Konfederacija Američkih Država ili Konfederativne Američke DržaveKonfederativne Američke Države, enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 26. prosinca 2018. (eng. Confederate States of America, akronimi: CSA, C.S. ili CS; hrv. KDA ili KAD), bila je međunarodno nepriznata konfederacija koju je 8. veljače 1861. godine osnovalo šest od sveukupno sedam južnjačkih robovlasničkih država koje su proglasile svoje odcjepljenje od Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.Dana 2. ožujka 1861. godine četiri od sveukupno sedam delegata iz Teksasa došli su u Montgomery (Alabama) kako bi dali svoje potpise na Ustav Konfederacije koji je prihvaćen 8. veljače. Konfederacija je kao svoje zemlje članice proglasila one države koje su službeno proglasile svoje odcjepljenje, dvije dodatne države upitnog stajališta te jedan novi teritorij. Separatisti su smatrali da je Ustav SAD-a bio isključivo ugovor kojeg je svaka država mogla ignorirati bez prethodnih konzultacija. S druge strane, SAD (Unija) je smatrao odcjepljenje u potpunosti ilegalnim. Američki građanski rat započeo je 1861. godine napadom na Fort Sumter, utvrdu Unije koja se nalazila na teritoriju Konfederacije. Do 1865. godine, nakon vrlo teških bitaka, u većini slučajeva vođenih na području Konfederacije, Konfederacija je poražena. Niti jedna strana država svijeta nikada službeno nije priznala samostalnost Konfederacije, iako su joj neke priznale status zaraćene strane.

Ustavom Konfederacije kojeg je potpisalo sedam država članica (Južna Karolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana i Teksas) označeno je ustrojstvo "trajne savezne vlade" u gradu Montgomery (država Alabama) godine 1861. Nakon što je tadašnji predsjednik SAD-a Abraham Lincoln pozvao vojne snage iz Virginije, Arkansasa, Tennesseeja i Sjeverne Karoline kako bi se ponovno zauzela utvrda Sumter i ostala savezna područja koja su u međuvremenu bila pod okupacijom, te četiri države također su proglasile svoje odcjepljenje od SAD-a (Unije). Države Missouri i Kentucky također su bile dijelom Konfederacije zbog partizanskih frakcija koje su u to vrijeme imale snažan utjecaj u navedenim državama. Na strani Konfederacije našlo se i "Pet civiliziranih plemena" (indijanska plemena koja su sačinjavali Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek i Seminole) te novostečeni Konfederativni teritorij Arizone. Pokušaji odcjepljenja države Maryland zaustavljeni su zbog tamošnjeg izvanrednog stanja dok država Delaware, premda podijeljena u mišljenju oko odcjepljenja, isto nije niti pokušala. Vlada Unije u zapadnom području države Virginia osnovala je novu državu i nazvala je Zapadnom Virginijom koja je u Uniju primljena 20. lipnja 1863. godine. Sjedište vlade Konfederacije nalazilo se u gradu Richmond (država Virginia), a imalo je nestabilan odnos s ostalim državama članicama prvenstveno zbog problema koji su se javljali oko kontrole ljudskih resursa premda je Jug mobilizirao gotovo cjelokupnu mušku bjelačku populaciju za potrebe rata.Frank L. Owsley, State Rights in the Confederacy (Chicago, 1925) and (Thomas, The Confederate Nation, p.155.

Tijekom građanskog rata zbog uspješnih vojnih operacija Unije, kontrola Konfederacije nad svojim teritorijima naglo je opadala kao i njezina populacija stanovništva (sa 73% na 34%). Također joj je slabila i kontrola nad unutarnjih vodenim tokovima na Jugu, a kompletna južnjačka obala nalazila se u pomorskoj blokadi. Sve to stvorilo je nesavladivi problem u ljudstvu, zalihama i financijama. Javna potpora tadašnjem predsjedniku Konfederacije Jeffersonu Davisu i njegovoj administraciji s vremenom je jenjavala uz učestalo dezerterstvo, gospodarski tešku situaciju i optužbe o aristokratskoj vladavini. Nakon četiri godine ratovanja grad Richmond pao je u travnju 1865. godine i ubrzo nakon toga glavni general Konfederacije Robert E. Lee predao se generalu Ulyssesu S. Grantu zbog čega je Konfederacija službeno propala. Sam Predsjednik Davis uhićen je 10. svibnja 1865. godine u gradu Irwinvilleu (država Georgia).Weigley (2000.), str. 453. Četiri godine kasnije, američki vrhovni sud donio je odluku kojom je odcjepljenje proglašeno nezakonitim te proglasio da Konfederacija nikada zakonito nije postojala.litigants=Texas v. White |vol=72 |reporter=U.S. |pinpoint=700 |date=1869 |url=http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1868/1868_0

