When is it lawful for a local housing authority to accommodate a homeless person a long way away from the authoritys own area where the homeless person was previously living? There is no doubt that, for a variety of reasons, such out of borough placements have become increasingly common in recent years.
The latest national statistics show that in September 2014 a quarter of all temporary accommodation for homeless people was provided in a different council area, an increase from 21% in September 2013.
The great majority of these were from London Boroughs (Department for Communities and Local Government, Statutory Homelessness: July to September Quarter, England, National Statistics, Housing, Statistical Release, 11 December 2014).
However, local authorities have a statutory duty to provide accommodation in their own area so far as reasonably practicable: Housing Act 1996 (the 1996 Act), section 208(1).
And if that is not practicable, statutory guidance requires them where possible, to try to secure accommodation as close as possible to where the applicant was previously living.
This case is about the import of those duties for individual households who are offered an out of borough placement.
The facts
The appellant is a 51 year old single mother of five children, aged between eight and 14.
She has many long standing health problems: she is HIV positive, and suffers from Type II diabetes, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy and perhaps depression.
She has lived in London since at least January 2000.
From December 2008 to November 2012, the family lived in a privately rented four bedroomed house in Westminster.
Her rent of 1,150 per week was covered by housing benefit.
In 2012, however, a cap (known as the local housing allowance) was placed on the amount of housing benefit payable for privately rented properties according to their size and locality (known as the local housing allowance).
Her maximum housing benefit was dramatically reduced.
This meant that she was no longer able to afford the rent.
The landlord was not prepared to reduce it and so she was evicted from her home in November 2012.
She applied to Westminster City Council under the homelessness provisions in Part 7 of the 1996 Act and the family were temporarily housed in two rooms in a hotel in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea on a bed and breakfast basis.
This was near enough for the children to continue in their schools.
On 17 January 2013, she was notified that Westminster had decided that she was homeless, eligible for assistance, in priority need, not intentionally homeless, and that they should not refer her case to another local authority where she was more closely connected.
Hence they accepted that they owed her what is usually termed the main homelessness duty under section 193(2) of the 1996 Act, as they put it a duty to ensure that you have somewhere suitable in which to live.
Their temporary lettings team would be contacting her shortly with an offer of self contained temporary accommodation in discharge of that duty.
On Thursday 24 January, the authority wrote offering her temporary accommodation in a five bedroomed house in Bletchley, near Milton Keynes.
They had arranged for her to view the property at 12 pm on Monday 28 January.
The letter explained: There is a severe shortage of accommodation in Westminster and it is not reasonably practicable for us to offer a Westminster home for everyone who applies for one.
That is why we have had to offer you accommodation in Milton Keynes.
Although it is outside Westminster, having considered your circumstances, we believe this accommodation is suitable for you.
The appellant rejected this offer because it was too far away.
It was too far from people helping her with her children.
There would be nobody there she knew.
She had high blood pressure and wanted to stay with her GP.
It would mean changing the childrens schools.
She had lived in Westminster for a long time.
The authoritys immediate response, by letter of Friday 25 January, was that none of the children was of GSCE age, so it was suitable for them to move schools.
The average journey time from the Bletchley property to Westminster was around one hour and 15 minutes.
The property was of a suitable size for the family and based on your circumstances theres no reason for us to place you within the borough of Westminster.
Because she had refused the offer, their duty under section 193 had ended and they were no longer required to provide her with accommodation.
The letter was headed Notice that our housing duty has come to an end.
This was no doubt because the duty under section 193(2) does not come to an end automatically when the applicant refuses to accept an offer of accommodation which the authority are satisfied is suitable; under section 193(5), the authority must serve notice that the duty has come to an end.
The appellant sought a review of the authoritys decision under section 202 of the 1996 Act.
She was interviewed for the purpose of the review, where she repeated her concerns and gave some more details of the help she received from her friends.
Three of her friends were also interviewed.
Two medical certificates were obtained which confirmed that her chronic conditions [were] incurable and likely to worsen with further complications and that she needed safe accommodation to be able to take medication and stay well; but a medical assessment could not find anything medical to preclude residing in Milton Keynes.
