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## Abstract

Triptolide (TPL), the active component of Tripterygium wilfordii, exhibits anti-cancer and antioxidant functions. We aimed to explore the anti-apoptosis mechanism of TPL based on network pharmacology and in vivo and in vitro research validation using a rat model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The chemical structures and pharmacological activities of the compounds reported in T. wilfordii were determined and used to perform the network pharmacology analysis. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP) was then used to identify the network targets for 16 compounds from Tripterygium wilfordii. Our results showed that 47 overlapping genes obtained from the GeneCards and OMIM databases were involved in the occurrence and development of FSGS and used to construct the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network using the STRING database. Hub genes were identified via the MCODE plug-in of the Cytoscape software. IL4 was the target gene of TPL in FSGS and was mainly enriched in the cell apoptosis term and p53 signaling pathway, according to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. TPL inhibited FSGS-induced cell apoptosis in rats and regulated IL4, nephrin, podocin, and p53 protein levels via using CCK8, TUNEL, and Western blot assays. The effects of IL4 overexpression, including inhibition of cell viability and promotion of apoptosis, were reversed by TPL. TPL treatment increased the expression of nephrin and podocin and decreased p53 expression in rat podocytes. In conclusion, TPL inhibited podocyte apoptosis by targeting IL4 to alleviate kidney injury in FSGS rats.

## Introduction

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a clinical pathological syndrome, and its typical pathological feature is sclerosing lesions in the focal glomeruli and in the glomerular segment. The clinical manifestations of FSGS patients are massive proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, and progressive decrease in renal function. The condition of 3.6% of patients with end-stage renal disease developed from FSGS [1,2]. Currently, the main clinical therapies for FSGS are immunologic drugs, glucocorticoids, and blockers of the renin–angiotensin system; however, their therapeutic effects are not satisfactory. [3]. Triptolide (TPL) is the most active and effective diterpene lactone epoxide compound isolated from Tripterygium. [4]. TPL has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and immunologic effects on many diseases [4]. TPL inhibits the secretion of many cytokines, adhesion molecules, and chemokines and affects the functions of various cells, including dendritic cells and renal tubular epithelial cells [5,6]. TPL has been reported to alleviate the progression of glomerulosclerosis and the excretion rate of urinary albumin to inhibit the progression of diabetic neuropathy [6]. However, the effects and mechanisms of TPL in FSGS are still unclear. We explored the mechanism of FSGS-mediated podocyte pathogenesis based on the FSGS rat model. The present study has great significance for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of FSGS.

In the past, research on Chinese herbal extracts focused on a particular aspect and on finding the biological characteristics explaining the pharmacological effect with respect to this aspect [7]; however, this approach is usually one-sided. It is important to explore the relation between the acquired proof and the research results. With the development of bioinformatics and network pharmacology, proposal of a theory and proving this theory through experiments has become the main method to explore the mechanism of Chinese herb compounds [8].

Network pharmacology is based on high-throughput omics data analysis, virtual computer computing and network database retrieval, and it combines systems biology with multidirectional pharmacology [9]. The mechanism of drug action was researched via the construction and analysis of biological networks. The systematic and holistic nature of network pharmacology is consistent with the characteristics of Chinese herbs, which exhibit multi-components, multi-targets, and systematic regulation. It has been widely used to explore the pharmacological basis of Chinese medicine and the drug mechanism and to interpret drug compatibility [10,11]. Network pharmacology has been recognized by many Chinese medicine researchers [12]. The multi-component and multi-target network research mode breaks the traditional research mode of a single ingredient and a single target, providing a new method for comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of the compounds [13]. In the early stage, a total of 47 target genes and the corresponding 16 active constituents of Tripterygium were used to construct the ingredient-target network. The present study mainly explores the mechanism of TPL in FSGS through bioinformatics and functional experiments.

## Materials and methods

### Construction of the potential compound database for tripterygium

Using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (http://lsp.nwu.edu.cn/tcmsp.php, TCMSP), each candidate’s drug ability was analyzed according to its oral bioavailability (OB) and drug-likeness (DL) indices recommended by the TCMSP. OB refers to the degree and rate of drug absorption into the circulatory system, which is an important indicator for objectively evaluating the intrinsic quality of drugs. The higher the OB of the compound, the more likely it is to be developed for clinical application. DL is the sum of the pharmacokinetic properties and safety, which arises from the interactions among the physicochemical properties and structural factors, including solubility, permeability, and stability. It can be used to optimize compounds, analyze the results of drug activity, predict in vivo pharmacokinetics, direct structure modifications, etc. As the TCMSP recommends, molecules with OB ≥ 30% and DL ≥ 0.18 were considered to exhibit relatively better pharmacological properties and were screened out as candidate compounds for further analysis.

### Construction of the disease–target–compound network

To comprehensively understand the molecular mechanisms, disease–compound–target networks were constructed using the Cytoscape visualization software 3.7.1. All target genes related to FSGC were obtained from the GeneCards database (https://www.genecards.org/). All the candidate compounds of Tripterygium were retrieved from the TCMSP to obtain the associated targets. Next, disease, compounds, and targets were inputted into the software, and a disease–compound–target interaction network was constructed. In the process of constructing the network, the layout algorithm (attribute circle layout) was applied. We can set the geometric position of every node and visually display the network topology using color, graphics, and symbols, making reasonable arrangements for every node and creating a clear visual effect. Degree and betweenness centrality are two important parameters of the topology structure, which were used to evaluate the essentiality of each target and compound.

### PPI network construction and module analysis

Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING, https://string-db.org) is an online tool and used to construct the PPI network with confidence network edges and a medium confidence of 0.400 as the product criteria. Cytoscape 7.1.0 was used to perform the visualization of PPI network. The Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) plug-in was used to screen the significant modules in the PPI network with a degree cut-off = 2, node score cut-off = 0.2, k-core = 2, and maximum depth = 100. The corresponding proteins in the central nodes and highly degree were potential core proteins encoded by key candidate genes that have important physiological regulatory functions.

### GO terms and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis

The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database was used to perform GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The GO terms were classified into three categories: biological process (BP), cellular component (CC); and molecular function (MF). P<0.01 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

### Animals

A total of 40 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (male, weighing 160–180 g) were provided by Yison Bio co.LTD (Shanghai, China). Animals were housed individually in polycarbonate cages with wood chip bedding and were maintained in an air-conditioned animal room (temperature: 24°C, relative humidity: 55 ± 5%) on a 12-h light/dark cycle. Each animal experiment was carried out following the local Care for Laboratory Animals guidelines formulated by the Animal Experimental Center. The Ethics Committee had approved the studies using laboratory animals at the Guangxing Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University.

### FSGS model establishment

All rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group (Sham), model group (FSGS), a group administered 80 mg/(kg·d) of Tripterygium by gavage (TPL(80)+FSGS), and a group administered 160 mg/(kg · d) of Tripterygium by gavage (TPL(160)+FSGS) (n=10 rats/group). One day before the operation, the TPL (80 or 160)+FSGS groups were administered TPL (Purifa Technology Development Co. Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan, China) 80 or 160 mg/(kg d) by gavage; the Sham and FSGS groups were given isovolumic normal saline till the end of the experiment. The animals were intraperitoneally anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (60 mg/kg body weight) and then placed on a homeothermic pad to maintain a core body temperature of 37°C to establish the FSGS model. The rats were first subjected to unilateral nephrectomy (left side) on day 1 and then injected in the caudal vein with adriamycin 5 mg/kg (on day 7) and adriamycin 3 mg/kg (on day 28) dissolved in 0.9% saline at a dilution of 2 mg/ml. Meanwhile, the kidneys of the control rats were exposed without dissecting the kidney tissue, followed by layer-by-layer suturing. These rats were then injected with saline on days 7 and 28 through the tail vein after the sham operation. Eight weeks post-surgery, blood samples were obtained from the tail veins, and the animals were killed. Following adequate anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (180 mg/kg body weight), the organs were removed, frozen, or fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The serum and whole kidneys were harvested for biochemical, histological, and molecular analyses. The urinary protein levels of the rats were quantified before the end of the experiment. Animals with >100 mg/24 h urinary protein indicated successful establishment of the model, and they were included in subsequent experiments.

### Histological analyses

The kidney tissues were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. For histological analysis of lesions, 3 μm thick tissue sections were deparaffinized and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS). To calculate the degree of focal glomerular sclerosis, 40–60 glomeruli from each stained specimen were examined. The degree of sclerosis in each glomerulus was subjectively graded on a scale of 0–4 as follows: Grade 0, no change; Grade 1, sclerotic area less than or equal to 25% of the glomerulus or the presence of distinct adhesion between the capillary tuft and Bowman’s capsule; Grade 2, sclerosis of 25–50% of the total glomerular area; Grade 3, sclerosis of 50–75% of the total glomerular area; and Grade 4, sclerosis of more than 75% of the glomerulus. The glomerular sclerosis index (GSI) was calculated using the following formula:
$GSI=(1×N1)+(2×N2)+(3×N3)+(4×N4)/(N0+N1+N2+N3+N4)$
where N is the number of glomeruli for each grade of sclerosis.

### Terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining

An apoptosis detection kit (Promega, Madison, WI) was used to detect apoptosis according to a previously described method [14]. In brief, renal sections were subjected to TUNEL staining in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Later, IF microscopy was used to analyze the samples using a Zeiss Axiovert 200 M fluorescent microscope equipped with an AxioCamMR3 camera. Six fields (magnification 400×) were randomly selected from every section from 10 different rats, and cells with positive TUNEL staining were analyzed.

### Glucose treatment and cell culture

Rat glomerular podocytes were provided by Yubo Bio-Technique Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China), which were then cultivated according to a previously described method. Rat podocytes were cultivated in RPMI 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, U.S.A.) containing streptomycin (100 μg/ml), penicillin (100 U/ml) (Solarbio, Beijing, China), and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, NY, Grand Island). Subsequently, the cells were cultivated in a 5% CO2 incubator (Heraeus, Japan) at 33°C with interferon-γ (IFN-γ, 40 units/ml, Sigma, St Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Later, to induce differentiation, the podocytes were maintained at 37°C for 2 weeks in the absence of interferon. Podocytes (3 × 105 cells/ml) were plated into 6-well plates in the presence of complete medium. After 24 h of standing, the podocytes were subjected to 24 and 48 h of TPL treatment at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 µmol/ml) before they were collected for subsequent analysis.

### Glucose treatment and cell culture

Rat glomerular podocytes were provided by Yubo Bio-Technique Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China), which were then cultivated according to previous description. Rat podocytes had been cultivated into the RPMI 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, U.S.A.) containing streptomycin (100 μg/ml) and penicillin (100 U/ml) (Solarbio, Beijing, China), and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibico, NY, Grand Island). Cells were then cultivated within the 5% CO2 incubator (Heraeus, Japan) under 33°C with interferon-γ (IFN-γ, 40 units/ml, Sigma, St Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Afterwards, to induce differentiation, podocytes had been kept under 37°C for 2 weeks in the absence of interferon. Podocytes (3 ×  105 cells/ml) were plated into the 6-well plate in the presence of complete medium. After 24 h of standing, podocytes were subjected to 24 and 48 h of TPL treatment at different contents (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 µmol/ml) before they were collected for subsequent analysis.

### Transient transfection of plasmid DNA or siRNA

The previously described human IL4 plasmid DNA at full length [15] was utilized to increase IL4 expression in cells via using transient transfection. pcDNA3.1-Myc/His EV plasmid (Life technologies) and On-Target Plus scramble RNA (Dharmacon) were used as transient transfection controls. Sequences for IL4 overexpression was ACAUUACUGCCUGAAGGGUGAAUUAACGC.

### Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay

Cells were grown into the 96-well plates at the density of 1 × 105 cells/well, followed by 24 and 48 h of culture. Afterwards, cell viability was detected via using the CCK-8 kit (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD, U.S.A.). Then, cells in each group were cultivated for additional 24 and 48 h, respectively. Next, the CCK8 solution (10 μl) was added into cell at 37°C for 4 h. The absorbance was determined at 450 nm for obtaining the cell growth curve by the iMark microplate absorbance reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, U.S.A.). Each experiment was carried out in triplicate.

### Apoptosis detected by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining

Cell apoptosis was examined using the Annexin V-FITC/PI kit. Briefly, the cells were subjected to 0.25% trypsin digestion (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, U.S.A.), followed by two washes with cold PBS; resuspension with 5 μl of PI, 5 μl of annexin V-FITC, and 500 μl of binding buffer; and incubation under 15 min of ambient temperature in the dark. Typically, Annexin V-FITC can bind to phosphatidylserine located on the outer apoptotic cell membrane, whereas PI can penetrate and stain cells with impaired membranes before binding to and labeling DNA. Data were collected using a flow cytometer (BD FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, U.S.A.) and analyzed by FlowJo. Clumped cells were excluded from the FSC-H/FSC-A dot plot for selecting the single cells. Cells in the annexin V-FITC-/PI+, annexin V-FITC+/PI+, and annexin V-FITC+/PI− quadrants were regarded as apoptotic cells.

### Western blotting

Cells were subjected to lysis within the RIPA buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) to collect the lysates in tubes, followed by 20 min of centrifugation at 4°C at 12,000 g. Later, all supernatants were extracted, and protein content was measured by the BCA Protein Quantitative Kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Then, Western blotting had been carried out in accordance with the instruction. Afterwards, 20 μg protein was subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE for separation, followed by transfer onto the PVDF membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA, U.S.A.). Later, the membranes were blocked using 5% skimmed milk for 1 h, followed by overnight incubation with anti-IL-4 (dilution 1:8000, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., ab69811), nephrin (Abcam, ab227806; diluted at 1:1200), podocin (Abcam, ab50339; diluted at 1:1000), phosph (p)-Stat6 (BioVision, U.S.A., 3476-100; diluted at 1:1000), and GAPDH (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., ab181602; dilution 1:1000) rabbit anti-human antibodies, at 4°C, separately. Afterwards, cells were subjected to 1 h incubation with HRP-labeled secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit antibody, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., ab116282; dilution 1:2000), prior to ECL detection. The Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent kit (WBKLS0100; Millipore, U.S.A.) was used to reveal the reactive bands using Roche Cobas e601 automated chemiluminescence image analysis system (Roche, U.S.A.).

### Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay

The GAPDH and IL-4 mRNA expression was detected through RT-qPCR. Total cellular RNA was isolated by TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, U.S.A.) in accordance with manufacturer protocols. Afterwards, cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription of RNA according to the reactions below: RNase-free dH2O, total RNA (500 ng), and 5×PrimeScript RT Master Mix (2 μl) were added until the final volume became 10 μl. The Prism 7500 (ABI, Foster City, CA, U.S.A.) was employed for real-time PCR following the standard protocol of SYBR green assay. Primers used in the present study were shown below: IL-4-F: 5′-GATCACAAAGTACTGGTCCTGG-3′. Notably, GAPDH served as a normal control, with the primers of 5′-CACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAAA-3′ (reverse) and 5′-TGACTTCAACAGCGACACCCA-3′ (forward). Later, qPCR was carried out in triplicate using 7500 Real-Time PCR ABI system (ABI, U.S.A.) at a format of the 96-well plate. The reaction volume of 20 μl was prepared for PCR, which included forward primer (0.8 μl, 10 μM), RNase-free dH2O (7.4 μl),reverse primer (0.8 μl, 10 μM), 2×FastStart Universal SYBR Green Master (10 μl, ROX; Invitrogen, Guangzhou, China), and cDNA (1 μl). Besides, the PCR conditions were as follows, 10 min at 95°C, followed by 15 s at 95°C for 40 cycles, and 1 min at 60°C. The sequence detection software (1.6.3, Applied Biosystems, ABI, U.S.A.) was used for data analysis. Relative GAPDH or IL-4 mRNA level was measured and standardized according to 2−ΔΔCt method based on GAPDH.

### Statistical analyses

SPSS 15.0 (http://spss.en.softonic.com/) was employed for all statistical analyses. Differences between two groups were analyzed through independent sample t-test, whereas those among several groups were examined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Rate was compared by chi-square test. The statistically significant level was set as P<0.01 or P<0.05.

## Results

### Identification of active compounds in Tripterygium wilfordii

Using TCMSP databases (http://lsp.nwsuaf.edu.cn/tcmsp.php), 144 compounds of Tripterygium were retrieved. According to the criteria of DL ≥ 0.18 and OB ≥ 30%, a total of 51 chemical ingredients were selected (Table 1). TPL was verified as an active ingredient of T. wilfordii.

Table 1
Information for 51 chemical ingredients of tripterygium
Mol IDMolecule nameOB (%)DL
MOL000211 Mairin 55.38 0.78
MOL000296 Hederagenin 36.91 0.75
MOL000358 Beta-sitosterol 36.91 0.75
MOL000422 Kaempferol 41.88 0.24
MOL000449 Stigmasterol 43.83 0.76
MOL002058 40957-99-1 57.2 0.62
MOL003182 (+)-Medioresinol di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside_qt 60.69 0.62
MOL003184 81827-74-9 45.42 0.53
MOL003185 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a
-dimethyl-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
48.84 0.38
MOL003187 Triptolide 51.29 0.68
MOL003188 Tripchlorolide 78.72 0.72
MOL003189 WILFORLIDE A 35.66 0.72
MOL003192 Triptonide 67.66 0.7
MOL003196 Tryptophenolide 48.5 0.44
MOL003198 5 alpha-Benzoyl-4 alpha-hydroxy-1 beta,8 alpha-dinicotinoyl-dihydro-agarofuran 35.26 0.72
MOL003199 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin 61.85 0.54
MOL003206 Canin 77.41 0.33
MOL003208 Celafurine 72.94 0.44
MOL003209 Celallocinnine 83.47 0.59
MOL003210 Celapanine 30.18 0.82
MOL003211 Celaxanthin 47.37 0.58
MOL003217 Isoxanthohumol 56.81 0.39
MOL003222 Salazinic acid 36.34 0.76
MOL003224 Tripdiotolnide 56.4 0.67
MOL003225 Hypodiolide A 76.13 0.49
MOL003229 Triptinin B 34.73 0.32
MOL003231 Triptoditerpenic acid B 40.02 0.36
MOL003232 Triptofordin B1 39.55 0.84
MOL003233 Triptofordin B2 107.71 0.76
MOL003234 Triptofordin C2 30.16 0.76
MOL003235 Triptofordin D1 32 0.75
MOL003236 Triptofordin D2 30.38 0.69
MOL003238 Triptofordin F1 33.91 0.6
MOL003239 Triptofordin F2 33.62 0.67
MOL003241 Triptofordin F4 31.37 0.67
MOL003242 Triptofordinine A2 30.78 0.47
MOL003244 Triptonide 68.45 0.68
MOL003245 Triptonoditerpenic acid 42.56 0.39
MOL003248 Triptonoterpene 48.57 0.28
MOL003266 21-Hydroxy-30-norhopan-22-one 34.11 0.77
MOL003267 Wilformine 46.32 0.2
MOL003278 Salaspermic acid 32.19 0.63
MOL003279 99694-86-7 75.23 0.66
MOL003280 TRIPTONOLIDE 49.51 0.49
MOL003283 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol 66.51 0.39
MOL004443 Zhebeiresinol 58.72 0.19
MOL005828 Nobiletin 61.67 0.52
MOL007415 [(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropyl] acetate 58.02 0.52
MOL007535 (5S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(1R,4R)-4-ethyl-1,5-dimethylhexyl]
-10,13-dimethyl-2,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,
17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta
[a]phenanthrene-3,6-dione
33.12 0.79
MOL009386 3,3′-bis-(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran 52.11 0.54
MOL011169 Peroxyergosterol 44.39 0.82
Mol IDMolecule nameOB (%)DL
MOL000211 Mairin 55.38 0.78
MOL000296 Hederagenin 36.91 0.75
MOL000358 Beta-sitosterol 36.91 0.75
MOL000422 Kaempferol 41.88 0.24
MOL000449 Stigmasterol 43.83 0.76
MOL002058 40957-99-1 57.2 0.62
MOL003182 (+)-Medioresinol di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside_qt 60.69 0.62
MOL003184 81827-74-9 45.42 0.53
MOL003185 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a
-dimethyl-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
48.84 0.38
MOL003187 Triptolide 51.29 0.68
MOL003188 Tripchlorolide 78.72 0.72
MOL003189 WILFORLIDE A 35.66 0.72
MOL003192 Triptonide 67.66 0.7
MOL003196 Tryptophenolide 48.5 0.44
MOL003198 5 alpha-Benzoyl-4 alpha-hydroxy-1 beta,8 alpha-dinicotinoyl-dihydro-agarofuran 35.26 0.72
MOL003199 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin 61.85 0.54
MOL003206 Canin 77.41 0.33
MOL003208 Celafurine 72.94 0.44
MOL003209 Celallocinnine 83.47 0.59
MOL003210 Celapanine 30.18 0.82
MOL003211 Celaxanthin 47.37 0.58
MOL003217 Isoxanthohumol 56.81 0.39
MOL003222 Salazinic acid 36.34 0.76
MOL003224 Tripdiotolnide 56.4 0.67
MOL003225 Hypodiolide A 76.13 0.49
MOL003229 Triptinin B 34.73 0.32
MOL003231 Triptoditerpenic acid B 40.02 0.36
MOL003232 Triptofordin B1 39.55 0.84
MOL003233 Triptofordin B2 107.71 0.76
MOL003234 Triptofordin C2 30.16 0.76
MOL003235 Triptofordin D1 32 0.75
MOL003236 Triptofordin D2 30.38 0.69
MOL003238 Triptofordin F1 33.91 0.6
MOL003239 Triptofordin F2 33.62 0.67
MOL003241 Triptofordin F4 31.37 0.67
MOL003242 Triptofordinine A2 30.78 0.47
MOL003244 Triptonide 68.45 0.68
MOL003245 Triptonoditerpenic acid 42.56 0.39
MOL003248 Triptonoterpene 48.57 0.28
MOL003266 21-Hydroxy-30-norhopan-22-one 34.11 0.77
MOL003267 Wilformine 46.32 0.2
MOL003278 Salaspermic acid 32.19 0.63
MOL003279 99694-86-7 75.23 0.66
MOL003280 TRIPTONOLIDE 49.51 0.49
MOL003283 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol 66.51 0.39
MOL004443 Zhebeiresinol 58.72 0.19
MOL005828 Nobiletin 61.67 0.52
MOL007415 [(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropyl] acetate 58.02 0.52
MOL007535 (5S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(1R,4R)-4-ethyl-1,5-dimethylhexyl]
-10,13-dimethyl-2,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,
17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta
[a]phenanthrene-3,6-dione
33.12 0.79
MOL009386 3,3′-bis-(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran 52.11 0.54
MOL011169 Peroxyergosterol 44.39 0.82

### Construction of the disease–target–compound network and PPI network

The TCMSP and GeneCards databases were used to predict the potential targets for each compound in FSGS. As a result, 123 target genes from the GeneCards database were verified to be involved in FSGS (Table 2), and 695 target genes of Tripterygium from the TCMSP database were verified (Table 3). After importing data into Cytoscape, a disease–compound–target network was constructed (Figure 1A). In addition, 47 overlapping target genes from two databases (TCMSP and GeneCards) were used to construct the PPI network. IL4 obtained from the most significant module of the PPI network was verified as a key by using the MCODE plug-in of Cytoscape software, and it was found to be involved in FSGS (Figure 1B–D).

#### Disease–Compound–Target network and PPI network

Figure 1
Disease–Compound–Target network and PPI network

(A) The triptergium-target network of FSGS. (B) 47 overlapped target genes were from two databases (TCMSP and GeneCards). (C) 47 overlapped target genes were used to constructed PPI network and hub genes in PPI network. (D) Module and key gene were analysis and screened by using the MCODE plug-in Cytoscape software.

Figure 1
Disease–Compound–Target network and PPI network

(A) The triptergium-target network of FSGS. (B) 47 overlapped target genes were from two databases (TCMSP and GeneCards). (C) 47 overlapped target genes were used to constructed PPI network and hub genes in PPI network. (D) Module and key gene were analysis and screened by using the MCODE plug-in Cytoscape software.

