (right-click) menu item to appear, left-click the equation first. )
This was suggested by Livio Bernasconi, March 2013.
A few examples are below:
 strikethrough through 123544 $\cancel{123544}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123544}$
 strikethrough through 123544 - theentire expression will render inthe colour red. ${\color{red}\cancel{123544}}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123544}$
 strikethrough through 123544 - the strikethrough will be red; thenumber will green. ${\color{red}\cancel{\color{green}123544}}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{){123544}}$

A new MathToWeb-specific LaTeX command has been introduced for this version,
\mphantom{ math to be enclosed }
(The magenta colour signifies that this is non-standard LaTeX - specific to MathToWeb.)

For example, \mphantom{3} will convert to <mphantom><mn>3</mn></mphantom>

This new command has its uses. See the section below on \menclose, here it is used in a US-style long division similar to the example below. Note that the two columns of the array are right-aligned and the \mphantom{3} acts to create proper spacing at the right margin.
  $\begin{array} {rr} & 10 \\ 131 & \menclose[longdiv]{1413} \\ & \underline{131} \mphantom{3} \\ & 103 \end{array}$

MathToWeb now supports "invisible" operators through the following MathToWeb-specific LaTeX commands:
\it ( "invisible times" )
\af ( "apply function" )
\ic ( "invisible comma" )
(See the section on "Invisible operators" in the following article: https://cs.fit.edu/~wds/math/chap3_2.html.)
These are used primarily by audio rendering systems, but may also convey useful information to visual rendering systems.
Note: \it is also LaTeX declaration used to switch to an italic font, e.g. {\it some text}. MathToWeb has this specific command disabled in favour of its use for "invisible times". Use \mathit{A} in place of \it.
 \it $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$
 \af $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$
 \ic $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$
Thanks to Nashi Power (http://nashi.podzone.org/) for suggesting these.
A couple examples are below:
 $f \af (x \it y)$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$  f ( x y ) [/itex]  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $f\left(xy\right)$ This may be audio rendered as "f of x times y".
 $a_{1 \ic 2}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$  a 1 2 [/itex]  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ ${a}_{12}$ This may be audio rendered as "a sub one two" ( more appropriate if these arearray indices, as opposed to "a sub twelve" ).

MathToWeb now offers full support for the array environment,
\begin{array}{lcr} ... \end{array}
The alignment flags (i.e. the {lcr} above) can be used to customize the alignment of each of the array's columns individually. The alignment can be one of left (l), centre (c) or right (r). Specify one of these alignments for each column of your array. If you leave one or more out, the column(s) will default to left alignment.
See http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/Matrices.html for a good discussion on this LaTeX environment.
( The first three examples below are from this article - of course, the ones here are rendered in MathML.)
Thank you to Ivan Oseledets for suggesting support for this LaTeX environment.
  $\chi(\lambda) = \left| \begin{array}{ccc} \lambda - a & -b & -c \\ -d & ambda - e & -f \\ -g & -h & \lambda - i \end{array} \right|$  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\begin{array}{c}\chi \left(\lambda \right)=|\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \lambda -a\hfill & \hfill -b\hfill & \hfill -c\hfill \\ \hfill -d\hfill & \hfill \lambda -e\hfill & \hfill -f\hfill \\ \hfill -g\hfill & \hfill -h\hfill & \hfill \lambda -i\hfill \end{array}|\hfill \end{array}$
  $\begin{array}{lcr} \mbox{First number} & x & 8 \\ \mbox{Second number} & y & 15 \\ \mbox{Sum} & x + y & 23 \\ \mbox{Difference} & x - y & -7 \\ \mbox{Product} & xy & 120 \end{array}$  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{ccc}\text{First number}\hfill & \hfill x\hfill & \hfill 8\\ \text{Second number}\hfill & \hfill y\hfill & \hfill 15\\ \text{Sum}\hfill & \hfill x+y\hfill & \hfill 23\\ \text{Difference}\hfill & \hfill x-y\hfill & \hfill -7\\ \text{Product}\hfill & \hfill xy\hfill & \hfill 120\end{array}\hfill \end{array}$
  $|x| = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} x & \mbox{if x \geq 0};\\ -x & \mbox{if x < 0}.\end{array} \right.$  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\begin{array}{c}|x|=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}x\hfill & \text{if x≥0};\hfill \\ -x\hfill & \text{if x<0}.\hfill \end{array}\phantom{\right\}}\hfill \end{array}$
Matrix environments, like the array environment, can be nested (one inside the other). A couple examples are below:
  $\operatorname{cof} A = \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} +\left| \begin{array}{cc} 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{array} \right| & -\left| \begin{array}{cc} 0 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 \end{array} \right| & +\left| \begin{array}{cc} 0 & 2 \\ 3 & 0 \end{array} \right| \\ -\left| \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \end{array} \right| & +\left| \begin{array}{cc} 2 & 0 \\ 3 & 2 \end{array} \right| & +\left| \begin{array}{cc} 2 & 1 \\ 3 & 0 \end{array} \right| \\ +\left| \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} \right| & -\left| \begin{array}{cc} 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{array} \right| & +\left| \begin{array}{cc} 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{array} \right| \end{array} \right]$  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\begin{array}{c}cofA=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill +|\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 2\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \\ \hfill 0\hfill & \hfill 2\hfill \end{array}|\hfill & \hfill -|\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \\ \hfill 3\hfill & \hfill 2\hfill \end{array}|\hfill & \hfill +|\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 0\hfill & \hfill 2\hfill \\ \hfill 3\hfill & \hfill 0\hfill \end{array}|\hfill \\ \hfill -|\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1\hfill & \hfill 0\hfill \\ \hfill 0\hfill & \hfill 2\hfill \end{array}|\hfill & \hfill +|\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 2\hfill & \hfill 0\hfill \\ \hfill 3\hfill & \hfill 2\hfill \end{array}|\hfill & \hfill +|\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 2\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \\ \hfill 3\hfill & \hfill 0\hfill \end{array}|\hfill \\ \hfill +|\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1\hfill & \hfill 0\hfill \\ \hfill 2\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \end{array}|\hfill & \hfill -|\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 2\hfill & \hfill 0\hfill \\ \hfill 0\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \end{array}|\hfill & \hfill +|\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 2\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \\ \hfill 0\hfill & \hfill 2\hfill \end{array}|\hfill \end{array}\right]\hfill \end{array}$
An equally effective method to achieve this reault would be to use the AMS-LaTeX bmatrix for the square brackets, and vmatrix for the vertical ones. Like this:
  \begin{equation*} \operatorname{cof} A = \begin{bmatrix} + \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{vmatrix} & - \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 \end{vmatrix} & +\begin{vmatrix} 0 & 2 \\ 3 & 0 \end{vmatrix} \\ - \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 \end{vmatrix} & + \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 0 \\ 3 & 2 \end{vmatrix} & -\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 3 & 0 \end{vmatrix} \\ + \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 2 & 1 \end{vmatrix} & - \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{vmatrix} & +\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{vmatrix} \end{bmatrix} \end{equation*}
This gives the exact same result as above.

MathToWeb now offers support for the command
\ensuremath{LaTeX to ensure is in a math environment}
Thank you to Ed Leaver for suggesting this (http://www.edleaver.com/).
In addition, Ed contributed several valuable suggestions as to improvements to the program for version 4.0.0. He also identified some significant bugs in the various pre-releases leading to its release. These led to some extensive re-writes of certain sections of the source code, for which the MathToWeb community will be most grateful.
In practice, \ensuremath{..} is used almost entirely inside \newcommand definitions.
\newcommand{\mycurl}{\boldsymbol{\nabla} \times \mathbf{A}}
which you might do if you wanted use $\mathbf{\nabla }×\mathbf{A}$ in multiple locations in your document, you might write
\newcommand{\mycurl}{ \ensuremath{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} \times \mathbf{A} } }.
This way, if you inadvertently forget to place your 'new command', \mycurl, inside some sort of mathematics environment (for example, $\mycurl$ or $$\mycurl$$,  if it was desirable to have the equation 'inline'), MathToWeb will make the assumption that it should indeed be inline, and will place it within $$...$$. On the other hand, if you place \mycurl inside a proper math environment, either 'inline' or 'display', MathToWeb will do nothing, since the correct LaTeX is already in place.
Incidentally, remember that in MathToWeb, \newcommand.. definitions should be placed inside HTML/XML-typle comments. The example above would be placed inside a document thus:
<-- \newcommand{\mycurl}{ \ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\nabla} \times \mathbf{A}} } -->

( In MathToWeb, you can also include \newcommand.. definitions inside external files. See the command-line flag, -ncf <file name>, from:
java -jar mathtoweb.jar -help )
See LaTeX macros for mathematics for a good article on this command.