Američki Kongres započeo je desetljeće dug proces oporavka (danas poznat po nazivom Rekonstrukcija) kojeg mnogi znanstvenici smatraju produžetkom građanskog rata. Proces rekonstrukcije trajao je tijekom kompletnog Lincolnovog mandata, ali i kroz mandate kasnijih predsjednika Andrewa Johnsona i Granta. Tijekom tog razdoblja doneseni su 13. amandman o oslobađanju robova, 14. amandman kojim se američkim građanima daje dvojno državljanstvo te 15. amandman koji građanima svih država omogućava pravo glasanja. Zbog vojnih akcija rat je Jug ostavio gospodarski devastiranim, uništene infrastrukture i s iscrpljenim resursima. Gotovo cjelokupno područje nekadašnje Konfederacije ostalo je daleko ispod razine nacionalnih razvoja ostatka zemlje sve do poslije Drugog svjetskog rata.

 Povijest
Konfederaciju su tijekom konvencije u Montgomeryju u veljači 1861. godine osnovali državni izaslanici poslani iz sedam država SAD-a. Nakon Lincolnove inauguracije četiri dodatne pogranične države postale su zastupljene, a u konačnici još su se dvije države i dva nova teritorija pridružila Kongresu Konfederacije, sve u skladu s njihovim separatističkim rezolucijama. Vlada je postojala od proljeća 1861. do proljeća 1865. godine, dakle tijekom trajanja Američkog građanskog rata kojeg je započela upravo Konfederacija napadom na utvrdu Sumter.

Mnogi bijelci s juga smatrali su sami sebe više Južnjacima nego Amerikancima te su bili spremni boriti se za svoju državu i svoju regiju kako bi iste postale nezavisne od ostatka nacije. Regionalizam je uskoro prerastao u južnjački nacionalizam, tzv. "Povod" (eng. Cause). Tijekom cijelog svog postojanja Konfederacija se nalazila u ratu.Thomas The Confederate Nation str.3–4 "Južnjački povod" nadmašio je ideologiju prava država, politike carine ili unutarnjeg uređenja. Bio je temeljen na stilu života, vrijednostima i sustavu vjerovanja. Južnjački "životni stil" postao je svet njegovim građanima. Sve na Jugu postalo je moralno pitanje, kompletna ljubav bila je usmjerena na sve što je južnjačko dok se sve što je pripadalo Jenkijima (Sjevernjacima) mrzilo. Kako se rat približavao, nisu se raspale samo nacionalne političke stranke već su se podijelile i nacionalne crkve te vlastite obitelji koje su svoje članove imale u različitim državama.Thomas The Confederate Nation str.4–5 and notes.

U niti jednoj državi bijelci nisu bili jednoglasni. Postojala je manjina na jugu koja je podržavala Uniju pogotovo u današnjoj Zapadnoj Virginiji kao i u istočnom Tennesseeju.Prvih šest država članica Konfederacije sačinjavale su jednu četvrtinu njezinog ukupnog stanovništva. U njima je 43% glasača glasalo za pro-unionističke kandidate. Četiri države koje su se pridružile Konfederaciji nakon napada na Fort Sumter sačinjavale su polovicu ukupnog stanovništva Konfederacije. U njima je 53% glasača glasovalo za pro-unionističke kandidate. U tri države, međutim, glasanje je otišlo u ekstreme. U državi Teksas koja je sačinjavala 5% ukupnog stanovništva Konfederacije samo je 20% glasača glasovalo za unionističke kandidate. U državama Kentucky i Missouri koje su sačinjavale jednu četvrtinu ukupnog stanovništva Konfederacije glasovalo je 68% glasača za unionističke kandidate Lincolna, Douglasa ili Bella. Južno od linije Mason-Dixon glasačka potpora za tri pro-unionistička kandidata 1860. godine varirala je od 37% na Floridi do čak 71% u državi Missouri. Rat koji je uslijedio neki znanstvenici proglasili su američkom tragedijom, ratom braće: "Brat protiv brata, otac protiv sina, poznanik protiv vlastitog rođaka."Coulter, E. Merton, "The Confederate States of America 1861–1865" (1950.) str. 61. Također pogledati Avery O. Craven u "The Growth of Southern Nationalism 1848–1861" (1953.) str. 390.

