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• ### Directional dark matter detection sensitivity of a two-phase liquid argon detector(1704.03741)

We examine the sensitivity of a large scale two-phase liquid argon detector to the directionality of the dark matter signal. This study was performed under the assumption that, above 50 keV of recoil energy, one can determine (with some resolution) the direction of the recoil nucleus without head-tail discrimination, as suggested by past studies that proposed to exploit the dependence of columnar recombination on the angle between the recoil nucleus direction and the electric field. In this paper we study the differential interaction recoil rate as a function of the recoil direction angle with respect to the zenith for a detector located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and we determine its diurnal and seasonal modulation. Using a likelihood-ratio based approach we show that, with the angular information alone, 100 events are enough to reject the isotropic hypothesis at three standard deviation level. For an exposure of 100 tonne years this would correspond to a spin independent WIMP-nucleon cross section of about 10^-46 cm^2 at 200 GeV WIMP mass. The results presented in this paper provide strong motivation for the experimental determination of directional recoil effects in two-phase liquid argon detectors.
• We present the results of a search for dark matter WIMPs in the mass range below 20 GeV/c^2 using a target of low-radioactivity argon. The data were obtained using the DarkSide-50 apparatus at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS). The analysis is based on the ionization signal, for which the DarkSide-50 time projection chamber is fully efficient at 0.1 keVee. The observed rate in the detector at 0.5 keVee is about 1.5 events/keVee/kg/day and is almost entirely accounted for by known background sources. We obtain a 90% C.L. exclusion limit above 1.8 GeV/c^2 for the spin-independent cross section of dark matter WIMPs on nucleons, extending the exclusion region for dark matter below previous limits in the range 1.8-6 GeV/c^2.
• ### Constraints on Sub-GeV Dark Matter-Electron Scattering from the DarkSide-50 Experiment(1802.06998)

Feb. 20, 2018 astro-ph.CO
We present new constraints on sub-GeV dark matter particles scattering off electrons in argon based on an analysis of ionization signal data from the DarkSide-50 detector.
• ### DarkSide-50 532-day Dark Matter Search with Low-Radioactivity Argon(1802.07198)

Feb. 20, 2018 astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.IM
The DarkSide-50 direct-detection dark matter experiment is a dual-phase argon time projection chamber operating at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. This paper reports on the blind analysis and spin-independent dark matter-nucleon coupling results from a 532.4 live-days exposure, using a target of low-radioactivity argon extracted from underground sources. The background-free result in the dark matter selection box gave no evidence for dark matter. The present blind analysis sets a 90% C.L. upper limit on the dark matter-nucleon spin-independent cross section of 1.1E-44 cm^2 (3.8E-44 cm^2, 3.4E-43 cm^2) for a WIMP mass of 100 GeV/c^2 (1 TeV/c^2, 10 TeV/c^2).
• ### Electroluminescence pulse shape and electron diffusion in liquid argon measured in a dual-phase TPC(1802.01427)

Feb. 5, 2018 physics.ins-det
We report the measurement of the longitudinal diffusion constant in liquid argon with the DarkSide-50 dual-phase time projection chamber. The measurement is performed at drift electric fields of 100 V/cm, 150 V/cm, and 200 V/cm using high statistics $^{39}$Ar decays from atmospheric argon. We derive an expression to describe the pulse shape of the electroluminescence signal (S2) in dual-phase TPCs. The derived S2 pulse shape is fit to events from the uppermost portion of the TPC in order to characterize the radial dependence of the signal. The results are provided as inputs to the measurement of the longitudinal diffusion constant DL, which we find to be (4.12 $\pm$ 0.04) cm$^2$/s for a selection of 140keV electron recoil events in 200V/cm drift field and 2.8kV/cm extraction field. To study the systematics of our measurement we examine datasets of varying event energy, field strength, and detector volume yielding a weighted average value for the diffusion constant of (4.09 $\pm$ 0.09) cm$^2$ /s. The measured longitudinal diffusion constant is observed to have an energy dependence, and within the studied energy range the result is systematically lower than other results in the literature.
• ### Average CsI neutron density distribution from COHERENT data(1710.02730)

Jan. 29, 2018 hep-ph, hep-ex, nucl-ex, nucl-th
Using the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering data of the COHERENT experiment, we determine for the first time the average neutron rms radius of $^{133}\text{Cs}$ and $^{127}\text{I}$. We obtain the practically model-independent value $R_{n} = 5.5 {}^{+0.9}_{-1.1} \, \text{fm}$ using the symmetrized Fermi and Helm form factors. We also point out that the COHERENT data show a $2.3\sigma$ evidence of the nuclear structure suppression of the full coherence.
• ### CALIS - a CALibration Insertion System for the DarkSide-50 dark matter search experiment(1611.02750)

Sept. 27, 2017 physics.ins-det
This paper describes the design, fabrication, commissioning and use of a CALibration source Insertion System (CALIS) in the DarkSide-50 direct dark matter search experiment. CALIS deploys radioactive sources into the liquid scintillator veto to characterize the detector response and detection efficiency of the DarkSide-50 Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber, and the surrounding 30 t organic liquid scintillator neutron veto. It was commissioned in September 2014 and has been used successfully in several gamma and neutron source campaigns since then. A description of the hardware and an excerpt of calibration analysis results are given below.
• ### Simulation of argon response and light detection in the DarkSide-50 dual phase TPC(1707.05630)

Sept. 26, 2017 hep-ex, physics.ins-det
A Geant4-based Monte Carlo package named G4DS has been developed to simulate the response of DarkSide-50, an experiment operating since 2013 at LNGS, designed to detect WIMP interactions in liquid argon. In the process of WIMP searches, DarkSide-50 has achieved two fundamental milestones: the rejection of electron recoil background with a power of ~10^7, using the pulse shape discrimination technique, and the measurement of the residual 39Ar contamination in underground argon, ~3 orders of magnitude lower with respect to atmospheric argon. These results rely on the accurate simulation of the detector response to the liquid argon scintillation, its ionization, and electron-ion recombination processes. This work provides a complete overview of the DarkSide Monte Carlo and of its performance, with a particular focus on PARIS, the custom-made liquid argon response model.
• We report on the cryogenic characterization of Red Green Blue - High Density (RGB-HD) SiPMs developed at Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) as part of the DarkSide program of dark matter searches with liquid argon time projection chambers. A dedicated setup was used to measure the primary dark noise, the correlated noise, and the gain of the SiPMs at varying temperatures. A custom-made data acquisition system and analysis software were used to precisely characterize these parameters. We demonstrate that FBK RGB-HD SiPMs with low quenching resistance (RGB-HD-LR$_q$) can be operated from 40 K to 300 K with gains in the range $10^5$ to $10^6$ and noise rates on the order of a few Hz/mm$^2$.
• Building on the successful experience in operating the DarkSide-50 detector, the DarkSide Collaboration is going to construct DarkSide-20k, a direct WIMP search detector using a two-phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) with an active (fiducial) mass of 23 t (20 t). The DarkSide-20k LArTPC will be deployed within a shield/veto with a spherical Liquid Scintillator Veto (LSV) inside a cylindrical Water Cherenkov Veto (WCV). Operation of DarkSide-50 demonstrated a major reduction in the dominant $^{39}$Ar background when using argon extracted from an underground source, before applying pulse shape analysis. Data from DarkSide-50, in combination with MC simulation and analytical modeling, shows that a rejection factor for discrimination between electron and nuclear recoils of $\gt3\times10^9$ is achievable. This, along with the use of the veto system, is the key to unlocking the path to large LArTPC detector masses, while maintaining an "instrumental background-free" experiment, an experiment in which less than 0.1 events (other than $\nu$-induced nuclear recoils) is expected to occur within the WIMP search region during the planned exposure. DarkSide-20k will have ultra-low backgrounds than can be measured in situ. This will give sensitivity to WIMP-nucleon cross sections of $1.2\times10^{-47}$ cm$^2$ ($1.1\times10^{-46}$ cm$^2$) for WIMPs of $1$ TeV$/c^2$ ($10$ TeV$/c^2$) mass, to be achieved during a 5 yr run producing an exposure of 100 t yr free from any instrumental background. DarkSide-20k could then extend its operation to a decade, increasing the exposure to 200 t yr, reaching a sensitivity of $7.4\times10^{-48}$ cm$^2$ ($6.9\times10^{-47}$ cm$^2$) for WIMPs of $1$ TeV$/c^2$ ($10$ TeV$/c^2$) mass.
• ### Effect of Low Electric Fields on Alpha Scintillation Light Yield in Liquid Argon(1611.00241)

