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# Are We Removing Womens' Rights by Having Separate Sports?

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jimmydasaint    159

I didn't know where to post these thoughts, but I have been pondering on this for a while.

If we believe that women have equal rights to men, then why are they in separate competitive sports, locally, nationally or internationally (e.g. Olympic Games). Are we acknowledging that they are not as physically strong as men and making the choice for them to separate them, which is a gender apartheid; or are we being condescending in being 'gentle' with them?

For example, should women be able to compete with men in track and field events on an equal basis? In addition, would large team sports like football or baseball not be more interesting when women and men compete together?

Certainly, team showers at the end of the game would be far more interesting...

Any views?

Edited by jimmydasaint

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D H    1371
Are we acknowledging that they are not as physically strong as men and making the choice for them to separate them, which is a gender apartheid; or are we being condescending in being 'gentle' with them?

Yes.

Athletes need strength, agility, balance, etc. Some people have very little, others have a lot. The distribution forms a curve, more or less bell shaped. Men and women are different physically even at the middle of the curve. At the four-sigma plus extremes of the curve where athletes of the highest levels of competitiveness levels exist the difference is quite marked. Consider the 100 meter sprint. Men broke the 10 second barrier more than 40 years ago. Women, not even close. Nowadays a winning time for a mens 100 meter dash that is over 10 seconds is a sign of a mediocre race. If track and field was run as a gender neutral competition there would be no female competitors at the highest levels of competition.

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I agree with D H. In many sports there would be no female competitors at the highest level, so we have separate (female-only) competition.

I wanted to ask an additional question - is the 'men competition' actually 'man-only competition' or is it actually the 'ultimate competition'? For example, if a woman can run 100m in 9.80, will they allow her to run side-by-side with mr. Bolt, or there is no such possibility. Anyone knows?

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swansont    6247

I agree with D H. In many sports there would be no female competitors at the highest level, so we have separate (female-only) competition.

I wanted to ask an additional question - is the 'men competition' actually 'man-only competition' or is it actually the 'ultimate competition'? For example, if a woman can run 100m in 9.80, will they allow her to run side-by-side with mr. Bolt, or there is no such possibility. Anyone knows?

I'm sure if money were involved, it could be arranged. It just wouldn't necessarily be sanctioned by whatever the official track & field organization is.

In the US, this is governed by Title IX at the school level. The idea is equality in opportunity — men and women have an equal right to participate. At the level of professional sports, there's discrimination on the basis of ability, which is not against the law.

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Zolar V    68

I didn't know where to post these thoughts, but I have been pondering on this for a while.

If we believe that women have equal rights to men, then why are they in separate competitive sports, locally, nationally or internationally (e.g. Olympic Games). Are we acknowledging that they are not as physically strong as men and making the choice for them to separate them, which is a gender apartheid; or are we being condescending in being 'gentle' with them?

For example, should women be able to compete with men in track and field events on an equal basis? In addition, would large team sports like football or baseball not be more interesting when women and men compete together?

Certainly, team showers at the end of the game would be far more interesting...

Any views?

No, by segregating women from men we are not removing any rights.

If you watch any American sports, you should know that there are different divisions and types of teams for lets say football. We have divisions that we put teams into in order that they can compete in a fair game, you wouldn't want to watch a division1 team totally annihilate a division3 team. It just wouldn't be a competition it would be a no contest.

Well the same applies for women, they naturally don't have as much of an ability to play at the same level as males. Like previously mentioned about the bell curves.

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Mr Skeptic    1154
Are we acknowledging that they are not as physically strong as men and making the choice for them to separate them, which is a gender apartheid; or are we being condescending in being 'gentle' with them?

Yes. Men are physically stronger than women, and this holds true for both the average and the extremes. While you could easily find a woman who could beat you at a given sport, that won't be so at the highest extremes. For some sports, such as the races, it doesn't really matter whether the people compete together or separately, since they can be compared directly. Feel free to do the comparison.

We also have separate bathrooms for men and women. Yet more evidence of segregation.

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Marat    239

Even more challenging for the purely factual theory that women and men are equal is the inability of women to compete with men at the highest levels of chess and the total absence of great female composers.

But neither those facts nor the inability of women to run as fast as men says anything about women being unequal, since the equality of people is a legal and moral assertion, not a factual judgment. Everyone gets one vote no matter how little attention he pays to the news; everyone is entitled to sue for damages in tort no matter how little contribution he makes to society; everyone medically fit is subject to the military draft no matter how much better he could spend his time than stopping enemy bullets with his head; everyone is assumed innocent when charged with a crime, even if he has a long history of past criminality. None of these assumptions is realistic or justified factually as a working hypothesis for a scientist, but they are all manifestations of the moral resolve of our society to treat all people as though they were equal.

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Zolar V    68

I don't believe all people believe in the concept of equality. I know for one, i don't.

The most of the idea of equality is just bogus, i know for a FACT i am not equal to bill gate. i know that i am not equal to a sewer hobo. There are many facets of the concept of equality which are true, and these are the much simpler ones that deal with legal issues.

The concept of this total equality is just some stupid fantasy. If you ever want to get ahead in life, understand that you are not equal. You are above some people and below some people. It's just the name of the game, evolution/natural selection.

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ewmon    158

Some sports (such as wrestling, boxing, martial arts, and weightlifting) divide competitors into weight classes, which approximates muscle mass. With our modern, accurate methods of measuring muscle mass, I see no objection to dividing any sport (except for purely mental sports such as chess, etc) into classes by muscle mass. Competing and winning would be mostly a matter of technique.

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I think the question is mainly one of semantics. When people talk of equality between the genders they are not saying that both men and women are equal in all ways, they are saying that our goal should be to not disadvantage somebody because of their gender. It is not, ultimately, an entirely achievable goal, but it is one worth striving for. Obviously a female boxer going up against a male boxer is not an even match at the highest levels of competition. But in terms of a woman in certain businesses trying to compete with the old boys network, there is a distinct disadvantage to being a woman that is not based on actual ability. That is one example of the sort of things that equal rights is trying to address.

Woman have to be the ones that have babies. That is a disadvantage. There are certain laws in place in Australia (where I am) to make this less of a disadvantage, but it is ridiculous to assume that if you have a child then there will be NO disadvantage to your career or income at all. If a woman chooses to have a baby, then she will not have the same flexibility of choices as her partner. It's biological.

So basically, women's rights does not mean that men and women are exactly the same. Nobody is suggesting that, as they clearly are not. Therefore, separate sporting teams has nothing to do with women's rights.

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pioneer    65

There is a difference between equal rights and equal results. Equal rights means all play by the same rules. Equal results alters the rules to achieve equal results. Once you alter the rules, so different people have to play by different rules, they no longer have equal rights.

Road races allow men and women to compete together by the same rules. Due to differences in ability, the top males finish first. Then the top women finish, with some of these women better than 95% of the remaining males. Then the rest finish, being a blend of both males and females. The rules are the same for all, with the results being a reflection of natural ability and hard work.

Say we wished to have equal results. This can be done if we require the top males carry extra weight to slow them down. We can also stagger the starting line to give a head start to the slower runners. This may achieve equal results, but would take away equal rights, since the rules are not the same for all.

With sports, the rules remain same. Based on natural ability and hard work, we get a natural distribution of skill based on these common rules. To maintain equal rights, while also allowing people to compete in a way that allows their continuing advancement, you group similar skills. If the skills are too widely different, it makes the top people play less hard and/or it can discourage the lower skilled from trying as hard, since it may not make any difference. Sports tries to group similar skills so all are able to bring out their best, whatever that may be. It just so happens that skill level, based on equal rights and rules breaks down along the lines of the sexes. With this arrangement all can achieve and advance. It is nothing personal, just being objective. Equal results would violate good sportsmanship, since it implies not all will play by the same rules.