 Revolucija razjedinjenja
Separatisti u južnjačkim robovlasničkim državama koji su odbijali ostati u državi za koju su vjerovali da ih pretvara u drugorazredne građane osnovali su Konfederaciju Američkih Država. Glavne razloge za ovakvo mišljenje pronašli su u sve većem jačanju abolicionista kao i u anti-ropskom pokretu u Republikanskoj stranci za koju su smatrali da ih konstantno vrijeđa, "ponižava i degradira".Craven, Avery O., "The Growth of Southern Nationalism. 1848–1861" (1953)  str.350 "Crni republikanci" (kako su ih južnjaci zvali) i njihovi saveznici sada su prijetili da postanu većina u Zastupničkom domu SAD-a, Senatu i u samom kabinetu Predsjednika. Na Vrhovnom sudu, glavni sudac Roger B. Taney (za kojeg se i danas vjeruje da je podupirao robovlasništvo) već je tada imao 83 godine i učestalo obolijevao.

Tijekom predsjedničkih kampanja 1860. godine separatisti su prijetili razjedinjenjem u slučaju da Abraham Lincoln bude izabran, a među onima čiji se glas najviše čuo bio je William L. Yancey. Yancey je putovao sjeverom zemlje i pozivao ljude na odcjepljenje dok je Stephen A. Douglas putovao jugom i zagovarao Uniju u slučaju Lincolnove pobjede. str. 398 Separatistima je namjera Republikanske stranke bila jasna: potpuna eliminacija ili zabrana ropstva. Lincolnova pobjeda natjerala ih je na instantno djelovanje čak i prije same inauguracije: "Unija bez ropstva ili ropstvo bez Unije."Craven, "The Growth of Southern Nationalism", str. 366

 Razlozi odcjepljenja
thumb|upright|Alexander Stephens  Predratni Lincolnov dopisnik; autor poznatog govora Cornerstone
Do 1860. godine regionalne nesuglasice između Sjevera i Juga primarno su se vodile oko očuvanja ili proširivanja ropstva. Povjesničar Drew Gilpin Faust napisao je da su "vođe pokreta odcjepljenja kroz čitavi Jug isticali ropstvo kao najjači razlog za južnjačku nezavisnost." Iako se na prvi pogled čini čudnim, činjenica je da premda većina južnjačkih bijelaca nije imala robove svejedno su podupirali ropstvo. Vjeruje se da je razlog tome što se nisu htjeli osjećati kao da su na dnu društvenog poretka. Pored pitanja ropstva postojali su i drugi razlozi spora između Sjevera i Juga, a koji su uključivali slobodu govora, odbjegle robove, proširenje na Kubu te prava država. Pobjeda Republikanske stranke i izbor Abrahama Lincolna za novog Predsjednika SAD-a bila je ključna iskra koja je potaknula odcjepljenje. Povjesničar/stručnjak za građanski rat James M. McPherson je napisao:

Tijekom onoga što će kasnije postati poznato pod nazivom Cornerstone Speech, potpredsjednik Konfederacije Alexander Stephens izjavio je da se "kamen temeljac" (eng. cornerstone) nove vlade "temelji na velikoj istini da osoba crne boje kože nije jednaka osobi bijele boje kože; da je ropstvo - podčinjeno superiornoj rasi - potpuno prirodno i normalno stanje. Naša nova vlada prva je u povijesti svijeta koja svoje postojanje temelji na ovoj velikoj fizičkoj, filozofskoj i moralnoj istini."McPherson str. 244. The text of Alexander Stephens' "Cornerstone Speech" . Kasnije će, međutim, Stephens pokušati obrazložiti navedeno braneći se vlastitom nespremnošću za govor, učestalom upotrebom metafora prilikom govora te izjavama da nikad nije doslovno mislio da "temelji nove vlade počivaju na izrečenom.""What I Really Said in the Cornerstone Speech".