The review was completed on 27 May 2013 and the reviewing officer confirmed the decision that the property in Bletchley was suitable and the duty towards her discharged.
The decision letter dealt in detail with the familys personal circumstances.
As to these, the officers conclusions were: I am not satisfied that the accommodation was unsuitable on the grounds that your medical and support needs are such that you have to live in Westminster; the length of time she had lived in Westminster was not a particularly long time and does not mean that you cannot live anywhere else; none of her children were currently sitting national exams and could move schools without their education suffering; and the accommodation offered was suitable and affordable.
The letter then refers to the duty in section 208 of the 1996 Act and states: As you are aware Westminster is currently suffering from a severe shortage of both temporary and permanent accommodation.
It is therefore not reasonably practicable to offer temporary accommodation in the borough for everyone who applies for it and therefore we have to offer some people temporary accommodation located outside Westminster.
The Councils Temporary Lettings team carefully assesses each application based on the individual circumstances of each household member and decides what type of accommodation would be suitable for the household.
Given the shortage of housing in Westminster and all of your circumstances, including those above, I believe that it was reasonable for the Council to offer your household this accommodation outside the Westminster area.
This appears to be a standard paragraph which has appeared in a number of other decision letters emanating from the City of Westminster.
The authority have produced no evidence of their policy in relation to the procurement of accommodation in order to fulfil their obligations under the 1996 Act, nor of the location of that accommodation, nor of the instructions given to the temporary lettings team as to how they are to decide which properties are offered to which applicants.
The appellant then appealed to the county court under section 204 of the 1996 Act.
The appeal was heard in October 2013.
The authority adduced evidence that at that date 52% of Westminsters temporary accommodation units were in borough and 48% out of borough.
Also produced was a report dated May 2012, from the Strategic Director of Housing, Regeneration and Property, produced for the relevant Cabinet Members approval.
This reviewed the demand for and supply of social rented housing and low cost home ownership for the previous year and made supply and demand projections for the coming year.
It revealed that in the nine months to the end of 2011 there had been 1072 homelessness applications and 394 acceptances; there was a total of 1783 households in temporary accommodation, of which 478 were stage 2 (that is, after the main homelessness duty had been accepted); the housing benefit cap was leading to an increase in homelessness resulting from the loss of a private sector tenancy; at the same time it was becoming increasingly difficult to source self contained temporary accommodation from the private sector, particularly in high rent areas; but at that time around 70% of their temporary accommodation was in borough, with the majority of the non Westminster stock in East London; it would continue to be secured in borough so far as reasonably practicable but would also be sourced out of borough in areas where it was available.
The appeal was unsuccessful.
HHJ Hornby commented that: I appreciate that there appears to be no reference in particular to the fact that consideration was given to the particular area within Westminster or those areas nearer than Milton Keynes, but it seems to me almost inevitable that the team must have had regard to all the stock that there was and allocated what was the most suitable property available to them for that particular person.
The authority had been continuing to provide interim accommodation for the appellant and her children during the review and appeal process.
But they refused to do so pending her application for permission to appeal to the Court of Appeal.
After she was refused permission for a judicial review of that decision, the authority ceased to provide that accommodation.
The childrens services department refused to accommodate the whole family and so on 24 February 2014, the appellant asked the childrens services department to provide accommodation for her children under the Children Act 1989.
The children were separated between three different foster families and care proceedings were begun.
The appellant was granted permission to appeal to the Court of Appeal, but that appeal was also unsuccessful, for reasons which were essentially the same as those of Judge Hornby: [2014] EWCA Civ 1383, [2015] PTSR 211 (see paras 33 and 34 below).
The 1996 Act and Guidance
Sections 206 and 208 of the 1996 Act impose distinct but related requirements upon the local authority.
Section 206(1) provides that the authority may discharge their housing functions only by securing suitable accommodation, albeit by a variety of routes.
Section 208(1) provides that: So far as reasonably practicable a local housing authority shall in discharging their housing functions under this Part secure that accommodation is available for the occupation of the applicant in their district.