Edited by pioneer

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Marat    239

But it seems that the very idea of an equal competition in any area of life is an idealization which never corresponds to reality. Thus suppose we have a group of male athletes in a race, but one, who on a good day is better than the rest, had the flu two weeks ago and is still not perfectly recovered from it, so while he cannot claim the flu as an excuse deserving compensation in the race, since he no longer suffers from it, it still limits his performance. Another grew up wealthy and could afford the best coaches and the best running courses, while most of his competitors never had these aids. Still another had his will to race undermined by parents who regarded athletics as a waste of time, since they wanted him to be a concert pianist and felt that racing was a disgustingly physical activity. Another contestant lived in the mountains of Kenya all his life where his lungs were trained to oxygenate his body in a very thin atmosphere, so that now when he races in the Boston Marathon, it is as though he were being flooded with oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber, so he does much better. A final contestant has a natural hemoglobin level of 180, while the average among the others is 150.

Do any of these competitors deserve their advantages or disadvantages? Of course not. But what is a competitor? Is it the person who now stands before us, with all of his unfair, undeserved advantages and disadvantages already built into him, and the whole person now regarded as the entity who deserves the outcome he can get in the race or not? Or should we laboriously go through the entire list of unearned advantages and disadvantages and attempt to iron them out by having the runners carry different weights, such as they do with horses to make horse racing more competitive? The problem with trying to iron out all the differences is that we can never track down all the unfair pluses and minuses in a person's history, so the outcome of the race will depend on which factors we notice and can measure, rather than on what the ultimate kernel of 'real will' and 'real personal desert' inside the person deserves.

This is also the problem with affirmative action programs generally: They set out to make things equal by addressing only broad racial categories and trying to compensate for those, while ignoring all the other factors which affect performance as though every other influence on performance througout life were fair.

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jimmydasaint    159

I'm afraid that I left this topic sizzling for a bit too long and I hope that it is not over-cooked or overlooked. However, for what it is worth, I agree that discrimination on the basis of ability is not illegal and that women are finally given equal rights under the aegis of the law. However, in sports, my point was that we may be giving women equal rights to compete in curling, climbing or underwater hockey (whatever that is) and that we set up separate teams for soccer, despite the possibility that some women may have a similar ability to men in soccer.

Moreover, I believe that if we discriminate on the basis of ability, then should we separate black and white 100m sprint athletes on the basis of different ability ranges? I don't actually recall the last time a white athlete actually broke the 100 m record in my recent lifetime.

Bottom line is: are we just metaphorically patting women on the ass and saying: 'There there dear, don't worry your pretty little head, we'll set up different competitions just for you...'

I think Butters and others are being intellectually honest in saying that women and men are NOT equal due to obvious biological differences. However, if women do not want to be discriminated against, they only have to appeal to the UN Charter for Human Rights and, IMHO, they have a pretty good case for demanding more equality. Certainly start with prize money for the same sport, where there is a startling disparity.

Edited by jimmydasaint

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D H    1371

Don't kid yourself. We are patting them on the ass and telling them don't worry honey, you don't have to compete with those men who can run faster, jump higher, hit harder than you. We are then pretending that it is not only OK but absolutely essential to do so. Separate but equal didn't work and has been deemed illegal in the case of race, yet somehow separate but equal is exactly what is needed in the case of the genders -- and it is illegal not to have separate but equal systems.

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pioneer    65

There is another side to this coin. Say men wanted to go out for female sports, such as try out for all the female professional soccer teams. Many males can't make the male upper leagues, but could earn a reasonable living if they could compete in professional female sports. What would happen is too many men would get the starting spots, squeezing out too many females from their own sports. I understand it is suppose to be a one-way street, with most men used to saying, yes dear, to even the most irrational demands. But say men stopped, yes dear, to any one way street.

In the next Olympics, the males and females can now compete in both male and female events. This would allow the female teams to have new world record times and distances that will be about the same as the men's team. Would this work for equality? Separate sports for females, already protects females, so more females have an opportunity to compete. Stacking advantage upon advantage for the females only shows that men and women are not equal.

It is considered discriminatory for all male colleges, but is not for all female colleges. One of the hidden strengths of females is getting their way with one-way streets, using some irrational emotional appeal and illogic to get the men to think this is being reasonable. The high maintenance wife does not get her way because of her ability to make sound judgements. She has an irrational strength that allows her to get her way.

Edited by pioneer

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Separating people by their ability has nothing to do with their rights: just as there are different competitions for different age ranges in sports, there are also different competitions for different sexes. It does not make too much sense to have separate competitions for different races, as in that case the differences in ability are not entirely clear nor provable, but if they were, it certainly would make sense. It has nothing to do with patting women on the back either: it just depends on weather people want to see women compete or not. If they do, they must provide for a competition where they have a fair chance to win, otherwise it is not a 'sport' competition any longer. Just as you would not expect a child to be willing to compete in an adult competition, you can't expect women to be willing to compete in male competitions.

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CaptainPanic    1154

There are physical differences between men and women. Everybody knows that! So, why are we discussing a (lack of) emancipation in physical exercises? It's a logical result of our evolution. It's not discrimination.

I mean, how equal do you want it to be? Shoud men become pregnant too, because of emancipation?

Note that in non-physical competitions (for example: chess), there are no separate competitions for men and women.

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jimmydasaint    159

How equal do I want it? Equal prize money for starters. I was making the point initially that there is no equality between genders in sport despite our proclamations about equality for women generally in society. Nevertheless when it comes to prize money, women get paid far less for winning golf, and, to my knowledge, tennis tournaments, in the past (which are now awarding equal money). What is the underlying silent script? It seems to say that women's sports are less worthy, and that, to my mind, is unfair.

Edited by jimmydasaint

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swansont    6247

How equal do I want it? Equal prize money for starters. I was making the point initially that there is no equality between genders in sport despite our proclamations about equality for women generally in society. Nevertheless when it comes to prize money, women get paid far less for winning golf, and, to my knowledge, tennis tournaments, in the past (which are now awarding equal money). What is the underlying silent script? It seems to say that women's sports are less worthy, and that, to my mind, is unfair.

It's more complicated than simply being gender. If the sport generates less revenue from advertising and gate receipts, the prize money will suffer. In the US, for example, men's pro soccer (football) salaries have a minimum of $40,000 and there's just a handful of players that make$1 million. In gridiron football, the minimum is almost 9 times as much, at %310,000, and the average salary is more than \$1.5 million

http://sschilke.hubpages.com/hub/Major-League-Soccer-Salaries-2010-The-Top-50

http://6thfloor.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/10/major-league-soccer-little-fish-little-pond/

http://content.usatoday.com/sportsdata/football/nfl/salaries/team

So women's sports will have smaller purses/salaries if they don't draw audiences as large as the men's events. If you tried to force them to have the same payout by raising the women's purses, they would simply fold, as many leagues have done.

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jimmydasaint    159

I accept the point that the market does dictate wages paid to players in team sports and that male team sports generate far more income than female teams. I accept also that males are physically stronger than females and that this physical disparity means that women have very little chance of winning a man's sport generally. Males also prefer watching male sports presumably. They like watching other men get hot and sweaty. Fine.

Would you then agree that women are equal in educational and employment opportunities? I would argue that women are badly under-represented in academic occupations, in government and in becoming CEO's of well-known companies - but that is a separate issue altogether, and deserves a separate post.

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imatfaal    2478

I accept the point that the market does dictate wages paid to players in team sports and that male team sports generate far more income than female teams.

Not just team sports - I sell Tennis open finals tickets every year, I can get 4-5 times the amount for men's finals day than women's finals

I accept also that males are physically stronger than females and that this physical disparity means that women have very little chance of winning a man's sport generally. Males also prefer watching male sports presumably. They like watching other men get hot and sweaty. Fine.
The homoerotic slant is disingenuous and just plain wrong; to take the example I am most familiar with, men's tennis is faster and just more exhilierating (even if if Rafa does make me feel slightly inadequate) - it is nothing to do with sex or sexism, men's tennis is just more exciting
Would you then agree that women are equal in educational and employment opportunities?
No, definitely not; but sport is the wrong avenue of approach as the majority of purses/prize monies are determined by attendance and ticket price, which are market determined - rather than predetermined on gender.
I would argue that women are badly under-represented in academic occupations, in government and in becoming CEO's of well-known companies - but that is a separate issue altogether, and deserves a separate post.
Completely agree that women are under-represented in the areas you highlight; they are also under-represented in prison populations, bankruptcies, and suicides. Whilst there are tremendous barriers that hinder any woman doing well in business, in science, etc which must be removed, it is not a straightforward proposition to say that men and women are entirely similar apart from societal barriers.