Države koje se nalaze duboko u južnom području današnjeg SAD-a - Južna Karolina,The text of the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union. Mississippi,The text of A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union. GeorgiaThe text of Georgia's secession declaration. i TeksasThe text of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union. - službeno su objavile svoje odcjepljenje, a svaka je od njih identificirala prijetnju pravu robovlasnika kao glavni razlog (ili jedan od glavnih razloga) samog odcjepljenja. Uz to država Georgia je kao razlog navela i generalnu saveznu politiku kojom se više favoriziraju gospodarski interesi Sjevera nego Juga. S druge strane, država Teksas u svojoj službenoj deklaraciji o odcjepljenju spomenula je robovlasništvo 21 put, ali također navela i neuspjeh savezne vlade da održi svoja obećanja iz originalnog sporazuma o aneksiji o zaštiti doseljenika na zapadnu granicu.

U proklamaciji o odcjepljenju države Teksas također stoji:

thumb|lijevo|Inauguracija predsjednika Jeffersona Davisa  Montgomery, Alabama
 Inauguracija i reakcije
Nakon prvih održanih državnih konvencija na Jugu poslani su njihovi predstavnici na konvenciju u Montgomeryju (Alabama) dana 4. veljače 1861. godine. Upravo tamo su doneseni temeljni dokumenti vlade i etablirana je privremena vlada.

Novim privremenim predsjednikom Konfederacije izabran je Jefferson Davis koji je, iako je ranije inzistirao na odugovlačenju odcjepljenja sve dok se kompletni Jug ne ujedini, svejedno pozvao sto tisuća muškaraca iz vojnih postrojenja raznih država da stanu u obranu novoosnovane države. Ranije je John B. Floyd, bivši Ministar rata pod predsjednikom Jamesom Buchananom, prebacio vojne trupe južno od sjevernjačkih vojnih utvrda. Kako bi uštedjeli na troškovima ratnog odjela, Floyd i ostali djelatnici Kongresa nagovarali su predsjednika Buchanana da ne naoružava južnjačke utvrde, a upravo je to bila odredba Konfederacije.

U svibnju 1861. godine glavnim gradom Konfederacije postao je Richmond (Virginia). Pet dana kasnije, Davis je proširio stupanj izvanrednog stanja na Norfolk i Portsmouth (Virginia) kako bi uključio područja u okolici deset milja iza Richmonda.Ernest B. Ferguson, Ernest B., Ashes of Glory, 1996. , str. 113 Dana 22. veljače 1862. (na dan rođenja Georgea Washingtona) obavljena je Davisova inauguracija kao službenog predsjednika čiji bi mandat trajao šest godina, a koji je izabran u studenom 1861. godine.

U svom prvom obraćanju naciji nakon izbora, predsjednik Abraham Lincoln pokušao je zadržati širenje Konfederacije. Kako bi umirio sve učestalije pozive na odcjepljenje robovlasničkih država, uvjerio je pogranične države da će ropstvo opstati u onim državama u kojima već postoji te je predložio trinaesti amandman u Ustavu - "Corwinov amandman" - koji se u to vrijeme nalazio u fazi raspravljanja, a koji bi pružio neopozivu ustavnu zaštitu ropstva u državama koje se opredijele za robovlasništvo. str. 429