This is related to strikethrough which is implemented above using the MathML element menclose: <menclose notation="updiagonalstrike"> ... </menclose>. This element is more versatile than just this, having quite a few possible 'notation' attributes available. See W3C Recommendation for Presentation Markup (menclose) for the related discussion. The following is a quotation from this article: "The menclose element renders its content inside the enclosing notation specified by its notation attribute". The W3C recommendation encourages renderers to handle the following list of 'notation' attributes:
 longdiv | actuarial | radical | box | roundedbox | circle | left | right | top | bottom | updiagonalstrike | downdiagonalstrike | verticalstrike | horizontalstrike
 For example, 123 $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
The following MathToWeb-specific LaTeX can be used to produce the same MathML markup for this element:
(Recall, the magenta colour signifies that this is non-standard LaTeX - specific to MathToWeb.)
 $\menclose[longdiv]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
In general, MathToWeb can handle any of the 'notation' attributes in the above list:
\menclose[notation]{math to be enclosed}
Examples of all of them are displayed in the table below:
 $\menclose[longdiv]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[actuarial]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{123\hspace{.2em}|}$
 $\menclose[radical]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\sqrt{123}$
 $\menclose[box]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[roundedbox]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[circle]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[left]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[right]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[top]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[bottom]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[updiagonalstrike]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[downdiagonalstrike]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[verticalstrike]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
 $\menclose[horizontalstrike]{123}$ $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{4444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\overline{)123}$
The example that follows was adapted from W3C Recommendation for Presentation Markup (menclose), section "3.3.9.3 Examples". (It demonstrates the MathML markup for an elementary US-style long division problem.)  Below is the MathToWeb markup that can be used to achieve the same result.
  $\begin{array} {rr} & 10 \\ 131 & \menclose[longdiv]{1413} \\ & \underline{131} \mphantom{3} \\ & 103 \end{array}$  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & \hfill 10\\ \hfill 131& \hfill \overline{)1413}\\ \hfill & \hfill \underset{_}{131}\phantom{3}\\ \hfill & \hfill 103\end{array}$

A number of new command-line flags were added for version 4.0.0. A list is below.  -remove_mphantoms * Remove .. pairs and their contents, from the final MathML. Some mathematical programs do not handle these tags. (Note: These act generally to produce correct spacing in MathML output; however, if need be, they can be removed. This was suggested by Massimiliano Margarone. -nodiffs * Do not insert differential operators for 'd' characters that act as such operators. This has the effect of generating "d" in in place of "ⅆ", the latter being a differential operator. -mt * Set the top margin for mathematical, display environments. Example: -mt 4em. The units used will always be 'em', regardless of whether they are specifically included or not. (The default top margin is 1.0em.) -mb * Set the bottom margin for mathematical, display environments. Example: -mb 4em. The units used will always be 'em', regardless of whether they are specifically included or not. " + (The default bottom margin is 2.0em.) -ml * Set the left margin inset for mathematical, display environments. Example: -ml 4em This inset is relative to the page margin. The units used will always be 'em', regardless of whether they are specifically included or not. (The default left margin is 6.0em.) -mr * Set the right margin inset for mathematical, display environments. Example: -mr 4em This inset is relative to the page margin. The units used will always be 'em', regardless of whether they are specifically included or not. (The default right margin is 6.0em.) -stdoutf * Send the newly generated MathML to the stdout and to a file. -vf * When the conversion to MathML is is complete, and without errors, open the output file in Firefox (the browser). If you prefer another browser try: -vc (for chrome), -va (for amaya), -vs (for safari), -vm (for mac), -vw (for windows), or, see -vb below to open in any other browser. -vb * When the conversion to MathML is is complete, open the output file in (some browser). -nocomm * Normally, LaTeX comments found inside a document are commented-out using XML ones. For example, "% some comment" will be converted to "". Setting this flag will stop this action - meaning that LaTeX comments will be left in place. This only applies to LaTeX comments not found inside LaTeX math environments. Those that are, will be removed completely when the conversion to MathML is performed. However they do appear in the "(your LaTeX)" section preceding each converted math environment in your output file.

Setting up actions using \begin{maction}..\end{maction}, new for for version 4.0.0.
(Recall, the magenta colour signifies that this is non-standard LaTeX - specific to MathToWeb.)
This MathToWeb-specific LaTeX will be converted to The MathML <maction> ...</maction> element and its close (both shown here).
A good discussion of this element is on the Mozilla Developer Network, see Mozilla Developer Network - maction
Many thanks to Dustin Wehr for suggesting this.
  \begin{maction}\actiontype{toggle}\selection{1} (expression 1) \\ (expression 2) \\ ... (expression n) \end{maction}  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$  (expression 1) (expression 2) ... (expression n)  When actiontype="toggle" each subexpression is displayed in turn, as the user clicks on the successive expressions.
\actiontype{..} can contain one of:  toggle, statusline, tooltip, highlight, menu .
( Of these, only toggle appears to be functional at the moment - Oct 2013 )
\selection{..} must contain some positive integer, 1, 2, 3, ...n.
These arguments are independently optional - you can use one, and not the other, or, neither. Any argument missing a user-entered value will default to actiontype->toggle  and selection->1.
A couple examples follow. Left-click on the rendered equations (the 6/8, in the first example) to trigger the action
(actiontype equals toggle is used in both cases here)
  $\begin{maction}\actiontype{toggle}\selection{1} \frac{6}{8} \\ \frac{3}{4} \end{maction}$  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\begin{array}{c}\genfrac{}{}{0.1ex}{}{6}{8}\genfrac{}{}{0.1ex}{}{3}{4}\hfill \end{array}$
  $\begin{maction}\actiontype{toggle}\selection{1} \begin{array}{lc} A = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 2 & 1 \\ 4 & 3 \\ 6 & 1 \end{array} \right] & \qquad \text{What is A^T ?} \qquad \end{array} \\ \begin{array}{lcr} A = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 2 & 1 \\ 4 & 3 \\ 6 & 1 \end{array} \right] & \qquad \text{What is A^T ?} \qquad & A^T = \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 2 & 4 & 6 \\ 1 & 3 & 1 \end{array} \right] \end{array} \end{maction}$  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{cc}A=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 2\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \\ \hfill 4\hfill & \hfill 3\hfill \\ \hfill 6\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \end{array}\right]\hfill & \hfill \phantom{\rule{2.00em}{0ex}}\text{What is AT ?}\phantom{\rule{2.00em}{0ex}}\hfill \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}A=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 2\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \\ \hfill 4\hfill & \hfill 3\hfill \\ \hfill 6\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \end{array}\right]\hfill & \hfill \phantom{\rule{2.00em}{0ex}}\text{What is AT ?}\phantom{\rule{2.00em}{0ex}}\hfill & \hfill {A}^{T}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 2\hfill & \hfill 4\hfill & \hfill 6\hfill \\ \hfill 1\hfill & \hfill 3\hfill & \hfill 1\hfill \end{array}\right]\end{array}\hfill \end{array}$

Coding for \newcommand has been a challenge from the early days of MathToWeb's delelopment.
In November 2011, Myles English ( Involved in the development of OpenOffice - the relevant thread being, http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.emacs.orgmode/48709 )
kindly informed me that the code for handling these commands contained serious flaws in situations where they were nested (one inside the other), which is commonly done.
Here's an example (courtesy of Myles):
( The problem has now been corrected, so the ouput here is correct )
  $$\caypillarypressure = 0$$  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}{p}_{c}=0\hfill & \hfill \text{(1)}\end{array}$
Recall that \newcommand declarations can be placed into a document in one of two ways:
1)  They can be inserted into a separate file (let's call this file mystyle.sty) and called thus:

> java -jar mathtoweb.jar -ncf ./mystyle.sty myLatexFile.xhtm

2)  They can be inserted directly into the document, placed between XML/HTML comments, as the following example deomonstrates.
(This is the method used in the example above.):

<-- \newcommand{ \mycommand }{ A_i + B_j } -->
In September 2013, I got a letter from James R. Hopgood ( Institute for Digital Communications
Signals & Systems Group: www.see.ed.ac.uk/research/IDCOM/sasg.html ), this time, kindly informing me that the \newcommand code was not handling optional default arguments correctly. Here's an example (courtesy of James):
( The problem has now been corrected, so the ouput here is correct )
See http://tex.loria.fr/ctan-doc/macros/latex/doc/html/usrguide/node18.html for an explanation of the commands below:

\newcommand {>cmd<} [>num<] [>default<] {>definition<}
\renewcommand {>cmd<} [>num<] [>default<] {>definition<}
  \begin{align} \cpdf{\dt{X_c}{\omega}}{d\omega} &= \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \ct{H}{t}\,e^{-at}\,e^{-j\omega t}\,dt \\ &= \int_0^{\infty} e^{-(a+j\omega)t}\,dt = \left[-\frac{e^{-(a + j\omega)t}}{a + j\omega}\right]_0^{\infty} \end{align}  $\underset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{3}\mathrm{ }}{\overset{\mathrm{ }\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\phantom{44444444}\phantom{\rule{1.00em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ }}{⟶}}$ $\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{cc}\hfill p\left(\phantom{|}{X}_{c}\left[\omega \right]\phantom{\rule{0.167em}{0ex}}|\phantom{\rule{0.167em}{0ex}}d\omega \right)& =\underset{-\infty }{\overset{\infty }{\int }}H\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.167em}{0ex}}{e}^{-at}\phantom{\rule{0.167em}{0ex}}{e}^{-j\omega t}\phantom{\rule{0.167em}{0ex}}dt\hfill \\ \hfill & =\underset{0}{\overset{\infty }{\int }}{e}^{-\left(a+j\omega \right)t}\phantom{\rule{0.167em}{0ex}}dt={\left[-\genfrac{}{}{0.1ex}{}{{e}^{-\left(a+j\omega \right)t}}{a+j\omega }\right]}_{0}^{\infty }\hfill \end{array}\hfill & \hfill \text{(1)}\\ \hfill \text{(2)}\end{array}$
A great deal of work was done for version 4.0.0 to eliminate the problems associated with \newcommand, and due to some extremely valuable feedback from users, and a good deal of thorough testing, I think we can finally say that MathToWeb can tackle this command with confidence.

What's in store for the next version - support for theorem environments
Finally, we want to remark on what's in store for the next version (4.1.0). Most of the developmental work for this version will be aimed at providing full support for theorem environments.

End: version 4.0.0.
• September 27, 2011:  Release of MathToWeb Version 3.0.2.

I'm grateful to Bryan HendersonBYU Division of Continuing Education ) who identified several bugs that were introduced inadvertently in the previous version (3.0.1). He also kindly contributed a suggestion that a Java utility function be made available in MathToWeb.java (the main source file) with a straightforward string-in / string-out architecture, so as to provide LaTeX to MathML conversion capabilities inside other Java programs (in which the MathToWeb source files have been compiled). This new function would be benificial to Java programmers who require these kinds of capabilities - more on this below.
Bryan's organization uses MathToWeb to convert LaTeX equations to MathML for PrinceXML ( [X]HTML to PDF converter: http://princexml.com ). Specifically, they use MathToWeb as a Java component in (Adobe) ColdFusion to convert equations from LaTeX to MathML. A more detailed explanation of how they have done this has been posted to the Tips on Usage page.
The following bugs have been corrected for this version (ver 3.0.2):
• Invalid <mo> tags were being inserted into the token tag <mtext>:
Example:
LaTeX: $\mbox{, solve for}$
MathToWeb result: <mtext><mo>,</mo> solve for</mtext>( the <mo> tags inside the <mtext> were not correct )
Correct result: <mtext>, solve for</mtext>
• Invalid <mo> tags were being inserted around decimal place characters within numbers:
Convert $2.8$
MathToWeb result: <mn>2<mo>.</mo>8</mn> ( the <mo> tags inside the <mn> were not correct )
Correct result: <mn>2.8</mn>
• Commas as decimal places (used in Germany, for example) were not converting correctly.
This issue has been resolved for this version. For example, $2,8$ will now be correctly converted to <mn>2,8</mn>
Other things implemented for this version include:

• -stdout: This command-line flag has been added to allow the MathToWeb output to be directed to the stdout, instead of to a file. This is useful if you are testing a single equation (or a small number of them) and want to see the output right away.
The following example demonstrates the use of this flag. Always remember to place your MathToWeb flags to the right of 'mathtoweb.jar', as follows:
>java -jar mathtoweb.jar -stdout inputLatex.xml
(To get information on all the command-line options:  >java -jar mathtoweb.jar -help)
• As stated above, a new Java utility function has been added to MathToWeb.java (the main source file). Programmers can compile the MathToWeb source code into their own projects and use the new function, called convertLatexToMathMLUtility(..), to implement conversions of LaTeX to MathML. In essence, the function takes a string (containing LaTeX) as an argument, and returns a string (containing MathML) upon completion.

The new function is simple to implement, as described below:

 MathToWeb mtw = new MathToWeb("conversion_utility"); String[] sArrayReturn = new String[3]; sArrayReturn = mtw.convertLatexToMathMLUtility(sLatexInput, sCommandLineArgs); // This is the new function. String sSuccessOrFailure = = sArrayReturn[0]; String sConversionLog = sArrayReturn[1]; String sMathMLOutput = sArrayReturn[2];

#### Input

The first argument to convertLatexToMathMLUtility(..), the String sLatexInput, is just the text (containing LaTeX) that is to be converted to MathML. A very simple example might be:   "...and the following integral, $\int_a^b f(x) \, dx$ gives rise to a ....".

The second argument, the String sCommandLineArgs, allows the program to be called with any of the command flags available in the command-line variant. An example might be:  "-unicode -line -ie UTF8 -rep".

#### Output

The first returned String, sSuccessOrFailure, will contain either "Success" or "Failure". Note that "Failure" is reported if there is a LaTeX syntax error, or some other problem that makes it impossible to convert the input string.

The second returned String, sConversionLog, gives useful output related to the conversion process just run, like syntax errors etc. (more or less, the same output as seen in the command-line or Applet/GUI variants).

The third returned String, sMathMLOutput, contains the result of the conversion (i.e. the MathML, converted from LaTeX).

• August 08, 2010:   I want to thank Michael Vaiana of rootmath.org for his insights. Michael runs a math tutorial site, dedicated to free, universal education.

Our recent correspondence helped me realize that a new section should be added to this website outlining how to display MathML from php pages, as well as information on tricks to display MathML from normal HTML pages using iframes. This new section will be added in the near future.
• April 12, 2010:  Release of MathToWeb Version 3.0.1.

Many thanks to Nashi Power who identified the following bugs, all of which have been repaired for this version:
• Expressions like $\dot{x}^i$ (if not written as ${\dot{x}}^i$), for any accent or prime , were not being interpreted correctly. The dot{x} was not being taken as the whole base of the exponent.
• Expressions like $widehat{abc}$ if converted using the -unicode command (for example, java -jar mathtoweb.jar -unicode test3.xml) were retaining the MathML named entity ^ instead of exchanging it for the equivalent Unicode character (which is ^).
• The second \left of ${\left.a\right{|}}_{\left(b\right)}$ was being retained in the MathML.
• March 09, 2010:  Release of MathToWeb Version 3.0.0 (this is a major release)

This version owes its existence to Nashi Power who worked with me on source-code modifications over these past weeks in order to have MathToWeb (command-line variant) fully capable of working within a DocBook XML toolchain (details on this have been posted to the Tips on Usage page).

The inspiration for this version is summed up well by Nashi Power's first letter to me, part of which is reproduced below:

I currently use mathml within my DocBook xml documents. However, writing mathml is quite laborious. I am looking for a solution that will allow me to use latex instead and that will convert equations to mathml automatically as part of a toolchain. Since I use java as part of the toolchain anyway your command line script looks like it could be the ideal solution.