Table 2
Information for target genes of FSGS from GeneCards database
Gene symbolDescription
INF2 Inverted Formin, FH2 And WH2 Domain Containing
TRPC6 Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily C Member 6
CD2AP CD2 Associated Protein
ACTN4 Actinin Alpha 4
NPHS1 NPHS1, Nephrin
NPHS2 NPHS2, Podocin
PAX2 Paired Box 2
WT1 Wilms Tumor 1
CRB2 Crumbs 2, Cell Polarity Complex Component
MYO1E Myosin IE
APOL1 Apolipoprotein L1
ANLN Anillin Actin Binding Protein
PLCE1 Phospholipase C Epsilon 1
PTPRO Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type O
NUP107 Nucleoporin 107
ARHGAP24 Rho GTPase Activating Protein 24
SMARCAL1 SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A Like 1
COQ6 Coenzyme Q6, Monooxygenase
LAMB2 Laminin Subunit Beta 2
COL4A3 Collagen Type IV Alpha 3 Chain
NUP93 Nucleoporin 93
COQ8B Coenzyme Q8B
SYNPO Synaptopodin
TGFB1 Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1
CLCN5 Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel 5
MYH9 Myosin Heavy Chain 9
LOC107985291 Uncharacterized LOC107985291
COL4A4 Collagen Type IV Alpha 4 Chain
SGPL1 Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lyase 1
NUP205 Nucleoporin 205
PLAUR Plasminogen Activator, Urokinase Receptor
ACE Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme
COL4A5 Collagen Type IV Alpha 5 Chain
CDKN1C Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1C
KIRREL2 Kirre Like Nephrin Family Adhesion Molecule 2
CDKN1A Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A
EMP2 Epithelial Membrane Protein 2
CDKN1B Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B
CD80 CD80 Molecule
SLC37A4 Solute Carrier Family 37 Member 4
CTNNB1 Catenin Beta 1
ITGA3 Integrin Subunit Alpha 3
SCARB2 Scavenger Receptor Class B Member 2
AGRN Agrin
ALG1 ALG1, Chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol Beta-Mannosyltransferase
PLEKHH2 Pleckstrin Homology, MyTH4 And FERM Domain Containing H2
MPV17 Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Protein MPV17
ALB Albumin
WDR73 WD Repeat Domain 73
REN Renin
NARS2 Asparaginyl-TRNA Synthetase 2, Mitochondrial
SEC61A1 Sec61 Translocon Alpha 1 Subunit
ZNF592 Zinc Finger Protein 592
ITGB4 Integrin Subunit Beta 4
IL1B Interleukin 1 Beta
OSGEP O-Sialoglycoprotein Endopeptidase
TP53RK TP53 Regulating Kinase
TPRKB TP53RK Binding Protein
LAGE3 L Antigen Family Member 3
G6PC Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit
VPS33A VPS33A, CORVET/HOPS Core Subunit
LPL Lipoprotein Lipase
MAGI2 Membrane Associated Guanylate Kinase, WW And PDZ Domain Containing 2
ARHGDIA Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor Alpha
DNAI1 Dynein Axonemal Intermediate Chain 1
ANKFY1 Ankyrin Repeat And FYVE Domain Containing 1
BSND Barttin CLCNK Type Accessory Beta Subunit
MAX MYC Associated Factor X
FAH Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase
VHL Von Hippel–Lindau Tumor Suppressor
LYZ Lysozyme
AFP Alpha Fetoprotein
RET Ret Proto-Oncogene
MDH2 Malate Dehydrogenase 2
SDHB Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Iron Sulfur Subunit B
SDHA Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Flavoprotein Subunit A
MUC1 Mucin 1, Cell Surface Associated
FH Fumarate Hydratase
KIF1B Kinesin Family Member 1B
SDHC Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Subunit C
SDHD Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Subunit D
COQ2 Coenzyme Q2, Polyprenyltransferase
PLEC Plectin
SDHAF2 Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Assembly Factor 2
TMEM127 Transmembrane Protein 127
ELP1 Elongator Complex Protein 1
ACHE Acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright Blood Group)
TJP1 Tight Junction Protein 1
KIRREL1 Kirre Like Nephrin Family Adhesion Molecule 1
NEDE Nephropathy, Progressive, With Deafness
PDGFA Platelet Derived Growth Factor Subunit A
CD40LG CD40 Ligand
ENTPD5 Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 5
GAPVD1 GTPase Activating Protein And VPS9 Domains 1
NUMBL NUMB Like, Endocytic Adaptor Protein
KANK2 KN Motif And Ankyrin Repeat Domains 2
CD79A CD79a Molecule
BRAF B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase
NDN Necdin, MAGE Family Member
AXDND1 Axonemal Dynein Light Chain Domain Containing 1
PLCE1-AS1 PLCE1 Antisense RNA 1
LMX1B LIM Homeobox Transcription Factor 1 Beta
WT1-AS WT1 Antisense RNA
PODXL Podocalyxin Like
INS Insulin
VIM Vimentin
NAGLU N-Acetyl-Alpha-Glucosaminidase
ACTB Actin Beta
NR5A1 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 5 Group A Member 1
LOC105369403 Uncharacterized LOC105369403
ITGB1 Integrin Subunit Beta 1
UTRN Utrophin
ALG13 ALG13, UDP-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase Subunit
CLDN1 Claudin 1
CCN2 Cellular Communication Network Factor 2
OCRL OCRL, Inositol Polyphosphate-5-Phosphatase
CMIP C-Maf Inducing Protein
ACTL7B Actin Like 7B
NXF5 Nuclear RNA Export Factor 5
CUBN Cubilin
LCAT Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase
AGTR1 Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1
LRP2 LDL Receptor Related Protein 2
TNF Tumor Necrosis Factor
BAX BCL2 Associated X, Apoptosis Regulator
TLR4 Toll Like Receptor 4
ITGB3 Integrin Subunit Beta 3
DAG1 Dystroglycan 1
CCL2 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2
NGF Nerve Growth Factor
CYCS Cytochrome C, Somatic
VTN Vitronectin
NOTCH1 Notch 1
WNT1 Wnt Family Member 1
CCNA2 Cyclin A2
NTRK2 Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2
DBH Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase
SMARCA4 SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A, Member 4
SMARCA2 SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A, Member 2
IDS Iduronate 2-Sulfatase
PYGL Glycogen Phosphorylase L
GUSB Glucuronidase Beta
GALK1 Galactokinase 1
PAX6 Paired Box 6
SOX9 SRY-Box 9
CLCN7 Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel 7
ALDOB Aldolase, Fructose-Bisphosphate B
HYAL1 Hyaluronidase 1
PHKA2 Phosphorylase Kinase Regulatory Subunit Alpha 2
HEXA Hexosaminidase Subunit Alpha
HPD 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase
ARSB Arylsulfatase B
APOC2 Apolipoprotein C2
GALNS Galactosamine (N-Acetyl)-6-Sulfatase
CLCNKB Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel Kb
AMH Anti-Mullerian Hormone
GNS Glucosamine (N-Acetyl)-6-Sulfatase
SGSH N-Sulfoglucosamine Sulfohydrolase
FGF9 Fibroblast Growth Factor 9
CLCN4 Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel 4
IDUA Iduronidase, Alpha-L-
TIA1 TIA1 Cytotoxic Granule Associated RNA Binding Protein
INPP5B Inositol Polyphosphate-5-Phosphatase B
CLCNKA Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel Ka
CLDN16 Claudin 16
G6PC3 Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit 3
BAZ1A Bromodomain Adjacent To Zinc Finger Domain 1A
GSTZ1 Glutathione S-Transferase Zeta 1
CIAO1 Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Assembly Component 1
ELP3 Elongator Acetyltransferase Complex Subunit 3
SMARCA1 SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A, Member 1
GABRE Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Epsilon Subunit
USP19 Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 19
ELP2 Elongator Acetyltransferase Complex Subunit 2
TIMM8B Translocase Of Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 8 Homolog B
CPSF7 Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specific Factor 7
ASTN1 Astrotactin 1
LHX9 LIM Homeobox 9
SRY Sex Determining Region Y
ZNF274 Zinc Finger Protein 274
ARSH Arylsulfatase Family Member H
MFRP Membrane Frizzled-Related Protein
TECPR2 Tectonin Beta-Propeller Repeat Containing 2
YIPF3 Yip1 Domain Family Member 3
FAM47E Family With Sequence Similarity 47 Member E
LOC100506321 Uncharacterized LOC100506321
LAMB1 Laminin Subunit Beta 1
PCNA Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
MT-ND2 Mitochondrially Encoded NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit 2
MT-CO1 Mitochondrially Encoded Cytochrome C Oxidase I
MT-CO2 Mitochondrially Encoded Cytochrome C Oxidase II
CTSL Cathepsin L
SERPINE1 Serpin Family E Member 1
EZR Ezrin
IFI27 Interferon Alpha Inducible Protein 27
AKT1 AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1
CCND1 Cyclin D1
BMP6 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6
LMNA Lamin A/C
CR1 Complement C3b/C4b Receptor 1 (Knops Blood Group)
AGT Angiotensinogen
CLU Clusterin
CCNB1 Cyclin B1
PPARG Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma
TIMP2 TIMP Metallopeptidase Inhibitor 2
IL6 Interleukin 6
EDN1 Endothelin 1
DNM1 Dynamin 1
JAG1 Jagged 1
MME Membrane Metalloendopeptidase
CAMK2B Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II Beta
FYN FYN Proto-Oncogene, Src Family Tyrosine Kinase
LRP5 LDL Receptor Related Protein 5
PTK2 Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2
LRP6 LDL Receptor Related Protein 6
VCL Vinculin
ITGAV Integrin Subunit Alpha V
KRT8 Keratin 8
PLCG1 Phospholipase C Gamma 1
DKK1 Dickkopf WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitor 1
CD151 CD151 Molecule (Raph Blood Group)
YWHAQ Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/Tryptophan 5-Monooxygenase Activation Protein Theta
IRF6 Interferon Regulatory Factor 6
PARVA Parvin Alpha
KIRREL3 Kirre Like Nephrin Family Adhesion Molecule 3
MKI67 Marker Of Proliferation Ki-67
LAMA5 Laminin Subunit Alpha 5
TLN1 Talin 1
LIMS1 LIM Zinc Finger Domain Containing 1
MIR4758 MicroRNA 4758
MIR6852 MicroRNA 6852
IL2 Interleukin 2
PON1 Paraoxonase 1
FN1 Fibronectin 1
IL2RA Interleukin 2 Receptor Subunit Alpha
IL10 Interleukin 10
NOS2 Nitric Oxide Synthase 2
CABIN1 Calcineurin Binding Protein 1
FGF2 Fibroblast Growth Factor 2
LCN2 Lipocalin 2
LAMC1 Laminin Subunit Gamma 1
CDK2 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2
APOE Apolipoprotein E
PLA2G7 Phospholipase A2 Group VII
HIF1A Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Subunit Alpha
PAFAH1B1 Platelet Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase 1b Regulatory Subunit 1
F2R Coagulation Factor II Thrombin Receptor
GNA12 G Protein Subunit Alpha 12
TTR Transthyretin
MMP14 Matrix Metallopeptidase 14
ACTN1 Actinin Alpha 1
ATP7A ATPase Copper Transporting Alpha
IGFBP3 Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3
ATP6AP2 ATPase H+ Transporting Accessory Protein 2
GNE Glucosamine (UDP-N-Acetyl)-2-Epimerase/N-Acetylmannosamine Kinase
S100A4 S100 Calcium Binding Protein A4
ENPEP Glutamyl Aminopeptidase
ZMPSTE24 Zinc Metallopeptidase STE24
AMBP Alpha-1-Microglobulin/Bikunin Precursor
NPNT Nephronectin
CDK4 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4
PLAU Plasminogen Activator, Urokinase
RARA Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha
MTHFR Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase
VLDLR Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor
CYP11B2 Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily B Member 2
EYA1 EYA Transcriptional Coactivator And Phosphatase 1
GPX3 Glutathione Peroxidase 3
LTBP1 Latent Transforming Growth Factor Beta Binding Protein 1
IGFBP1 Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1
PTPRU Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type U
MAGI1 Membrane Associated Guanylate Kinase, WW And PDZ Domain Containing 1
RAP1GAP RAP1 GTPase Activating Protein
NPHP4 Nephrocystin 4
PDGFB Platelet Derived Growth Factor Subunit B
SLC12A1 Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 1
FBXW7 F-Box And WD Repeat Domain Containing 7
FABP1 Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1
THBD Thrombomodulin
CLCF1 Cardiotrophin Like Cytokine Factor 1
CHKA Choline Kinase Alpha
IFNA2 Interferon Alpha 2
ECT2 Epithelial Cell Transforming 2
COG2 Component Of Oligomeric Golgi Complex 2
PDSS2 Decaprenyl Diphosphate Synthase Subunit 2
FMN1 Formin 1
SDK1 Sidekick Cell Adhesion Molecule 1
MIR186 MicroRNA 186
MIR193A MicroRNA 193a
MTOR Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Kinase
HMGCR 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase
MMP2 Matrix Metallopeptidase 2
TGFBR1 Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor 1
A2M Alpha-2-Macroglobulin
TFAM Transcription Factor A, Mitochondrial
NRF1 Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1
IGFBP2 Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2
IGF1R Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor
IGF1 Insulin Like Growth Factor 1
IRS1 Insulin Receptor Substrate 1
SRC SRC Proto-Oncogene, Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
SLC2A1 Solute Carrier Family 2 Member 1
APOC1 Apolipoprotein C1
GAPDH Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
GIPR Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Receptor
F2RL3 F2R Like Thrombin Or Trypsin Receptor 3
DGKQ Diacylglycerol Kinase Theta
VEGFA Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
TIMP1 TIMP Metallopeptidase Inhibitor 1
RHOA Ras Homolog Family Member A
MIF Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor
IL4 Interleukin 4
MAPK14 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14
DDIT3 DNA Damage Inducible Transcript 3
RBP4 Retinol Binding Protein 4
SP1 Sp1 Transcription Factor
FOS Fos Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit
LDLR Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor
TNFSF11 TNF Superfamily Member 11
SOD1 Superoxide Dismutase 1
TTC21B Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 21B
RAC1 Rac Family Small GTPase 1
ANGPTL4 Angiopoietin Like 4
MAPK1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1
MPO Myeloperoxidase
ACE2 Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2
MYC MYC Proto-Oncogene, BHLH Transcription Factor
ABCB1 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1
HGF Hepatocyte Growth Factor
B2M Beta-2-Microglobulin
MAPK3 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
ENG Endoglin
PPARA Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha
BCL2 BCL2, Apoptosis Regulator
HMOX1 Heme Oxygenase 1
CCL5 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5
IL15 Interleukin 15
HPX Hemopexin
ESR1 Estrogen Receptor 1
EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
CASP3 Caspase 3
NR3C1 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 1
NRP1 Neuropilin 1
TNFRSF11A TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 11a
CD2 CD2 Molecule
GREM1 Gremlin 1, DAN Family BMP Antagonist
MIR30A MicroRNA 30a
CXCR4 C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4
JAK3 Janus Kinase 3
TLR3 Toll Like Receptor 3
FTH1 Ferritin Heavy Chain 1
NOTCH2 Notch 2
SIRT1 Sirtuin 1
EPAS1 Endothelial PAS Domain Protein 1
GGT1 Gamma-Glutamyltransferase 1
ABCA1 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1
CASP9 Caspase 9
NFATC1 Nuclear Factor Of Activated T Cells 1
YAP1 Yes Associated Protein 1
GFER Growth Factor, Augmenter Of Liver Regeneration
CEBPA CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein Alpha
LIPC Lipase C, Hepatic Type
HSP90B1 Heat Shock Protein 90 Beta Family Member 1
ATF3 Activating Transcription Factor 3
PROM1 Prominin 1
AGTR2 Angiotensin II Receptor Type 2
LGALS1 Galectin 1
NRP2 Neuropilin 2
SP3 Sp3 Transcription Factor
DDN Dendrin
CD24 CD24 Molecule
MIR30D MicroRNA 30d
MET MET Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
PRKCD Protein Kinase C Delta
CTSD Cathepsin D
CASP8 Caspase 8
FAS Fas Cell Surface Death Receptor
TF Transferrin
ALOX5 Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase
KRT18 Keratin 18
RELA RELA Proto-Oncogene, NF-KB Subunit
BDNF Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor
CTLA4 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4
LTA4H Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase
NLRP3 NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3
HSPA5 Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 5
HSPG2 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan 2
CXCL12 C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12
SPP1 Secreted Phosphoprotein 1
TRPV5 Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 5
COL4A6 Collagen Type IV Alpha 6 Chain
PDGFD Platelet Derived Growth Factor D
IL13 Interleukin 13
IL9 Interleukin 9
HBEGF Heparin Binding EGF Like Growth Factor
LTC4S Leukotriene C4 Synthase
TRAF1 TNF Receptor Associated Factor 1
WWC1 WW And C2 Domain Containing 1
VASP Vasodilator Stimulated Phosphoprotein
EPO Erythropoietin
HHIP Hedgehog Interacting Protein
GNPTAB N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase Subunits Alpha And Beta