Novoosnovana administracija Konfederacije smatrala je ispravnom politiku nacionalnog teritorijalnog integriteta nastavivši ranije pokušaje država iz 1860. i rane 1861. godine kojima se prisutnost vlade SAD-a željela maknuti iz njihovih granica. Takva politika uključivala je preuzimanje unionističkih sudova, pošte i, što je najvažnije, oružarnica i vojnih utvrda. Ali nakon zauzimanja utvrde Fort Sumter od strane Konfederacije u travnju 1861. godine, Lincoln je pozvao 75 tisuća vojnih trupa iz raznih država koje su se nalazile pod njegovim autoritetom. Svrha okupljanja vojske bila je ponovno zauzimanje američkog teritorija diljem Juga jer Kongres Unije nikada nije odobrio njihovo odcjepljenje. Pružanje otpora u utvrdi Sumter označilo je njegovu promjenu politike koju je do tada provodila sada već bivša Buchananova administracija. Takav Lincolnov vojni odgovor dignuo je kompletnu naciju na noge i uzburkao emocije. Ljudi sa Sjevera i Juga zahtijevali su rat, a stotine tisuća mladića požurile su prijaviti se u vojsku. Nakon tih događaja još četiri države proglasile su svoje odcjepljenje (Virginia, Sjeverna Karolina, Tennessee i Arkansas) dok je država Kentucky ostala "neutralnom".

 Odcjepljenje
thumb|desno|450px|Uspon i pad Konfederacije
Oni koji su podupirali odcjepljenje smatrali su da je Ustav SAD-a bio samo ugovor između država koji se mogao odbaciti u bilo koje vrijeme bez prethodnih konzultacija i da svaka država ima vlastito pravo na odcjepljenje. Nakon energičnih debata i glasanja, sedam južnjačkih robovlasničkih država proglasilo je svoje odcjepljenje u veljači 1861. godine (prije nego što je Abraham Lincoln došao u ured predsjednika), dok su pokušaji odcjepljenja u ostalih osam robovlasničkih država privremeno propali. Delegati iz tih sedam država oformili su Konfederaciju Američkih Država u veljači 1861. godine i izabrali Jeffersona Davisa kao privremenog predsjednika. Pokušaj Unionista o ponovnom ujedinjenju propao je i Davis je započeo skupljati vojsku koja je imala sto tisuća muškaraca.28. veljače 1861. godine Kongres je odobrio Davisu da prihvati vojne jedinice u državnu službu. Prema odluci Kongresa od 6. ožujka 1861. Davis je pozvao sto tisuća vojnika i dobrovoljaca pod svoju komandu. Dana 6. svibnja Kongres je ovlastio Davisa da može prihvatiti vojne dobrovoljce bez prethodnog dogovora s državama. Keegan, John. Američki građanski rat: Vojna povijest 2009. , str. 49

 Države
Sedam država proglasilo je odcjepljenje od Sjedinjenih Američkih Država prije nego što je Lincoln preuzeo ured predsjednika 4. ožujka 1861. godine. Nakon napada Konfederacije na utvrdu Sumter 12. travnja 1861. godine i Lincolnovog kasnijeg vojnog poziva (15. travnja), još četiri države proglasile su svoje odcjepljenje.

Država Kentucky proglasila je neutralnost, ali nakon što su u nju ušle konfederalne trupe vlada je zatražila pomoć Unije kako bi ih istjerala. Rascijepljena vlada Konfederacije premjestila se kako bi obuhvatila zapadne konfederalne vojne jedinice i nikada nije u cijelosti kontrolirala vlastitu populaciju.

Dana 31. listopada 1861. godine u državi Missouri ostatak privremene vlade Konfederacije donio je odluku o odcjepljenju.Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, Missouri's Ordinance of Secession . Konfederalna vlada, međutim, nije mogla kontrolirati veći dio teritorija te države. Prvo je glavnim gradom proglasila Neosho, a zatim Cassville prije nego što je istjerana iz države. Ostatak rata Konfederativna vlada države Missouri djelovala je u prognanstvu iz grada Marshall u Teksasu.

Države Kentucky i Missouri u Lincolnovom Proglasu o emancipaciji nisu prozvane pobunjeničkim državama. S druge strane, Konfederacija je također polagala prava na te dvije države, odobrivši im kongresno predstavništvo i dodavši njihove dvije zvjezdice na svoju državnu zastavu.