Nov. 4, 2016 nucl-ex, physics.ins-det
Measurements were made of scintillation light yield of alpha particles from the $^{222}$Rn decay chain within the DarkSide-50 liquid argon time projection chamber. The light yield was found to increase as the applied electric field increased, with alphas in a 200 V/cm electric field exhibiting a 2% increase in light yield compared to alphas in no field.
• ### The Electronics and Data Acquisition System for the DarkSide-50 Veto Detectors(1606.03316)

June 10, 2016 hep-ex, physics.ins-det
DarkSide-50 is a detector for dark matter candidates in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). It utilizes a liquid argon time projection chamber (LAr TPC) for the inner main detector. The TPC is surrounded by a liquid scintillator veto (LSV) and a water Cherenkov veto detector (WCV). The LSV and WCV, both instrumented with PMTs, act as the neutron and cosmogenic muon veto detectors for DarkSide-50. This paper describes the electronics and data acquisition system used for these two detectors.
• ### Results from the first use of low radioactivity argon in a dark matter search(1510.00702)

Liquid argon is a bright scintillator with potent particle identification properties, making it an attractive target for direct-detection dark matter searches. The DarkSide-50 dark matter search here reports the first WIMP search results obtained using a target of low-radioactivity argon. DarkSide-50 is a dark matter detector, using two-phase liquid argon time projection chamber, located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. The underground argon is shown to contain Ar-39 at a level reduced by a factor (1.4 +- 0.2) x 10^3 relative to atmospheric argon. We report a background-free null result from (2616 +- 43) kg d of data, accumulated over 70.9 live-days. When combined with our previous search using an atmospheric argon, the 90 % C.L. upper limit on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section based on zero events found in the WIMP search regions, is 2.0 x 10^-44 cm^2 (8.6 x 10^-44 cm^2, 8.0 x 10^-43 cm^2) for a WIMP mass of 100 GeV/c^2 (1 TeV/c^2 , 10 TeV/c^2).
• ### The veto system of the DarkSide-50 experiment(1512.07896)

Dec. 24, 2015 hep-ex, physics.ins-det
Nuclear recoil events produced by neutron scatters form one of the most important classes of background in WIMP direct detection experiments, as they may produce nuclear recoils that look exactly like WIMP interactions. In DarkSide-50, we both actively suppress and measure the rate of neutron-induced background events using our neutron veto, composed of a boron-loaded liquid scintillator detector within a water Cherenkov detector. This paper is devoted to the description of the neutron veto system of DarkSide-50, including the detector structure, the fundamentals of event reconstruction and data analysis, and basic performance parameters.


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# How to show that derivative of $\phi(v)$ with respect to $v$ is $\phi'( v)= a(1-\phi^2(v))/2$

How to show that derivative of $\phi(v)$ with respect to $v$ is $$\frac{d \phi}{d v}= \frac{a}{2}(1-\phi^2(v)),$$ where $$\phi(v) = \frac{1-\exp(-av)}{1-\exp(-av)}=\tanh(av/2).$$ What is the value of derivative at the origin? Let's assume that slope parameter $a$ is infinitely big. What kind of equation of $\phi(v)$ you end up?

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What do you mean by "assume the slope parameter $a$ is infinitely big"? –  Alex Becker Feb 19 '12 at 21:41
It might mean: "assume slope parameter a goes to infinity". I quess I'm quite certain of that. –  alvoutila Feb 19 '12 at 22:11
So you're asking for the behavior of the solution as $a\to \infty$? –  Alex Becker Feb 19 '12 at 22:14
yes. What would be the function $\phi(v)$, if $a \rightarrow \infty$ –  alvoutila Feb 19 '12 at 22:47

Well, $\frac{\partial}{\partial v}(\tanh(av/2))=(a/2)$sech$^2(av/2)$, and sech$^2(x)=1-\tanh^2(x)$.
Write out the $\tanh$ function using exponentials and then try to get the above relations. Check the wikipedia article on hyperbolic trigonometric functions. –  Sid Raval Feb 19 '12 at 22:24

format: plain


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# angular service for centralizing common grid functions

I have an angular 7 app that is data focused and as a result has dozens of grids. These grids are from the Kendo UI for ANgular component library made by Telerik. These grid components expose hooks for the sort, filter, group functions of the grid. 90% of the grids I have are a very simple CRUD grid with next to no validation or business logic involved.

As a result, I have to write the following code (Typescript) over and over for each grid:

 public initData(): void {
this.gridData = process(this.data, this.gridState);
}

public onStateChange(state: DataStateChangeEvent): void {
state.group.map(group => (group.aggregates = this.aggregates));
this.gridState = state;
this.gridData = process(this.data, this.gridState);
}

public groupChange(grp: GroupDescriptor[]): void {
this.groups = grp;
this.gridData = process(this.data, this.gridState);
}

public sortChange(srt: SortDescriptor[]): void {
this.sort = srt;
this.gridData = process(this.data, this.gridState);
}

public filterChange(fltr: CompositeFilterDescriptor): void {
this.filter = fltr;
this.gridData = process(filterBy(this.data, this.filter), {
group: this.groups,
sort: this.sort
});
}

this is obviously in the component class behind each grid.

What I am wondering is, Can I move the functions to a service so that I don't have to rewrite them for each component? Additionally, should I create them as static so that there is only one or should I instantiate a new "service" for each component?


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0

# Help with GUI messages!?

Hello, I'm kinda "noobish" at scripting but could someone help with this script? I want it to make a new text box and GUI that greets the player when they enter the game. When I enter the game no GUI appears.

function onEnter(player)

repeat wait() until player.Character ~= nil     -- Wait for the player to spawn
local m = Instance.new("ScreenGui")
local TB = Instance.new("TextBox")          -- Create a message
m.Parent = StarterGui
TB.Text = "Hello, " .. p.Name .. "!"                -- Greet the player
wait(10)
m:remove()

end

0
Next time you ask something, give the output. Tesouro 407 — 6y

0
Tesouro 407
6 years ago

You didn't define TB parent nor p. Also, you should clone directly to the PlayerGui, because StarterGui is for all players and it shows when the player respawn. It may look like this:

function onEnter(player)
repeat wait() until player.Character ~= nil
local m = Instance.new("ScreenGui")
local TB = Instance.new("TextBox")
m.Parent = player.PlayerGui
TB.Parent = m
TB.Text = "Hello, " .. player.Name .. "!"
wait(10)
m:Destroy() -- remove is deprecated
end