By virtue of section 205(1) of the 1996 Act, their housing functions refers to their functions under Part 7 to secure that accommodation is available for a persons occupation.
It is clear, therefore, that these are duties owed to the individual person to whom the main homelessness duty is owed.
The accommodation offered has to be suitable to the needs of the particular homeless person and each member of her household and the location of that accommodation can be relevant to its suitability: see R (Sacupima) v Newham London Borough Council [2001] 1 WLR 563, CA.
This has since been fleshed out in statutory guidance.
Under section 182(1) of the 1996 Act, local housing authorities are required to have regard to such guidance as may from time to time be given by the Secretary of State.
The current general guidance is contained in the Homelessness Code of Guidance for Local Authorities (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2006).
As to the duty in section 208(1), this provides: 16.7.
Section 208(1) requires housing authorities to secure accommodation within their district, in so far as is reasonably practicable.
Housing authorities should, therefore, aim to secure accommodation within their own district wherever possible, except where there are clear benefits for the applicant of being accommodated outside of the district.
This could occur, for example, where the applicant, and/or a member of his or her household, would be at risk of domestic or other violence in the district and need to be accommodated elsewhere to reduce the risk of further contact with the perpetrator(s) or where ex offenders or drug/alcohol users would benefit from being accommodated outside the district to help break links with previous contracts which could exert a negative influence.
As to suitability, the Code says this about the location of the accommodation: 17.41.
The location of the accommodation will be relevant to suitability and the suitability of the location for all the members of the household will have to be considered.
Where, for example, applicants are in paid employment account will need to be taken of their need to reach their normal workplace from the accommodation secured.
The Secretary of State recommends that local authorities take into account the need to minimise disruption to the education of young people, particularly at critical points in time such as close to taking GCSE examinations.
Housing authorities should avoid placing applicants in isolated accommodation away from public transport, shops and other facilities, and, wherever possible, secure accommodation that is as close as possible to where they were previously living, so they can retain established links with schools, doctors, social workers and other key services and support essential to the well being of the household.
This has since been expanded upon.
Under section 210(2), the Secretary of State may by order specify (a) the circumstances in which accommodation is or is not to be regarded as suitable, and (b) the matters to be taken into account or disregarded in determining whether accommodation is suitable for a person.
During the passage of the Localism Act 2011, the Government undertook to remain vigilant to any issues that arose around suitability of location.
It had come to light that some local authorities were seeking accommodation for households owed the main homelessness duty far outside their own district.
The Government was therefore willing to explore whether protections around location of accommodation need to be strengthened and how this might be done (Department for Communities and Local Government, Homelessness (Suitability of Accommodation) (England) Order 2012 Consultation, May 2012, para 38).
A full consultation exercise showed widespread support for strengthening that protection (Department for Communities and Local Government, Homelessness (Suitability of Accommodation)(England) Order 2012 Governments Response to Consultation, November 2012): Government has made it clear that it is neither acceptable nor fair for local authorities to place households many miles away from their previous home where it is avoidable.
Given the vulnerability of this group it is essential that local authorities take into account the potential disruption such a move could have on the household.
The method chosen was to make it a matter of statutory obligation to take the location of the accommodation into account when determining whether accommodation is suitable.
Hence, in October 2012, shortly before the decisions were taken in this case, the Secretary of State made the Homelessness (Suitability of Accommodation) (England) Order 2012 (SI 2012/2601).
Article 2 provides: In determining whether accommodation is suitable for a person, the local housing authority must take into account the location of the accommodation, including (a) where the accommodation is situated outside the district of the local housing authority, the distance of the accommodation from the district of the authority; (b) the significance of any disruption which would be caused by the location of the accommodation to the employment, caring responsibilities or education of the person or members of the persons household; (c) the proximity and accessibility of the accommodation to medical facilities and other support which (i) are currently used by or provided to the person or members of the persons household; and (ii) are essential to the well being of the person or members of the persons household; and (d) the proximity and accessibility of the accommodation to local services, amenities and transport.