Collaborative work, aiming to achieve the goal spelled out above, led to the discovery of several bottlenecks in the MathToWeb source code - where the program was slowing down to unacceptable speeds when converting files of fairly large size (~400KB). These were identified and removed, and consequently, the program is now capable of converting files of any practical size (from a few bytes to several megabytes). This is a major step forward for MathToWeb (hence the decision to christen this 3.0.0 - from 2.0.5) and marks the first version actually capable of converting large documents without becoming mired in slow source code.
• March 01, 2010:  Addition of three new commands (command-line variant, version 2.0.5)

The following changes were implemented in order to make it easier to integrate the command-line variant of MathToWeb into a DocBook XML toolchain. I am grateful to Nashi Power for these suggestions.
• -force: This command-line flag will 'force' an overwrite of a pre-existing output file without user confirmation.
The following example demonstrates the use of this flag to overwrite fileOut.xml without confirmation (the input source file is source.xml; the -df command specifies the output file name):
>java -jar mathtoweb.jar -df fileOut.xml -force source.xml
(To get information on all the command-line options:  >java -jar mathtoweb.jar -help)
• -ns <namespace>: Prefix all MathML elements with the specified namespace.
The following example prefixes all MathML elements with a 'mml' namespace (without the quotation marks):
>java -jar mathtoweb.jar -ns mml source.xml

The two examples below show the difference between specifying no namespace (the default), and using -ns mml to specify a namespace called 'mml':

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </mrow> [/itex]
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math>
• The behavior of MathToWeb has been altered slightly with respect to how it responds when a text file is fed to it containing no LaTeX. Prior to this alteration, the program would output the message "No LaTeX math environments were found, ..." and quit. This behavior is not ideal in cases when the command-line variant is being used in a toolchain and there is another tool (in the chain) that must act on the file in question after MathToWeb. Therefore, this behavior has been altered and MathToWeb will now output an exact replica of the input file if it can find no LaTeX math environments to convert to MathML.
• -template: This command-line flag will insert the generated MathML between the <body> tags of the XML template.
Thanks to Simon D. Fischer for this suggestion.
• February 15, 2010:  Release of the MathToWeb Hidden Applet (version 2.0.5)

Many thanks to Francesco Grotta for his suggesion that a 'hidden applet' be created, and made available for general download.

The MathToWeb hidden applet can be embedded in any web page in order to convert LaTeX to MathML. Interactions to and from the applet are done via Javascript functions. If you require LaTeX to MathML conversion functionality on your website, this applet offers a solution that can be be set-up quickly, and thereafter, is simple to use.
Here is an example web page containing the MathToWeb hidden applet (this link will open a new tab in your browser).
You can download a zip containing all the files you will need to get started (just three files, including the hidden applet) on the download page.
• January 16, 2010:  Release of MathToWeb Version 2.0.5

A few minor bugs have been corrected for this version, as well as a clean-up of the source code, as listed below:
• The source code for this version has been cleaned up (somewhat). It is more modularized that ever before, with many of the huge blocks of code making up the main conversion algorithm having been moved into functions. This has made the code far more readable and easier to follow than in previous versions. My sincere thanks to Alex Fernandez, the author of eLyXer, whose interest in my source code brought this problem to my attention. Alex is porting MathToWeb to Python so it can be used as a plug-in for converting LaTeX to MathML within eLyXer. Watch for this on Alex's web site (see the link above).
• With version 2.0.5 there has been a slight change in the licence agreement under which MathToWeb can be redistributed and/or modified. Previously, MathToWeb was published under the GNU GPL (version 3 - strict). This has been changed to GNU General Public Licence (version 3 - or, at your option, any later version). The reason for this change is to make is easier for other developers to incorporate MathToWeb into their software (as a plug-in or other assimilation method).
• split inside gather (like the example below) was not converting to MathML correctly. The split was being replaced by an internal \myplaceholder0 tag which was being retained in the final output. This has been corrected.
 \begin{gather} a_1=b+c+d \tag{1.3}\label{gather-eq1}\\ \begin{split} a_2+a_3+a_4&=e+f+g+h\\ &\quad +i+j+k\\ &=l+m+n \end{split} \tag{1.4}\label{gather-eq2} \\ a_5=o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w \tag{1.5}\label{gather-eq3} \end{gather}
• Finally, the MathML for    \overbrace{ABCDEF}^{abc}    and    \underbrace{EFGHJK}_{abc}    contained the wrong characters for the 'overbrace' and 'underbrace'. The Unicode output (when the '-unicode' switch was used at the command line) was also incorrect.
• December 23, 2009:  Release of MathToWeb [Online].

Many thanks to Simon D. Fischer (Switzerland) for his suggestion that a button be added to the MathToWeb user interface with the function of adding the XML template to the working document. It was the implementation of this suggestion that led to the idea of creating an applet variant of MathToWeb, which will lead (ultimately) to the GUI variant being completely web-based.

The online variant (which is still ver. 2.0.4) differs from the GUI (download) variant in the following ways:

• It has an input editor (the top text-area, see MathToWeb [online]) rather than a 'file chooser'.

This allows LaTeX (either on its own or within an xhtml document) to be entered directly. The XHTML template (your LaTeX must be placed in the body of such a template to been viewed in a MathML-enabled browser) can be added to the input area by simply pressing the 'Add Template' button (found to the right of the 'Clear' button). If there is text present in the editor when the button is pressed, it will be copied and re-inserted between the <body>...<body> tags of the template.

• The program-generated MathML is copied to an iframe (located to the right of the applet) allowing the rendered output to be viewed as soon as a particular LaTeX-to-MathML conversion is complete. This attribute, found only in the online variant, offers a definite advantage over the downloaded variants.

• February 10, 2009:  Release of MathToWeb Version 2.0.4

I am extremely grateful to Shahab Kamali for pointing out the following bugs in ver. 2.0.3:
• Latex having the form  $\left\{ A \right\}_{B}$
was not being converted correctly. MathToWeb was not taking \left\{ A \right\} as the full base of the subscript.
• Latex like the example below, where multiple pmatrix (or other matrix elements) had been declared within some equation environment. Only the first pmatrix was being completely converted.  \begin{equation*} { \begin{pmatrix} a_{11}-\lambda & \dotsm & a_{1n} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{n1} & \dotsm & a_{nn}-\lambda \end{pmatrix} } { \begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ \vdots \\ x_n \end{pmatrix} } { = \mathbf{0} } \end{equation*}
• $A_{\infty} = \{ A \}$
This somewhat innocuous looking equation caused a very serious bug (a dreaded infinite loop) to occur.
These bugs have all been repaired.
Due to the seriousness of the 'infinite loop' bug above, I would strongly advise everyone to update to the new version (2.0.4).
• September 30, 2008:  Release of MathToWeb Version 2.0.3

Following up on two good suggestions made via email by a MathToWeb user ( - your input is very much appreciated Raffaele, thank you), the enhancements below have been implemented for this release:

• An option has been added (to both the command-line and GUI variant) to force MathToWeb to output Unicode characters instead of MathML ones (which is the default). For example, MathToWeb would normally convert \alpha to α (this is a MathML character). With the 'Unicode option' set, it will be converted to α instead.

This option is available via the 'Configuration' menu in the GUI variant.

If using the command-line variant, incorporate the -unicode flag in your command, as the following example demonstrates:  >java -jar mathtoweb.jar -unicode test.xml

• \newcommand declarations can now be defined in an external file and brought into MathToWeb via the command-line option -ncf
(this is not yet available in the GUI variant, but will be in the near future).  For example,
 >java -jar mathtoweb.jar -ncf myncf.txt test.xml

This uses myncf.txt as an external 'new command file'. If it is desirable to define more than one file, separate them using commas: -ncf myncf1.txt, myncf1.txt
See MathToWeb User's Guide - \newcommand for more information on this option.
• September 17, 2008:  Release of MathToWeb Version 2.0.2

• Recently a PhD student contacted me via email and made some very good points in favour of maintaining a command-line variant of MathToWeb. His argument was that a command-line variant would be useful when converting many documents or when such documents must be converted without human interaction.

So, with this new version, the command-line variant of MathToWeb is back and available (with the GUI variant) on the download page.
-- Thanks Raffaele

See MathToWeb User's Guide - \newcommand for information on using this command.

• February 06, 2008:  Release of MathToWeb Version 2.0.1
• Minor update fixing such expressions as ${A^2}^2$ where the outer superscript was being converted to <mover> rather than <msup>.
• January 05, 2008:  Release of MathToWeb Version 2.0.0
• MathToWeb now runs from within a Graphical User Interface (GUI).
• Faster conversion algorithms - particularly noticeable with regard to long, complicated equations.
• November 06, 2007:  Release of MathToWeb Version 1.0.2
Another minor update fixing a couple of bugs involving Latex code similar to the following: $\log \left\lvert A \right\rvert$.
• November 03, 2007:  Release of MathToWeb Version 1.0.1
This is a minor update that fixes a few problems related to variable size operators.
• October 19, 2007:  Release of MathToWeb Version 1.0.0


text:
## Temperature and work of air

We have 10 liters of air at a temperature of 273 K and at a pressure of 100 kPa. First, we isothermally compress it to one fifth of its original volume and then we adiabatically expand it to double its original volume. What will be the resulting temperature of the air after the adiabatic expansion and what work will the gas have done throughout the whole process?

Consider the air to be an ideal gas with the heat capacity ratio of κ = 1.4.