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randomc    41

...it is not a straightforward proposition to say that men and women are entirely similar apart from societal barriers.

Is it really necessary to mince quite as gracefully as that around the fact that men and women are different? Surely it's only the lunatic fringe of feminist theory that claims otherwise, and such pandering just lends an undeserved legitamacy.

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imatfaal    2478

Is it really necessary to mince quite as gracefully as that around the fact that men and women are different? Surely it's only the lunatic fringe of feminist theory that claims otherwise, and such pandering just lends an undeserved legitamacy.

I mince gracefully without even trying to...

If you could direct me to papers and articles (other than cod-psychology) I would be very interested. The position of "the lunatic fringe of feminist theory" as you put it, is a very good place to start from; I would think that the null hypothesis is that, excepting societal barriers, men and women will perform equally in all pursuits of academe, of business, and within society in general - has this been shown not to be the case? Is it ever possible to control for societal and cultural pressures and norms? What legitimacy does the opposing view have that is threatened by my pandering? I think this is an area of such great flux and uncertainty that a modicum of graceful mincing and lack of stridency is called for.

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John Cuthber    3234

This thread reminds me of a conversation I had with someone who has a son who nearly made the (past) Olympic team as a swimmer.

He said to me "I'm no good at golf- and I probably never will be. Would you or anyone else sponsor me to play?

I din't get much of a chance to answer before he followed it up with "Why does anyone sponsor the paralympics?"

I said that as far as I was concerned they could not bother sponsoring any sport. That didn't improve his mood.

He was upset that his son was finding it hard to get sponsorship even though he could swim a lot faster than the paralympians who did get sponsored.

The truth is that, for example, blind football players wouldn't ordinarily* expect to beat a team who could see. They just are not as good at football.

So, he asked, "why do they bother? They are, through no fault of their own, destined to be a bit crap at it."

I explained that, while the idea is to win, it's unrealistic to believe that you will be the best in the world so, by his argument, nobody should take the trouble to train because it's odds on that you won't win.

But people take great pleasure in winning smaller championships.

I might not be the best in the world, but I might be the best in the UK- or the best in the county- or perhaps the best in town.

I will find a group among whom I can compete with a reasonable chance of success.

By permitting separate events for men and women we are not restricting anyone's freedom.

However many sports' governing bodies will not permit mixed competitions and they are indeed restricting freedom in a way which is difficult to justify.

* I said ordinarily, in the dark, they might do very well indeed.

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randomc    41

If you could direct me to papers and articles (other than cod-psychology) I would be very interested.

How could i possibly direct you to anything other than cod psychology? That's exactly what is used to support the notion that gender is entirely a social construct. Gender feminism being the lunatic fringe i mentioned.

Unless you mean you want to be directed to evidence of difference?

I would think that the null hypothesis is that, excepting societal barriers, men and women will perform equally in all pursuits of academe, of business, and within society in general - has this been shown not to be the case?

I don't disagree. Gender feminism is nevertheless still bullshit.

Is it ever possible to control for societal and cultural pressures and norms? What legitimacy does the opposing view have that is threatened by my pandering

The opposing view would appear to be in fact your view, assuming that by 'not a straightforward proposition' you mean 'not very well supported by evidence'...

"it is not a straightforward proposition to say that men and women are entirely similar apart from societal barriers."

...it's just obfuscated by your pandering to gender feminism. Unless, that is, you are actually advocating gender feminism?

I think this is an area of such great flux and uncertainty that a modicum of graceful mincing and lack of stridency is called for.

I just think your position is slanted. That is all i'm pointing out. I'm not asking you to be strident, just straightforward.


text:
# statsmodels.regression.rolling.RollingWLS¶

class statsmodels.regression.rolling.RollingWLS(endog, exog, window=None, *, weights=None, min_nobs=None, missing='drop', expanding=False)[source]

Rolling Weighted Least Squares

Parameters
endogarray_like

A 1-d endogenous response variable. The dependent variable.

exogarray_like

A nobs x k array where nobs is the number of observations and k is the number of regressors. An intercept is not included by default and should be added by the user. See statsmodels.tools.add_constant.

windowint

Length of the rolling window. Must be strictly larger than the number of variables in the model.

weightsarray_like, optional

A 1d array of weights. If you supply 1/W then the variables are pre- multiplied by 1/sqrt(W). If no weights are supplied the default value is 1 and WLS results are the same as OLS.

min_nobs

Minimum number of observations required to estimate a model when data are missing. If None, the minimum depends on the number of regressors in the model. Must be smaller than window.

missingstr, default “drop”

Available options are “drop”, “skip” and “raise”. If “drop”, any observations with nans are dropped and the estimates are computed using only the non-missing values in each window. If ‘skip’ blocks containing missing values are skipped and the corresponding results contains NaN. If ‘raise’, an error is raised. Default is ‘drop’.

expandingbool, default False

If True, then the initial observations after min_nobs are filled using an expanding scheme until window observations are available, after which rolling is used.

statsmodels.regression.linear_model.WLS

WLS estimation and parameter testing.

Notes

Tested against WLS for accuracy.

Results may differ from WLS applied to windows of data if this model contains an implicit constant (i.e., includes dummies for all categories) rather than an explicit constant (e.g., a column of 1s).

Examples

>>> from statsmodels.regression.rolling import RollingWLS
>>> from statsmodels.datasets import longley
>>> mod = RollingWLS(data.endog, exog)
>>> rolling_res = mod.fit(reset=50)

Use params_only to skip all calculations except parameter estimation

>>> rolling_params = mod.fit(params_only=True)

Use expanding and min_nobs to fill the initial results using an expanding scheme until window observation, and the roll.

>>> mod = RollingWLS(data.endog, exog, window=60, min_nobs=12,
... expanding=True)
>>> rolling_res = mod.fit()

Methods

 fit([method, cov_type, cov_kwds, reset, …]) Estimate model parameters. from_formula(formula, data, window[, …]) Create a Model from a formula and dataframe.

Methods

 fit([method, cov_type, cov_kwds, reset, …]) Estimate model parameters. from_formula(formula, data, window[, …]) Create a Model from a formula and dataframe.