The Governments response to consultation had emphasised that the Order does not prevent or prohibit out of borough placements where they are unavoidable nor where they are the choice of the applicant.
However, the Department also issued Supplementary Guidance on the homelessness changes in the Localism Act 2011 and on the Homelessness (Suitability of Accommodation) (England) Order 2012 (November 2012), which strengthened the obligation to secure accommodation as close as possible to where the household had previously been living: 48.
Where it is not possible to secure accommodation within district and an authority has secured accommodation outside their district, the authority is required to take into account the distance of that accommodation from the district of the authority.
Where accommodation which is otherwise suitable and affordable is available nearer to the authoritys district than the accommodation which it has secured, the accommodation which it has secured is not likely to be suitable unless the authority has a justifiable reason or the applicant has specified a preference. 49.
Generally, where possible, authorities should try to secure accommodation that is as close as possible to where an applicant was previously living.
Securing accommodation for an applicant in a different location can cause difficulties for some applicants.
Local authorities are required to take into account the significance of any disruption with specific regard to employment, caring responsibilities or education of the applicant or members of their household.
Where possible the authority should seek to retain established links with schools, doctors, social workers and other key services and support. (Emphasis supplied) The guidance goes on to deal with employment, caring responsibilities, education, medical facilities and other support, and also with cases where there may be advantages in the household being accommodated somewhere outside the local authoritys district, including employment opportunities there.
The effect, therefore, is that local authorities have a statutory duty to accommodate within their area so far as this is reasonably practicable.
Reasonable practicability imports a stronger duty than simply being reasonable.
But if it is not reasonably practicable to accommodate in borough, they must generally, and where possible, try to place the household as close as possible to where they were previously living.
There will be some cases where this does not apply, for example where there are clear benefits in placing the applicant outside the district, because of domestic violence or to break links with negative influences within the district, and others where the applicant does not mind where she goes or actively wants to move out of the area.
The combined effect of the 2012 Order and the Supplementary Guidance changes, and was meant to change, the legal landscape as it was when previous cases dealing with an out of borough placement policy, such as R (Yumsak) v Enfield London Borough Council [2002] EWHC 280 (Admin), [2003] HLR 1, and R (Calgin) v Enfield London Borough Council [2005] EWHC 1716 (Admin), [2006] HLR 58, were decided.
An applicant who is dissatisfied with any of the local authoritys decisions listed in section 202(1) of the Act can request a review of that decision.
The decisions listed do not in terms include a decision to place out of borough despite section 208(1).
But they do include, at (f), any decision of a local housing authority as to the suitability of accommodation offered in discharge of their duty under, inter alia, section 193(2).
They also include, at (b), any decision as to what duty (if any) is owed, inter alia, under section 193(2).
It is common ground that (b) includes a decision that the duty is no longer owed because it has been discharged.
Under section 204, an applicant who has requested a review under section 202 and is dissatisfied with the decision may appeal to a county court on any point of law arising from the decision (alternatively, if the review decision has not been notified within the prescribed time, arising from the original decision).
The childrens welfare
Shelter Childrens Legal Service have helpfully intervened to remind the court that the exercise of the local authoritys functions under the 1996 Act is covered by section 11(2) of the Children Act 2004.
This requires each person or body to whom the section applies (which includes a local housing authority) to make arrangements for ensuring that: (a) their functions are discharged having regard to the need to safeguard and promote the welfare of children; and (b) any services provided by another person pursuant to arrangements made by the person or body in the discharge of their functions are provided having regard to that need.
Section 11 does not define welfare, but section 10 provides a statutory framework for co operation between the local authority and relevant agencies with a view to improving the well being of children in the area.
Well being for this purpose is defined as (a) physical, mental and emotional well being; (b) protection from harm and neglect; (c) education, training and recreation; (d) the contribution made by children to society; and (e) social and economic well being (section 10(2)).
The welfare of the child has long been given a broad meaning in family proceedings, encompassing physical, psychological, social, educational and economic welfare.