CAPZA1 Capping Actin Protein Of Muscle Z-Line Subunit Alpha 1
ATL1 Atlastin GTPase 1
PFN2 Profilin 2
PDLIM1 PDZ And LIM Domain 1
STK16 Serine/Threonine Kinase 16
IL7 Interleukin 7
TRPC1 Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily C Member 1
SNX9 Sorting Nexin 9
UBD Ubiquitin D
EPB41L5 Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band 4.1 Like 5
PDLIM2 PDZ And LIM Domain 2
ETV7 ETS Variant 7
ACTL7A Actin Like 7A
MIR10A MicroRNA 10a
MIR135A1 MicroRNA 135a-1
MIR135B MicroRNA 135b
MIR217 MicroRNA 217
MIR378A MicroRNA 378a
MIR135A2 MicroRNA 135a-2
MT-TL1 Mitochondrially Encoded TRNA Leucine 1 (UUA/G)
HNP1 Hypertensive Nephropathy
AGER Advanced Glycosylation End-Product Specific Receptor
GLA Galactosidase Alpha
CXCL8 C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8
AKR1B1 Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member B
JUN Jun Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit
NOS3 Nitric Oxide Synthase 3
COL4A2 Collagen Type IV Alpha 2 Chain
KNG1 Kininogen 1
MMP9 Matrix Metallopeptidase 9
TGFBR2 Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor 2
DES Desmin
PRKCB Protein Kinase C Beta
DCN Decorin
VCAM1 Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1
HRAS HRas Proto-Oncogene, GTPase
CASP1 Caspase 1
IFNGR1 Interferon Gamma Receptor 1
NR1H2 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 2
CFB Complement Factor B
ANTXR2 ANTXR Cell Adhesion Molecule 2
MSR1 Macrophage Scavenger Receptor 1
CASP4 Caspase 4
HLA-DRB1 Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DR Beta 1
IL12A Interleukin 12A
COX5A Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 5A
HP Haptoglobin
PRTN3 Proteinase 3
OLR1 Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1
HLA-DQB1 Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DQ Beta 1
EREG Epiregulin
DIAPH2 Diaphanous Related Formin 2
AZGP1 Alpha-2-Glycoprotein 1, Zinc-Binding
AREG Amphiregulin
PTAFR Platelet Activating Factor Receptor
TLE4 Transducin Like Enhancer Of Split 4
IL12B Interleukin 12B
BPI Bactericidal Permeability Increasing Protein
SCGB1A1 Secretoglobin Family 1A Member 1
IFNA1 Interferon Alpha 1
SEMA4C Semaphorin 4C
ADCK2 AarF Domain Containing Kinase 2
MIR196A2 MicroRNA 196a-2
MIR490 MicroRNA 490
EDNRA Endothelin Receptor Type A
PLAT Plasminogen Activator, Tissue Type
E2F1 E2F Transcription Factor 1
ITIH4 Inter-Alpha-Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain Family Member 4
MIR21 MicroRNA 21
MMP1 Matrix Metallopeptidase 1
CAT Catalase
MAPK10 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10
RB1 RB Transcriptional Corepressor 1
ESR2 Estrogen Receptor 2
CD36 CD36 Molecule
GDNF Glial Cell Derived Neurotrophic Factor
LEP Leptin
NPPA Natriuretic Peptide A
MBL2 Mannose Binding Lectin 2
CST3 Cystatin C
SEMA3A Semaphorin 3A
THBS1 Thrombospondin 1
UMOD Uromodulin
SERPINB7 Serpin Family B Member 7
AKT2 AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 2
NFKB1 Nuclear Factor Kappa B Subunit 1
STAT3 Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 3
CDC42 Cell Division Cycle 42
CYP3A4 Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4
NFKBIA NFKB Inhibitor Alpha
MAPK8 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8
CD40 CD40 Molecule
C3 Complement C3
PLG Plasminogen
MMP7 Matrix Metallopeptidase 7
PTK2B Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta
DDX58 DExD/H-Box Helicase 58
COL4A1 Collagen Type IV Alpha 1 Chain
PIK3CG Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Gamma
MYH7 Myosin Heavy Chain 7
IGF2 Insulin Like Growth Factor 2
ECE1 Endothelin Converting Enzyme 1
C5 Complement C5
COL1A2 Collagen Type I Alpha 2 Chain
PROS1 Protein S
MYH6 Myosin Heavy Chain 6
TNC Tenascin C
VCAN Versican
GFPT1 Glutamine–Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 1
EDN3 Endothelin 3
CCR1 C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1
TRIO Trio Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
FABP4 Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4
CCR2 C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 2
CSF1 Colony Stimulating Factor 1
BMP7 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7
S100A8 S100 Calcium Binding Protein A8
MLXIPL MLX Interacting Protein Like
TNFRSF12A TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 12A
PLTP Phospholipid Transfer Protein
PDPN Podoplanin
NID1 Nidogen 1
FMOD Fibromodulin
NES Nestin
SLC25A17 Solute Carrier Family 25 Member 17
TNFSF12 TNF Superfamily Member 12
USF2 Upstream Transcription Factor 2, C-Fos Interacting
ZFYVE9 Zinc Finger FYVE-Type Containing 9
PITRM1 Pitrilysin Metallopeptidase 1
SMPDL3B Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase Acid Like 3B
CCN1 Cellular Communication Network Factor 1
PDGFRA Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha
EGFR Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
PDGFRB Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta
JAK2 Janus Kinase 2
KDR Kinase Insert Domain Receptor
MAP2K1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1
MAP2K2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 2
INSR Insulin Receptor
AR Androgen Receptor
AKT3 AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 3
PIK3CA Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha
PTEN Phosphatase And Tensin Homolog
STAT1 Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 1
CDK5 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5
MMP3 Matrix Metallopeptidase 3
UCHL1 Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L1
CD4 CD4 Molecule
CDKN2A Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A
CTSB Cathepsin B
CASP7 Caspase 7
ACVRL1 Activin A Receptor Like Type 1
PPIB Peptidylprolyl Isomerase B
HSPB1 Heat Shock Protein Family B (Small) Member 1
YWHAE Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/Tryptophan 5-Monooxygenase Activation Protein Epsilon
GATA3 GATA Binding Protein 3
JAK1 Janus Kinase 1
HDAC3 Histone Deacetylase 3
NTRK1 Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 1
NOS1 Nitric Oxide Synthase 1
CCNE1 Cyclin E1
ACACA Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Alpha
CAV1 Caveolin 1
PRKCZ Protein Kinase C Zeta
SGK1 Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1
NR3C2 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 2
SLC5A1 Solute Carrier Family 5 Member 1
TFRC Transferrin Receptor
TGFB2 Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2
VWF Von Willebrand Factor
CYP3A5 Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 5
FASLG Fas Ligand
CCR5 C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 5 (Gene/Pseudogene)
CES1 Carboxylesterase 1
CNR1 Cannabinoid Receptor 1
PPARD Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Delta
SELP Selectin P
MMP10 Matrix Metallopeptidase 10
NR1H3 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3
MS4A1 Membrane Spanning 4-Domains A1
SPHK1 Sphingosine Kinase 1
LRP1 LDL Receptor Related Protein 1
HDAC9 Histone Deacetylase 9
TGFA Transforming Growth Factor Alpha
TRAF3 TNF Receptor Associated Factor 3
TRAF6 TNF Receptor Associated Factor 6
TSHR Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor
BID BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist
CA8 Carbonic Anhydrase 8
CDK5R1 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5 Regulatory Subunit 1
CFH Complement Factor H
CDK1 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1
ANXA5 Annexin A5
ANG Angiogenin
ITGB6 Integrin Subunit Beta 6
LNPEP Leucyl And Cystinyl Aminopeptidase
SERPINH1 Serpin Family H Member 1
S100B S100 Calcium Binding Protein B
TBX3 T-Box 3
PXN Paxillin
TGIF1 TGFB Induced Factor Homeobox 1
TNFSF13B TNF Superfamily Member 13b
ZYX Zyxin
GH1 Growth Hormone 1
CX3CR1 C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1
LGALS3 Galectin 3
HIPK2 Homeodomain Interacting Protein Kinase 2
STMN1 Stathmin 1
HPSE Heparanase
EGR1 Early Growth Response 1
CD34 CD34 Molecule
EEF1A1 Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1 Alpha 1
CTNS Cystinosin, Lysosomal Cystine Transporter
HDAC7 Histone Deacetylase 7
IQGAP1 IQ Motif Containing GTPase Activating Protein 1
SALL1 Spalt Like Transcription Factor 1
MPZ Myelin Protein Zero
MEFV MEFV, Pyrin Innate Immunity Regulator
TAT Tyrosine Aminotransferase
SPI1 Spi-1 Proto-Oncogene
RAB3A RAB3A, Member RAS Oncogene Family
USF1 Upstream Transcription Factor 1
DDAH2 Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase 2
FCGR3B Fc Fragment Of IgG Receptor IIIb
IL17A Interleukin 17A
P2RX4 Purinergic Receptor P2X 4
PLXNA1 Plexin A1
TG Thyroglobulin
TNFRSF6B TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 6b
CSRP3 Cysteine And Glycine Rich Protein 3
ACTC1 Actin, Alpha, Cardiac Muscle 1
C4A Complement C4A (Rodgers Blood Group)
TAGLN Transgelin
ID1 Inhibitor Of DNA Binding 1, HLH Protein
CCL4 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 4
FCAR Fc Fragment Of IgA Receptor
CAMP Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide
COL8A2 Collagen Type VIII Alpha 2 Chain
ST3GAL4 ST3 Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase 4
IL1RL1 Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 1
WASL Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Like
CHIA Chitinase, Acidic
BPHL Biphenyl Hydrolase Like
KLF15 Kruppel Like Factor 15
PLA2R1 Phospholipase A2 Receptor 1
RHOD Ras Homolog Family Member D
SCAP SREBF Chaperone
PDLIM5 PDZ And LIM Domain 5
RPH3A Rabphilin 3A
HIST1H1B Histone Cluster 1 H1 Family Member B
CCL3 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3
COL8A1 Collagen Type VIII Alpha 1 Chain
PECAM1 Platelet And Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1
P3H1 Prolyl 3-Hydroxylase 1
NUP133 Nucleoporin 133
SNF8 SNF8, ESCRT-II Complex Subunit
TSLP Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
ACTN3 Actinin Alpha 3 (Gene/Pseudogene)
LECT2 Leukocyte Cell Derived Chemotaxin 2
WDR19 WD Repeat Domain 19
CSN1S1 Casein Alpha S1
GOLIM4 Golgi Integral Membrane Protein 4
MPV17L MPV17 Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Protein Like
WTIP WT1 Interacting Protein
HIST2H3C Histone Cluster 2 H3 Family Member C
KRBOX4 KRAB Box Domain Containing 4
MIR216A MicroRNA 216a
MBL3P Mannose-Binding Lectin Family Member 3, Pseudogene
Gene symbolDescription
INF2 Inverted Formin, FH2 And WH2 Domain Containing
TRPC6 Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily C Member 6
CD2AP CD2 Associated Protein
ACTN4 Actinin Alpha 4
NPHS1 NPHS1, Nephrin
NPHS2 NPHS2, Podocin
PAX2 Paired Box 2
WT1 Wilms Tumor 1
CRB2 Crumbs 2, Cell Polarity Complex Component
MYO1E Myosin IE
APOL1 Apolipoprotein L1
ANLN Anillin Actin Binding Protein
PLCE1 Phospholipase C Epsilon 1
PTPRO Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type O
NUP107 Nucleoporin 107
ARHGAP24 Rho GTPase Activating Protein 24
SMARCAL1 SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A Like 1
COQ6 Coenzyme Q6, Monooxygenase
LAMB2 Laminin Subunit Beta 2
COL4A3 Collagen Type IV Alpha 3 Chain
NUP93 Nucleoporin 93
COQ8B Coenzyme Q8B
SYNPO Synaptopodin
TGFB1 Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1
CLCN5 Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel 5
MYH9 Myosin Heavy Chain 9
LOC107985291 Uncharacterized LOC107985291
COL4A4 Collagen Type IV Alpha 4 Chain
SGPL1 Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lyase 1
NUP205 Nucleoporin 205
PLAUR Plasminogen Activator, Urokinase Receptor
ACE Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme
COL4A5 Collagen Type IV Alpha 5 Chain
CDKN1C Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1C
KIRREL2 Kirre Like Nephrin Family Adhesion Molecule 2
CDKN1A Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A
EMP2 Epithelial Membrane Protein 2
CDKN1B Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B
CD80 CD80 Molecule
SLC37A4 Solute Carrier Family 37 Member 4
CTNNB1 Catenin Beta 1
ITGA3 Integrin Subunit Alpha 3
SCARB2 Scavenger Receptor Class B Member 2
AGRN Agrin
ALG1 ALG1, Chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol Beta-Mannosyltransferase
PLEKHH2 Pleckstrin Homology, MyTH4 And FERM Domain Containing H2
MPV17 Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Protein MPV17
ALB Albumin
WDR73 WD Repeat Domain 73
REN Renin
NARS2 Asparaginyl-TRNA Synthetase 2, Mitochondrial
SEC61A1 Sec61 Translocon Alpha 1 Subunit
ZNF592 Zinc Finger Protein 592
ITGB4 Integrin Subunit Beta 4
IL1B Interleukin 1 Beta
OSGEP O-Sialoglycoprotein Endopeptidase
TP53RK TP53 Regulating Kinase
TPRKB TP53RK Binding Protein
LAGE3 L Antigen Family Member 3
G6PC Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit
VPS33A VPS33A, CORVET/HOPS Core Subunit
LPL Lipoprotein Lipase
MAGI2 Membrane Associated Guanylate Kinase, WW And PDZ Domain Containing 2
ARHGDIA Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor Alpha
DNAI1 Dynein Axonemal Intermediate Chain 1
ANKFY1 Ankyrin Repeat And FYVE Domain Containing 1
BSND Barttin CLCNK Type Accessory Beta Subunit
MAX MYC Associated Factor X
FAH Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase
VHL Von Hippel–Lindau Tumor Suppressor
LYZ Lysozyme
AFP Alpha Fetoprotein
RET Ret Proto-Oncogene
MDH2 Malate Dehydrogenase 2
SDHB Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Iron Sulfur Subunit B
SDHA Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Flavoprotein Subunit A
MUC1 Mucin 1, Cell Surface Associated
FH Fumarate Hydratase
KIF1B Kinesin Family Member 1B
SDHC Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Subunit C
SDHD Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Subunit D
COQ2 Coenzyme Q2, Polyprenyltransferase
PLEC Plectin
SDHAF2 Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Assembly Factor 2
TMEM127 Transmembrane Protein 127
ELP1 Elongator Complex Protein 1
ACHE Acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright Blood Group)
TJP1 Tight Junction Protein 1
KIRREL1 Kirre Like Nephrin Family Adhesion Molecule 1
NEDE Nephropathy, Progressive, With Deafness
PDGFA Platelet Derived Growth Factor Subunit A
CD40LG CD40 Ligand
ENTPD5 Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 5
GAPVD1 GTPase Activating Protein And VPS9 Domains 1
NUMBL NUMB Like, Endocytic Adaptor Protein
KANK2 KN Motif And Ankyrin Repeat Domains 2
CD79A CD79a Molecule
BRAF B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase
NDN Necdin, MAGE Family Member
AXDND1 Axonemal Dynein Light Chain Domain Containing 1
PLCE1-AS1 PLCE1 Antisense RNA 1
LMX1B LIM Homeobox Transcription Factor 1 Beta
WT1-AS WT1 Antisense RNA
PODXL Podocalyxin Like
INS Insulin
VIM Vimentin
NAGLU N-Acetyl-Alpha-Glucosaminidase
ACTB Actin Beta
NR5A1 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 5 Group A Member 1
LOC105369403 Uncharacterized LOC105369403
ITGB1 Integrin Subunit Beta 1
UTRN Utrophin
ALG13 ALG13, UDP-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase Subunit
CLDN1 Claudin 1
CCN2 Cellular Communication Network Factor 2
OCRL OCRL, Inositol Polyphosphate-5-Phosphatase
CMIP C-Maf Inducing Protein
ACTL7B Actin Like 7B
NXF5 Nuclear RNA Export Factor 5
CUBN Cubilin
LCAT Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase
AGTR1 Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1
LRP2 LDL Receptor Related Protein 2
TNF Tumor Necrosis Factor
BAX BCL2 Associated X, Apoptosis Regulator
TLR4 Toll Like Receptor 4
ITGB3 Integrin Subunit Beta 3
DAG1 Dystroglycan 1
CCL2 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2
NGF Nerve Growth Factor
CYCS Cytochrome C, Somatic
VTN Vitronectin
NOTCH1 Notch 1
WNT1 Wnt Family Member 1
CCNA2 Cyclin A2
NTRK2 Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2
DBH Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase
SMARCA4 SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A, Member 4
SMARCA2 SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A, Member 2
IDS Iduronate 2-Sulfatase
PYGL Glycogen Phosphorylase L
GUSB Glucuronidase Beta
GALK1 Galactokinase 1
PAX6 Paired Box 6
SOX9 SRY-Box 9
CLCN7 Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel 7
ALDOB Aldolase, Fructose-Bisphosphate B
HYAL1 Hyaluronidase 1
PHKA2 Phosphorylase Kinase Regulatory Subunit Alpha 2
HEXA Hexosaminidase Subunit Alpha
HPD 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase
ARSB Arylsulfatase B
APOC2 Apolipoprotein C2
GALNS Galactosamine (N-Acetyl)-6-Sulfatase
CLCNKB Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel Kb
AMH Anti-Mullerian Hormone
GNS Glucosamine (N-Acetyl)-6-Sulfatase