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What is the oxidation state of the metal atom? b. For Study plan details. The second reaction is, Oxidation number of S in SO 4 2-=+6. 2. I used these rules for the following -Alkali metals are always +1; alkaline earths . The one in the ammonium ion (NH4+) is in the 3- oxidation state while the one in the nitrate ion (NO3-) is in the 5+ oxidation state. $$\ce{[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2][Cr(NH3)3(NO2)3]}$$ (A) $2, 3$ (B) $3, 2$ (C) $3, 3$ (D) $2, 2$ I am unable to judge the net charge on complex when it breaks into ions and therefore I … Which of the following options represents the oxidation state of $\ce{Co}$ and $\ce{Cr}$ in the given complex? Д. Oxidation state of each F = -1. The oxidation number is synonymous with the oxidation state. Franchisee/Partner … Find an answer to your question “The oxidation numbers of nitrogen in NH3, HNO3, and NO2 are, respectively: A) - 3, - 5, + 4 B) + 3, + 5, + 4 C) - 3, + 5, - 4 D) - 3, + 5, ...” in Chemistry if you're in doubt about the correctness of the answers or there's no answer, then try to use the smart search and find answers to the similar questions. Relevance. Welcome to Sarthaks eConnect: A unique platform where students can interact with teachers/experts/students to get solutions to … All Rights Reserved. The oxidation number of a Group 1 element in a compound is +1. Let y be the oxidation state of Ni in [Ni(NH₃)₆]BF₄. Selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen and water vapor (NH 3-SCO) is considered to be an efficient technique to eliminate hazardous and pungent gaseous NH 3 is mainly emitted from selective catalytic reduction of NO x with NH 3 units using appropriate catalysts. Look here NH3 is a neutral legend so oxidation no. $$\ce{[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2][Cr(NH3)3(NO2)3]}$$ (A) $2, 3$ (B) $3, 2$ (C) $3, 3$ (D) $2, 2$ I am unable to judge the net charge on complex when it breaks into ions and therefore I am having trouble with this question. The oxidation state of nitrogen in NH 4 Cl is A) +1 B) +3 C)-3 D)-4 E)-2 25. Cu (NH 3) 42+. So,evidently, for the presented molecule $\ce{NH3BH3}$, we see that $\ce{NH3}$ is a ligand for the $\ce{BH3}$ moiety. Interpretation Introduction. N has +3 state on it.Each H have -1 state. Question: What Is The Oxidation States Of Cobalt In Each Of The Following And Include Dn Electronic Configuration For These Compouds: 1) [Co(H2O)6]2+ 2) [Co(NH3)6]2+ 3) CoCl3.5NH3 4) CoCl2.6H2O We do not speak of the oxidation number of a molecule. Assign an oxidation state to each atom in each of the following compounds. 1+. The oxidation number may thus simply be expressed as Oxidation number = charge on compound - charge on ligands. Oxidation State : Oxidation State is the net charge that is carried by an atom due to the presence of extra electrons or the absence of its electrons. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? SO4 has a charge of -2, so the complex [Os (NH3)2 (Cl)2]2+ has a charge of +2, such that the overall compound has no net charge. H has a oxidation state of +1(3) Source: answers.com. What is the oxidation state of Ni in [Ni(NH3)6]BF4? View Answer Thus, the oxidation number for Nitrogen is -3. The oxidation number is synonymous with the oxidation state. The oxidation state of hydrogen is usually +1 unless in reactive metal hydrides such as sodium hydride (NaH). The normal oxidation states of highly electronegative elements like oxygen and chlorine are negative. Lv 7. d. What would be the charge on the complex if all ligands were chloride ions? C + 5. What is the oxidation state of nh3 in [co (nh3)6]3+ Ask for details ; Follow Report by Israelyasere3905 11.03.2019 Log in to add a comment Coordination Complex Oxidation State Coordination Number Dibromobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Sulfate [Co(NH3).CI:] Tttt B) Draw An Example Of The Isomer Listed For Each Of The Complexes Indicated.-- An electron pair is transferred from N to Cl through the bridging O atom in the transition state. In this case, we know the oxidation number for H is +1. The oxidation state of Cr in [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+ is (a) +3 (b) +2 (c) +1 (d) 0. Since Br 2 is a stronger oxidant than I 2, it oxidises S of S 2 O 3 2-to a higher oxidation state of +6 and hence forms SO 4 2-ions. С. Copyright © 2021 Multiply Media, LLC. The oxidation state of cobalt ion in the complex [Co(NH3)5 Br]SO4 is _____. Look at phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5 (phosphorus +5), sulphur trioxide, SO3 (sulphur +6) and potassium permanganate, KMnO4 (manganese +7). Our equation now looks like this: 1(4) = 1, You use the multiplier of 4 to indicate that the ammonium ion has 4 hydrogen. c. What is the coordination number of the metal atom? Concept Introduction: The oxidation state is defined as the charge(s) that an atom would have when electron(s) were transferred completely from a molecule or ion. 5 months ago. Report Error B + 1 0. MEDIUM. How much money do you start with in monopoly revolution? Cl oxidation number is always -1 so based on that we can say the chlorine in this molecule has an oxidation number of (-1)4. then we deal with the hydrogen, since we already know that hydrogen is not bonded as a hydrate ( bonded directly to a metal) its oxidation state will be positive so . complex [ CO(NH3)5Br] So4 is. NH4Cl is an electrically neutral compound, so the sum of the oxidation states must be zero. According to the reaction conditions, products also vary. toppr. Which of the following statements is Incorrect? The oxidation state of carbon in CH 4 is A) +4 B)-4 C) +2 D)-2 E) none of these 27. Option C is correct. The oxidation state of N in H N O 3 is: A + 7. Which of the following is used to get relief when you have been stung by a honeybee? In this case, we know the oxidation number for H is +1.Then set this value equal to the overall net charge of the ion. Answer. Answer Save. This is because oxygen always has an oxidation number of -2. If you are trying to find the "n" in NH4+ N would be your x because you don't know what it is. Meteorologist's stomach-churning PSA goes viral. The oxidation states of nitrogen in NH 3 should be determined. Except in metal hydrides, which this is not, Hydrogen always has an oxidation state of +1. a. Anonymous. H = +1 oxidation state. Singer on playing Mar-a-Lago: 'I try to stay nonpolitical' With nothing at stake, Bucs coach gets reckless . N = -3 oxidation state. In ammonia, H is +1. Facts about Solar Power. We do not speak of the oxidation number of a molecule. When did sir Edmund barton get the title sir and how? The second reaction is, Oxidation number of S in SO 4 2-=+6. Academic Partner . Oxidation State numbers For Fe3+ i got 3+ b/c Oxidation state monatomic ion = ionic charge and i got that answer wrong. Discuss. What happen to oxidation state of N in NH 3. D + 3. d. What would be the charge on the complex if all ligands were chloride... View Answer Investors bet stock market party will continue in 2021. Click hereto get an answer to your question  What is the IUPAC name of [ Co (NH3)5 (ONO) ]SO4 ? or own an. NH 4 + is having +1 oxidation state (two NH 4 +) O is having -2 oxidation state (normal oxygen - 6) O is having -1 oxidation state (peroxides 2) 2 x 1 + 6(-2) + 2(-1) + 2x =0 2x=12 x= +6 Thus the S exist in +6 oxidation state . Give the formula and name of each ligand in the ion. N2 + 6e = 2N --- Reduction reaction. Sum of oxidation states for each NH₃ ligand = 0. Ammonia in this complex is not an ion, it is a neutral structure covalently bound to the copper atom; thus having a net oxidation number of 0. The three oxygen atoms have a combined oxidation of -6, corresponding to their electromagnetic charge and the lone nitrogen has a charge, or oxidation number, of +5. Our equation now looks like this: 1(4) = 1, You use the multiplier of 4 to indicate that the ammonium ion has 4 hydrogen. In the second question: [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl The complex is [Co(NH3)4Cl2] and the counter ion is Cl. what is the oxidation number of copper in cu nh3 4 so4 - Chemistry - TopperLearning.com | d6iz1tujj. Pennsylvania state Rep. Mike Reese dies at 42. Contact. The oxidation numbers of H and O in nitric acid are + 1 and − 2 respectively. You need to work out the overall charge on the complex part first. Ammonia in this complex is not an ion, it is a neutral structure covalently bound to the copper atom; thus having a net oxidation number of 0. So suppose the oxidation state of N is x: x+3(+1)=0. Elements like H, F, Cl, O, N have its usual oxidation state as +1,-1,-1,-2,-3 respectively. Education Franchise × Contact Us. The oxidation state, sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes the degree of … NH 3 O 2 reaction. I 2 being a weaker oxidant oxidises S of an ion to a lower oxidation state of 2.5 in ion. Negative oxidation numbers are assigned to the more electronegative elements. In the presence of more electronegative elements, H would have an oxidation number of +1. Since each Cl ion has a charge of -1, and since NH3 is neutral, Charge Pt + 0 + (-3) = -1. Answered By . 