It has been held that section 11 applies, not only to the formulation of general policies and practices, but also to their application in an individual case.
As Pitchford LJ put it, in R (Castle) v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [2011] EWHC 2317 (Admin), [2014] 1 All ER 953, para 51: The chief officers statutory obligation is not confined to training and dissemination of information.
It is to ensure that decisions affecting children have regard to the need to safeguard them and to promote their welfare.
However, he went to point out that: This does not mean that the duties and functions of the police have been re defined by section 11 the guidance accurately states the obligation of chief officers of police to carry out their existing functions in a way which takes into account the need to safeguard and promote the welfare of children.
In the homelessness context, there is a distinction between the factual decisions which the authority have to make and an exercise of discretion or evaluation.
Thus it has been held that section 11 has no part to play in the decision as to whether a persons actions are deliberate for the purpose of deciding whether she is intentionally homeless.
As Moses LJ pointed out in Huzrat v Hounslow London Borough Council [2013] EWCA Civ 1865, para 26: The statutory questions are clear; was the action or omission in question deliberate? The answer to that question cannot differ [according to] whether the local authority takes into account the duty under section 11 of the Childrens [sic] Act or not.
Some statutory questions do leave room for the consideration of the childs welfare.
Where the question relates to the eligibility of a third country national for homelessness assistance under the Regulations implementing the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Ruiz Zambrano v Office national de lemploi (Case C 34/09) [2012] QB 265, the test is whether the EU citizen child of that third country national would be unable to reside in the UK or another EEA state if the third country national were obliged to leave.
It was held in Hines v Lambeth London Borough Council [2014] EWCA Civ 660, [2014] 1 WLR 4112, that the childs welfare had obviously to be taken into account, but it could not be the paramount consideration as this would be inconsistent with the statutory language.
The question of whether the accommodation offered is suitable for the applicant and each member of her household clearly requires the local authority to have regard to the need to safeguard and promote the welfare of any children in her household.
Its suitability to meet their needs is a key component in its suitability generally.
In my view, it is not enough for the decision maker simply to ask whether any of the children are approaching GCSE or other externally assessed examinations.
Disruption to their education and other support networks may be actively harmful to their social and educational development, but the authority also have to have regard to the need to promote, as well as to safeguard, their welfare.
The decision maker should identify the principal needs of the children, both individually and collectively, and have regard to the need to safeguard and promote them when making the decision.
However, section 11 does not in terms require that the childrens welfare should be the paramount or even a primary consideration.
As the Joint Committee on Human Rights pointed out (19th Report of Session 2003 2004, Children Bill, HL Paper 161, paras 69 to 77), it does not in terms reproduce the wording of article 3(1) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC): In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.
Where Convention Rights under the Human Rights Act 1998 are engaged, it is well established that they have to be interpreted and applied consistently with international human right standards, including the UNCRC: see ZH (Tanzania) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] UKSC 4, [2011] 2 AC 166, H(H) v Deputy Prosecutor of the Italian Republic Genoa (Official Solicitor intervening), [2012] UKSC 25, [2013] 1 AC 338, Stevens v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2013] EWHC 792 (Admin), [2013] JPL 1383, approved in Collins v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government [2013] EWCA Civ 1193, [2013] PTSR 1594.
It is not suggested in this case that any of the Convention rights are engaged: compare Yumsak (para 19 above), where it was conceded that placing the mother and her children in Birmingham interfered with their rights under article 8 of the Convention.
We have not heard argument on the interesting question of whether, even where no Convention right is involved, section 11 should nevertheless be construed consistently with the international obligations of the United Kingdom under article 3 of the UNCRC.
That must be a question for another day.
It is also the case that there will almost always be children affected by decisions about where to accommodate households to which the main homelessness duty is owed.
Such households must, by definition, be in priority need, and most households are in priority need because they include minor children.
The local authority may have the invidious task of choosing which household with children is to be offered a particular unit of accommodation.
This does not absolve the authority from having regard to the need to safeguard and promote the welfare of each individual child in each individual household, but it does point towards the need to explain the choices made, preferably by reference to published policies setting out how this will be done (as to which see further below).