format: plain


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A pair of indices (P, Q) where 0 ≤ P < Q < N is said to have adjacent values if no value in the array lies strictly between values A[P] and A[Q]. Q(Leetcode #128): Given an unsorted array of integers, find the longest consecutive element sequence, in O(N) time. 0) is no longer supported. The size of the block is any integer between 0 and N. The array contains an odd number of elements, and each element of the array can be paired with another element that has the same value, except. Assume that each element of the array is a non-negative integer not exceeding 5,000,000. Let A be a non-empty zero-indexed array consisting of N integers. GFG Algo: Stack If the stack is not empty and the top of stack > current element, pop all element. Given a non-empty array containing only positive integers, find if the array can be partitioned into two subsets such that the sum of elements in both subsets is equal. TapeEquilibrium 05 array A consisting of N integers is given. com, and the solution turns out to be so simple. Go to the editor. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers and integer X, returns the earliest time when the frog can jump to the other side of the river. The goal is to find the earliest time when the frog can jump to the other side of the river. A non-empty zero indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. For example: Given array A = [2,3,1,1,4] The minimum number of jumps to reach the last index is 2. Please update your browser. A[K] represents the position where one leaf falls at time K, measured in minutes. Clone via HTTPS Clone with Git or checkout with SVN using the repository's web address. An array A consisting of N different integers is given. If no value is set for nullReplacement, any null value is filtered. The array contains integers in the range [1. Array A contains only 0s and/or 1s: 0 represents a car traveling east, 1 represents a car traveling west. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array T consisting of N integers describing a network of N cities and N − 1 roads, returns the sequence of travel targets. You are given integers K, M and a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers. Array A represents numbers on a tape. Approach The approach to this solution is to build a state machine that can process the language generated by zeros and ones in a binary number and count the size of all zero gaps. Codility TapeEquilibrium Solution in Javascript - 100% score - TapeEquilibrium. Task description A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. Each element in the array represents your maximum jump length at that position. Then T test cases follow. On this page I am sharing my solutions to the codility. Note: Each of the array element will not exceed 100. The function should. The goal is to count passing cars. O(n) The solution is to add digit by digit from the end of the both string, we need to carry the ‘1’s to the next iteration. Write a function int equilibrium(int[] arr, int n); that given a sequence arr[] of size n, returns an equilibrium index (if any) or -1 if no equilibrium indexes exist. There are M queries, which are given in non-empty arrays P and Q, each consisting of M integers. the function should return 1, as explained above. The function should return 0 if it was impossible to gain any profit. Interview question for Software Engineer Mobile in Singapore. A jq program is a “filter”: it takes an input, and produces an output. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. You can traverse the array from beging and maintain the number of X occured till now in a interger variable. A non empty zero indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. The array contains an odd number of elements, and each element of the array can be paired with another element that has the same value, except for one element that is left unpaired. Task description A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. A pit in this array is any triplet of integers (P, Q, R) such that:. Many combinatorial matrices — such as those of binomial coefficients, Stirling numbers of both kinds, and Lah numbers — are known to be totally non-ne…. Jack wonders how many cities (including the starting one) he can visit Write a function: class Solution public int solution(int[] T; } that, given a non-empty array T consisting of N Integers describing a network of N cities and N-1 roads, returns the maximum number of cities that Jack can visit Array T describes a network of cities as follows. that, given a non-empty string S consisting of N characters and two non-empty arrays P and Q consisting of M integers, returns an array consisting of M integers specifying the consecutive answers to all queries. Any integer. Array A contains only 0s and/or 1s: 0 represents a car traveling east, 1 represents a car traveling west. Write a function: function solution(A); that, given a zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers, returns any of its equilibrium indices. A permutation is a sequence containing each element from 1 to N once, and only once. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed string S consisting of N characters and two non-empty zero-indexed arrays P and Q consisting of M integers, returns an array consisting of M integers specifying the consecutive answers to all queries. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. Enjoy and share your comments! 1) Time. A zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. Build Lowest Number by Removing n digits from a given number. The definition implies that, if the two arguments are equal (and less than the length of the string, and non-negative), the result is the empty string. You are given a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers representing the falling leaves. For example, given an integer N = 26 and arrays P, Q such that:. Tape Equilibrium -- Codility. Any integer P, such that 0 < P < N, splits this tape into two non-empty parts: A[0], A[1], …, A[P − 1] and A[P], A[P + 1], …, A[N − 1]. Check whether array A is a permutation. Insight 2: given a certain element A, and using "Insight 1", in order for all the elements to be the same at the end, inevitably we'll have to transform A into the minimum element in the array. The call matrix(m, n, Array) creates an m×n matrix with components taken from Array, which must be an array or an hfarray. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers and sorted in a non-decreasing order is given. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. that, given a non-empty array A of N integers, returns the minimal difference that can be achieved. jq Manual (development version) For released versions, see jq 1. pwm - grounding for arduino, measuring phase controllled. The size of the block is any integer between 0 and N. This is a question from Codility. The array contains an odd number of elements, and each element of the array can be paired with another element that has the same value, except for one element that is left unpaired. Array A represents numbers on a tape. Write an algorithm to minimize the largest sum among these m subarrays. 4) **a non-empty array a consisting of n integers is given. A[K] represents the position where one leaf falls at time K, measured in minutes. For example, array A such that:. The goal is to count passing cars. The array contains integers in the range [1. The fish are numbered from 0 to N − 1. Each test case consists of two lines. Your goal is to reach the last index in the minimum number of jumps. Every element of the array is not greater than M. Input: The first line of input contains an integer T denoting the number of test cases. array = [randint(LOWER, UPPER) for index in range(n)]def sum_in_array(x, array): # All of the differences are stored in a hash table; order 1 lookup. Na stronie Codility jest jedno z przykładowych zadań: TapeEquilibrium. Any integer. * The function should return −1 if the number of such pairs exceeds. For example, given an integer N = 26 and arrays P, Q such that:. IsInfinite() if the iterator yields values forever. If the frog is never able to jump to the other side of the river, the function should return −1. The key idea that wasn’t allowing me to come up with a good solution is the following: If you have an array $$A$$ which has leader $$x$$ (the leader is the unique element that occurs more than in half of the array), then for every separation of $$A. 100,000]; each element of array A is an integer within the range [−1,000. Every element of the array should belong to some block. Given an array A of non-negative integers, return an array consisting of all the even elements of A, followed by all the odd elements of A. Elements of input arrays can be modified. The goal is to split array A into two parts, such that the number of elements equal to X in the first part is the same as the number of elements different from X in the other part. Given an array A of non-negative integers, return an array consisting of all the even elements of A, followed by all the odd elements of A. For example, given the following array A: A[0] = 1 A[1] = 4 A[2] = -3. The function should. A Bloom map implements a set probabilistically, using a very compact representation but risking a small chance of false positives on queries. An equi leader is an index S such that 0 ≤ S < N − 1 and two sequences A[0], A[1], , A[S] and A[S + 1], A[S + 2], , A[N − 1] have leaders of the same value. A non-empty array A consisting of N integers is given. given a non-empty zero-indexed array A of N integers. Conversion to Array and Tuple. Write a function: class Solution { public int solution(int M, int[] A); } that, given an integer M and a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers, returns the number of distinct slices. Tape Equilibrium -- Codility. Assume that the length of the array does not exceed 1,000,000. The array contains an odd number of elements, and each element of the array can be paired with another element that has the same value, except for one element that is left unpaired. Any integer P, such that 0 < P < N, splits this tape into two non-empty parts. For the following array: A[0] = 5 A[1] = 8. a non-empty zero-indexed array A of N integers, returns. In the example tree, the sequences [9, 8, 2] and [5, 8, 12] are two paths, while [12, 8, 2] is not. The goal is to count passing cars. You should be able to do it using only the input array and without making any new array of values. This operation takes two indices I and J, such that 0 ≤ I ≤ J < N, and exchanges the values of A[I] and A[J]. An array A consisting of N different integers is given. 2014-07-04 ##Peaks. If the node has two sub-nodes, then this node's value is the smaller value among its two sub-nodes. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. The fish are numbered from 0 to N − 1. An equilibrium index of this array is any integer P such that 0 ≤ P < N and the sum of elements of lower indices is equal to the sum of elements of higher indices, i. Any integer P, such that 0 < P < N, splits this tape into two non-empty parts. MaxProductOfThree A non-empty array A consisting of N integers is given. * 2) A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given * 3) N is an integer within the range [1. The consecutive elements of array A represent consecutive cars on a road. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers, returns the minimal abs sum of two for any pair of indices in this array. The only line of the query contains three integers a,b and c (1≤a,b,c≤1016 ) — the number of candies in the first, second and third piles correspondingly. There are several equivalent formulations of the problem. The cuts are represented by two non-empty arrays A and B consisting of N integers. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array A of N integers, returns the minimal positive integer (greater than 0) that does not occur in A. This is a question from Codility. 0) is no longer supported. The digits are stored such that the most significant digit is at the head of the list. that, given a non-empty array A consisting of N integers and integer X, returns the earliest time when the frog can jump to the other side of the river. Your browser (BingBot 2. What is Meant by Overloaded? We just noted that substring() is overloaded. Tasks are taken from Codility. That given an array A consisting of N integers, returns the size of the largest set S[K] for this array. A pair of indices (P, Q), where 0 ≤ P < Q < N, is said to have adjacent values if no value in the array lies strictly between values A[P] and A[Q]. A[K] represents the position where one leaf falls at time K, measured in minutes. Given an array \(A$$ of $$N$$ integers, a dominator of $$A$$ is the element that appears more than half of the time. that, given a non-empty array A of N integers, returns the minimal difference that can be achieved. Each element in the array represents your maximum jump length at that position. Since d belongs to S, then. You can construct arrays of simple data types, such as INT64 , and complex data types, such as STRUCT s. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers, returns the maximum number of blocks into which A can be divided. IsInfinite() if the iterator yields values forever. Any integer P, such that 0 < P < N, splits this ta…. The abs sum of two for a pair of indices (P, Q) is the absolute value |A[P] + A[Q]|, for 0 ≤ P ≤ Q < N. The goal is to check whether array A can be sorted into non-decreasing order by performing only one swap operation. Note: Given target value is a floating point. Solution: Let the integers be x 1;:::;x n, and consider the partial sums. There are M queries, which are given in non-empty arrays P and Q, each consisting of M integers. The product of triplet (P, Q, R) equates to A[P] * A[Q] * A[R] (0 ≤ P < Q < R < N). Given a non-empty 2-dimensional array/matrix containing only non-negative integers:$$ \begin{bmatrix} {\color{Red}0} & {\color{Red}0} & {\ Stack Exchange Network Stack Exchange network consists of 175 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build. Equality of the strings is tested using the string weights. A pair of indices (P, Q) where 0 ≤ P < Q < N is said to have adjacent values if no value in the array lies strictly between values A[P] and A[Q]. Array A represents numbers on a tape. Tasks are taken from Codility. A non-empty array A consisting of N integers is given. The consecutive elements of array A represent consecutive cars on a road. On this page I am sharing my solutions to the codility. This post is about the Codility Equi-leader challenge. Every element of the array should belong to some block. A pair of indices (P, Q), where 0 ≤ P < Q < N, is said to have adjacent values if no value in the array lies strictly between values A[P] and A[Q]. Integer P is called the beginning of the slice; integer Q is called the end of the slice. Tape Equilibrium -- Codility. For more info, please refer this. * The function should return −1 if the number of such pairs exceeds. Question A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. for each subsegment, the sum of all elements that belong to this subsegment is odd). A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. If Sin axiom Z6 is the set of all natural numbers having a property Pwe also refer to minSas the minimum. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers, returns the maximal sum of any double slice. Solution Codility MissingInteger Problem with 100% Correctness and Performance (Objective-c):. Write a function int equilibrium(int[] arr, int n); that given a sequence arr[] of size n, returns an equilibrium index (if any) or -1 if no equilibrium indexes exist. One of Maximum Slice Problems in Codility's Lessons. If there is more than one slice with a minimal average, you should return the smallest starting position of such a slice. 题目: A game for one player is played on a board consisting of N consecutive squares, numbered from codility flags solution. I am trying to solve Codility lessons for coding practice and PermCheck is one of them. A non-empty binary array A consisting of size N is given where, 0 represents a car traveling east, 1 represents a car traveling west. GFG Algo: Stack If the stack is not empty and the top of stack > current element, pop all element. A non-empty array A consisting of N integers is given. A non-empty array A consisting of N integers is given. The array contains an odd number of elements, and each element of the array can be paired with another element that has the same value, except for one element that is left unpaired. What is the Sandbox? This "Sandbox" is a place where Code Golf users can get feedback on prospective challenges they wish to post to the main page. The goal is to count passing cars. If the frog is never able to jump to the other side of the river, the function should return −1. Complexity: expected worst-case time complexity is O(N); expected worst-case space complexity is O(N), beyond input storage (not counting the storage required for input arguments). IsInfinite() if the iterator yields values forever. Recommended: Please solve it on " PRACTICE " first, before moving on to the solution. It is impossible to rearrange (shuffle) the elements of a given array. Hint: find the maximum, then binary search in each piece. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. Codility 9번 MaxCounters. The goal is to count passing cars. The size of the block is any integer between 0 and N. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers and integer X, returns the earliest time when the frog can jump to the other side of the river. Q(Leetcode #128): Given an unsorted array of integers, find the longest consecutive element sequence, in O(N) time. There are a lot of builtin filters for extracting a particular field of an object, or converting a number to a string, or various other standard. An integer X and a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers are given. Instead of declaring individual variables. A permutation is a sequence containing each element from 1 to N once, and only once. The problem will be solved by using Java, since I am good at it ;) Here is the case, we are given an array A which is zero indexed with N-length. An array A consisting of N different integers is given. n = 50# For this solution, the array doesn’t have to be sorted. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. Write a function: class Solution { public int solution(int K, int[] A); } that, given an integer K and a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers,. Instead of declaring individual variables. Given a non-empty array containing only positive integers, find if the array can be partitioned into two subsets such that the sum of elements in both subsets is equal. Content of Codility exercise: A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. Note: Given target value is a floating point. The consecutive elements of array A represent consecutive cars on a road. Given an unsorted array A of size N of non-negative integers, find a continuous sub-array which adds to a given number S. A permutation is a sequence containing each element from 1 to N once, and only once. how would have nikola tesla's ideas changed the world. Given three positive integers N, L and R, find the number of non-decreasing sequences of size at least 1 and at most N, such that each element of the sequence lies between L and R, both inclusive. Indeed, a list can best be defined in terms of itself. Codility MinAbsSliceSum A non-empty zero-indexed array A of N integers is given. * 1) Mark the first element as P in the working set * 2) Read an item while Q is not markedIf lesser than the previous, keep going: 2)If. A pair of indices (P, Q), where 0 ≤ P < Q < N, is said to have adjacent values if no value in the array lies strictly between values A[P] and A[Q]. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers, returns the depth of the deepest pit in array A. Array A represents numbers on a tape. For example, array A such that:. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed string S consisting of N characters and two non-empty zero-indexed arrays P and Q consisting of M integers, returns an array consisting of M integers specifying the consecutive answers to all queries. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers and integer X, returns the earliest time when the frog can jump to the other side of the river. Lesson 14: MinMaxDivision; Answer Code in Python 3; Lesson 14: MinMaxDivision. For example, array A such that: A[0] = 4 A[1] = 1 A[2. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. Since S is a non-empty set of positive integers, it must have a smallest element (this is the so called Well-ordering principle). I will also put that in the answer I gave you. Given an array of non-negative integers, you are initially positioned at the first index of the array. So here, today I learnt… Problem: A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. expected worst-case time complexity is O(N); expected worst-case space complexity is O(N), beyond input storage (not counting the storage required for input arguments). val=1,3,5,7,6 in this if we swap val[3] to val[4] it will be sorted in non-descending order?. They can be found here. Do they ignore their own posted condition here?. Tape Equilibrium -- Codility. that, given a non-empty array A consisting of N integers and integer X, returns the earliest time when the frog can jump to the other side of the river. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed string S consisting of N characters and two non-empty zero-indexed arrays P and Q consisting of M integers, returns an array consisting of M integers specifying the consecutive answers to all queries. that, given two non-empty zero-indexed arrays A and B of L integers, returns an array consisting of L integers specifying the consecutive answers; position I should contain the number of different ways of climbing the ladder with A[I] rungs modulo 2 B[I]. If the frog is never able to jump to the other side of the river, the function should return −1. That given an array A consisting of N integers, returns the size of the largest set S[K] for this array. Codility, OddOccurrencesInArray A non-empty array A consisting of N integers is given. The K-th query (0 ≤ K < M) requires you to find the minimal impact factor of nucleotides contained in the DNA sequence between positions P[K] and Q[K] (inclusive). Given three positive integers N, L and R, find the number of non-decreasing sequences of size at least 1 and at most N, such that each element of the sequence lies between L and R, both inclusive. The leader of this array is the value that occurs in more than half of the elements of A. * You should divide this array into K blocks of consecutive elements. A non-empty array A consisting of N integers is given. The size of the block is any integer between 0 and N. The first integer corresponds to n and the next n integers correspond to the elements in the array. for each subsegment, the sum of all elements that belong to this subsegment is odd). Integer P is called the beginning of the slice; integer Q is called the end of the slice. A zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. Deepest Pit. Array A represents numbers on a tape. TapeEquilibrium 05 array A consisting of N integers is given. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. that, given an integer N and a non-empty array A consisting of M integers, returns a sequence of integers representing the values of the counters. Given an array of non-negative integers, you are initially positioned at the first index of the array. In the example tree, the sequences [9, 8, 2] and [5, 8, 12] are two paths, while [12, 8, 2] is not. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers, returns the maximum number of blocks into which A can be divided. The sum of a slice (P, Q) is the total of A[P] + A[P+1] + + A[Q]. The function should return −1 if array A does not contain a leader. (N + 1)], which means that exactly one element is missing. Elements of input arrays can be modified. If the frog is never able to jump to the other side of the river, the function should return −1. com, and the solution turns out to be so simple. Interview question for Software Engineer Mobile in Singapore. the function should return 0, because this landscape cannot hold any water. Rules for a valid pattern: Each pattern must connect at least m keys and at most n keys. We are interested in which elements of A are qual to X and which are different from X. In the example tree, the sequences [9, 8, 2] and [5, 8, 12] are two paths, while [12, 8, 2] is not. A permutation is a sequence containing each element from 1 to N once, and only once. If length is not given or nil, then this method reads all data until EOF. * 1) Mark the first element as P in the working set * 2) Read an item while Q is not markedIf lesser than the previous, keep going: 2)If. Given an array A of non-negative integers, return an array consisting of all the even elements of A, followed by all the odd elements of A. Note: Given target value is a floating point. A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers and sorted in a non-decreasing order is given. I have been trying to solve the below problem on codility. All the keys must be distinct. I came across the following problem on codility. Elements of input arrays can be modified. com problem sets. For example: Given array A = [2,3,1,1,4] The minimum number of jumps to reach the last index is 2. Build Lowest Number by Removing n digits from a given number. Integer P is called the beginning of the slice; integer Q is called the end of the slice. Codility TapeEquilibrium Solution in Javascript - 100% score - TapeEquilibrium. It moves A[0] steps forward and turns by 90 degrees clockwise. The number Q - P + 1 is called the size of the slice. I came across the following problem on codility. 1,000,000]; l each element of array A is an integer within the range [0. that, given a non-empty zero-indexed array T consisting of N integers describing a network of N cities and N − 1 roads, returns the sequence of travel targets. The function should return ?1 if there are no pits in array A. If there is more than one slice with a minimal average, you should return the smallest starting position of such a slice. def solution(A) that, given a non-empty zero. The method also computes a second string weight for the second text string T. А partial list of completed projects over time: - in April 2016 the RESTful microservices. A permutation is a sequence containing each element from 1 to N once, and only once. An integer X and a non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers are given. Clone via HTTPS Clone with Git or checkout with SVN using the repository’s web address. The consecutive elements of array A represent consecutive cars on a road. Interview question for Software Developer. Write a function: def solution(A, N) that, given a zero-indexed array A, returns the value of the missing element. Every element of the array should belong to some block. pwm - grounding for arduino, measuring phase controllled.