3+ a. Others, notably the nonmetals and the transition elements, can assume a variety of oxidation numbers; for example, nitrogen can have any oxidation number between −3 (as in ammonia, NH 3) and +5 (as in nitric acid, HNO 3 ). The alkali metals (group I) always … Check Answer and Solution for above Chemistry question - Tardigrade a. Li 3 N b. NH 3 c. N 2 H 4 d. NO e. N 2 O f. NO 2 g. NO 2 â h. NO 3 â i. N 2. View solution Give the oxidation state, d-orbital occupation and coordination number of the central metal ion in the following complex. Dec 28,2020 - What is the oxidation state of Cr in [Cr(NH3)4(Cl2)]?? of NH3 is 0 . This is because oxygen always has an oxidation number of -2. Sum of oxidation states for [Ni(NH₃)₆]BF₄ = 0. y + 6(0) + (+3) + 4(-1) = 0. y = +1. When did organ music become associated with baseball? Which type of Ethanol is made from sources like molasses, sugarcane, sugar beet, sorghum and edible oil seeds? Franchisee/Partner Enquiry (North) 8356912811. The oxidation state of cobalt ion in the. 0 0 "N=+3, H=+1,Cl=-1" is the one among the following choices given in the question that is the oxidation number for each atom in NH4Cl. Cl is an anionic legend it has -1 charge and there r 2 chlorine atom so charge due to chlorine is -2 Give the formula and name of each ligand in the ion. Alkali metals are assigned which group in the Modern Periodic Table? Which of the following options represents the oxidation state of $\ce{Co}$ and $\ce{Cr}$ in the given complex? Answer to: Determine the oxidation state of the metal species in the complex. H2 is oxidizing with rise in oxidation state. We can speak of the oxidation numbers of the individual elements that make up the compound. Let x be the oxidation number of N in nitric acid. 1800-212-7858 / 9372462318. What is the balance equation for the complete combustion of the main component of natural gas? Consider the complex ion [Mn(NH3)2(H2O)3(OH)]2+. | EduRev NEET Question is disucussed on EduRev Study Group by 260 NEET Students. NH3, Ammonia is a neutral compound as the individual oxidation numbers elements that make up the compound NH3 are Nitrogen (N) and Hydrogen (H) sum to zero. 1 Answer. 9 ; View Full Answer Oxidation state of sulphur is +7. New questions in Chemistry hardness of water can be removed by passing water through a … i am receiving wrong answers for these below aswell. The three oxygen atoms have a combined oxidation of -6, corresponding to their electromagnetic charge and the lone nitrogen has a charge, or oxidation number, of +5. x=-3 Does whmis to controlled products that are being transported under the transportation of dangerous goodstdg regulations? Related Searches. c. What is the coordination number of the metal atom? We can speak of the oxidation numbers … What is the oxidation state of the metal atom? As NH3 is an electrically neutral molecule, the sum of oxidation states of all the atoms is zero. Determine the oxidation state and coordination number of the metal ion in each complex ion. Where the sum of the oxidation states of N and H must equate to +1. Determining oxidation numbers from the Lewis structure (Figure 1a) is even easier than deducing it … The oxidation state of an atom is the charge of this atom after ionic approximation of its heteronuclear bonds. What is the oxidation state of the central metal in [Ag(NH3)2]Cl? Sure ! Consider the complex ion [Cr(NH3)2Cl2(C2O4)] . Become our. Given the structure of en below, what is the metal oxidation state and overall charge of the complex ion in [Cr(en) (NH3)2]CI2? The ammonium ion denoted by the chemical formula {eq}\rm NH_4^+ {/eq} bears an overall positive net charge. The molecule is having peroxide linkage in which oxygen has -1 oxidation state. The chemical formula of Sodium Carbonate is, Copyright © 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Source(s): oxidation state cobalt nh3 5cl no3 2: https://shortly.im/275Ux. https://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_oxidation_state_of_N_in_NH3 Solution for cosnider the complex [Cr(NH3)4SO4]Cl what is the oxidation state of the metal atom give the formula and name of each ligand in the ion what is… what oxidation state does copper exhibit in the compound [Cu(NH3)4]Cl2 А. Thread starter Steelersfan2009; Start date Jun 24, 2009; Search. 0. Hence, 1 + x + 3 (2 −) = 0 or, x = 5. The sum of the oxidation numbers is … Since you have 3 H, then the total positive oxidation number is +3 which means that for NH3, the oxidation number of N must be -3. Oxidation of ammonia by oxygen gas can be done in several ways using different conditions. Then set this value equal to the overall net charge of the ion. NH3, Ammonia is a neutral compound as the individual oxidation numbers elements that make up the compound NH3 are Nitrogen (N) and Hydrogen (H) sum to zero. What is the oxidation state of the central metal in [Ag(NH3)2]Cl? Since Br 2 is a stronger oxidant than I 2, it oxidises S of S 2 O 3 2-to a higher oxidation state of +6 and hence forms SO 4 2-ions. 0 0. In NH3 the oxidation state of Nitrogen is -3. 2+. /Length 3178 We can speak of the oxidation numbers of the … Let the the oxidation state of Chromium = x since chromium ions are positive. Charge Pt = +4 In [Pt(NH3)3Cl]Cl, the central metal atom is the Platinum(Pt). Because ammonia is neutral, the individual oxidation numbers must sum to zero. AIEEE 2005: The oxidation state of Cr in [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+ is: (A) 0 (B) +1 (C) +2 (D) +3. Need assistance? 5 years ago. Oxidation state NH3 = 0 CO3 = Is it -2 since 2 oxygen is coordinated to the cobalt? Because this compound is a neutral compound, oxidation state for Pt (x) should be +2. bl +3. Overall charge ?? Except in metal hydrides, which this is not, Hydrogen always has an oxidation state of +1. I 2 being a weaker oxidant oxidises S of an ion to a lower oxidation state of 2.5 in ion. Cu(NH 3) 4 2+. Here the oxidation number of Nirogen is -3 and that of Hydrogen is +1. The second reaction is, Oxidation number of S in SO 4 2-=+6. This method is not used in the case of nitro, azo compounds and also to the compounds containing nitrogen in the ring e.g. chemistry. What was the weather in Pretoria on 14 February 2013? +2. For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/avqtn. Uncle Michael . Which of the following is added to iron to make iron hard and strong? The oxidation state of carbon in CO 2 is A) +4 B)-4 C) +2 D)-2 E) none of these 28. Oxidation state of sulphate ion, (S O 4 ) = − 2 Let the oxidation state of cobalt, ( C o ) be x. The oxidation state of chlorine in Cl 2 is A) 0 B) +1 C)-1 D)-2 E) none of these 26. The sum of the oxidation numbers is zero for the neutral molecule. Nitrogen is a Group 5 element and is assigned an oxidation state of -3. read more. В. In this case sodium is +1 and hydrogen is -1. Where lies the difficulty? N2 is reducing with decrease in oxidation state. 3H2 = 6H+ + 6e Oxidation reaction. The sum of the oxidation numbers is zero for the neutral molecule. The oxidation numbers of H and O in nitric acid are + 1 and − 2 respectively. We can speak of the oxidation numbers of the individual elements that make up the compound. The oxidation number for NO3, or nitrate, is -1. Interpretation: The oxidation states of nitrogen in NO 2 should be determined. Check the oxidation states of N in the reactant and product: the oxidation state of N in NH3 is -3, since N is more electronegative than H, H has the oxidation state of +1, hence for charge-neutral NH3, N must be -3. WHen ammonia is oxidized by oxygen, oxidation number of N in NH 3 increases from -3 to a higher higher oxidation number such as 0 or +2. Question: A) What Is The Coordination Number Of The Complex And Oxidation State Of The Transition Metal In The Following Coordination Complexes? The two nitrogen atoms are in different oxidation states. The sum of the oxidation numbers is the charge on the ion or molecule. Where lies the difficulty? The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. Pyridine. Oxidation state of B = +3. b. Find the oxidation state of C o in its oxo-complex species [C o 2 O 4 (C 2 H 4 ) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] 2 −. Head-on crash kills 7 kids, 2 adults in central California. Contact us on below numbers. We do not speak of the oxidation number of a molecule. >> Now, we know that [Pd(NH 3) 4]SO 4 is a neutral compound as it has an oxidation state of 0. When we don't know both the oxidation state of central metal atom and charge on the coordination sphere, in this case how we find the oxidation state of central metal atom? Find an answer to your question “The oxidation numbers of nitrogen in NH3, HNO3, and NO2 are, respectively: A) - 3, - 5, + 4 B) + 3, + 5, + 4 C) - 3, + 5, - 4 D) - 3, + 5, ...” in Chemistry if you're in doubt about the correctness of the answers or there's no answer, then try to use the smart search and find answers to the similar questions. If we plug these oxidation states into the compound, [x+3*(-3+3)-1]+(-1) will be the case. This method is used for quantitative analysis of N compound in organic substance (NH 3 /NH 4 +). How long will the footprints on the moon last? Maharashtra State Board HSC Science (Computer Science) 12th Board Exam. The oxidation number for NO3, or nitrate, is -1. 10:00 AM to 7:00 PM IST all days. 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# 13. ACPI System Management Bus Interface Specification¶