Evidencing and explaining the authoritys decisions
The Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government has also intervened in this case, in order to emphasise that when making decisions about where to accommodate homeless persons, local authorities have a number of duties to evidence and explain their decisions.
They are required to take the Code and Supplementary Guidance into account.
If they decide to depart from them they must have clear reasons for doing so: see R (Khatun) v Newham London Borough Council [2004] EWCA Civ, [2005] QB 37, para 47.
Very good reasons are required to depart from a policy formulated after public consultation: Royal Mail Group plc v Postal Services Commission [2007] EWHC 1205 (Admin), para 33.
This is especially so where the Code is designed to protect vulnerable people: R (Munjaz) v Mersey Care NHS Trust [2005] UKHL 58, [2006] 2 AC 148.
By definition, any homeless household in priority need will be vulnerable in this sense.
The authority must also have a proper evidential basis for their decision: R (Calgin) v Enfield London Borough Council [2005] EWHC 1716 (Admin), [2006] HLR 58, para 32.
It must be clear from the decision that proper consideration has been given to the relevant matters required by the Act and the Code.
While the court should not adopt an overly technical or nit picking approach to the reasons given in the decision, these do have to be adequate to fulfil their basic function.
It has long been established that an obligation to give reasons for a decision is imposed so that the persons affected by the decision may know why they have won or lost and, in particular, may be able to judge whether the decision is valid and therefore unchallengeable or invalid and therefore open to challenge: see R v City of Westminster, Ex p Ermakov (1996) 28 HLR 819, at 826 827.
Nor, without a proper explanation, can the court know whether the authority have properly fulfilled their statutory obligations.
The Secretary of State is concerned that the Court of Appeal was too ready to assume that the authority had properly complied with their statutory obligations.
Thus, at para 21, it was said that the reviewing officer must be taken to have been aware of the resources available to the council and the pressures on them.
It is not necessary in a decision letter of this kind for the reviewing officer to describe in detail what those resources and pressures are.
If, as I think, Westminster was entitled to take a broad range of factors into account in deciding whether it was reasonably practicable to provide accommodation to [the applicant] within its own district, it was sufficient for the reviewing officer to describe the circumstances which led her to that conclusion in general terms.
I am therefore not persuaded that her decision was irrational in the sense that it lacked an evidential base.
Then, at para 25, when it came to providing accommodation as close as possible to the home district: The guidance produced by the Secretary of State is lengthy and detailed in my view there is no basis for inferring that [the reviewing officer] did not have it in mind or that she was unaware of the desirability of accommodating [the applicant] as close to Westminster as was reasonably practicable.
It was not necessary for her to explain in detail what other accommodation was available to Westminster outside its own district and why it had not been offered to [her].
The Secretary of State complains that the effect of this approach would be to encourage courts to infer, on no other basis than the assumed experience and knowledge of a local authority, that the authority knew of the Code and Guidance and had taken it into account; that the authority had considered and rejected the possibility of providing closer accommodation than that offered; and that the authority had good reasons for their decision in this particular case.
If the courts are prepared to assume all this in the authoritys favour, this would immunise from judicial scrutiny the automatic decisions to house people far from their home district, which was just what the 2012 Order and Supplementary Guidance were designed to prevent.
This case
The Secretary of State has, of course, made no submissions as to the effect of these criticisms in this particular case.
Mr Peacock, on behalf of the Local Authority, does not dispute the applicable principles but has valiantly tried to defend the decision letter.
But it is apparent that this decision suffers from all of those defects and more.
There is little to suggest that serious consideration was given to the authoritys obligations before the decision was taken to offer the property in Bletchley.
At that stage, the temporary lettings team knew little more than what was on the homelessness application form.
This did not ask any questions aimed at assessing how practicable it would be for the family to move out of the area.
Nor were any inquiries made to see whether school places would be available in Bletchley and what the appellants particular medical conditions required.
Those inquiries were only made after the decision had been taken.