Slijedi popis konfederalnih država s datumima proglašenja njihovog odcjepljenja od ostatka SAD-a:

DržavaSeparatistička ili državna zastavaOdcjepljenje od UnijePrimanje u KonfederacijuPonovno zastupljena u Kongresu SAD-acenter|50px20. prosinca 1860.4. veljače 1861.9. srpnja 1868.center|50px9. siječnja 1861.4. veljače 1861.23. veljače 1870.center|50px10. siječnja 1861.4. veljače 1861.25. lipnja 1868.center|50px11. siječnja 1861.4. veljače 1861.13. srpnja 1868.center|50px19. siječnja 1861.4. veljače 1861.21. srpnja 1868.15. srpnja 1870.center|50px26. siječnja 1861.4. veljače 1861.9. srpnja 1868.center|50px1. veljače 1861.2. ožujka 1861.30. ožujka 1870.center|50px17. travnja 1861.7. svibnja 1861.26. siječnja 1870.center|50px6. svibnja 1861.18. svibnja 1861.22. lipnja 1868.center|50px20. svibnja 1861.21. svibnja 1861.4. srpnja 1868.center|50px8. lipnja 1861.2. srpnja 1861.24. srpnja 1866.center|50px31. listopada 1861.28. studenog 1861.Missouri je čitavo vrijeme bio zastupljen u Kongresucenter|50px20. studenog 1861.10. prosinca 1861.Kentucky je čitavo vrijeme bio zastupljen u Kongresu

U državi Virginia naseljene županije uzduž granica s državama Ohio i Pennsylvania odbijale su Konfederaciju. Unionisti su održali konvenciju u Wheelingu u lipnju 1861. godine i etablirali "obnovljenu vladu", ali regija je u konačnici ostala duboko podijeljena. U 50 županija koje će kasnije tvoriti državu Zapadnu Virginiju, glasači iz 24 županije na referendumu su glasali za odcjepljenje od Virginije dana 23. svibnja.Curry, Richard Orr, A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964., str. 49 Godine 1860. na predsjedničkim izborima "ustavni demokrat" Breckenridge pobijedio je "ustavnog unionistu" Bella u svih 50 županija za 1900 glasova odnosno 44% naprema 42%.Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown, West Virginia, A History, Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1993., 2. izdanje, str. 112. Bez obzira na učestale rasprave između povjesničara oko izborne procedure i pojedinačnih rezultata po županijama, obje strane u konačnici su unovačile preko 20 tisuća vojnika za obje strane konflikta.The Civil War in West Virginia  "No other state serves as a better example of this than West Virginia, where there was relatively equal support for the northern and southern causes."Snell, Mark A., West Virginia and the Civil War, Mountaineers Are Always Free, History Press, Charleston, SC, 2011., str. 28 Predstavnici iz svih županija sjedili su u državnim zakonodavnim tijelima tijekom rata i u Wheelingu i u Richmondu.Leonard, Cynthia Miller, The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619 – January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members, Virginia State Library, Richmond, VA, 1978., str. 478–493

Neke županije u istočnom Tennesseeju pokušale su se odcijepiti od Konfederacije, ali im je izvanrednim stanjem to zabranjeno.""Marx and Engels on the American Civil War", Army of the Cumberland and George H. Thomas source page  and "Background of the Confederate States Constitution", The American Civil War Home Page . Premda su države Delaware i Maryland bile robovlasničke, one nisu proglasile odcjepljenje, jer su građani u tim državama bili snažno rastrgani na obje strane. Ipak, vojni puk države Maryland borio se kao dio Leejeve vojske u sjevernoj Virginiji.Glatthaar, Joseph T., "General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse" 2008.  Delaware nikada nije poslao vojne trupe na stranu Konfederacije, ali također nije emancipirao robove kao što su to učinile države Missouri i Zapadna Virginija. Građani okruga Columbia također nisu pokušali odcjepljenje.Freedmen & Southern Society Project, Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War , University of Maryland. Preuzeti 4. siječnja 2012.

 Teritoriji
Stanovnici u Mesilli i Tucsonu u južnom dijelu tadašnjeg teritorija Novi Meksiko organizirali su konvenciju za odcjepljenje, a na glasanju održanom 16. ožujka 1861. godine izglasano je pridruživanje Konfederaciji te je novim teritorijalnim guvernerom postao Lewis Owings. Pobijedili su u bitci za Mesillu i etablirali teritorijalnu vladu s Mesillom kao glavnim gradom.Bowman, str. 48. Konfederacija je 14. veljače 1862. godine proglasila svojim teritorijem područje Arizone sjeverno od 34. paralele. Marcus H. MacWillie radio je kao delegat u oba Konfederativna kongresa. Godine 1862. pokušaj Konfederacije u Novom Meksiku da zauzme sjeverni dio američkog teritorija je propao pa je konfederativna teritorijalna vlada otišla u progonstvo te se alocirala u gradu San Antonio (država Teksas).History of Arizona vol. 2 by Thomas Edwin Farish (1915.) .