• #### Notation

 V1 = 10 l = 10−2 m3 Initial volume of air T1 = 273 K Initial temperature of air p1 = 100 kPa = 105 Pa Initial pressure of air V2 = V1/5 Volume of the air after isothermal compression V3 = 2V1 Volume of air after adiabatic expansion κ = 1.4 Heat capacity ratio T3 = ? Temperature after adiabatic expansion W = ? Work done throughout whole process
• #### Hint 1 – Resulting temperature

In order to calculate the temperature of the gas after adiabatic expansion, use the adiabatic (Poisson) equation. Modify it so that the temperature appears in it.

• #### Analysis – the resulting temperature

The temperature of the gas does not change during the isothermal compression. Therefore, the gas will have the same temperature before the adiabatic expansion as it had at the beginning of the process.

We use the adiabatic law in the form in which the gas volume and temperature appear in order to calculate the resulting temperature.

• #### Calculation of the resulting temperature

The temperature of the gas does not change during the isothermal compression. This is described by the equality T1= T2, where T2 is the temperature of the air after compression

However, things are different in the subsequent expansion.

For the adiabatic process, there holds the adiabatic (Poisson) law, which we can write in the form

$V^{\kappa-1}T=const.$

(This relationship can be obtained from the usually used form pV κ = const. by a simple arrangement done in Hint 1)

In our case, it thus holds that

$V_2^{\kappa-1}T_2=V_3^{\kappa-1}T_3.$

From this formula we express the resulting temperature T3:

$T_3=\left(\frac{V_2}{V_3}\right)^{\kappa-1}T_2$

and we substitute the ratio between the volumes V2 and V3 given in the assignment:

$T_3=\left(\frac{\frac{1}{5}V_1}{2V_1}\right)^{\kappa-1}T_2= 0.1^{\kappa-1}T_2.$
• #### Hint 2 – calculation of work W

We will determine the total work W made by the gas as the sum of the work W1 made during the isothermal compression and the work W2 done during the adiabatic expansion

We need to use the integral calculus to compute the work done in individual processes because the gas pressure changes (it is a function of volume). It holds that

$W = \int\limits_{V_i}^{V_f}p\left(V\right)\, \text{d}V,$

where Ví and Vf are the initial and the final folume of the gas, respectively.

• #### Hint 3 – expressing the pressure p(V)

To express the volume-dependent pressure p(V) in the case of the isothermal process, we use the Boyle-Mariotte law.

We express the pressure p(V) using the adiabatic (Poisson) law in the case of the adiabatic process (see Hint 1)

• #### Analysis – the total work

The total work done by the gas is equal to the sum of the work done during isothermal compression and the work done during adiabatic expansion.

We need to use the integral calculus for both processes, because the pressure is a function of volume in both cases.

To express the pressure as a function of volume we use the Boyle-Mariott law during the isothermal process and the adiabatic (Poisson) equatin during the adiabatic process. We integrate the acquired functions with respect to volume. We use the initial and the final gas volume as the limits.

• #### Calculation of the work done

The total work W made by the gas is the sum of the work W1 made during the isothermal compression and the work W2 done during the adiabatic expansion.

For a non-constant pressure p, the general integral relation for work holds

$W = \int\limits_{V_i}^{V_f}p\left(V\right)\, \text{d}V,$

where Vi and Vf are the initial and the final folume of the gas, respectively.

In the case of the isothermal process, we can express pressurep as a function of volume V using the Boyle-Mariotte Law

$p_1V_1 = pV \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad p = \frac{p_1V_1}{V}.$

We substitute into the formula for work

$W_1 = \int\limits_{V_1}^{V_2}p\, \text{d}V = \int\limits_{V_1}^{\frac{1}{5}V_1}\frac{p_1V_1}{V}\, \text{d}V =$

we factor out the constants in front of the integral

$=p_1V_1 \int\limits_{V_1}^{\frac{1}{5}V_1}\frac{1}{V}\, \text{d}V =$

we integrate the function and evaluate it at the limits

$=p_1V_1[\ln\,V]_{V_1}^{\frac{1}{5}V_1} = p_1V_1\,\ln \,\frac{\frac{1}{5}V_1}{V_1}= p_1V_1\,\ln\,\frac{1}{5}.$

In the case of the adiabatic process, we express the pressure p as a function of volume V using the Poisson law

$p_2V_{2}^{\kappa} = pV^{\kappa} \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad p = \frac{p_2V_2^{\kappa}}{V^{\kappa}}.$

Now we put the obtained expression into the formula for work

$W_2 = \int\limits_{V_2}^{V_3}p \, \text{d}V = \int\limits_{V_2}^{V_3}\frac{p_2V_{2}^{\kappa}}{V^{\kappa}} \, \text{d}V =$

we factor out the constants in front of the integral

$=p_2V_{2}^{\kappa} \int\limits_{V_2}^{V_3}\frac{1}{V^{\kappa}} \, \text{d}V =$

we integrate

$= p_2V_{2}^{\kappa}\frac{1}{-\kappa + 1}\left[V^{-\kappa + 1}\right]_{V_2}^{V_3}=$

we evaluate the integral at the limits

$= \frac{p_2V_{2}^{\kappa}}{-\kappa + 1}\left[(V_3)^{-\kappa + 1} - (V_2)^{-\kappa + 1}\right].$

We use Boyle-Mariotte law to express the pressure p2 in terms of p 1

$p_1V_1=p_2V_2,$

from which we get

$p_2=\frac{p_1V_1}{V_2}=\frac{p_1V_1}{\frac{1}{5}V_1}=5p_1.$

We put this formula, together with the given relations for volumes V2 and V3, into the formula for work

$W_2= \frac{5p_1\left(\frac{1}{5}V_{1}\right)^{\kappa}}{1 -\kappa}\left[(2V_1)^{1-\kappa} - \left(\frac{1}{5}V_{1}\right)^{1-\kappa}\right]$

and we rearrange the expression

$W_2= \frac{p_1V_{1}}{1-\kappa}5^{1-\kappa}\left[2^{1-\kappa} - \left(\frac{1}{5}\right)^{1-\kappa}\right].$

Finally, we get

$W_2 = \frac{p_1V_{1}}{1-\kappa}\left[10^{1-\kappa} - 1\right].$

The total work done by the gas is then

$W=W_1+W_2$ $W=p_1V_1\ln{\frac{1}{5}}+\frac{p_1V_{1}}{1-\kappa}\left(10^{1-\kappa} - 1\right)$ $W= p_1V_1\left[\ln{\frac{1}{5}}+\frac{1}{\kappa - 1}\left(1-10^{1-\kappa} \right)\right].$
• #### Numerical substitution

Resulting temperature:

$T_3= 0.1^{\kappa-1}T_2 = 0.1^{1.4-1}\cdot 273\,\mathrm{K}\dot{=} 109\,\mathrm{K}$

Total work done:

$W= p_1V_1\left[\ln{\frac{1}{5}}+\frac{1}{\kappa - 1}\left(1-10^{1-\kappa} \right)\right].$ $W= 10^5\cdot{10^{-2}}\cdot \left[\ln{\frac{1}{5}}+ \frac{1}{1-1.4}\cdot \left( 1-10^{1-1.4}\right) \right]\,\mathrm{J}$ $W\dot{=}-105\,\mathrm{J}$