text:
# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

ISSN:
2155-3289

eISSN:
2155-3297

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## Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization

September 2020 , Volume 10 , Issue 3

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2020, 10(3): 249-255 doi: 10.3934/naco.2019051 +[Abstract](4036) +[HTML](461) +[PDF](230.42KB)
Abstract:

We introduce and suggest to research a special class of optimization problems, wherein an objective function is a real-valued complex variables function under constraints, comprising complex-valued complex variables functions: "Complex Optimization". We demonstrate multiple examples to show a rich variety of problems, describing Complex Optimization as an optimization subclass as well as a Mixed Integer-Real-Complex Optimization.

Next, we introduce more general concept: "Quaternionic Optimization" for optimization over quaternion subsets.

2020, 10(3): 257-273 doi: 10.3934/naco.2020001 +[Abstract](1291) +[HTML](501) +[PDF](451.65KB)
Abstract:

Allocation problem is an important issue in management. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric method for assessing a set of decision making units (DMUs). It has proven to be a useful technique to solve allocation problems. In recent years, many papers have been published in this regard and many researchers have tried to find a suitable allocation model based on DEA. Common set of weights (CSWs) is a DEA model which, in contrast with traditional DEA models, does not allow individual weights for each decision making unit. In this manner, all DMUs are assessed through choosing a same set of weights. In this article, we will use the weighted-sum method to solve the multi-objective CSW problem. Then, via introducing a set of special weights, we will connect the CSW model to a non-linear (fractional) CSW model. After linearization, the proposed model is used for allocating resources. To illustrate our model, some examples are also provided.

2020, 10(3): 275-300 doi: 10.3934/naco.2020002 +[Abstract](1258) +[HTML](504) +[PDF](1107.01KB)
Abstract:

This work is deals with the numerical solution of a bilateral obstacle optimal control problem which is similar to the one given in Bergounioux et al [9] with some modifications. It can be regarded as an extension of our previous work [18], where the main feature of the present work is that the controls and the two obstacles are the same. For the numerical resolution we follow the idea of our previous work [18]. We begin by discretizing the optimality system of the underlying problem by using finite differences schemes, then we propose an iterative algorithm. Finally, numerical examples are provides to show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the used scheme.

2020, 10(3): 301-315 doi: 10.3934/naco.2020003 +[Abstract](1521) +[HTML](616) +[PDF](4236.33KB)
Abstract:

In this paper, we study the problem of minimizing the ratio of two quadratic functions subject to two quadratic constraints in the complex space. Using the classical Dinkelbach method, we transform the problem into a parametric nonlinear equation. We show that an optimal parameter can be found by employing the S-procedure and semidefinite relaxation technique. A key element to solve the original problem is to use the rank-one decomposition procedure. Finally, within the new algorithm, semidefinite relaxation is compared with the bisection method for finding the root on several examples. For further comparison, the solution of fmincon command of MATLAB also is reported.

2020, 10(3): 317-330 doi: 10.3934/naco.2020004 +[Abstract](1418) +[HTML](517) +[PDF](521.56KB)
Abstract:

In many global optimization techniques, the local search methods are used for different issues such as to obtain a new initial point and to find the local solution rapidly. Most of these local search methods base on the smoothness of the problem. In this study, we propose a new smoothing approach in order to smooth out non-smooth and non-Lipschitz functions playing a very important role in global optimization problems. We illustrate our smoothing approach on well-known test problems in the literature. The numerical results show the efficiency of our method.

2020, 10(3): 331-343 doi: 10.3934/naco.2020005 +[Abstract](1057) +[HTML](427) +[PDF](523.36KB)
Abstract:

This paper studies the \begin{document}$H_{\infty}$\end{document} control problem for large-scale systems under a sparse observer communication network. Different from existing approaches, where the topology of the observer communication network is fixed, we aim to design the sparse observer communication network such that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and satisfies the \begin{document}$H_{\infty}$\end{document} performance. Firstly, sufficient conditions are established to design the distributed \begin{document}$H_{\infty}$\end{document} observer and controller gains in terms of LMIs. Then, the developed sufficient conditions are used to minimize the number of the links in the observer communication network. Two numerical algorithms are proposed to solve the sparse observer communication network design problem. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

2020, 10(3): 345-354 doi: 10.3934/naco.2020006 +[Abstract](1360) +[HTML](426) +[PDF](347.47KB)
Abstract:

In this paper, the problem of sliding mode control (SMC) for uncertain T-S (Tagaki-Sugeno) fuzzy systems with input and state delays is investigated, in which the nonlinear uncertain terms are unknown, and also unmatched. For the T-S fuzzy model of the controlled object, a method based on sliding mode compensator is designed, and the system is controlled by sliding mode. Based on solving linear matrix inequalities (LMI), we obtain the design method of sliding mode and controller. The sufficient conditions for the asymptotical stability of the sliding mode dynamics are given by using LMI technique and the Lyapunov stability theory, and it has been shown that the state trajectories can be driven onto the sliding surface in a finite time. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed theories.

Zhi Liu and
2020, 10(3): 355-366 doi: 10.3934/naco.2020007 +[Abstract](1119) +[HTML](409) +[PDF](453.66KB)
Abstract:

Fuzzy time series shows great advantages in dealing with incomplete or unreasonable data. But most of them are based on fuzzy AR time series model, so it is necessary to add MA variables to the fuzzy time series [10] to make it more accurate. An improved ARMA(1, 1) type fuzzy time series based on fuzzy logic group relations including fuzzy MA variables along with fuzzy AR variables was proposed in this paper. To take full account of the errors, the prediction errors were added to the forecast fuzzy sets, and it made the first-order fuzzy logical relationship sets more exact. In order to verify the advantage of the proposed method, it was applied to predict the stock prices of State Bank of India (SBI) and the packet disordering from a common source host in the Northeast University to www. yahoo. com. The experimental results showed that the proposed model was more precise than other models.

