Pregnancy symptoms include missed periods, tender breasts, nausea and vomiting, hunger, and frequent urination.
 Complications or failures of pregnancy cannot be explained simply by malabsorption, but by the autoimmune response elicited by the exposure to gluten, which causes damage to the placenta
 Caused by impaired venous return, straining associated with constipation, or increased intra-abdominal pressure in later pregnancy