SGSH N-Sulfoglucosamine Sulfohydrolase
FGF9 Fibroblast Growth Factor 9
CLCN4 Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel 4
IDUA Iduronidase, Alpha-L-
TIA1 TIA1 Cytotoxic Granule Associated RNA Binding Protein
INPP5B Inositol Polyphosphate-5-Phosphatase B
CLCNKA Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel Ka
CLDN16 Claudin 16
G6PC3 Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit 3
BAZ1A Bromodomain Adjacent To Zinc Finger Domain 1A
GSTZ1 Glutathione S-Transferase Zeta 1
CIAO1 Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Assembly Component 1
ELP3 Elongator Acetyltransferase Complex Subunit 3
SMARCA1 SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A, Member 1
GABRE Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Epsilon Subunit
USP19 Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 19
ELP2 Elongator Acetyltransferase Complex Subunit 2
TIMM8B Translocase Of Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 8 Homolog B
CPSF7 Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specific Factor 7
ASTN1 Astrotactin 1
LHX9 LIM Homeobox 9
SRY Sex Determining Region Y
ZNF274 Zinc Finger Protein 274
ARSH Arylsulfatase Family Member H
MFRP Membrane Frizzled-Related Protein
TECPR2 Tectonin Beta-Propeller Repeat Containing 2
YIPF3 Yip1 Domain Family Member 3
FAM47E Family With Sequence Similarity 47 Member E
LOC100506321 Uncharacterized LOC100506321
LAMB1 Laminin Subunit Beta 1
PCNA Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
MT-ND2 Mitochondrially Encoded NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit 2
MT-CO1 Mitochondrially Encoded Cytochrome C Oxidase I
MT-CO2 Mitochondrially Encoded Cytochrome C Oxidase II
CTSL Cathepsin L
SERPINE1 Serpin Family E Member 1
EZR Ezrin
IFI27 Interferon Alpha Inducible Protein 27
AKT1 AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1
CCND1 Cyclin D1
BMP6 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6
LMNA Lamin A/C
CR1 Complement C3b/C4b Receptor 1 (Knops Blood Group)
AGT Angiotensinogen
CLU Clusterin
CCNB1 Cyclin B1
PPARG Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma
TIMP2 TIMP Metallopeptidase Inhibitor 2
IL6 Interleukin 6
EDN1 Endothelin 1
DNM1 Dynamin 1
JAG1 Jagged 1
MME Membrane Metalloendopeptidase
CAMK2B Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II Beta
FYN FYN Proto-Oncogene, Src Family Tyrosine Kinase
LRP5 LDL Receptor Related Protein 5
PTK2 Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2
LRP6 LDL Receptor Related Protein 6
VCL Vinculin
ITGAV Integrin Subunit Alpha V
KRT8 Keratin 8
PLCG1 Phospholipase C Gamma 1
DKK1 Dickkopf WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitor 1
CD151 CD151 Molecule (Raph Blood Group)
YWHAQ Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/Tryptophan 5-Monooxygenase Activation Protein Theta
IRF6 Interferon Regulatory Factor 6
PARVA Parvin Alpha
KIRREL3 Kirre Like Nephrin Family Adhesion Molecule 3
MKI67 Marker Of Proliferation Ki-67
LAMA5 Laminin Subunit Alpha 5
TLN1 Talin 1
LIMS1 LIM Zinc Finger Domain Containing 1
MIR4758 MicroRNA 4758
MIR6852 MicroRNA 6852
IL2 Interleukin 2
PON1 Paraoxonase 1
FN1 Fibronectin 1
IL2RA Interleukin 2 Receptor Subunit Alpha
IL10 Interleukin 10
NOS2 Nitric Oxide Synthase 2
CABIN1 Calcineurin Binding Protein 1
FGF2 Fibroblast Growth Factor 2
LCN2 Lipocalin 2
LAMC1 Laminin Subunit Gamma 1
CDK2 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2
APOE Apolipoprotein E
PLA2G7 Phospholipase A2 Group VII
HIF1A Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Subunit Alpha
PAFAH1B1 Platelet Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase 1b Regulatory Subunit 1
F2R Coagulation Factor II Thrombin Receptor
GNA12 G Protein Subunit Alpha 12
TTR Transthyretin
MMP14 Matrix Metallopeptidase 14
ACTN1 Actinin Alpha 1
ATP7A ATPase Copper Transporting Alpha
IGFBP3 Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3
ATP6AP2 ATPase H+ Transporting Accessory Protein 2
GNE Glucosamine (UDP-N-Acetyl)-2-Epimerase/N-Acetylmannosamine Kinase
S100A4 S100 Calcium Binding Protein A4
ENPEP Glutamyl Aminopeptidase
ZMPSTE24 Zinc Metallopeptidase STE24
AMBP Alpha-1-Microglobulin/Bikunin Precursor
NPNT Nephronectin
CDK4 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4
PLAU Plasminogen Activator, Urokinase
RARA Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha
MTHFR Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase
VLDLR Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor
CYP11B2 Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily B Member 2
EYA1 EYA Transcriptional Coactivator And Phosphatase 1
GPX3 Glutathione Peroxidase 3
LTBP1 Latent Transforming Growth Factor Beta Binding Protein 1
IGFBP1 Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1
PTPRU Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type U
MAGI1 Membrane Associated Guanylate Kinase, WW And PDZ Domain Containing 1
RAP1GAP RAP1 GTPase Activating Protein
NPHP4 Nephrocystin 4
PDGFB Platelet Derived Growth Factor Subunit B
SLC12A1 Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 1
FBXW7 F-Box And WD Repeat Domain Containing 7
FABP1 Fatty Acid Binding Protein 1
THBD Thrombomodulin
CLCF1 Cardiotrophin Like Cytokine Factor 1
CHKA Choline Kinase Alpha
IFNA2 Interferon Alpha 2
ECT2 Epithelial Cell Transforming 2
COG2 Component Of Oligomeric Golgi Complex 2
PDSS2 Decaprenyl Diphosphate Synthase Subunit 2
FMN1 Formin 1
SDK1 Sidekick Cell Adhesion Molecule 1
MIR186 MicroRNA 186
MIR193A MicroRNA 193a
MTOR Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Kinase
HMGCR 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase
MMP2 Matrix Metallopeptidase 2
TGFBR1 Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor 1
A2M Alpha-2-Macroglobulin
TFAM Transcription Factor A, Mitochondrial
NRF1 Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1
IGFBP2 Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2
IGF1R Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor
IGF1 Insulin Like Growth Factor 1
IRS1 Insulin Receptor Substrate 1
SRC SRC Proto-Oncogene, Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
SLC2A1 Solute Carrier Family 2 Member 1
APOC1 Apolipoprotein C1
GAPDH Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
GIPR Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Receptor
F2RL3 F2R Like Thrombin Or Trypsin Receptor 3
DGKQ Diacylglycerol Kinase Theta
VEGFA Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
TIMP1 TIMP Metallopeptidase Inhibitor 1
RHOA Ras Homolog Family Member A
MIF Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor
IL4 Interleukin 4
MAPK14 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14
DDIT3 DNA Damage Inducible Transcript 3
RBP4 Retinol Binding Protein 4
SP1 Sp1 Transcription Factor
FOS Fos Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit
LDLR Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor
TNFSF11 TNF Superfamily Member 11
SOD1 Superoxide Dismutase 1
TTC21B Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 21B
RAC1 Rac Family Small GTPase 1
ANGPTL4 Angiopoietin Like 4
MAPK1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1
MPO Myeloperoxidase
ACE2 Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2
MYC MYC Proto-Oncogene, BHLH Transcription Factor
ABCB1 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1
HGF Hepatocyte Growth Factor
B2M Beta-2-Microglobulin
MAPK3 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
ENG Endoglin
PPARA Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Alpha
BCL2 BCL2, Apoptosis Regulator
HMOX1 Heme Oxygenase 1
CCL5 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5
IL15 Interleukin 15
HPX Hemopexin
ESR1 Estrogen Receptor 1
EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
CASP3 Caspase 3
NR3C1 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 1
NRP1 Neuropilin 1
TNFRSF11A TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 11a
CD2 CD2 Molecule
GREM1 Gremlin 1, DAN Family BMP Antagonist
MIR30A MicroRNA 30a
CXCR4 C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4
JAK3 Janus Kinase 3
TLR3 Toll Like Receptor 3
FTH1 Ferritin Heavy Chain 1
NOTCH2 Notch 2
SIRT1 Sirtuin 1
EPAS1 Endothelial PAS Domain Protein 1
GGT1 Gamma-Glutamyltransferase 1
ABCA1 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1
CASP9 Caspase 9
NFATC1 Nuclear Factor Of Activated T Cells 1
YAP1 Yes Associated Protein 1
GFER Growth Factor, Augmenter Of Liver Regeneration
CEBPA CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein Alpha
LIPC Lipase C, Hepatic Type
HSP90B1 Heat Shock Protein 90 Beta Family Member 1
ATF3 Activating Transcription Factor 3
PROM1 Prominin 1
AGTR2 Angiotensin II Receptor Type 2
LGALS1 Galectin 1
NRP2 Neuropilin 2
SP3 Sp3 Transcription Factor
DDN Dendrin
CD24 CD24 Molecule
MIR30D MicroRNA 30d
MET MET Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
PRKCD Protein Kinase C Delta
CTSD Cathepsin D
CASP8 Caspase 8
FAS Fas Cell Surface Death Receptor
TF Transferrin
ALOX5 Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase
KRT18 Keratin 18
RELA RELA Proto-Oncogene, NF-KB Subunit
BDNF Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor
CTLA4 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4
LTA4H Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase
NLRP3 NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3
HSPA5 Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 5
HSPG2 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan 2
CXCL12 C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12
SPP1 Secreted Phosphoprotein 1
TRPV5 Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 5
COL4A6 Collagen Type IV Alpha 6 Chain
PDGFD Platelet Derived Growth Factor D
IL13 Interleukin 13
IL9 Interleukin 9
HBEGF Heparin Binding EGF Like Growth Factor
LTC4S Leukotriene C4 Synthase
TRAF1 TNF Receptor Associated Factor 1
WWC1 WW And C2 Domain Containing 1
VASP Vasodilator Stimulated Phosphoprotein
EPO Erythropoietin
HHIP Hedgehog Interacting Protein
GNPTAB N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase Subunits Alpha And Beta
CAPZA1 Capping Actin Protein Of Muscle Z-Line Subunit Alpha 1
ATL1 Atlastin GTPase 1
PFN2 Profilin 2
PDLIM1 PDZ And LIM Domain 1
STK16 Serine/Threonine Kinase 16
IL7 Interleukin 7
TRPC1 Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily C Member 1
SNX9 Sorting Nexin 9
UBD Ubiquitin D
EPB41L5 Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band 4.1 Like 5
PDLIM2 PDZ And LIM Domain 2
ETV7 ETS Variant 7
ACTL7A Actin Like 7A
MIR10A MicroRNA 10a
MIR135A1 MicroRNA 135a-1
MIR135B MicroRNA 135b
MIR217 MicroRNA 217
MIR378A MicroRNA 378a
MIR135A2 MicroRNA 135a-2
MT-TL1 Mitochondrially Encoded TRNA Leucine 1 (UUA/G)
HNP1 Hypertensive Nephropathy
AGER Advanced Glycosylation End-Product Specific Receptor
GLA Galactosidase Alpha
CXCL8 C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8
AKR1B1 Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member B
JUN Jun Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit
NOS3 Nitric Oxide Synthase 3
COL4A2 Collagen Type IV Alpha 2 Chain
KNG1 Kininogen 1
MMP9 Matrix Metallopeptidase 9
TGFBR2 Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor 2
DES Desmin
PRKCB Protein Kinase C Beta
DCN Decorin
VCAM1 Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1
HRAS HRas Proto-Oncogene, GTPase
CASP1 Caspase 1
IFNGR1 Interferon Gamma Receptor 1
NR1H2 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 2
CFB Complement Factor B
ANTXR2 ANTXR Cell Adhesion Molecule 2
MSR1 Macrophage Scavenger Receptor 1
CASP4 Caspase 4
HLA-DRB1 Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DR Beta 1
IL12A Interleukin 12A
COX5A Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 5A
HP Haptoglobin
PRTN3 Proteinase 3
OLR1 Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1
HLA-DQB1 Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DQ Beta 1
EREG Epiregulin
DIAPH2 Diaphanous Related Formin 2
AZGP1 Alpha-2-Glycoprotein 1, Zinc-Binding
AREG Amphiregulin
PTAFR Platelet Activating Factor Receptor
TLE4 Transducin Like Enhancer Of Split 4
IL12B Interleukin 12B
BPI Bactericidal Permeability Increasing Protein
SCGB1A1 Secretoglobin Family 1A Member 1
IFNA1 Interferon Alpha 1
SEMA4C Semaphorin 4C
ADCK2 AarF Domain Containing Kinase 2
MIR196A2 MicroRNA 196a-2
MIR490 MicroRNA 490
EDNRA Endothelin Receptor Type A
PLAT Plasminogen Activator, Tissue Type
E2F1 E2F Transcription Factor 1
ITIH4 Inter-Alpha-Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain Family Member 4
MIR21 MicroRNA 21
MMP1 Matrix Metallopeptidase 1
CAT Catalase
MAPK10 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10
RB1 RB Transcriptional Corepressor 1
ESR2 Estrogen Receptor 2
CD36 CD36 Molecule
GDNF Glial Cell Derived Neurotrophic Factor
LEP Leptin
NPPA Natriuretic Peptide A
MBL2 Mannose Binding Lectin 2
CST3 Cystatin C
SEMA3A Semaphorin 3A
THBS1 Thrombospondin 1
UMOD Uromodulin
SERPINB7 Serpin Family B Member 7
AKT2 AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 2
NFKB1 Nuclear Factor Kappa B Subunit 1
STAT3 Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 3
CDC42 Cell Division Cycle 42
CYP3A4 Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4
NFKBIA NFKB Inhibitor Alpha
MAPK8 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8
CD40 CD40 Molecule
C3 Complement C3
PLG Plasminogen
MMP7 Matrix Metallopeptidase 7
PTK2B Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 Beta
DDX58 DExD/H-Box Helicase 58
COL4A1 Collagen Type IV Alpha 1 Chain
PIK3CG Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Gamma
MYH7 Myosin Heavy Chain 7
IGF2 Insulin Like Growth Factor 2
ECE1 Endothelin Converting Enzyme 1
C5 Complement C5
COL1A2 Collagen Type I Alpha 2 Chain
PROS1 Protein S
MYH6 Myosin Heavy Chain 6
TNC Tenascin C
VCAN Versican
GFPT1 Glutamine–Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 1
EDN3 Endothelin 3
CCR1 C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1
TRIO Trio Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
FABP4 Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4
CCR2 C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 2
CSF1 Colony Stimulating Factor 1
BMP7 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7
S100A8 S100 Calcium Binding Protein A8
MLXIPL MLX Interacting Protein Like
TNFRSF12A TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 12A
PLTP Phospholipid Transfer Protein
PDPN Podoplanin
NID1 Nidogen 1
FMOD Fibromodulin
NES Nestin
SLC25A17 Solute Carrier Family 25 Member 17
TNFSF12 TNF Superfamily Member 12
USF2 Upstream Transcription Factor 2, C-Fos Interacting
ZFYVE9 Zinc Finger FYVE-Type Containing 9
PITRM1 Pitrilysin Metallopeptidase 1
SMPDL3B Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase Acid Like 3B
CCN1 Cellular Communication Network Factor 1
PDGFRA Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha
EGFR Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
PDGFRB Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta
JAK2 Janus Kinase 2
KDR Kinase Insert Domain Receptor
MAP2K1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1
MAP2K2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 2
INSR Insulin Receptor
AR Androgen Receptor
AKT3 AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 3
PIK3CA Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha
PTEN Phosphatase And Tensin Homolog
STAT1 Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 1
CDK5 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5
MMP3 Matrix Metallopeptidase 3
UCHL1 Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L1
CD4 CD4 Molecule
CDKN2A Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A
CTSB Cathepsin B
CASP7 Caspase 7
ACVRL1 Activin A Receptor Like Type 1
PPIB Peptidylprolyl Isomerase B
HSPB1 Heat Shock Protein Family B (Small) Member 1
YWHAE Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/Tryptophan 5-Monooxygenase Activation Protein Epsilon
GATA3 GATA Binding Protein 3
JAK1 Janus Kinase 1
HDAC3 Histone Deacetylase 3
NTRK1 Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 1
NOS1 Nitric Oxide Synthase 1
CCNE1 Cyclin E1
ACACA Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Alpha
CAV1 Caveolin 1
PRKCZ Protein Kinase C Zeta
SGK1 Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1
NR3C2 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 2