This section describes the System Management Bus (SMBus) generic address space and the use of this address space to access SMBus devices from AML.

Unlike other address spaces, SMBus operation regions are inherently non-linear, where each offset within an SMBus address space represents a variable-sized (from 0 to 32 bytes) field. Given this uniqueness, SMBus operation regions include restrictions on their field definitions and require the use of an SMBus-specific data buffer for all transactions.

The SMBus interface presented in this section is intended for use with any hardware implementation compatible with the SMBus specification. SMBus hardware is broadly classified as either non-EC-based or EC-based. EC-based SMBus implementations comply with the standard register set defined in ACPI Embedded Controller Interface Specification.

Non-EC SMBus implementations can employ any hardware interface and are typically used for their cost savings when SMBus security is not required. Non-EC-based SMBus implementations require the development of hardware specific drivers for each OS implementation. See Declaring SMBus Host Controller Objects for more information.

Support of the SMBus generic address space by ACPI-compatible operating systems is optional. As such, the Smart Battery System Implementer’s Forum (SBS-IF) has defined an SMBus interface based on a standard set of control methods. This interface is documented in the SMBus Control Method Interface Specification at http://smbus.org/specs/ (or see http://uefi.org/acpi under the heading “Smart Battery System Components and SMBus Specification”).

## 13.1. SMBus Overview¶

SMBus is a two-wire interface based upon the I²C protocol. The SMBus is a low-speed bus that provides positive addressing for devices, as well as bus arbitration. For more information, refer to the complete set of SMBus specifications published by the SBS-IF.

Slave addresses are specified using a 7-bit non-shifted notation. For example, the slave address of the Smart Battery Selector device would be specified as 0x0A (1010b), not 0x14 (10100b) as might be found in other documents. These two different forms of addresses result from the format in which addresses are transmitted on the SMBus.

During transmission over the physical SMBus, the slave address is formatted in an 8-bit block with bits 7-1 containing the address and bit 0 containing the read/write bit. ASL code, on the other hand, presents the slave address simply as a 7-bit value making it the responsibility of the OS (driver) to shift the value if needed. For example, the ASL value would have to be shifted left 1 bit before being written to the SMB_ADDR register in the EC based SMBus as described in Address Register, SMB_ADDR.

### 13.1.2. SMBus Protocols¶

There are seven possible command protocols for any given SMBus slave device, and a device may use any or all of the protocols to communicate. The protocols and associated access type indicators are listed below. Notice that the protocols values are similar to those defined for the EC-based SMBus in Protocol Register, SMB_PRTCL except that protocol pairs (for example, Read Byte, Write Byte) have been joined.

Table 13.1 SMBus Protocol Types

Value

Type

Description

0x02

SMBQuick

0x04

0x06

SMBByte

0x08

SMBWord

0x0A

SMBBlock

0x0C

SMBProcessCall

SMBus Process Call Protocol

0x0D

SMBBlockProcessCall

SMBus Write Block-Read Block Process Call Protocol

All other protocol values are reserved.

Notice that bit 7 of the protocol value is used by this interface to indicate to the SMB-HC whether or not packet error checking (PEC) should be employed for a transaction. Packet error checking is described in section 7.4 of the System Management Bus Specification, Version 1.1. This highly desirable capability improves the reliability and robustness of SMBus communications.

The bit encoding of the protocol value is shown below. For example, the value 0x86 would be used to specify the PEC version of the SMBus Read/Write Byte protocol.

Fig. 13.1 Bit Encoding Example

Notice that bit 0 of the protocol value is always zero (even number hexadecimal values). In a manner similar to the slave address, software that implements the SMBus interface is responsible for setting this bit to indicate whether the transaction is a read (for example, Read Byte) or write (for example, Write Byte) operation.

For example, software implanting this interface for EC-SMBus segments would set bit 0 for read transactions. For the SMBByte protocol (0x06), this would result in the value 0x07 being placed into the SMB_PRTCL register (or 0x87 if PEC is requested) for write transactions.

### 13.1.3. SMBus Status Codes¶

The use of status codes helps AML determine whether an SMBus transaction was successful. In general, a status code of zero indicates success, while a non-zero value indicates failure. The SMBus interface uses the same status codes defined for the EC-SMBus (see Status Register, SMB_STS).

### 13.1.4. SMBus Command Values¶

SMBus devices may optionally support up to 256 device-specific commands. For these devices, each command value supported by the device is modeled by this interface as a separate virtual register. Protocols that do not transmit a command value (for example, Read/Write Quick and Send/Receive Byte) are modeled using a single virtual register (with a command value = 0x00).

## 13.2. Accessing the SMBus from ASL Code¶

The following sections demonstrate how to access and use the SMBus from ASL code.

### 13.2.1. Declaring SMBus Host Controller Objects¶

EC-based SMBus 1.0-compatible HCs should be modeled in the ACPI namespace as described in Defining an Embedded Controller Device in ACPI Namespace , “Defining an Embedded Controller SMBus Host Controller in ACPI Namespace.” An example definition is given below. Using the HID value “ACPI0001” identifies that this SMB-HC is implemented on an embedded controller using the standard SMBus register set defined in SMBus Host Controller Interface via Embedded Controller.

Device (SMB0)
{
Name(_HID, "ACPI0001") // EC-based SMBus 1.0 compatible Host Controller
Name(_EC, 0x2030) // EC offset 0x20, query bit 0x30
:
}

EC-based SMBus 2.0-compatible host controllers should be defined similarly in the namespace as follows:

Device (SMB0)
{
Name(_HID, "ACPI0005") // EC-based SMBus 2.0 compatible Host Controller
Name(_EC, 0x2030) // EC offset 0x20, query bit 0x30
:
}

Non-EC-based SMB-HCs should be modeled in a manner similar to the EC-based SMBus HC. An example definition is given below. These devices use a vendor-specific hardware identifier (HID) to specify the type of SMB-HC (do not use “ACPI0001” or “ACPI0005”). Using a vendor-specific HID allows the correct software to be loaded to service this segment’s SMBus address space.