The review decision is based on the premise that, because of the general shortage of available housing in the borough, the authority could offer accommodation anywhere else, unless the applicant could show that it was necessary for her and her family to remain in Westminster.
There was no indication of the accommodation available in Westminster and why that had not been offered to her.
There was no indication of the accommodation available near to Westminster, or even in the whole of Greater London, and why that had not been offered to her.
There was, indeed, no indication that the reviewing officer had recognised that, if it was not reasonably practicable to offer accommodation in Westminster, there was an obligation to offer it as close by as possible.
It follows that the authority cannot show that their offer of the property in Bletchley was sufficient to discharge their legal obligations towards the appellant under the 1996 Act.
Moreover, their notification to the appellant that their duty towards her had come to an end was purportedly given in circumstances where she did not know, and had no means of knowing, what, if any, consideration had been given to providing accommodation in or nearer to the borough, apart from the general standard paragraph in the letter offering her the Bletchley accommodation the previous day.
I would add that they also cannot show that they have properly discharged their obligation under section 11 of the Children Act 2004.
The appeal must be allowed and the decision that their duty to secure that accommodation was made available to her had come to an end must be quashed.
Guidance
But how, it may be asked, are local authorities to go about explaining their decisions as to the location of properties offered? It is common ground that they are entitled to take account of the resources available to them, the difficulties of procuring sufficient units of temporary accommodation at affordable prices in their area, and the practicalities of procuring accommodation in nearby authorities.
It may also be acceptable to retain a few units, if it can be predicted that applicants with a particularly pressing need to remain in the borough will come forward in the relatively near future.
On the other hand, if they procure accommodation outside their own area, that will place pressures on the accommodation, education and other public services available in those other local authority areas, pressures over which the receiving local authority will have no control.
The placing authority are bound to have made predictions as to the likely demand for temporary accommodation under the 1996 Act and to have made arrangements to procure it.
The decision in any individual case will depend upon the policies which the authority has adopted both for the procurement of temporary accommodation, together with any policies for its allocation.
Ideally, each local authority should have, and keep up to date, a policy for procuring sufficient units of temporary accommodation to meet the anticipated demand during the coming year.
That policy should, of course, reflect the authoritys statutory obligations under both the 1996 Act and the Children Act 2004.
It should be approved by the democratically accountable members of the council and, ideally, it should be made publicly available.
Secondly, each local authority should have, and keep up to date, a policy for allocating those units to individual homeless households.
Where there was an anticipated shortfall of in borough units, that policy would explain the factors which would be taken into account in offering households those units, the factors which would be taken into account in offering units close to home, and if there was a shortage of such units, the factors which would make it suitable to accommodate a household further away.
That policy too should be made publicly available.
This approach would have many advantages.
It would enable homeless people, and the local agencies which advise them, to understand what to expect and what factors will be relevant to the decision.
It would enable temporary letting teams to know how they should go about their business.
It would enable reviewing officers to review the decisions made in individual cases by reference to those published policies and how they were applied in the particular case.
It would enable reviewing officers to explain whether or not the individual decision met the authorities obligations.
It would enable applicants to challenge, not only the lawfulness of the individual decision, but also the lawfulness of the policies themselves.
Indeed, it would also enable a general challenge to those policies to be brought by way of judicial review.
In some ways this might be preferable to a challenge by way of an individual appeal to a county court.
But it may not always be practicable to mount a judicial review of an authoritys policy, and an individual must be able to rely upon any point of law arising from the decision under appeal, including the legality of the policy which has been applied in her case.
No doubt there are other ways in which an authority could ensure that their decisions are properly evidenced and properly explained.
But a standard paragraph of the sort that was used in this case is not one of them.

The question arising in this appeal is whether it is lawful for a local housing authority to accommodate a homeless person a long way away from the authoritys own area where the homeless person was previously living.
Local authorities have a statutory duty to provide accommodation in their own area so far as reasonably practicable under section 208(1) Housing Act 1996 (the 1996 Act).
The accommodation must be suitable to the needs of the homeless person and each member of the household, and the location can be relevant to its suitability.
Regard must be given to any guidance given by the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government.
