The Hollywood blacklist began in 1947.
== Blacklisted ===== The Hollywood Ten ===The following ten individuals were cited for contempt of Congress and blacklisted after refusing to answer questions about their alleged involvement with the Communist Party:Alvah Bessie, screenwriterHerbert Biberman, screenwriter and directorLester Cole, screenwriterEdward Dmytryk, directorRing Lardner Jr
A number of non-governmental organizations participated in enforcing and expanding the blacklist; in particular, the American Legion, the conservative war veterans' group, was instrumental in pressuring the entertainment industry to exclude communists and their sympathizers

