the British (capital London ) Gem Manufacturing Company Ltd was producing the same product that Johan Vaaler had patented on  June 4, 1901, only his lacked two full loops.
Unknown to Vaaler, a more functional and practical paper clip was already in production by the British Gem Manufacturing Company Ltd, but not yet marketed in Norway. His design was inferior because it lacked the two full loops of the wire. In 1901, Vaaler designed a kind of binding to hold paper together, consisting of a thread of steel wire. The U.S. patent was granted on June 4, 1901. London 