2020, 10(3): 367-379 doi: 10.3934/naco.2020008 +[Abstract](1096) +[HTML](458) +[PDF](472.82KB)
Abstract:

This paper presents a observer-based fault estimation method for a class of singularly perturbed systems subjected to parameter uncertainties and time-delay in state and disturbance signal with finite energy. To solve the estimation problem involving actuator fault and sensor fault for the uncertain disturbed singularly perturbed systems with time-delay, the problem we studied is firstly transformed into a standard \begin{document}$H_\infty$\end{document} control problem, in which the performance index \begin{document}$\gamma$\end{document} represents the attenuation of finite energy disturbance. By adopting Lyapunov function with the \begin{document}$\varepsilon$\end{document}-dependence, a sufficient condition can be derived which enables the designed observer to estimate different kinds of fault signals stably and accurately, and the result obtained by dealing with small perturbation parameter in this way is less conservative. A novel multi-objective optimization scheme is then proposed to optimal disturbance attenuation index \begin{document}$\gamma$\end{document} and system stable upper bound \begin{document}$\varepsilon^*$\end{document}, in this case, the designed observer can estimate the fault signals better in the presence of interference when the systems guarantee maximum stability bound. In the end, the validity and correctness of proposed scheme is verified by comparing the error between the estimated faults and the actual faults.

2020, 10(3): 381-389 doi: 10.3934/naco.2020009 +[Abstract](1058) +[HTML](446) +[PDF](319.08KB)
Abstract:

This paper studies the problem of passive control for a class of uncertain nonlinear lower-triangle systems. We extend the feedback designing tool named adding a power integrator. By using it repeatedly, the passive controller is given. Under this designing method, we don't need the system to be feedback linearizable. Moreover, comparing with the backstepping technique, the coordinate in the controller designing process of this method does not need to be transformed.

2020, 10(3): 391-423 doi: 10.3934/naco.2020010 +[Abstract](1033) +[HTML](504) +[PDF](6580.1KB)
Abstract:

A differential algebraic nutrient-plankton-fish model with taxation, free fishing zone, protected zone and multiple delays is investigated in this paper. First, the conditions of existence and control of singularity induced bifurcation are given by regarding economic interest as bifurcation parameter. Meanwhile, the existence of Hopf bifurcations are investigated when migration rates, taxation and the cost per unit harvest are taken as bifurcation parameters respectively. Next, the local stability of the interior equilibrium, existence and properties of Hopf bifurcation are discussed in the different cases of five delays. Furthermore, the optimal tax policy is obtained by using Pontryagin's maximum principle. Finally, some numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate analytical results.

2020 CiteScore: 1.6


text:
## Intermediate Algebra: Connecting Concepts through Application

Published by Brooks Cole

# Chapter 1 - Linear Functions - 1.5 Finding Equations of Lines - 1.5 Exercises - Page 77: 61

#### Answer

y=$\frac{2}{3}$x+12

#### Work Step by Step

10x-15y=-12 15y=10x+12 y=$\frac{2}{3}$x+$\frac{4}{5}$ m=$\frac{2}{3}$ y-y$_1$=m(x-x$_1$) y-8=$\frac{2}{3}$(x+6) y=$\frac{2}{3}$x+4+8 y=$\frac{2}{3}$x+12

After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback.


text:
Insert a node into a Circular Singly linked list
23-09-2019    181 times

### Insert a node in a circular link list

We can insert a new node in a circular link list. We may insert the node in three different location of the node.

1. Beginning of the list
2. End of the list
3. At any said position of the list except first and last location

### Insert into Beginning of the list

In that case, a new node insert at the first position of an existing list. That is, first node or head of the list will be reset after insertion of the node.

#### Algorithms:

Step 1 : Create a new node.

Step 2 : Travel to the last node of the existing node.

Step 3 : Set the next reference of the new node to the first node of the list.

Step 4 : Set the next reference of the last node to the new node of the list.

Step 5 : Reset the first node.

#### Program:

node *insert_first(node *l){
node *l1;
node *temp;
l1=l;
while(l1->next!=l)
{
l1=l1->next;
}
if(l!=NULL){
temp=(node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
printf("Enter a data : ");
scanf("%d",&temp->i);
temp->next=l;
l1->next=temp;
return temp;
}
else
{
return create(l);
}
}

### Insert into Last of the list

In that case, a new node insert at the last position of an existing list. That is, first node or head of the list will not be reset after insertion of the node.

#### Algorithms:

Step 1 : Create a new node.

Step 2 : Travel to the last node of the existing node.

Step 3 : Set the next reference of the new node to the next reference of the last node of the list.

Step 4 : Set the next reference of the last node to the new node of the list.

#### Program:

void insert_end(node *l){
node *temp;
node *l1;
l1=l;
if(l!=NULL){
temp=(node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
printf("Enter a data : ");
scanf("%d",&temp->i);

while(l1->next!=l)
{
l1=l1->next;
}
l1->next=temp;
temp->next=l;
}
}

### In that case, a new node insert at the in between position of an existing list. That is, we can insert a new node at any position of the list except first and last location. Here first node of the list will not be reset after insertion of the node.

#### Algorithms:

Step 1 : Create a new node.

Step 2 : Read the position of the list where we want to insert the new node.

Step 3 : Travel to the node said position-1.

Step 3 : Set the next reference of the new node to the next reference of the current node of the list.

Step 4 : Set the next reference of the current node to the new node of the list.

#### Program:

void insert_pos(node *l,int pos){
node *temp;
int i;
if(l!=NULL){

temp=(node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
printf("Enter a data : ");
scanf("%d",&temp->i);
for(i=1;i<=pos-2;i++)
{
l=l->next;
}
temp->next=l->next;
l->next=temp;
}
}

### This functions call from the main function of program

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
{
int i;
};

//prototype declaration
node *insert_first(node *);
void insert_end(node *);
void insert_pos1(node *,int);
int main()
{
int c,i,pos;
while(1)
{
printf("4. Insert into begining\n");
printf("5. Insert into end position\n");
printf("6. Insert into position 1\n");
printf("15. Exit\n");
scanf("%d",&c);
switch(c)
{
case 4:
break;
case 5:


text:
# Noob: new to bitcoin, bitcoind will not run on Windows 10

I just heard about Bitcoin, it looks huge, and am trying to get it to work and see how it works.

I live in a very rural community and we do not have Internet yet, I had to do some dirty deeds to get my first minimal hardware, and to get this far to simply post.

-- I installed QT and let it sync. I want to learn how to run bitcoind on my local Windows PC and issue commands in hex to the network.

## I can't get bitcoind to run.

C:\bitcoin-0.17.0\bin\bitcoind -daemon -datadir=c:\bitcoin ( when I ran QT, I added -datadir=c:\bitcoin ) Error: -daemon is not supported on this operating system

-- I am assuming I can't or should not run Bitcoin QT and the daemon at the same time. I'm trying to understand the bitcoin commands, from the command line (not the QT console) and believe that I can not run both at the same time, because both try to sync the blockchain, correct me if I'm wrong.

You can run bitcoind.exe on windows if you leave off the -daemon flag, as the error message says. Then it will run in the command prompt window or whatever you are running it with. While it's running, you can interact with it using bitcoin-cli.exe in a separate command prompt window.


text:
Function problem 1

Calculus Level 3

A non-constant polynomial function $$f(x)$$ is such that $$f (2x) = f' (x) f'' (x)$$ , then find the value of $$f(3)$$.

×


text:
Income tax Slabs for A.Y. 17-18, F.Y. 16-17

Income tax Slabs for A.Y. 2017-18, F.Y. 2016-17

Income Tax Slabs for Individual below the age of 60 years, HUF, AOP, BOI , artificial juridical person

Income SlabsTax Rates
i.Where the total income does not exceed Rs. 2,50,000/-.NIL
ii.Where the total income exceeds Rs. 2,50,000/- but does not exceed Rs. 5,00,000/-.10% of amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 2,50,000/-
iii.Where the total income exceeds Rs. 5,00,000/- but does not exceed Rs. 10,00,000/-.Rs. 25,000/- + 20% of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 5,00,000/-.
iv.Where the total income exceeds Rs. 10,00,000/-.Rs. 1,25,000/- + 30% of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 10,00,000/-.