SLC5A1 Solute Carrier Family 5 Member 1
TFRC Transferrin Receptor
TGFB2 Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2
VWF Von Willebrand Factor
CYP3A5 Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 5
FASLG Fas Ligand
CCR5 C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 5 (Gene/Pseudogene)
CES1 Carboxylesterase 1
CNR1 Cannabinoid Receptor 1
PPARD Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Delta
SELP Selectin P
MMP10 Matrix Metallopeptidase 10
NR1H3 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3
MS4A1 Membrane Spanning 4-Domains A1
SPHK1 Sphingosine Kinase 1
LRP1 LDL Receptor Related Protein 1
HDAC9 Histone Deacetylase 9
TGFA Transforming Growth Factor Alpha
TRAF3 TNF Receptor Associated Factor 3
TRAF6 TNF Receptor Associated Factor 6
TSHR Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor
BID BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist
CA8 Carbonic Anhydrase 8
CDK5R1 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5 Regulatory Subunit 1
CFH Complement Factor H
CDK1 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1
ANXA5 Annexin A5
ANG Angiogenin
ITGB6 Integrin Subunit Beta 6
LNPEP Leucyl And Cystinyl Aminopeptidase
SERPINH1 Serpin Family H Member 1
S100B S100 Calcium Binding Protein B
TBX3 T-Box 3
PXN Paxillin
TGIF1 TGFB Induced Factor Homeobox 1
TNFSF13B TNF Superfamily Member 13b
ZYX Zyxin
GH1 Growth Hormone 1
CX3CR1 C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1
LGALS3 Galectin 3
HIPK2 Homeodomain Interacting Protein Kinase 2
STMN1 Stathmin 1
HPSE Heparanase
EGR1 Early Growth Response 1
CD34 CD34 Molecule
EEF1A1 Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1 Alpha 1
CTNS Cystinosin, Lysosomal Cystine Transporter
HDAC7 Histone Deacetylase 7
IQGAP1 IQ Motif Containing GTPase Activating Protein 1
SALL1 Spalt Like Transcription Factor 1
MPZ Myelin Protein Zero
MEFV MEFV, Pyrin Innate Immunity Regulator
TAT Tyrosine Aminotransferase
SPI1 Spi-1 Proto-Oncogene
RAB3A RAB3A, Member RAS Oncogene Family
USF1 Upstream Transcription Factor 1
DDAH2 Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase 2
FCGR3B Fc Fragment Of IgG Receptor IIIb
IL17A Interleukin 17A
P2RX4 Purinergic Receptor P2X 4
PLXNA1 Plexin A1
TG Thyroglobulin
TNFRSF6B TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 6b
CSRP3 Cysteine And Glycine Rich Protein 3
ACTC1 Actin, Alpha, Cardiac Muscle 1
C4A Complement C4A (Rodgers Blood Group)
TAGLN Transgelin
ID1 Inhibitor Of DNA Binding 1, HLH Protein
CCL4 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 4
FCAR Fc Fragment Of IgA Receptor
CAMP Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide
COL8A2 Collagen Type VIII Alpha 2 Chain
ST3GAL4 ST3 Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase 4
IL1RL1 Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 1
WASL Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Like
CHIA Chitinase, Acidic
BPHL Biphenyl Hydrolase Like
KLF15 Kruppel Like Factor 15
PLA2R1 Phospholipase A2 Receptor 1
RHOD Ras Homolog Family Member D
SCAP SREBF Chaperone
PDLIM5 PDZ And LIM Domain 5
RPH3A Rabphilin 3A
HIST1H1B Histone Cluster 1 H1 Family Member B
CCL3 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3
COL8A1 Collagen Type VIII Alpha 1 Chain
PECAM1 Platelet And Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1
P3H1 Prolyl 3-Hydroxylase 1
NUP133 Nucleoporin 133
SNF8 SNF8, ESCRT-II Complex Subunit
TSLP Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
ACTN3 Actinin Alpha 3 (Gene/Pseudogene)
LECT2 Leukocyte Cell Derived Chemotaxin 2
WDR19 WD Repeat Domain 19
CSN1S1 Casein Alpha S1
GOLIM4 Golgi Integral Membrane Protein 4
MPV17L MPV17 Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Protein Like
WTIP WT1 Interacting Protein
HIST2H3C Histone Cluster 2 H3 Family Member C
KRBOX4 KRAB Box Domain Containing 4
MIR216A MicroRNA 216a
MBL3P Mannose-Binding Lectin Family Member 3, Pseudogene
Table 3
Information for target genes of tripterygium from TCMSP database
Mol IdGene NameMol name
MOL000296 PGR hederagenin
MOL000296 NCOA2 hederagenin
MOL000296 CHRM3 hederagenin
MOL000296 CHRM1 hederagenin
MOL000296 CHRM2 hederagenin
MOL000296 GABRA1 hederagenin
MOL000296 GRIA2 hederagenin
MOL000296 LYZ hederagenin
MOL000296 PTGS1 hederagenin
MOL000296 SCN5A hederagenin
MOL000296 PTGS2 hederagenin
MOL000296 RXRA hederagenin
MOL000296 SLC6A2 hederagenin
MOL003182 KCNH2 (+)-Medioresinol di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside_qt
MOL003182 SCN5A (+)-Medioresinol di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside_qt
MOL003182 PTGS2 (+)-Medioresinol di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside_qt
MOL003182 F7 (+)-Medioresinol di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside_qt
MOL003184 PTGS1 81827-74-9
MOL003184 CHRM3 81827-74-9
MOL003184 KCNH2 81827-74-9
MOL003184 CHRM1 81827-74-9
MOL003184 SCN5A 81827-74-9
MOL003184 CHRM5 81827-74-9
MOL003184 PTGS2 81827-74-9
MOL003184 CHRM4 81827-74-9
MOL003184 OPRD1 81827-74-9
MOL003184 PGR 81827-74-9
MOL003184 CHRM2 81827-74-9
MOL003184 OPRM1 81827-74-9
MOL003184 NCOA2 81827-74-9
MOL003184 NCOA1 81827-74-9
MOL003185 CHRM3 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a
-dimethyl-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 CHRM1 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl
-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 PTGS2 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl
-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 OPRD1 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl
-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 OPRM1 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 NR3C1 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 NCOA2 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 NCOA1 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 SCN5A (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 CHRM2 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003187 RELA triptolide
MOL003187 STAT3 triptolide
MOL003187 VEGFA triptolide
MOL003187 BCL2 triptolide
MOL003187 FOS triptolide
MOL003187 CDKN1A triptolide
MOL003187 PLAU triptolide
MOL003187 TNFSF15 triptolide
MOL003187 JUN triptolide
MOL003187 CASP3 triptolide
MOL003187 TP63 triptolide
MOL003187 MAPK8 triptolide
MOL003187 PTGS2 triptolide
MOL003187 STAT1 triptolide
MOL003187 CXCL8 triptolide
MOL003187 MCL1 triptolide
MOL003187 IL2 triptolide
MOL003187 IFNG triptolide
MOL003187 IL4 triptolide
MOL003187 CD80 triptolide
MOL003187 CD86 triptolide
MOL003187 CXCR4 triptolide
MOL003187 BIRC3 triptolide
MOL003187 CD274 triptolide
MOL003187 IL23A triptolide
MOL003187 CCR7 triptolide
MOL003187 CD1A triptolide
MOL003187 CD40 triptolide
MOL003187 CD14 triptolide
MOL003187 C3 triptolide
MOL003187 VTCN1 triptolide
MOL003196 CHRM3 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 KCNH2 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 CHRM1 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 SCN5A Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 CHRM5 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 PTGS2 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 RXRA Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 OPRD1 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 PGR Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 CHRM2 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 OPRM1 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 NCOA2 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 NCOA1 Tryptophenolide
MOL003199 NOS2 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 PTGS1 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 KCNH2 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 ESR1 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 AR 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 SCN5A 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 PPARG 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 PTGS2 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 F7 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 KDR 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 PYGM 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003209 KCNH2 Celallocinnine
MOL003209 SCN5A Celallocinnine
MOL003217 NOS2 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 KCNH2 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 ESR1 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 SCN5A Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 PTGS2 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 KDR Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 NCOA2 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 NCOA1 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 PTGS1 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 PPARD Isoxanthohumol
MOL003224 NR3C2 Tripdiotolnide
MOL003225 NR3C2 Hypodiolide A
MOL003225 NR3C1 Hypodiolide A
MOL003229 CHRM3 Triptinin B
MOL003229 KCNH2 Triptinin B
MOL003229 CHRM1 Triptinin B
MOL003229 SCN5A Triptinin B
MOL003229 CHRM5 Triptinin B
MOL003229 PTGS2 Triptinin B
MOL003229 RXRA Triptinin B
MOL003229 PGR Triptinin B
MOL003229 CHRM2 Triptinin B
MOL003229 OPRM1 Triptinin B
MOL003229 NR3C1 Triptinin B
MOL003229 RXRB Triptinin B
MOL003229 NCOA2 Triptinin B
MOL003229 NCOA1 Triptinin B
MOL003231 PTGS1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 CHRM3 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 KCNH2 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 CHRM1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 SCN5A Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 CHRM5 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 PTGS2 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 CHRM4 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 RXRA Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 OPRD1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 PGR Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 CHRM2 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 OPRM1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 NR3C1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 RXRB Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 NCOA2 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 NCOA1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003245 CHRM3 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 KCNH2 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 CHRM1 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 SCN5A Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 PTGS2 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 OPRD1 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 NCOA2 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 NCOA1 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003248 PTGS1 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 CHRM3 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 CHRM1 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 SCN5A Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 PTGS2 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 RXRA Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 ACHE Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 PGR Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 CHRM2 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 OPRM1 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 NR3C1 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 NCOA2 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 NCOA1 Triptonoterpene
MOL003266 PGR 21-Hydroxy-30-norhopan-22-one
MOL003280 CHRM3 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 CHRM1 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 SCN5A TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 CHRM5 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 PTGS2 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 OPRD1 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 PGR TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 CHRM2 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 OPRM1 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 NCOA2 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 NCOA1 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL000358 PGR beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 NCOA2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 PTGS1 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 PTGS2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 KCNH2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CHRM3 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CHRM1 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 SCN5A beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CHRM4 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CHRM2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CHRNA2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 SLC6A4 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 OPRM1 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 GABRA1 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 BCL2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 BAX beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CASP9 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 JUN beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CASP3 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CASP8 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 PRKCA beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 PON1 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 MAP2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000211 PGR Mairin
MOL000422 NOS2 kaempferol
MOL000422 PTGS1 kaempferol
MOL000422 AR kaempferol
MOL000422 PPARG kaempferol
MOL000422 PTGS2 kaempferol
MOL000422 NCOA2 kaempferol
MOL000422 PGR kaempferol
MOL000422 CHRM1 kaempferol
MOL000422 ACHE kaempferol
MOL000422 SLC6A2 kaempferol
MOL000422 CHRM2 kaempferol
MOL000422 GABRA1 kaempferol
MOL000422 F7 kaempferol
MOL000422 RELA kaempferol
MOL000422 IKBKB kaempferol
MOL000422 AKT1 kaempferol
MOL000422 BCL2 kaempferol
MOL000422 BAX kaempferol
MOL000422 TNFSF15 kaempferol
MOL000422 JUN kaempferol
MOL000422 AHSA1 kaempferol
MOL000422 CASP3 kaempferol
MOL000422 MAPK8 kaempferol
MOL000422 MMP1 kaempferol
MOL000422 STAT1 kaempferol
MOL000422 PPARG kaempferol
MOL000422 HMOX1 kaempferol
MOL000422 CYP3A4 kaempferol
MOL000422 CYP1A2 kaempferol
MOL000422 CYP1A1 kaempferol
MOL000422 ICAM1 kaempferol
MOL000422 SELE kaempferol
MOL000422 VCAM1 kaempferol
MOL000422 NR1I2 kaempferol
MOL000422 CYP1B1 kaempferol
MOL000422 ALOX5 kaempferol
MOL000422 HAS2 kaempferol
MOL000422 GSTP1 kaempferol
MOL000422 AHR kaempferol
MOL000422 PSMD3 kaempferol
MOL000422 SLC2A4 kaempferol
MOL000422 NR1I3 kaempferol
MOL000422 INSR kaempferol
MOL000422 DIO1 kaempferol
MOL000422 PPP3CA kaempferol
MOL000422 GSTM1 kaempferol
MOL000422 GSTM2 kaempferol
MOL000422 AKR1C3 kaempferol
MOL000422 SLPI kaempferol
MOL000449 PGR Stigmasterol
MOL000449 NR3C2 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 NCOA2 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 RXRA Stigmasterol
MOL000449 NCOA1 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 PTGS1 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 PTGS2 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 SLC6A2 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 SLC6A3 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 AKR1B1 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 PLAU Stigmasterol
MOL000449 LTA4H Stigmasterol
MOL000449 MAOB Stigmasterol
MOL000449 MAOA Stigmasterol
MOL000449 CTRB1 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 CHRM3 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 CHRM1 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 SCN5A Stigmasterol
MOL000449 CHRM2 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 GABRA1 Stigmasterol
MOL002058 KCNH2 40957-99-1
MOL002058 SCN5A 40957-99-1
MOL002058 PTGS2 40957-99-1
MOL002058 PTGS1 40957-99-1
MOL002058 NCOA2 40957-99-1
MOL002058 F7 40957-99-1
