Penal laws (British) which set restrictions on Roman Catholics were removed during the Catholic Emancipation of 19th century.
 The canon law of the Catholic Church influenced the common law during the medieval period through its preservation of Roman law doctrine such as the presumption of innocence
 Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a breakaway movement called the Old Catholic Church,The Italian unification of the 1860s incorporated the Papal States, including Rome itself from 1870, into the Kingdom of Italy, thus ending the papacy's temporal power