Device(SMB0)
{
Name(_HID, "<vendor-specific hid>") // Vendor-Specific HID
:
}

Regardless of the type of hardware, some OS software element (for example, the SMBus HC driver) must register with OSPM to support all SMBus operation regions defined for the segment. This software allows the generic SMBus interface defined in this section to be used on a specific hardware implementation by translating between the conceptual (for example, SMBus address space) and physical (for example, process of writing/reading registers) models. Because of this linkage, SMBus operation regions must be defined immediately within the scope of the corresponding SMBus device.

### 13.2.2. Declaring SMBus Devices¶

The SMBus, as defined by the SMBus Specifications <http://smbus.org/specs/>, is not an enumerable bus. As a result, an SMBus 1.0-compatible SMB-HC driver cannot discover child devices on the SMBus and load the appropriate corresponding device drivers. As such, SMBus 1.0-compatible devices are declared in the ACPI namespace, in like manner to other motherboard devices, and enumerated by OSPM.

The SMBus 2.0 specification adds mechanisms enabling device enumeration on the bus while providing compatibility with existing devices. ACPI defines and associates the “ACPI0005” HID value with an EC-based SMBus 2.0-compatible host controller. OSPM will enumerate SMBus 1.0-compatible devices when declared in the namespace under an SMBus 2.0-compatible host controller.

The responsibility for the definition of ACPI namespace objects, required by an SMBus 2.0-compatible host controller driver to enumerate non-bus-enumerable devices, is relegated to the Smart Battery System Implementers Forum. See the SMBus Specifications at the link mentioned above.

Starting in ACPI 2.0, _ADR is used to associate SMBus devices with their lowest SMBus slave address.

### 13.2.3. Declaring SMBus Operation Regions¶

Each SMBus operation region definition identifies a single SMBus slave address. Operation regions are defined only for those SMBus devices that need to be accessed from AML. As with other regions, SMBus operation regions are only accessible via the Field term (see Declaring SMBus Devices).

This interface models each SMBus device as having a 256-byte linear address range. Each byte offset within this range corresponds to a single command value (for example, byte offset 0x12 equates to command value 0x12), with a maximum of 256 command values. By doing this, SMBus address spaces appear linear and can be processed in a manner similar to the other address space types.

The syntax for the OperationRegion term (from OperationRegion (Declare Operation Region)) is described below.

OperationRegion (
RegionName,             // NameString
RegionSpace,            // RegionSpaceKeyword
Offset,                 // TermArg=>Integer
Length                  // TermArg=>Integer
)

Where:

• RegionName specifies a name for this slave device (for example, “SBD0”).

• RegionSpace must be set to SMBus (operation region type value 0x04).

• Offset is a word-sized value specifying the slave address and initial command value offset for the target device. The slave address is stored in the high byte and the command value offset is stored in the low byte. For example, the value 0x4200 would be used for an SMBus device residing at slave address 0x42 with an initial command value offset of zero (0).

• Length is set to the 0x100 (256), representing the maximum number of possible command values, for regions with an initial command value offset of zero (0). The difference of these two values is used for regions with non-zero offsets. For example, a region with an Offset value of 0x4210 would have a corresponding Length of 0xF0 (0x100 minus 0x10).

For example, the Smart Battery Subsystem (illustrated below) consists of the Smart Battery Charger at slave address 0x09, the Smart Battery System Manager at slave address 0x0A, and one or more batteries (multiplexed) at slave address 0x0B. (Notice that Figure 13-2 represents the logical connection of a Smart Battery Subsystem. The actual physical connections of the Smart Battery(s) and the Smart Battery Charger are made through the Smart Battery System Manager.) All devices support the Read/Write Word protocol. Batteries also support the Read/Write Block protocol.

Fig. 13.2 Smart Battery Subsystem Devices

The following ASL code shows the use of the OperationRegion term to describe these SMBus devices:

Device (SMB0)
{
Name(_HID, "ACPI0001") // EC-SMBus Host Controller
Name(_EC, 0x2030) // EC offset 0x20, query bit 0x30

OperationRegion(SBC0, SMBus, 0x0900, 0x100)      // Smart Battery Charger
OperationRegion(SBS0, SMBus, 0x0A00, 0x100)      // Smart Battery Selector
OperationRegion(SBD0, SMBus, 0x0B00, 0x100)      // Smart Battery Device(s)
:
}

Notice that these operation regions in this example are defined within the immediate context of the ‘owning’ EC-SMBus device. Each definition corresponds to a separate slave address (device), and happens to use an initial command value offset of zero (0).

### 13.2.4. Declaring SMBus Fields¶

As with other regions, SMBus operation regions are only accessible via the Field term. Each field element is assigned a unique command value and represents a virtual register on the targeted SMBus device.

The syntax for the Field term (from Event (Declare Event Synchronization Object)) is described below.

Field(
RegionName,           // NameString=>OperationRegion
AccessType,           // AccessTypeKeyword
LockRule,             // LockRuleKeyword
UpdateRule            // UpdateRuleKeyword - *ignored*
) {FieldUnitList}

Where:

• RegionName specifies the operation region name previously defined for the device.

• AccessType must be set to BufferAcc. This indicates that access to field elements will be done using a region-specific data buffer. For this access type, the field handler is not aware of the data buffer’s contents which may be of any size. When a field of this type is used as the source argument in an operation it simply evaluates to a buffer. When used as the destination, however, the buffer is passed bi-directionally to allow data to be returned from write operations. The modified buffer then becomes the execution result of that operation. This is slightly different than the normal case in which the execution result is the same as the value written to the destination. Note that the source is never changed, since it could be a read only object (see Declaring and Using an SMBus Data Buffer and ASL Opcode Terms).

• LockRule indicates if access to this operation region requires acquisition of the Global Lock for synchronization. This field should be set to Lock on system with firmware that may access the SMBus, and NoLock otherwise.

• UpdateRule is not applicable to SMBus operation regions since each virtual register is accessed in its entirety. This field is ignored for all SMBus field definitions.

SMBus operation regions require that all field elements be declared at command value granularity. This means that each virtual register cannot be broken down to its individual bits within the field definition.

Access to sub-portions of virtual registers can be done only outside of the field definition. This limitation is imposed both to simplify the SMBus interface and to maintain consistency with the physical model defined by the SMBus specification.

SMBus protocols are assigned to field elements using the AccessAs term within the field definition. The syntax for this term (from ASL Root and Secondary Terms) is described below.

AccessAs(
AccessType, //AccessTypeKeyword
AccessAttribute //Nothing \| ByteConst \| AccessAttribKeyword
)

Where:

• AccessType must be set to BufferAcc.

• AccessAttribute indicates the SMBus protocol to assign to command values that follow this term. See SMBus Protocols for a listing of the SMBus protocol types and values.

An AccessAs term must appear as the first entry in a field definition to set the initial SMBus protocol for the field elements that follow. A maximum of one SMBus protocol may be defined for each field element. Devices supporting multiple protocols for a single command value can be modeled by specifying multiple field elements with the same offset (command value), where each field element is preceded by an AccessAs term specifying an alternate protocol.

For example, the register at command value 0x08 for a Smart Battery device (illustrated below) represents a word value specifying the battery temperature (in degrees Kelvin), while the register at command value 0x20 represents a variable-length (0 to 32 bytes) character string specifying the name of the company that manufactured the battery.

Fig. 13.3 Smart Battery Device Virtual Registers

The following ASL code shows the use of the OperationRegion, Field, AccessAs, and Offset terms to represent these Smart Battery device virtual registers:

OperationRegion(SBD0, SMBus, 0x0B00, 0x0100)
Field(SBD0, BufferAcc, NoLock, Preserve)
{
AccessAs(BufferAcc, SMBWord)   // Use the SMBWord protocol for the following...
MFGA, 8,                       // ManufacturerAccess() [command value 0x00]
RCAP, 8,                       // RemainingCapacityAlarm() [command value 0x01]
BTMP, 8,                       // Temperature() [command value 0x08]
AccessAs(BufferAcc, SMBBlock)  // Use the SMBBlock protocol for the following...
MFGN, 8,                       // ManufacturerName() [command value 0x20]
DEVN, 8                        // DeviceName() [command value 0x21]
}

Notice that command values are equivalent to the field element’s byte offset (for example, MFGA=0, RCAP=1, BTMP=8). The AccessAs term indicates which SMBus protocol to use for each command value.