MOL003283 ESR1 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 AR (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 PPARG (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 PTGS2 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 F7 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 ESR2 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 MAPK14 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 GSK3B (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 CHEK1 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 NCOA2 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 SCN5A (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 CCNA2 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 PTGS1 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL004443 PTGS1 Zhebeiresinol
MOL004443 SCN5A Zhebeiresinol
MOL004443 PTGS2 Zhebeiresinol
MOL004443 RXRA Zhebeiresinol
MOL004443 GABRA1 Zhebeiresinol
MOL005828 NOS2 nobiletin
MOL005828 PTGS1 nobiletin
MOL005828 KCNH2 nobiletin
MOL005828 ESR1 nobiletin
MOL005828 AR nobiletin
MOL005828 PPARG nobiletin
MOL005828 PTGS2 nobiletin
MOL005828 F7 nobiletin
MOL005828 ESR2 nobiletin
MOL005828 CHEK1 nobiletin
MOL005828 NCOA2 nobiletin
MOL005828 GSK3B nobiletin
MOL005828 SCN5A nobiletin
MOL005828 BCL2 nobiletin
MOL005828 BAX nobiletin
MOL005828 CASP9 nobiletin
MOL005828 MMP9 nobiletin
MOL005828 JUN nobiletin
MOL005828 TP63 nobiletin
MOL005828 MAPK8 nobiletin
MOL005828 TIMP1 nobiletin
MOL005828 PPARG nobiletin
MOL005828 CREB1 nobiletin
MOL005828 PLA2G4A nobiletin
MOL005828 CD163 nobiletin
MOL005828 EPHB2 nobiletin
MOL007415 KCNH2 [(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropyl] acetate
MOL007415 PTGS2 [(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropyl] acetate
MOL007535 PGR (5S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(1R,4R)-4-ethyl-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,6-dione
MOL009386 KCNH2 3,3′-bis-(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran
MOL009386 ESR1 3,3′-bis-(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran
MOL009386 PTGS2 3,3′-bis-(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran
MOL009386 CCNA2 3,3′-bis-(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran
Mol IdGene NameMol name
MOL000296 PGR hederagenin
MOL000296 NCOA2 hederagenin
MOL000296 CHRM3 hederagenin
MOL000296 CHRM1 hederagenin
MOL000296 CHRM2 hederagenin
MOL000296 GABRA1 hederagenin
MOL000296 GRIA2 hederagenin
MOL000296 LYZ hederagenin
MOL000296 PTGS1 hederagenin
MOL000296 SCN5A hederagenin
MOL000296 PTGS2 hederagenin
MOL000296 RXRA hederagenin
MOL000296 SLC6A2 hederagenin
MOL003182 KCNH2 (+)-Medioresinol di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside_qt
MOL003182 SCN5A (+)-Medioresinol di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside_qt
MOL003182 PTGS2 (+)-Medioresinol di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside_qt
MOL003182 F7 (+)-Medioresinol di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside_qt
MOL003184 PTGS1 81827-74-9
MOL003184 CHRM3 81827-74-9
MOL003184 KCNH2 81827-74-9
MOL003184 CHRM1 81827-74-9
MOL003184 SCN5A 81827-74-9
MOL003184 CHRM5 81827-74-9
MOL003184 PTGS2 81827-74-9
MOL003184 CHRM4 81827-74-9
MOL003184 OPRD1 81827-74-9
MOL003184 PGR 81827-74-9
MOL003184 CHRM2 81827-74-9
MOL003184 OPRM1 81827-74-9
MOL003184 NCOA2 81827-74-9
MOL003184 NCOA1 81827-74-9
MOL003185 CHRM3 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a
-dimethyl-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 CHRM1 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl
-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 PTGS2 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl
-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 OPRD1 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl
-4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 OPRM1 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 NR3C1 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 NCOA2 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 NCOA1 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 SCN5A (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003185 CHRM2 (1R,4aR,10aS)-5-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-isopropyl-8-methoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
4,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-3H-phenanthren-2-one
MOL003187 RELA triptolide
MOL003187 STAT3 triptolide
MOL003187 VEGFA triptolide
MOL003187 BCL2 triptolide
MOL003187 FOS triptolide
MOL003187 CDKN1A triptolide
MOL003187 PLAU triptolide
MOL003187 TNFSF15 triptolide
MOL003187 JUN triptolide
MOL003187 CASP3 triptolide
MOL003187 TP63 triptolide
MOL003187 MAPK8 triptolide
MOL003187 PTGS2 triptolide
MOL003187 STAT1 triptolide
MOL003187 CXCL8 triptolide
MOL003187 MCL1 triptolide
MOL003187 IL2 triptolide
MOL003187 IFNG triptolide
MOL003187 IL4 triptolide
MOL003187 CD80 triptolide
MOL003187 CD86 triptolide
MOL003187 CXCR4 triptolide
MOL003187 BIRC3 triptolide
MOL003187 CD274 triptolide
MOL003187 IL23A triptolide
MOL003187 CCR7 triptolide
MOL003187 CD1A triptolide
MOL003187 CD40 triptolide
MOL003187 CD14 triptolide
MOL003187 C3 triptolide
MOL003187 VTCN1 triptolide
MOL003196 CHRM3 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 KCNH2 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 CHRM1 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 SCN5A Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 CHRM5 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 PTGS2 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 RXRA Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 OPRD1 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 PGR Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 CHRM2 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 OPRM1 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 NCOA2 Tryptophenolide
MOL003196 NCOA1 Tryptophenolide
MOL003199 NOS2 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 PTGS1 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 KCNH2 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 ESR1 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 AR 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 SCN5A 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 PPARG 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 PTGS2 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 F7 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 KDR 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003199 PYGM 5,8-Dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-5-methyl-coumarin-3)-coumarin
MOL003209 KCNH2 Celallocinnine
MOL003209 SCN5A Celallocinnine
MOL003217 NOS2 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 KCNH2 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 ESR1 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 SCN5A Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 PTGS2 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 KDR Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 NCOA2 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 NCOA1 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 PTGS1 Isoxanthohumol
MOL003217 PPARD Isoxanthohumol
MOL003224 NR3C2 Tripdiotolnide
MOL003225 NR3C2 Hypodiolide A
MOL003225 NR3C1 Hypodiolide A
MOL003229 CHRM3 Triptinin B
MOL003229 KCNH2 Triptinin B
MOL003229 CHRM1 Triptinin B
MOL003229 SCN5A Triptinin B
MOL003229 CHRM5 Triptinin B
MOL003229 PTGS2 Triptinin B
MOL003229 RXRA Triptinin B
MOL003229 PGR Triptinin B
MOL003229 CHRM2 Triptinin B
MOL003229 OPRM1 Triptinin B
MOL003229 NR3C1 Triptinin B
MOL003229 RXRB Triptinin B
MOL003229 NCOA2 Triptinin B
MOL003229 NCOA1 Triptinin B
MOL003231 PTGS1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 CHRM3 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 KCNH2 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 CHRM1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 SCN5A Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 CHRM5 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 PTGS2 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 CHRM4 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 RXRA Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 OPRD1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 PGR Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 CHRM2 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 OPRM1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 NR3C1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 RXRB Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 NCOA2 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003231 NCOA1 Triptoditerpenic acid B
MOL003245 CHRM3 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 KCNH2 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 CHRM1 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 SCN5A Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 PTGS2 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 OPRD1 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 NCOA2 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003245 NCOA1 Triptonoditerpenic acid
MOL003248 PTGS1 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 CHRM3 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 CHRM1 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 SCN5A Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 PTGS2 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 RXRA Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 ACHE Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 PGR Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 CHRM2 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 OPRM1 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 NR3C1 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 NCOA2 Triptonoterpene
MOL003248 NCOA1 Triptonoterpene
MOL003266 PGR 21-Hydroxy-30-norhopan-22-one
MOL003280 CHRM3 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 CHRM1 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 SCN5A TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 CHRM5 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 PTGS2 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 OPRD1 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 PGR TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 CHRM2 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 OPRM1 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 NCOA2 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL003280 NCOA1 TRIPTONOLIDE
MOL000358 PGR beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 NCOA2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 PTGS1 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 PTGS2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 KCNH2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CHRM3 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CHRM1 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 SCN5A beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CHRM4 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CHRM2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CHRNA2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 SLC6A4 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 OPRM1 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 GABRA1 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 BCL2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 BAX beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CASP9 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 JUN beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CASP3 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 CASP8 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 PRKCA beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 PON1 beta-sitosterol
MOL000358 MAP2 beta-sitosterol
MOL000211 PGR Mairin
MOL000422 NOS2 kaempferol
MOL000422 PTGS1 kaempferol
MOL000422 AR kaempferol
MOL000422 PPARG kaempferol
MOL000422 PTGS2 kaempferol
MOL000422 NCOA2 kaempferol
MOL000422 PGR kaempferol
MOL000422 CHRM1 kaempferol
MOL000422 ACHE kaempferol
MOL000422 SLC6A2 kaempferol
MOL000422 CHRM2 kaempferol
MOL000422 GABRA1 kaempferol
MOL000422 F7 kaempferol
MOL000422 RELA kaempferol
MOL000422 IKBKB kaempferol
MOL000422 AKT1 kaempferol
MOL000422 BCL2 kaempferol
MOL000422 BAX kaempferol
MOL000422 TNFSF15 kaempferol
MOL000422 JUN kaempferol
MOL000422 AHSA1 kaempferol
MOL000422 CASP3 kaempferol
MOL000422 MAPK8 kaempferol
MOL000422 MMP1 kaempferol
MOL000422 STAT1 kaempferol
MOL000422 PPARG kaempferol
MOL000422 HMOX1 kaempferol
MOL000422 CYP3A4 kaempferol
MOL000422 CYP1A2 kaempferol
MOL000422 CYP1A1 kaempferol
MOL000422 ICAM1 kaempferol
MOL000422 SELE kaempferol
MOL000422 VCAM1 kaempferol
MOL000422 NR1I2 kaempferol
MOL000422 CYP1B1 kaempferol
MOL000422 ALOX5 kaempferol
MOL000422 HAS2 kaempferol
MOL000422 GSTP1 kaempferol
MOL000422 AHR kaempferol
MOL000422 PSMD3 kaempferol
MOL000422 SLC2A4 kaempferol
MOL000422 NR1I3 kaempferol
MOL000422 INSR kaempferol
MOL000422 DIO1 kaempferol
MOL000422 PPP3CA kaempferol
MOL000422 GSTM1 kaempferol
MOL000422 GSTM2 kaempferol
MOL000422 AKR1C3 kaempferol
MOL000422 SLPI kaempferol
MOL000449 PGR Stigmasterol
MOL000449 NR3C2 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 NCOA2 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 RXRA Stigmasterol
MOL000449 NCOA1 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 PTGS1 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 PTGS2 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 SLC6A2 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 SLC6A3 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 AKR1B1 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 PLAU Stigmasterol
MOL000449 LTA4H Stigmasterol
MOL000449 MAOB Stigmasterol
MOL000449 MAOA Stigmasterol
MOL000449 CTRB1 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 CHRM3 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 CHRM1 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 SCN5A Stigmasterol
MOL000449 CHRM2 Stigmasterol
MOL000449 GABRA1 Stigmasterol
MOL002058 KCNH2 40957-99-1
MOL002058 SCN5A 40957-99-1
MOL002058 PTGS2 40957-99-1
MOL002058 PTGS1 40957-99-1
MOL002058 NCOA2 40957-99-1
MOL002058 F7 40957-99-1
MOL003283 ESR1 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 AR (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 PPARG (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 PTGS2 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 F7 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 ESR2 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 MAPK14 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 GSK3B (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 CHEK1 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 NCOA2 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 SCN5A (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 CCNA2 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL003283 PTGS1 (2R,3R,4S)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethylol-tetralin-6-ol
MOL004443 PTGS1 Zhebeiresinol
MOL004443 SCN5A Zhebeiresinol
MOL004443 PTGS2 Zhebeiresinol
MOL004443 RXRA Zhebeiresinol
MOL004443 GABRA1 Zhebeiresinol
MOL005828 NOS2 nobiletin
MOL005828 PTGS1 nobiletin
MOL005828 KCNH2 nobiletin
MOL005828 ESR1 nobiletin
MOL005828 AR nobiletin
MOL005828 PPARG nobiletin
MOL005828 PTGS2 nobiletin
MOL005828 F7 nobiletin
MOL005828 ESR2 nobiletin
MOL005828 CHEK1 nobiletin
MOL005828 NCOA2 nobiletin
MOL005828 GSK3B nobiletin
MOL005828 SCN5A nobiletin
MOL005828 BCL2 nobiletin
MOL005828 BAX nobiletin
MOL005828 CASP9 nobiletin
MOL005828 MMP9 nobiletin
MOL005828 JUN nobiletin
MOL005828 TP63 nobiletin
MOL005828 MAPK8 nobiletin
MOL005828 TIMP1 nobiletin
MOL005828 PPARG nobiletin
MOL005828 CREB1 nobiletin
MOL005828 PLA2G4A nobiletin
MOL005828 CD163 nobiletin
MOL005828 EPHB2 nobiletin
MOL007415 KCNH2 [(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropyl] acetate
MOL007415 PTGS2 [(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropyl] acetate
MOL007535 PGR (5S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(1R,4R)-4-ethyl-1,5-dimethylhexyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,6-dione
MOL009386 KCNH2 3,3′-bis-(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran
MOL009386 ESR1 3,3′-bis-(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran
MOL009386 PTGS2 3,3′-bis-(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran
MOL009386 CCNA2 3,3′-bis-(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran

### Enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG

Forty-seven overlapping targets were screened for further investigation using the DAVID (htTPLs://david.ncifcrf.gov/) online tool. GO annotation results showed that the top 30 biological processes (BP) included cell apoptosis, proliferation of cells, positive signal transduction regulation, extracellular stimulus response, and cell death (Figure 2A). The results of KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the 47 overlapping targets were markedly enriched within 32 pathways, including the p53 signal transduction pathway, apoptosis, and the JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway (Figure 2B). IL4 was mainly enriched in BP terms, including programmed cell death regulation, endogenous stimulus response, apoptosis regulation, positive cell proliferation regulation, and positive nitrogen compound metabolic process regulation. Based on the KEGG enrichment results, IL4 participated in the T-cell receptor signal transduction pathway, allograft rejection, intestinal IgA production immunologic network, the JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway, autoimmune thyroid disease, the Fc epsilon RI signal transduction pathway, and the interaction between cytokines and cytokine receptors.

#### Analysis of GO and KEGG Enrichment

Figure 2
Analysis of GO and KEGG Enrichment

(A) 47 overlapped genes were analysis by GO annotation, which showed that the top 30 biological processes (BP). (B) 47 overlapped genes was analysis by KEGG, which enriched in 32 pathways.

Figure 2
Analysis of GO and KEGG Enrichment

(A) 47 overlapped genes were analysis by GO annotation, which showed that the top 30 biological processes (BP). (B) 47 overlapped genes was analysis by KEGG, which enriched in 32 pathways.

### TPL alleviated kidney injury by inhibiting cell apoptosis in FSGS rats, and IL4 was up-regulated in kidney tissues of FSGS rats

FSGS rat models were established using external jugular vein cannulation; subsequently, the levels of BUN, 24-h urine protein, Scr, ALB, and TC were determined. Our results showed that the BUN, 24-h urine protein, TC, and Scr levels in FSGS animals were evidently decreased, while the ALB levels were significantly increased after the FSGS rats were administered TPL gavage (at 80 or 160 μg/(kg·d)) (Figure 3A–E). HE staining results showed that TPL significantly decreased the glomerulosclerosis index (GSI) in FSGS rats (Figure 3F,G). The apoptosis level was determined by TUNEL assay in the kidney tissues of FSGS rats. We found that FSGS promoted apoptosis in kidney tissues. However, TPL treatment suppressed the apoptosis of cells within the renal tissues of FSGS rats (Figure 4A,B). Therefore, we further detected the protein levels of IL4, nephrin, and podocin and the phosphorylation level of Stat6 using Western blotting. According to our results, TPL treatment decreased IL4 protein levels and stat6 activation, and increased the protein levels of nephrin and podocin in FSGS rats (Figure 4C–G).

#### TPL alleviated kidney injure in FSGS rats

Figure 3
TPL alleviated kidney injure in FSGS rats

FSGS rat models were establised by using external jugular vein cannulation, (A) 24 h urine protein, (B) BUN, (C) Scr, (D) TC and (E) ALB levels were detected; (F) TPL could significantly decrease glomerulosclerosis index (GSI) of FSGS rats; (G) The pathomorphology of kidney in FSGS rats was showed by HE staining. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. aP<0.05 versus Sham group, bP<0.05 versus FSGS group, and cP<0.05 versus TPL(80)+FSGS group.

Figure 3
TPL alleviated kidney injure in FSGS rats

FSGS rat models were establised by using external jugular vein cannulation, (A) 24 h urine protein, (B) BUN, (C) Scr, (D) TC and (E) ALB levels were detected; (F) TPL could significantly decrease glomerulosclerosis index (GSI) of FSGS rats; (G) The pathomorphology of kidney in FSGS rats was showed by HE staining. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. aP<0.05 versus Sham group, bP<0.05 versus FSGS group, and cP<0.05 versus TPL(80)+FSGS group.

#### TPL reduced cell apoptosis in FSGS rats

Figure 4
TPL reduced cell apoptosis in FSGS rats

FSGS rat models were established by using external jugular vein cannulation. (A and B) Apoptosis level was determined by TUNEL assay in kidney tissues of FSGS rats. (C) The protein levels of IL4, nephrin and podocin, and phosphorylation level of Stat6 by Western blotting analysis. (D–G) Histogram showed the statistical value. GAPDH was used as a load control. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. aP<0.05 versus Sham group, bP<0.05 versus FSGS group, and cP<0.05 versus TPL(80)+FSGS group.

Figure 4
TPL reduced cell apoptosis in FSGS rats

FSGS rat models were established by using external jugular vein cannulation. (A and B) Apoptosis level was determined by TUNEL assay in kidney tissues of FSGS rats. (C) The protein levels of IL4, nephrin and podocin, and phosphorylation level of Stat6 by Western blotting analysis. (D–G) Histogram showed the statistical value. GAPDH was used as a load control. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. aP<0.05 versus Sham group, bP<0.05 versus FSGS group, and cP<0.05 versus TPL(80)+FSGS group.

### TPL reversed the function of IL4 overexpression, promoting cell apoptosis

According to the results, 0–80 μmol/ml TPL had no influence on cell viability and apoptosis (Figure 5A–C). Western blotting results showed that 0–80 μmol/ml TPL minimally affected IL4, nephrin, and podocin expression and stat6 activation (Figure 5D). However, IL4 overexpression inhibited the viability and promoted apoptosis of podocytes. TPL inhibited IL4 overexpression-mediated cell apoptosis (Figure 6A–C). Furthermore, TPL decreased IL4 protein levels, increased nephrin and podocin protein levels, and inhibited the phosphorylation of Stat6 in podocytes (Figure 6D).

#### TPL has no influence on the cell viability and apoptosis

Figure 5
TPL has no influence on the cell viability and apoptosis

(A) 0–80 μmol/ml of TPL little effected the viability of podocytes by CCK8 assay. (B and C) 0–80 μmol/ml of TPL little affected the apoptosis level of podocytes by flow cytometry assay. (D) The protein levels of IL4, nephrin and podocin, and phosphorylation level of Stat6 by Western blotting analysis. GAPDH was used as a load control. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. aP<0.05 versus Sham group, bP<0.05 versus FSGS group, and cP<0.05 versus TPL(80)+FSGS group.

Figure 5
TPL has no influence on the cell viability and apoptosis

(A) 0–80 μmol/ml of TPL little effected the viability of podocytes by CCK8 assay. (B and C) 0–80 μmol/ml of TPL little affected the apoptosis level of podocytes by flow cytometry assay. (D) The protein levels of IL4, nephrin and podocin, and phosphorylation level of Stat6 by Western blotting analysis. GAPDH was used as a load control. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. aP<0.05 versus Sham group, bP<0.05 versus FSGS group, and cP<0.05 versus TPL(80)+FSGS group.

#### TPL reversed the function of IL4 overexpression promoting cell apoptosis

Figure 6
TPL reversed the function of IL4 overexpression promoting cell apoptosis

(A) IL4 protein and mRNA levels were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR assays. (B) The viability of podocytes by CCK8 assay in cell with IL4. (C) The apoptosis level of podocytes by flow cytometry assay in cell with IL4. (D) The protein levels of nephrin and podocin, and phosphorylation level of Stat6 by Western blotting analysis. GAPDH was used as a load control. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. aP<0.05 versus vector group, and bP<0.05 versus IL4 group.

Figure 6
TPL reversed the function of IL4 overexpression promoting cell apoptosis

(A) IL4 protein and mRNA levels were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR assays. (B) The viability of podocytes by CCK8 assay in cell with IL4. (C) The apoptosis level of podocytes by flow cytometry assay in cell with IL4. (D) The protein levels of nephrin and podocin, and phosphorylation level of Stat6 by Western blotting analysis. GAPDH was used as a load control. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. aP<0.05 versus vector group, and bP<0.05 versus IL4 group.

## Discussion

The occurrence of FSGS is related to a variety of mechanisms. Podocyte injury is the central link of FSGS [16,17]. Glomerular sclerosis is the final pathological change in FSGS caused by the excessive accumulation of the glomerular extracellular matrix (ECM). Podocytes are an important part of the glomerulus and are the final barriers that block the filtration of plasma macromolecules. Apoptosis, fusion, and shedding of podocytes induced the occurrence and development of FSGS. TPL has been reported to have a protective effect on kidney damage [18]. Therefore, we constructed the Disease–Target–Compound network in the present study through the TCM network pharmacology to confirm the relationship between TPL and FSGS. It was further confirmed by constructing a PPT network that IL4 was a target gene of TPL and FSGS. According to KEGG and GO enrichment analyses, IL4 was closely related to apoptosis and was enriched in the JAK-STAT signal pathway. Thus, we proposed two hypotheses: (1) TPL can protect against FSGS kidney injury by inhibiting apoptosis; (2) The protective effect of TPL on FSGS-induced kidney damage may be achieved by targeting IL4.

IL-4 is an anti-inflammatory factor that belongs to the interleukin family [19]. It has been reported that IL4 can inhibit apoptosis of liver cancer cells, and blockage of the IL4/IL4R/STAT6 axis can promote apoptosis of Hodgkin lymphoma cells [20]. However, IL4 may also be involved in the disease as a pro-inflammatory factor [21]. The expression level of IL4 is high in kidney tissue with acute kidney injury [22]. Therefore, the effect of IL4 on FSGS should be more extensively investigated. IL4 activates stat6 by acting on the JAK-STAT signal pathway. Our results demonstrated that IL4 expression and the phosphorylation level of stat6 were up-regulated in kidney tissues of FSGS rats. This suggests that the IL/STAT6 signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in FSGS. TPL reduced apoptosis in the kidney tissue of FSGS rats while significantly inhibiting the expression of IL4 and the activation of stat6.

Nephrin and podocin are podocyte proteins that have been widely used to identify kidney injury [23,24]. It has been reported that podocin and nephrin levels were down-regulated in a kidney injury model to promote podocyte apoptosis, thereby aggravating kidney damage. Podocin and nephrin expression levels were remarkably down-regulated in the kidney tissue of FSGS rats. Similarly, TPL could upgrade the podocin and nephrin expression levels. This indicated that TPL attenuated glomerular sclerosis in FSGS rats by reducing podocyte apoptosis. To further investigate the mechanism of action of TPL on renal protection in FSGS rats, we carried out a study at the cellular level.

First, we need to investigate if 0–80 µmol/ml of TPL is toxic to podocyte. The functional experiment proved that TPL at low concentrations did not affect cell activity; cell apoptosis; the expression of IL4, nephrin, and podocin; and the activation of stat6, which excluded the threat of TPL for cells. The results showed that a high expression of IL4 inhibited cell viability, promoted apoptosis, increased phosphorylation of stat3, and inhibited the expression of nephrin and podocin. This suggested that a high expression of IL4 promoted apoptosis and aggravated glomerular sclerosis. TPL can reverse IL4-mediated podocyte apoptosis and reduce glomerular sclerosis.

In conclusion, up-regulation of IL4 in kidney tissue of FSGS rats activated stat6 and promoted podocyte apoptosis to aggravate glomerular sclerosis. TPL can alleviate glomerular sclerosis in FSGS rats by inhibiting the activation of the IL4/stat6 signaling pathway and podocyte apoptosis. This finding can offer a theoretical foundation for the application of TPL in treating FSGS.

## Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interests associated with the manuscript.

## Funding

The research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 81673913].

## Author Contribution

Yayu Li and Xue Jiang wrote the main manuscript and analyzed the data. Yayu Li, Xue Jiang and Litao Song performed the experiments. Yayu Li, Mengdie Yang and Jing Pan designed the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

## Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

## Abbreviations

• FSGS

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

•
• GO

Gene Ontology

•
• KEGG

Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

•
• PPI

protein–protein interaction

•
• TCMSP

Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database

•
• TPL

triptolide

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