While out of borough placements are not prohibited, the Homelessness (Suitability of Accommodation) (England) Order 2012 (the 2012 Order) requires authorities to take into account the distance of the accommodation being offered from its district and the disruption to caring responsibilities or the education of any member of the household.
The obligation to secure accommodation as close as possible to where the household had previously been living was strengthened by Supplementary Guidance on the homelessness changes in the Localism Act 2011 and on the Homelessness (Suitability of Accommodation) (England) Order 2012 (the Supplementary Guidance), including the need to seek to retain established links with schools, doctors, social workers and other key services and support.
The appellant is a single mother of five children aged between 8 and 14.
She has serious health problems.
In 2012 she was evicted from her privately rented home, in which she had been living since 2008, following the introduction of a cap on housing benefit, which left her unable to pay the rent.
The respondent housing authority (Westminster) accepted that she was unintentionally homeless and that it owed a duty to provide her with suitable accommodation.
It offered her temporary accommodation in a house in Bletchley, near Milton Keynes, with a brief explanation that due to a severe shortage of accommodation it was not reasonably practicable to offer her a home in Westminster, but that this house was suitable in view of her circumstances.
The children were not of GCSE age so Westminster considered it suitable for them to move schools.
The appellant refused the accommodation and Westminster served notice that its duty to house her had come to an end.
Her application for a review of the decision was unsuccessful.
Her appeals to the County Court and Court of Appeal were also dismissed.
The Supreme Court unanimously allows the appeal and quashes Westminsters decision that it had discharged its duty to house the appellant because she had refused suitable accommodation.
Lady Hale gives the only judgment.
The 1996 Act and Guidance Local authorities have a statutory duty to accommodate persons within their area so far as this is reasonably practicable.
Reasonable practicability imports a stronger duty than simply being reasonable.
Where it is not reasonably practicable to accommodate in borough they must generally try to place the household as close as possible to where they were previously living.
The combined effect of the 2012 Order and the Supplementary Guidance has changed the legal landscape when dealing with out of borough placement policies [19].
As an aspect of the suitability of the accommodation being offered, a decision to place an applicant out of borough falls within the grounds on which a review can be sought under section 202 of the 1996 Act [20].
The childrens welfare The exercise of the local authoritys functions under the 1996 Act is subject to section 11(2) of the Children Act 2004, which requires it to have regard to the need to safeguard and promote the welfare of children.
Welfare encompasses physical, psychological, social, educational and economic welfare [23] and the duty applies both to the formulation of general policies and practices and to their application in an individual case [24].
The duty is clearly relevant to the question of the suitability of the accommodation being offered [27].
It does not, however, require that the childrens welfare should be the paramount or even a primary consideration [28].
There will almost always be children affected by decisions about where to accommodate households to which the main homelessness duty is owed, and invidious choices between them must sometimes be made, but this points towards the need to explain the choices made, preferably by reference to published policies [30].
Evidencing and explaining the authoritys decisions The Secretary of State intervened in the case to emphasise the duties on local authorities to evidence and explain their decisions [31].
It must be clear from the decision that proper consideration has been given to the relevant matters required by the 1996 Act and accompanying Code.
The courts below were too ready to assume that Westminster had properly complied with its statutory obligations, which had the effect of immunising from judicial scrutiny automatic decisions to house people far from their home district [35].
This case The decision made in the appellants case suffers from these defects and more.
No enquiries were made to assess the practicability of moving the family to Bletchley or as to the childrens needs, and no consideration seems to have been given to the duty to offer accommodation as close by as possible or explanation given [36].
It follows that Westminster still owes the appellant a duty to secure suitable accommodation.
Guidance Ideally each local authority should have an up to date publically available policy for securing sufficient units of temporary accommodation to meet the anticipated demand for the coming year, reflecting its obligations under the 1996 Act and the Children Act 2004.
It should also have a policy for the allocation of those units to individual homeless households, to which reference would be made in explaining any decisions to accommodate a household out of the area [39].
This way decisions will be properly evidenced and explained, and can be challenged if required [41].