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## Latex Arrow Symbols

Hi There I've been spending half an hour trying to insert a word ontop of an arrow in microsoft word 2007 Does anyone know how to do that? I've drawn two diagrams connect them by using an arrow ---> and I wish to add a text on top of an arrow and having no luck doing it. 29 white lpm5000 symbols with all weather elements nb 30 single white latex line (4") $0. 1 How do I include Matlab graphs into my LaTeX document?. So, in Unicode, the arrows gets into one of these blocks: “Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B”, “Supplemental Mathematical Operators”, “Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows”. I needed to find the best way to resolve this issue… 樂 Thus, I decided to check how other tools are designed to make sorting arrow clear for the users. XY-pic works with most of the many formats available; e. MathJax basic tutorial and quick reference. Most of the stock math commands are written for typesetting math or computer science papers for academic journals, so you might need to dig deeper into LaTeX commands to get the vector notation styles that are common in physics textbooks and articles. So, in Unicode, the arrows gets into one of these blocks: "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B", "Supplemental Mathematical Operators", "Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows". Just replace 1,2,3,4,5 etc etc with whatever keys you want to use. reactions that occur at the molecular level in one step), it is conventional to write these in one line using two double-sided arrows. Information on this page was taken from these sources and may include additional informaiton not available on this page. All common mathematical symbols are implemented, and you can find a listing on the LaTeX cheat sheet. Stream Arrow FREE on The CW. 15 == === Changes since 1. ISO 15223-1, Clause 5. 5 truein template for changing margin sizes noddsidemargin 0 truein insert after document opener nevensidemargin -0. Special Symbols. == MediaWiki 1. Are you looking for some nice symbols to decorate your Facebook, Instagram or Twitter posts and comments? Or maybe to brighten up your username? We've got them you! You can choose from hearts, flowers, stars and much, much more! ♛ ♂ ☆ ℂ. 6 Special symbols You can use LaTeX-like syntax to insert special symbols—named entities—like ‘ \alpha ’ to indicate the Greek letter, or ‘ \to ’ to indicate an arrow. Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article!This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles. There may be more symbols that are customized for certain products. Bever raise issues that lie at the core of our understanding. In LaTeX, the character command ^ sets the next character as an exponent, while the character command _ sets it as an index. 1 Article revision 2007/2/11 Graphics with TikZ Andrew Mertz and William Slough Email [email protected] Alphabet Brackets Dots Var. Derivatives, Limits, Sums and Integrals. • This 4x6-inch, surface-mount sign is directly printed in color with a white background. The$ 's around a command mean that it has to be used in maths mode, and they will temporarily put you into maths mode if you use them. As such, we need to be able to add special symbols to our paper! Math has many symbols, far beyond what you can find on a keyboard; Set and relation symbols, arrows, operators, and Greek letters to name a few. explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, presents a LATEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, and provides some information about this document itself. To quickly summon your symbols press the following keys in sequence Compose Key → 1 → 2 → 3. 1 Introduction. The Keyboard Viewer remains. For all of its proven effects, aspirin is known to cause an allergic reaction in some people. this starts a list *with* numbers + this will show as number "2" * this will show as number "3. Several styles of input for various. A caret is another name for a cursor. ewcommand{\vect}[1]{\vec{#1}} Bold symbols are used for things other than vectors (matrices, for example). Here’s how to easily switch between a bold vector and an arrow vector. LaTeX forum ⇒ Math & Science ⇒ Large Arrow on top of Symbol Information and discussion about LaTeX's math and science related features (e. Index 134 8. If you can't find the LaTeX symbol(s) that you are after, then I can almost guarantee that you'll find them in the Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List. Thus, an arrow tip drawn at a line width of 5pt will typically not be five times as large as an arrow tip of line width 1pt. XY-pic User’s Guide Kristo er H. In particular, it is used in complex analysis for contour integrals (i. If you do add symbols to your profile. Arrow: Better dates & times for Python¶ Release v0. Is there a way to write the equivalent of \rightarrow in text mode? I tried → but it threw an error, and the math arrow complained about bad environment. Fortunately, there's a tool that can greatly simplify the search for the command for a specific symbol. (some) LaTeX environments for Jupyter notebook¶ This extension for Jupyter notebook enables the use of some LaTeX commands and environments markdown cells. Check Mark Symbols. If you have windows, go to start and then search and then type "character map. Instructions on how to type various Symbols, Accents, and Special Characters for Windows, Mac, and in HTML. XY-pic User’s Guide Kristo er H. An arrow coming from one symbol and ending at another symbol signifies flow passes to the symbol the arrow points to. My question is: do we have a command for double curve arrow, that the one above is concave down (the arrow is from left to Question Idea Network Question Idea network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. The arrow points in the direction of change (we will always point the arrow toward the RIGHT). U+2b06 ⬆ 0 upwards black arrow cardinal direction north up arrow miscellaneous symbols and arrows. So, in Unicode, the arrows gets into one of these blocks: "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B", "Supplemental Mathematical Operators", "Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows". The symbol * is used in spreadsheets and other computer applications to indicate a multiplication, although * does have other more complex meanings in mathematics. HTML Arrows is a comprehensive reference website for finding HTML symbol codes and entities, ASCII characters and Unicode hexadecimal values to use in your web design. Using LATEX for report writing Hans Fangohr Additional information for SESG1009/SESA2009 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Including ﬁgures 3 2. TeX, I have heard, is Turing complete. , the arrow \ar[ur] reads “typeset an arrow from the current entry to that one up and one right. Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Symbols can also be trained here. mf Fri Jul 26 08:45:40 1996 --- tex03/dist/cm/accent. "I'm Clean" Bumper Stickers Are Given to Any Motorists Who Wish to Place Them on Their Vehicles after Passing an Inspection at an Auto Emission Inspection Station in Downtown Cincinnati, Ohio09-1975 (4266533062). @wjandrea "typing arrows in plain text?" is not a duplicate of "Typing upwards arrow with a keyboard shortcut". Quickly inserting symbols/characters? Anyone know of a quick way to insert symbols (e. Size EXTRA Textcomp Marvosym Pifont Chemarrow Introduction II Note About Packages I did not separate the the AMS-LATEX symbols from the standard ones. Most of the stock math commands are written for typesetting math or computer science papers for academic journals, so you might need to dig deeper into LaTeX commands to get the vector notation styles that are common in physics textbooks and articles. Putting a bar or a tilde over a letter in LaTeX Posted on November 30, 2014 by Jisang Yoo As you are aware, there are commands to put a bar or a tilde over a symbol in math mode in LaTeX. Notice I had to tell MATLAB to use the $\LaTeX$ interpreter. Special Symbols. Latex allergic people can receive medical or dental care in a latex-safe area. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin∗ David Carlisle Alexander Holt March 10, 2001 Abstract This document lists 2010 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Tree proofs; 5. The appropriate LaTeX command is \overset{annotation}{symbol}. Welcome to the Unicode Symbol Map (☆USM★) info page Screenshot: Unicode Symbol Map ☆USM★ is a browser bookmarklet that pulls up expressive characters for easy copy & paste of all those crazy unicode symbols that people love to include in their emails and blog posts. The tabular environment generates a box, which LaTeX treats as one (albeit very large) letter; it cannot be split across pages. The harpoon package defaults to text mode, which will fail when math characters like ell are used in the math mode. The Painter's Choice. If the text argument to one of the text-drawing functions (text, mtext, axis, legend) in R is an expression, the argument is interpreted as a mathematical expression and the output will be formatted according to TeX-like rules. This stands for ‘Device Independent’ and, as the name implies, this ﬁle can be used to create. pointing halloween arrow symbol cartoon. 0 of the Unicode Standard, and is located in Plane 0, the Basic Multilingual Plane. equation mathematical expressions Mathematical symbols latex package figure table autoref beamer convert numbering symbol references. LaTeX is a high-quality typesetting system; it includes features designed for the production of technical and scientific documentation. The first one is plain text and the second one is with a keyboard shortcut, so the answers of the two questions have to be different too. The plugin also has an option to use the excellent jsDelivr CDN to load the KaTeX scripts, further increasing the performance of the plugin. But the package for this command is \siunitx. 1 === * The installer now includes a check for a data corruption issue with certain versions of libxml2 2. Library of frames and braces. Union (∪) and Intersection (∩) symbols in LaTeX can be produced via the \cup and \cap definitions while in math mode. Since typing LaTeX is too cumbersome and not readily intuitive (you have to typeset it). \RequirePackage{tikz} \RequirePackage[T1]{fontenc} Usage and Example:. Switch the button at the page top to look symbol code and image together. Close up The tolerances are with in the range. The specifications were taken from a picture in the c't magazine 11/98 p. ha-prosper. You can also select which pair of symbols to use for the two truth values. If the text argument to one of the text-drawing functions (text, mtext, axis, legend) in R is an expression, the argument is interpreted as a mathematical expression and the output will be formatted according to TeX-like rules. Most AsciiMath symbols attempt to mimic in text what they look like rendered, like oo for oo. Arrow symbols. 