### 13.2.5. Declaring and Using an SMBus Data Buffer¶

The use of a data buffer for SMBus transactions allows AML to receive status and data length values, as well as making it possible to implement the Process Call protocol. As previously mentioned, the BufferAcc access type is used to indicate to the field handler that a region-specific data buffer will be used.

For SMBus operation regions, this data buffer is defined as a fixed-length 34-byte buffer that, if represented using a ‘C’-styled declaration, would be modeled as follows:

typedef struct
{
BYTE Status;               // Byte 0 of the data buffer
BYTE Length;               // Byte 1 of the data buffer
BYTE[32] Data;             // Bytes 2 through 33 of the data buffer
}

Where:

• Status (byte 0) indicates the status code of a given SMBus transaction. See SMBus Status Codes for more information.

• Length (byte 1) specifies the number of bytes of valid data that exists in the data buffer. Use of this field is only defined for the Read/Write Block protocol, where valid Length values are 0 through 32. For other protocols–where the data length is implied by the protocol–this field is reserved.

• Data (bytes 33-2) represents a 32-byte buffer, and is the location where actual data is stored.

For example, the following ASL shows the use of the SMBus data buffer for performing transactions to a Smart Battery device. This code is based on the example ASL presented in Declaring SMBus Fields which lists the operation region and field definitions for the Smart Battery device.

/* Create the SMBus data buffer */
Name(BUFF, Buffer(34){})            // Create SMBus data buffer as BUFF
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x00, OB1)    // OB1 = Status (Byte)
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x01, OB2)    // OB2 = Length (Byte)
CreateWordField(BUFF, 0x02, OB3)    // OB3 = Data (Word - Bytes 2 & 3)
CreateField(BUFF, 0x10, 256, OB4)   // OB4 = Data (Block - Bytes 2-33)

/* Read the battery temperature */
Store(BTMP, BUFF) // Invoke Read Word transaction
If(LEqual(OB1, 0x00)) // Successful?
{
// OB3 = Battery temperature in 1/10th degrees Kelvin
}

/* Read the battery manufacturer name */
Store(MFGN, BUFF)                   // Invoke Read Block transaction
If(LEqual(OB1, 0x00))               // Successful?
{
// OB2 = Length of the manufacturer name
// OB4 = Manufacturer name (as a counted string)
}

Notice the use of the CreateField primitives to access the data buffer’s sub-elements (Status, Length, and Data), where Data (bytes 33-2) is ‘typecast’ as both word (OB3) and block (OB4) data.

The example above demonstrates the use of the Store() operator to invoke a Read Block transaction to obtain the name of the battery manufacturer. Evaluation of the source operand (MFGN) results in a 34-byte buffer that gets copied by Store() to the destination buffer (BUFF).

Capturing the results of a write operation, for example to check the status code, requires an additional Store() operator, as shown below.

Store(Store(BUFF, MFGN), BUFF)      // Invoke Write Block transaction
If(LEqual(OB1, 0x00)) {...}         // Transaction successful?

Note that the outer Store() copies the results of the Write Block transaction back into BUFF. This is the nature of BufferAcc’s bi-directionality described in Declaring SMBus Fields. It should be noted that storing (or parsing) the result of an SMBus Write transaction is not required although useful for ascertaining the outcome of a transaction.

SMBus Process Call protocols require similar semantics due to the fact that only destination operands are passed bi-directionally. These transactions require the use of the double-Store() semantics to properly capture the return results.

## 13.3. Using the SMBus Protocols¶

This section provides information and examples on how each of the SMBus protocols can be used to access SMBus devices from AML.

The SMBus Read/Write Quick protocol (SMBQuick) is typically used to control simple devices using a device-specific binary command (for example, ON and OFF). Command values are not used by this protocol and thus only a single element (at offset 0) can be specified in the field definition. This protocol transfers no data.

The following ASL code illustrates how a device supporting the Read/Write Quick protocol should be accessed:

OperationRegion(SMBD, SMBus, 0x4200, 0x100) // SMBus device at slave address 0x42
Field(SMBD, BufferAcc, NoLock, Preserve)
{
AccessAs(BufferAcc, SMBQuick)           // Use the SMBus Read/Write Quick protocol
FLD0, 8                                 // Virtual register at command value 0.
}

/* Create the SMBus data buffer */

Name(BUFF, Buffer(34){})                    // Create SMBus data buffer as BUFF
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x00, OB1)            // OB1 = Status (Byte)

/* Signal device (e.g. OFF) */
Store(FLD0, BUFF)                           // Invoke Read Quick transaction
If(LEqual(OB1, 0x00)) {...}                 // Successful?

/* Signal device (e.g. ON) */
Store(BUFF, FLD0) // Invoke Write Quick transaction

In this example, a single field element (FLD0) at offset 0 is defined to represent the protocol’s read/write bit. Access to FLD0 will cause an SMBus transaction to occur to the device. Reading the field results in a Read Quick, and writing to the field results in a Write Quick. In either case data is not transferred–access to the register is simply used as a mechanism to invoke the transaction.

The SMBus Send/Receive Byte protocol (SMBSendReceive) transfers a single byte of data. Like Read/Write Quick, command values are not used by this protocol and thus only a single element (at offset 0) can be specified in the field definition.

The following ASL code illustrates how a device supporting the Send/Receive Byte protocol should be accessed:

OperationRegion(SMBD, SMBus, 0x4200, 0x100) // SMBus device at slave address 0x42
Field(SMBD, BufferAcc, NoLock, Preserve)
{
FLD0, 8                                // Virtual register at command value 0.
}

// Create the SMBus data buffer

Name(BUFF, Buffer(34){})               // Create SMBus data buffer as BUFF
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x00, STAT)      // STAT = Status (Byte)
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x02, DATA)      // DATA = Data (Byte)

// Receive a byte of data from the device

Store(FLD0, BUFF)                      // Invoke a Receive Byte transaction

If(LEqual(STAT, 0x00))                 // Successful?

{
}

// Send the byte '0x16' to the device
Store(0x16, DATA)                      // Save 0x16 into the data buffer
Store(BUFF, FLD0)                      // Invoke a Send Byte transaction

In this example, a single field element (FLD0) at offset 0 is defined to represent the protocol’s data byte. Access to FLD0 will cause an SMBus transaction to occur to the device. Reading the field results in a Receive Byte, and writing to the field results in a Send Byte.

The SMBus Read/Write Byte protocol (SMBByte) also transfers a single byte of data. But unlike Send/Receive Byte, this protocol uses a command value to reference up to 256 byte-sized virtual registers.

The following ASL code illustrates how a device supporting the Read/Write Byte protocol should be accessed:

OperationRegion(SMBD, SMBus, 0x4200, 0x100)  // SMBus device at slave address 0x42
Field(SMBD, BufferAcc, NoLock, Preserve)
{
AccessAs(BufferAcc, SMBByte)             // Use the SMBus Read/Write Byte protocol
FLD0, 8,                                 // Virtual register at command value 0.
FLD1, 8,                                 // Virtual register at command value 1.
FLD2, 8                                  // Virtual register at command value 2.
}

// Create the SMBus data buffer
Name(BUFF, Buffer(34){}) // Create SMBus data buffer as BUFF
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x00, STAT) // STAT = Status (Byte)
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x02, DATA) // DATA = Data (Byte)

// Read a byte of data from the device using command value 1
Store(FLD1, BUFF) // Invoke a Read Byte transaction
If(LEqual(STAT, 0x00)) // Successful?
{
// DATA = Byte read from FLD1...
}

// Write the byte '0x16' to the device using command value 2
Store(0x16, DATA)                            // Save 0x16 into the data buffer
Store(BUFF, FLD2)                            // Invoke a Write Byte transaction

In this example, three field elements (FLD0, FLD1, and FLD2) are defined to represent the virtual registers for command values 0, 1, and 2. Access to any of the field elements will cause an SMBus transaction to occur to the device. Reading FLD1 results in a Read Byte with a command value of 1, and writing to FLD2 results in a Write Byte with command value 2.