Nakon što su SAD evakuirale federalne utvrde, pristalice Konfederacije u zapadnom trans-Mississippiju zahtijevali su dijelove američkog indijanskog teritorija. Preko polovice američkih indijanskih trupa koje su sudjelovale u građanskom ratu iz indijanskog teritorija bili su pobornici Konfederacije; iz svakog plemena po jedan general nalazio se u vojnoj službi skupa sa svojim trupama. Dana 12. srpnja 1861. godine vlada Konfederacije potpisala je mirovni sporazum s indijanskim plemenima Choctaw i Chickasaw. Nakon nekoliko bitaka sjevernjačke trupe brzo su se vratile na navedene teritorije.

Američko indijansko vijeće nikada službeno nije odobrilo pristupanje indijanskog teritorija Konfederaciji, ali poput država Missouri i Kentucky, pet civilizacijskih naroda imali su svoje predstavnike u Kongresu Konfederacije, a njihovi građani su bili pripadnici regularne konfederalne vojske. Nakon 1863. godine vlade plemena poslale su svoje predstavnike u Kongres Konfederacije: Elias Cornelius Boudinot predstavljalo je pleme Cherokee, a Samuel Benton Callahan predstavljao je plemena Seminole i Creek. Nacija Cherokee stala je uz Konfederaciju, a kao svoje razloge naveli su sjevernjačke povrede Ustava SAD-a, mišljenje da Sjever ratuje protiv ropstva isključivo zbog komercijalnih i političkih interesa te da Sjever samo želi okupirati još više indijanskog teritorija.Declaration by the People of the Cherokee Nation of the Causes Which Have Impelled Them to Unite Their Fortunes With Those of the Confederate States of America .

 Glavni gradovi

U razdoblju od 4. veljače do 29. svibnja 1861. godine glavnim gradom Konfederacije Američkih Država proglašen je Montgomery (Alabama). Upravo u tom gradu prvih šest država osnovalo je KDA dana 8. veljače 1861. godine. Budući da su na tom skupu sjedili i delegati iz Teksasa, ta država smatra se "originalnom sedmom" državom Konfederacije. Međutim, njezini delegati nisu imali pravo glasati prije nego što su u svojoj državi proveli referendum. U Montgomeryju su održana još dva zasjedanja provizornog kongresa sve do 21. svibnja. Tamo je također usvojen i stalni Ustav KDA dana 12. ožujka 1861. godine.Martis, Historical Atlas, str. 7–8.

Richmond (Virginia) izabran je za privremeni glavni grad. Potpredsjednik Stephens i ostali proglasili su ga glavnim gradom kako bi ohrabrili ostale pogranične države da slijede Virginiju i pridruže se Konfederaciji. Bio je to politički trenutak u kojem se željelo pokazati "prkos i snagu". Znalo se da će se glavnina rata za južnjačku nezavisnost voditi u Virginiji, ali je ta država također imala i najveću južnjačku vojnu populaciju bijelaca te dovoljnu infrastrukturu, izvore i zalihe potrebne da se izdrži ratno stanje. Politika Davisove administracije bila je: "Mora biti održana pod svaku cijenu."

Richmond je imenovan novim glavnim gradom 30. svibnja 1861. godine i posljednja dva zasjedanja provizornog kongresa održana su upravo u njemu. U državnim i vojnim kampovima 6. studenog 1861. godine izabrani su stalni Kongres Konfederacije te predsjednik Konfederacije. Prvi kongres održao je u Richmondu sveukupno četiri zasjedanja u razdoblju od 18. veljače 1862. do 17. veljače 1864. godine. Drugi kongres održao je dva zasjedanja u razdoblju od 2. svibnja 1864. do 18. ožujka 1865. godine.Martis, Historical Atlas, str.2.