108 Inch FAA; 120 Inch FAA; 144 Inch FAA; Handicap. You'll also notice that the arrow from process 2b to process 1 is diagonal and therefore doesn't look right. An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. Samarbeta i realtid, utan installation, med versionshantering, hundratals LaTeX-mallar, med mera. Here is how LaTeX typesets the above source file. " Greek letters "w, q, a, F. formulas, graphs). Hi, I cannot seem to get the double arrow symbol above. ) Table 3: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters). Ask Question it is a $\LaTeX$ handwritten symbol Long labels increase the length of the arrow and in this version. arrownot does not appear to be included by default in my installation… I searched for a bit, and downloaded a package from MikTeX called mathabx, which includes no arrownot, but does include pre-made negated arrows like nRightarrow (that one, at least, works in math mode but not in normal text). Divers caractères. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin 3 January 2008 Abstract This document lists 4947 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. After the table there is also information about how to use Italic font for variable names. machine learning. UnicodeMath resembles real mathematical notation the most in comparison to all of the math linear formats, and it is the most concise linear format, though some may prefer editing in the LaTeX input over UnicodeMath since that is widely used in academia. Symbols are used to differentiate among different types of reactions. 9f November19,2018 Thegeneral-purposedrawingpackageTikZcanbeusedtotypesetcommutativediagramsandotherkinds. Try to learn some of these and start using them when you take notes. The Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows range was introduced with version 4. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol "pi" in your output. You include symbols for math notation Often the symbols are intuitive: \alpha gives you $$\alpha$$. example pointed out by Lubos. mf tex03/dist/cm/accent. Now, here is an even easier way to get the equilibrium symbol. Fortunately, there's a tool that can greatly simplify the search for the command for a specific symbol. This is a list of symbols found within all branches of mathematics. Another application translating LaTeX documents into HTML is The LaTeX2HTML Translator. Illuminati Hand Signs IlluminatiSymbols. How to insert degree symbol in LaTeX Ashwin Uncategorized 2013-01-13 2015-11-01 0 Minutes To insert the degree symbol into a LaTeX document, install the gensymb package, include it in the document and use the degree symbol in math mode. Browse in grid or table format, search for HTML symbols, and check out Toptal’s professional designers’ blog for digital design. Also dingbats include some symbols. In mathematics, the caret represents an exponent, such as a square, cube, or another. markup symbols Cell > Insert Text Markup > LATEX Markup 2 Type the markup symbols directly in the comments Note: Using the drop-down menu will produce a default commented text which can then be edited using LATEX syntax. So, in Unicode, the arrows gets into one of these blocks: “Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B”, “Supplemental Mathematical Operators”, “Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows”. Notice in particular that an apostrophe as hlabel optioni causes the label to be placed on the opposite side of the arrow. Refer to the external references at the end of this article for more information. ISO 15223-1, Clause 5. Used to separate reactants (on the left) from products (on the right). Compiler Design - Finite Automata - Finite automata is a state machine that takes a string of symbols as input and changes its state accordingly. HOME: Next: Miscellaneous symbols (LaTEX) Last: Arrow symbols (LaTEX) Top: Index Page Index Page. Trigonometric functions. Angle brackets are used in various sorts of mathematical expressions: 〈x, y〉 can denote an inner product or other such pairing, 〈a, b | ab = ba 2 〉 a presentation of a group, and k〈X〉 a free associative algebra. A symbol is considered a math symbol if its Unicode name indicate so, or, it is widely recognized as a math symbol (such as ℝ ⅈ π ). A rendered preview of all letters is shown alongside all commands in a nice table. The Symbols dialog, available by clicking on the Insert Symbol icon in the Word Processor, allows you to insert symbols specifically related to the font being used into the Word Processor. Various math symbols TeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. Writing chemical equation in Word is too boring and time consuming job. It provides a new symbol to be used for the European currency, the Euro. Epi and mono arrows. Symbols Rosetta Stone. The full text of this document is also posted on our class Blackboard page, under. LaTeX math symbols is a way to write complex maths symbols and equations in GoConqr. " It does not yet. that's what I wanted to use but if only it can be moved up a little, what is the full command for \vv ? like I know it has to be made up from other commands, so maybe there's a parameter for height and if that could be changed the height of the arrow could also be changed. Another option would be to look in "The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List" in the external links section below. Compiler Design - Finite Automata - Finite automata is a state machine that takes a string of symbols as input and changes its state accordingly. Here is a partial list of what is available. Copy and paste the code on the left box to LaTex Equation Editor. The total number of chars on this page is about 766. Detexify is an attempt to simplify this search. I have created a user account called "MyUser" via Powershell, and the icon graphic in active directory different to that of the user test that I create via the UI. 5 posts • Page 1 of 1. In 1978, a computer scientist by the name of Donald Knuth grew frustrated with the mistakes that. How do I use it? Just draw the symbol you are looking for into the square area above and look what happens! My symbol isn't found!. Here is how LaTeX typesets the above source file. Residents are asked to note changes in City-provided services Read on. Fortunately, there's a tool that can greatly simplify the search for the command for a specific symbol. Mathematicians sometimes decorate arrows in diagrams to encode more information about what the arrow represents. Sophisticated formulae are represented by means of appropriate table constructions, so that only few things are still not possible (as for example symbols with vector arrow in a line of text). Appendices A and B will probably be needed quite often in your work: they contain math symbol tables and text symbol tables. It describes the editing community's established practice on some aspect or. The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List. Delimiters. It's use is dictated by Public Act 98-63, the Firearm Concealed Carry Act, effective July 9, 2013. CAD blocks of North Arrows , Symbols Signs Signals in Top or Plan view : Autocad blocks of north arrows, cad drawings of north symbols, north points, for maps, blueprints, architectural design, northern boreal direction, compass, needle, arrow, magnetic compass, points of the compass, compass rose. • If you prefer to stay with the integral symbols provided by LATEX(and possi-bly amsmath), but need other symbols from the wasy fonts, load the package with the option [nointegrals]. 33 or later required) that makes LaTeX Asymptote-aware. The symbol * is used in spreadsheets and other computer applications to indicate a multiplication, although * does have other more complex meanings in mathematics. I've noticed recently several signalized intersections in my town where vehicles turning right on a solid right turn green arrow must cross a marked pedestrian crosswalk on the departure lane(s) that is simultaneously displaying the Walking Man or Flashing Hand symbols to pedestrians. Symbols can also be trained here. After the table there is also information about how to use Italic font for variable names. Get live exchange rates, historical rates & charts for NGN to USD with XE's free currency calculator. Easy Scientific Notation In LaTeX filed in LaTeX , Math , Physics on Mar. Download in. On Windows based documents, hold one of the alt key on your keyboard and press the numbers in the first column of the above table. All common mathematical symbols are implemented, and you can find a listing on the LaTeX cheat sheet. That is to say, I don't want to write the program one way to work on my display and some other way to work when I want PostScript output. Richard Cohen Rockwell International Science Center Thousand Oaks, California, USA and Pierre Giacomo Bureau International des Poids et Mesures Sevres, France Document I. These LaTeX's symbols are grouped together more or less according to function. For example, LaTeX's \section macro encodes instructions to leave some vertical space, to increment the section number counter, and to format a section heading. "However, even when medical products are not made with NRL, there is a chance that products can become contaminated with NRL allergens during manufacturing or packaging processes. In the following document, we will refer to special characters for all symbols other than the lowercase letters a-z, uppercase letters A-Z, figures 0-9, and English punctuation marks. Latex how to insert a blank or empty page with or without numbering \thispagestyle,\newpage,\usepackage{afterpage} How to write a vector in Latex ? \vec,\overrightarrow Latex numbering equations: leqno et fleqn, left,right. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin∗ David Carlisle Alexander Holt March 10, 2001 Abstract This document lists 2010 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. This works with or without the amsmath package, and the sequence of loading does not matter. So you can resize them by dragging the green selection handles. This example shows how to insert Greek letters, superscripts, and annotations into chart text and explains other available TeX options. , plain TEX, LATEX, and AMS-TEX. I am looking for exactly the reverse of the vector symbol in \vec{x}. We include these packages by using the \usepackage command between the \documentclass line and the \begin{document} line, such as:. Another option would be to look in "The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List" in the external links section below. To use additional special characters, such as integral and summation symbols, you can use LaTeX markup instead. How to insert degree symbol in LaTeX Ashwin Uncategorized 2013-01-13 2015-11-01 0 Minutes To insert the degree symbol into a LaTeX document, install the gensymb package, include it in the document and use the degree symbol in math mode. The following code examples show. Are you looking for some nice symbols to decorate your Facebook, Instagram or Twitter posts and comments? Or maybe to brighten up your username? We've got them you! You can choose from hearts, flowers, stars and much, much more! ♛ ♂ ☆ ℂ. If the text argument to one of the text-drawing functions (text, mtext, axis, legend) in R is an expression, the argument is interpreted as a mathematical expression and the output will be formatted according to TeX-like rules. I want to put a left arrow over letter in math mode. 1, Apple supply a system font called Symbol that has the characters at their Unicode code points. Welcome to the Unicode Symbol Map (☆USM★) info page Screenshot: Unicode Symbol Map ☆USM★ is a browser bookmarklet that pulls up expressive characters for easy copy & paste of all those crazy unicode symbols that people love to include in their emails and blog posts. They include the latex degree symbol, does-not-equal sign, greater-than-or-equal-to, less-than-or-equal-to signs, omega symbol, approximately symbol, etc. Wikipedia:LaTeX symbols. It's completely normal for some characters to appear as squares. In electrical diagram software, you can use the action button to choose the right electrical symbols with one click. The following table lists many common symbols together with their name, pronunciation, and the related field of mathematics. 