The SMBus Read/Write Word protocol (SMBWord) transfers 2 bytes of data. This protocol also uses a command value to reference up to 256 word-sized virtual device registers.

The following ASL code illustrates how a device supporting the Read/Write Word protocol should be accessed:

OperationRegion(SMBD, SMBus, 0x4200, 0x100)  // SMBus device at slave address 0x42
Field(SMBD, BufferAcc, NoLock, Preserve)
{
AccessAs(BufferAcc, SMBWord)         // Use the SMBus Read/Write Word protocol
FLD0, 8,                             // Virtual register at command value 0.
FLD1, 8,                             // Virtual register at command value 1.
FLD2, 8                              // Virtual register at command value 2.
}

// Create the SMBus data buffer
Name(BUFF, Buffer(34){})                 // Create SMBus data buffer as BUFF
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x00, STAT)        // STAT = Status (Byte)
CreateWordField(BUFF, 0x02, DATA)        // DATA = Data (Word)

// Read two bytes of data from the device using command value 1
Store(FLD1, BUFF)                        // Invoke a Read Word transaction
If(LEqual(STAT, 0x00))                   // Successful?
{
// DATA = Word read from FLD1...
}

// Write the word '0x5416' to the device using command value 2
Store(0x5416, DATA)                      // Save 0x5416 into the data buffer
Store(BUFF, FLD2)                        // Invoke a Write Word transaction

In this example, three field elements (FLD0, FLD1, and FLD2) are defined to represent the virtual registers for command values 0, 1, and 2. Access to any of the field elements will cause an SMBus transaction to occur to the device. Reading FLD1 results in a Read Word with a command value of 1, and writing to FLD2 results in a Write Word with command value 2.

Notice that although accessing each field element transmits a word (16 bits) of data, the fields are listed as 8 bits each. The actual data size is determined by the protocol. Every field element is declared with a length of 8 bits so that command values and byte offsets are equivalent.

The SMBus Read/Write Block protocol (SMBBlock) transfers variable-sized (0-32 bytes) data. This protocol uses a command value to reference up to 256 block-sized virtual registers.

The following ASL code illustrates how a device supporting the Read/Write Block protocol should be accessed:

OperationRegion(SMBD, SMBus, 0x4200, 0x100) // SMBus device at slave address 0x42
Field(SMBD, BufferAcc, NoLock, Preserve)
{
AccessAs(BufferAcc, SMBBlock)           // Use the SMBus Read/Write Block protocol
FLD0, 8,                                // Virtual register at command value 0.
FLD1, 8,                                // Virtual register at command value 1.
FLD2, 8                                 // Virtual register at command value 2.
}

// Create the SMBus data buffer
Name(BUFF, Buffer(34){})                  // Create SMBus data buffer as BUFF
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x00, STAT)         // STAT = Status (Byte)
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x01, SIZE)         // SIZE = Length (Byte)
CreateField(BUFF, 0x10, 256, DATA)        // DATA = Data (Block)

// Read block data from the device using command value 1
Store(FLD1, BUFF)                         // Invoke a Read Block transaction
If(LEqual(STAT, 0x00))                    // Successful?
{
// SIZE = Size (number of bytes)
// of the block data read from FLD1...
// DATA = Block data read from FLD1...
}

// Write the block 'TEST' to the device using command value 2
Store("TEST", DATA)                       // Save "TEST" into the data buffer
Store(4, SIZE)                            // Length of valid data in the data buffer
Store(BUFF, FLD2)                         // Invoke a Write Word transaction

In this example, three field elements (FLD0, FLD1, and FLD2) are defined to represent the virtual registers for command values 0, 1, and 2. Access to any of the field elements will cause an SMBus transaction to occur to the device. Reading FLD1 results in a Read Block with a command value of 1, and writing to FLD2 results in a Write Block with command value 2.

### 13.3.6. Word Process Call (SMBProcessCall)¶

The SMBus Process Call protocol (SMBProcessCall) transfers 2 bytes of data bi-directionally (performs a Write Word followed by a Read Word as an atomic transaction). This protocol uses a command value to reference up to 256 word-sized virtual registers.

The following ASL code illustrates how a device supporting the Process Call protocol should be accessed:

OperationRegion(SMBD, SMBus, 0x4200, 0x100) // SMBus device at slave address 0x42
Field(SMBD, BufferAcc, NoLock, Preserve)
{
AccessAs(BufferAcc, SMBProcessCall)     // Use the SMBus Process Call protocol
FLD0, 8,                                // Virtual register at command value 0.
FLD1, 8,                                // Virtual register at command value 1.
FLD2, 8                                 // Virtual register at command value 2.
}

// Create the SMBus data buffer
Name(BUFF, Buffer(34){})                    // Create SMBus data buffer as BUFF
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x00, STAT)           // STAT = Status (Byte)
CreateWordField(BUFF, 0x02, DATA)           // DATA = Data (Word)

// Process Call with input value '0x5416' to the device using command value 1
Store(0x5416, DATA)                         // Save 0x5416 into the data buffer
Store(Store(BUFF, FLD1), BUFF)              // Invoke a Process Call transaction
If(LEqual(STAT, 0x00))                      // Successful?
{
// DATA = Word returned from FLD1...
}

In this example, three field elements (FLD0, FLD1, and FLD2) are defined to represent the virtual registers for command values 0, 1, and 2. Access to any of the field elements will cause an SMBus transaction to occur to the device. Reading or writing FLD1 results in a Process Call with a command value of 1. Notice that unlike other protocols, Process Call involves both a write and read operation in a single atomic transaction. This means that the Data element of the SMBus data buffer is set with an input value before the transaction is invoked, and holds the output value following the successful completion of the transaction.

### 13.3.7. Block Process Call (SMBBlockProcessCall)¶

The SMBus Block Write-Read Block Process Call protocol (SMBBlockProcessCall) transfers a block of data bi-directionally (performs a Write Block followed by a Read Block as an atomic transaction). The maximum aggregate amount of data that may be transferred is limited to 32 bytes. This protocol uses a command value to reference up to 256 block-sized virtual registers.

The following ASL code illustrates how a device supporting the Process Call protocol should be accessed:

OperationRegion(SMBD, SMBus, 0x4200, 0x100)  // SMbus device at slave address 0x42
Field(SMBD, BufferAcc, NoLock, Preserve)
{
AccessAs(BufferAcc, SMBBlockProcessCall) // Use the Block Process Call protocol
FLD0, 8, // Virtual register representing a command value of 0
FLD1, 8 // Virtual register representing a command value of 1
}

// Create the SMBus data buffer as BUFF
Name(BUFF, Buffer(34)())           // Create SMBus data buffer as BUFF
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x00, STAT)  // STAT = Status (Byte)
CreateByteField(BUFF, 0x01, SIZE)  // SIZE = Length (Byte)
CreateField(BUFF, 0x10, 256, DATA) // Data (Block)

// Process Call with input value "ACPI" to the device using command value 1

Store("ACPI", DATA)                // Fill in outgoing data
Store(8, SIZE)                     // Length of the valid data
Store(Store(BUFF, FLD1), BUFF)     // Execute the PC
if (LEqual(STAT, 0x00))            // Test the status
{
// BUFF now contains information returned
// from PC
// SIZE now equals size of data returned
}