Income Tax Slabs for Senior Citizens (60 years or more but less than 80 years)

Income SlabsTax Rates
i.Where the total income does not exceed Rs. 3,00,000/-.NIL
ii.Where the total income exceeds Rs. 3,00,000/- but does not exceed Rs. 5,00,000/-10% of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 3,00,000/
iii.Where the total income exceeds Rs. 5,00,000/- but does not exceed Rs. 10,00,000/-Rs. 20,000/- + 20% of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 5,00,000/-.
iv.Where the total income exceeds Rs. 10,00,000/-Rs. 120,000/- + 30% of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 10,00,000/-.

Income Tax Slabs for Super Senior Citizens (age eighty years or more)

Income SlabsTax Rates
i.Where the total income does not exceed Rs. 5,00,000/-.NIL
ii.Where the total income exceeds Rs. 5,00,000/- but does not exceed Rs. 10,00,000/-20% of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 5,00,000/-.
iii.Where the total income exceeds Rs. 10,00,000/-Rs. 100,000/- + 30% of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 10,00,000/-.


text:
These solutions are for reference only.

try to solve on your own

but if you get stuck in between than you can refer these solutions

there are different set of questions ,

we have provided the variations in particular question at the end.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

# Linear Regression with Multiple Variables

TOTAL POINTS 5

EXPLANATION:

The mean of x1 is 81 and the range is 94−69=25

So x1(1) is 89−81/25=0.32

EXPLANATION: We want gradient descent to quickly converge to the minimum, so the current setting of α seems to be good

EXPLANATION: X has m rows and n + 1 columns (+1 because of the x0=1 term. y is an m-vector. θ is an (n+1)-vector.

therefore, X is 14×4, y is 14×1, θ is 4×1

EXPLANATION: With n = 200000 features, you have to invert a 200001 x 200001 matrix to compute the normal equation. Inverting such a large matrix is computationally expensive, so gradient descent is a good choice.

therefore, Gradient descent, since (XTX)−1 will be very slow to compute in the normal equation.

EXPLANATION:
It is necessary to prevent gradient descent from getting stuck in local optima. (false)
The cost function J(θ) for linear regression has no local optima.

It prevents the matrix XTX (used in the normal equation) from being non-invertable (singular/degenerate).(false)
XTX can be singular when features are redundant or there are too few examples. Feature scaling does not solve these problems.

It speeds up gradient descent by making each iteration of gradient descent less expensive to compute.(false)
The magnitude of the feature values are insignificant in terms of computational cost.

It speeds up gradient descent by making it require fewer iterations to get to a good solution.(true)
Feature scaling speeds up gradient descent by avoiding many extra iterations that are required when one or more features take on much larger values than the rest.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Variations in question 1:

1.Suppose m=4 students have taken some class, and the class had a midterm exam and a final exam. You have collected a dataset of their scores on the two exams, which is as follows:

Midterm Exam(midterm exam)2Final Exam
89792196
72518474
94883687
69476178

You'd like to use polynomial regression to predict a student's final exam score from their midterm exam score. Concretely, suppose you want to fit a model of the form hθ(x)=θ01x12x2, where x1 is the midterm score and x2 is (midterm score)2. Further, you plan to use both feature scaling (dividing by the "max-min", or range, of a feature) and mean normalization.

What is the normalized feature x2(4)? (Hint: midterm = 69, final = 78 is training example 4.) Please round off your answer to two decimal places and enter in the text box below.

The mean of x2 is 6675.5 and the range is 8836 - 4761 is 4075.

x2(4) = (4761 - 6675.5) / 4075 = -0.47

1.Suppose m=4 students have taken some class, and the class had a midterm exam and a final exam. You have collected a dataset of their scores on the two exams, which is as follows:

midterm exam(midterm exam)^2final exam
89792196
72518474
94883687
69476178

You'd like to use polynomial regression to predict a student's final exam score from their midterm exam score. Concretely, suppose you want to fit a model of the form hθ(x)=θ0+θ1x1+θ2x2, where x1 is the midterm score and x2 is (midterm score)2. Further, you plan to use both feature scaling (dividing by the "max-min", or range, of a feature) and mean normalization. What is the normalized feature x1(3)? (Hint: midterm = 89, final = 96 is training example 1.) Please enter your answer in the text box below. If applicable, please provide at least two digits after the decimal place.

The mean of x1 is 81 and the range is 94−69=25

So x1(3) is 94−81/25=0.52.

# Variations in question 2:

2.You run gradient descent for 15 iterations with α=0.3 and compute J(θ) after each iteration. You find that the value of J(θ) decreases slowly and is still decreasing after 15 iterations. Based on this, which of the following conclusions seems most plausible?

### 3)α=0.3 is an effective choice of learning rate.

A larger value for α should increase the rate of convergence to the minimum of J(θ).

Q2. You run gradient descent for 15 iterations with α = 0.3 and compute J(θ) after each iteration. You find that the value of J(θ) increases over time. Based on this, which of the following conclusions seems most plausible?

1. α = 0.3 is an effective choice of learning rate.

2. Rather than use the current value of α, it'd be more promising to try a larger value of α (say α = 1.0).

3. Rather than use the current value of α, it'd be more promising to try a smaller value of α (α = 0.1).

since if α is too large:J(θ)  may not decrease on every iteration and thus may not converge.

# Variations in question 3:

3. Suppose you have m = 23 training examples with n = 5 features (excluding the additional all-ones feature for the intercept term, which you should add). The normal equation is θ=(XTX)−1XT y. For the given values of m and n, what are the dimensions of θ, X, and y in this equation?

1. X is 23 × 6, y is 23 × 6, θ is 6 × 6

2. X is 23 × 5, y is 23 × 1, θ is 5 × 1

3. X is 23 × 6, y is 23 × 1, θ is 6 × 1

4. X is 23 × 6, y is 23 × 1, θ is 5 × 5


text:
Journal of Formalized Mathematics
Volume 3, 1991
University of Bialystok
Copyright (c) 1991 Association of Mizar Users

## The Topological Space $\calE^2_\rmT$. Arcs, Line Segments and Special Polygonal Arcs

Agata Darmochwal
Warsaw University, Bialystok
The article was written during my work at Shinshu University, 1991.
Yatsuka Nakamura
Shinshu University, Nagano

### Summary.

The notions of arc and line segment are introduced in two-dimensional topological real space ${\cal E}^2_{\rm T}$. Some basic theorems for these notions are proved. Using line segments, the notion of special polygonal arc is defined. It has been shown that any special polygonal arc is homeomorphic to unit interval ${\Bbb I}$. The notion of unit square $\square_{\cal E^{2}_{\rm T}}$ has been also introduced and some facts about it have been proved.

#### MML Identifier: TOPREAL1

The terminology and notation used in this paper have been introduced in the following articles [15] [18] [2] [3] [16] [11] [1] [19] [6] [7] [8] [13] [4] [17] [12] [10] [5] [9] [14]

Contents (PDF format)

#### Bibliography

[1] Grzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.
[2] Grzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.
[3] Grzegorz Bancerek. Sequences of ordinal numbers. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.
[4] Grzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.
[5] Leszek Borys. Paracompact and metrizable spaces. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 3, 1991.
[6] Czeslaw Bylinski. Functions and their basic properties. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.
[7] Czeslaw Bylinski. Functions from a set to a set. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.
[8] Agata Darmochwal. Families of subsets, subspaces and mappings in topological spaces. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.
[9] Agata Darmochwal. The Euclidean space. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 3, 1991.
[10] Agata Darmochwal and Yatsuka Nakamura. Metric spaces as topological spaces --- fundamental concepts. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 3, 1991.
[11] Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Basic properties of real numbers. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.
[12] Stanislawa Kanas, Adam Lecko, and Mariusz Startek. Metric spaces. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 2, 1990.
[13] Beata Padlewska. Locally connected spaces. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 2, 1990.
[14] Beata Padlewska and Agata Darmochwal. Topological spaces and continuous functions. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.
[15] Andrzej Trybulec. Tarski Grothendieck set theory. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, Axiomatics, 1989.
[16] Andrzej Trybulec. Subsets of real numbers. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, Addenda, 2003.
[17] Wojciech A. Trybulec. Pigeon hole principle. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 2, 1990.
[18] Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.
[19] Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Journal of Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1989.