5, February 11, 2011 Abstract XY-pic is a package for typesetting graphs and diagrams using Knuth's TEX typesetting system. A long tabbing environment can be split across pages. A caret is another name for a cursor. So, in Unicode, the arrows gets into one of these blocks: "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B", "Supplemental Mathematical Operators", "Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows". The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. Explain the meaning of each symbol. $\endgroup$ - Arturo Magidin Apr 18 '12 at 2:52. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol "pi" in your output. Log-like symbols. The appropriate LaTeX command is \overset{annotation}{symbol}. Instead, the size of the arrow will get bigger only slowly as the line width increases. Packaging Symbols Explained Symbol Meaning Catalogue number Batch Code Use by date Caution, consult accompanying documents Do not re-use Date of manufacture Manufacturer CE mark. LaTeX Symbols Table: Text-Mode Accents Table: National Symbols Table: Arrows (Math Mode) Table: Miscellaneous Symbols (Math Mode) AGU. tex contains all necessary code This file is prepared by running latex A. Size EXTRA Textcomp Marvosym Pifont Chemarrow Introduction II Note About Packages I did not separate the the AMS-LATEX symbols from the standard ones. Various math symbols TeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. A list of LaTEX Math mode symbols. QUESTION: I often want to use Greek symbols in my plot annotations, but I also want to write IDL programs that work in a device-independent way. For all of its proven effects, aspirin is known to cause an allergic reaction in some people. Detexify is an attempt to simplify this search. I know It should be on the menu bar -> Extensions -> Render -> LaTeX Formula. Planetary symbols. Delimiters. All the programs and examples will be available in this publ. These symbols have the same meaning; commonly × is used to mean multiplication when handwritten or used on a calculator 2 × 2, for example. An emoticon is a series of symbols used in text messaging or emails to express an emotion without using words. standard LATEX, and matches the other integral symbols. The following table shows the whole Greek alphabet along with the commands in a nice table. If you have any enquiries about this website or the content on it, please contact: [email protected] Close up The tolerances are with in the range. Just pick a symbol you sometimes need but tend to forget and click it. Tree proofs; 5. The problem with this method is that it puts a fixed-width bar over the letter (I think it's an underscore character '_') instead of covering the width of the letter(s). From water safety and public information signs to automobile and equipment symbols, you can now browse online over 4 000 ISO graphical symbols on ISO's Online Browsing Platform (OBP). How to do that? - use the alt key along with other keys combination to insert all communication related symbols in your documents. You can also select which pair of symbols to use for the two truth values. We've documented and categorized hundreds of macros! LaTeX Base Reference. Welcome to the PGF and TikZ examples gallery Arrows 18; Automata and. Below is a comprehensive list of symbols that you can quickly copy and paste in your headline, summary or anywhere else that you are looking to stand out. Need fresh looking SDL diagram symbols for your design? These SDL diagram symbols are a cinch to pop in. , the arrow \ar[ur] reads “typeset an arrow from the current entry to that one up and one right. Every electrical current produces an electric field. If you like this Site about Solving Math Problems. In mathematics, the caret represents an exponent, such as a square, cube, or another. Order custom accessible and parking signs at the best prices online. This stands for 'Device Independent' and, as the name implies, this ﬁle can be used to create. When you write special characters that are outside of the standard 7-bit ASCII range straight into your HTML there are things to consider. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX2εsystem; others require fonts and packages. LaTeX forum ⇒ Math & Science ⇒ Large Arrow on top of Symbol Information and discussion about LaTeX's math and science related features (e. Then when someone tells you to format your vectors with arrows instead you can simply change that one macro. The problem is, it's hard to categorize them into one place. Lots symbols look similar but mean different things. However, getting the square root symbol the right size and with the bar extended over the expression whose root is being taken requires LaTeX. Using Strings also avoids many other problems when typesetting symbolic expressions in Mathematica since a string is inert and a raw Symbol and can't have value other than itself. Two links of a silver chain, positioned at a 45° angle. ESSENTIAL LATEX 3 commands; this has the same name as your ﬁle but the ". (The undirected double quote character " produces double right quotation marks: it should never be used where left quotation marks are required. These range from accents and greek letters to exotic mathematical operators. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol "pi" in your output. As with many LaTeX commands, you enclose the string that you want to format in a pair of dollar signs (\$). Get live exchange rates, historical rates & charts for NGN to USD with XE's free currency calculator. The ^ symbol represent the logical conjunction , or more simply the logical "and". These should help you interpret and understand what each packaging symbol stands for, and also choose products wisely. Miscellaneous symbols Math functions Variable size math symbols Math Miscellany The AMS dot symbols are named according to their intended usage: \dotsb between pairs of binary operators/relations, \dotsc between pairs of commas, \dotsi between pairs of integrals, \dotsm between pairs of multiplication signs, and \dotso between other symbol pairs. Arrows would be used within math enviroment. arrownot does not appear to be included by default in my installation… I searched for a bit, and downloaded a package from MikTeX called mathabx, which includes no arrownot, but does include pre-made negated arrows like nRightarrow (that one, at least, works in math mode but not in normal text). with few exceptions, these…. I tried to put it with \stackrel{\leftarrow}{x}, but it doesn't look good. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's done in mathematics texts. Lesson 1: How to set up the table structure. There are many common abbreviations and symbols which you can use for note-taking. The align* version is the same as align except that it doesn't produce equation numbers. Alternatively referred to as the circumflex, the caret is the symbol ( ^ ) above the 6 key on a standard United States qwerty keyboard. * (bug 20239) MediaWiki:Imagemaxsize does not contain anymore a. This is not a comprehensive list. Math textbook often use a symbol similar to a backwards epsilon to represent such that but it is a flipped version of the symbol used to represent set membership. explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, presents a LATEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, and provides some information about this document itself. The electrical current can be current driving or AC/DC convention. List of Division Sign symbols with html entity, unicode number code. Sometimes, different arrows are used to indicate something about the reaction. All common mathematical symbols are implemented, and you can find a listing on the LaTeX cheat sheet. The two, of course, had to be slightly off-center to avoid the arrow of one intersecting the circle of the other. It implements and updates the datetime type, plugging gaps in functionality and providing an intelligent module. LaTeX Symbols. Type degree symbol in MS Word, Excel, HTML and Unicode. 15 == === Changes since 1. The Painter's Choice. It describes the editing community's established practice on some aspect or. Double arrow symbol in chemical reaction notation a number of chemical reactions that contain a double arrow, with a “half arrow” pointing to the right on top. Fortunately, we do have the. The coolest collection of Miscellaneous Symbols, containing various glyphs representing things from a variety of categories. You need to find a specific Unicode character? With Shapecatcher. Letters are. Greek letters. Mathematical Annotation in R Description. 6 Special symbols You can use LaTeX-like syntax to insert special symbols—named entities—like ' \alpha ' to indicate the Greek letter, or ' \to ' to indicate an arrow. Math 233 In the following pages I have excerpted some pages from The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX 2 , by Tobias Oetiker. It can find the most similar character shapes for your drawing. It uses the & symbol for alignment, much like the tabular environment. 0 of the Unicode Standard, and is located in Plane 0, the Basic Multilingual Plane. fractions), you should use LaTeX or MathJax. In this article, we will provide the full list of alt code shortcuts for communication symbols which can be used on all Windows based documents. Insert Mathematics Symbols in Windows. Here we learn how to invoke "math mode" in order to write mathematical symbols and equations. I read this question but it didn't tell how to actually make the arrow: Set the colour of arrows in inkscape Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. City Shred services are open to residents and DFB businesses. Find packaging symbols stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Then you will an output that you see on the right box. Thus, an arrow tip drawn at a line width of 5pt will typically not be five times as large as an arrow tip of line width 1pt. The LaTeX language has a wide variety of special symbols for which markup commands have already been defined. 7, February 16, 1999 Abstract XY-pic is a package for typesetting graphs and diagrams using Knuth’s TEX typesetting system. If it is, highlight it and copy it, and then paste it where you need it to go. Check Mark Symbols. Fotosearch Enhanced Cool 3d gothic girl in latex catsuit holding a bow and arrow. Background: I've been using the \foreach command in TikZ to draw NxN arrays of nodes, indexed by pairs of integers (m,n). Unravel the unconscious symbols of your dreams and find clarity in waking life. Log-like symbols. Shop fabric by the yard at your online fabric store, JOANN. Why is the hand symbol used instead of any other symbol, say a spade, for the purpose of a Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.