Kako se rat odugovlačio, Richmond je postao opterećen s trening kampovima i transferima, logistikom i bolnicama. Cijene su dramatično rasle unatoč nastojanjima vlade da ih na neki način regulira. Jedan od tadašnjih pokreta u kongresu bio je i onaj Henryja S. Footea iz Tennesseeja koji je predložio da se ponovno promijeni glavni grad. Približavanjem unionističkih trupa u rano ljeto 1862. godine, vladine arhive bile su pripremljene za premještaj. Uskoro je kongres odobrio Davisu da raspusti izvršnu ovlast i sazove zasjedanje kongresa u nekim drugim gradovima 1864. godine te ponovno 1865. godine. Nedugo prije kraja rata, vlada Konfederacije napustila je Richmond planirajući se preseliti negdje dublje na jug. Međutim, ti planovi gotovo nikad nisu zaživjeli, jer se u međuvremenu Lee predao u Appomattoxu 9. travnja 1865. godine.Coulter, "Confederate States of America", str. 102. Davis i većina njegovog kabineta pobjegla je u Danville (Virginia) koji je kao glavni grad Konfederacije (ujedno i posljednji) trajao otprilike tjedan dana.

 Unionizam
thumb|upright=1.15|right|Mapa pokazuje rezultate glasovanja za odcjepljenje okruga u Appalachiji 1860. - 1861. godine. Virginia i Tennessee prikazuju javne glasove, dok ostale države pokazuju glasove okružnih delegata.
Unionizam je bio raširen u cijeloj Konfederaciji, pogotovo u planinskim regijama Appalachije i Ozarksa. Unionisti su 1863. godine predvođeni Parsonom Brownlowom i senatorom Andrewom Johnsonom preuzeli kontrolu istočnog Tennesseeja. Također su pokušali preuzeti kontrolu nad zapadnom Virginijom, ali efektivno nikad nisu držali više od polovice okruga koji su u tom trenutku sačinjavali novu državu Zapadnu Virginiju.

Odanici Uniji zauzeli su određena obalna područja Sjeverne Karoline i u početku su ih lokalni unionisti dočekali s odobravanjem. Međutim, to se ubrzo promijenilo nakon što se na okupatore započelo gledati kao na ugnjetavače, radikale i one koji favoriziraju oslobođene robove. Okupatori su se upuštali u paljenje sela, oslobađanje robova i izbacivanje svih onih koji su odbili služiti zakletvama, dok su istovremeno bivši unionisti započeli podržavati misiju same Konfederacije.

Podrška Konfederaciji možda je najslabija bila u Teksasu; Claude Elliott procjenjuje da je tek trećina ukupne populacije aktivno podupirala Konfederaciju. Mnogi unionisti započeli su podržavati Konfederaciju nakon što je rat započeo, ali isto tako mnogi su ostali vjerni svom "unionizmu" i tijekom rata pogotovo u sjevernim okruzima, njemačkim okruzima i meksičkim područjima. Ernest Wallace je napisao: "Nezadovoljna unionistička manjina, premda vrlo značajna u povijesnom gledištu, mora biti sagledavana iz ispravne perspektive budući je tijekom rata velika većina ljudi gorljivo podržavala Konfederaciju..." Randolph B. Campbell nadodaje: "Unatoč stravičnim gubitcima, većina Teksašana nastavila je tijekom rata podupirati Konfederaciju budući su podupirali odcjepljenje". U svojoj analizi teksaške politike tog vremena, Dale Baum se ne slaže s navedenim i ističe: "Ova ideja da se Konfederativni Teksas politički ujedinio protiv svojih sjevernih protivnika više se odnosi na nekakav oblik nostalgične fantazije nego na stvarnost ratnog stanja". On karakterizira povijest teksaškog građanskog rata kao "turobnu priču o rivalstvima koji su se vodili unutar vlade skupa s raširenim nezadovoljstvom koje je sprječavalo efektivnu implementaciju državne ratne politike".

U Teksasu su lokalni službenici šikanirali unioniste i provodili masovne masakre protiv njih i njemačkih doseljenika. U okrugu Cooke uhićeno je 150 ljudi za koje se sumnjalo da su unionisti; 25 ih je bilo linčovano bez suđenja, a 40 obješeno nakon brzog sudskog procesa. Otpor prema vojnom novačenju bio je iznimno raširen, pogotovo među teksašanima njemačkog i meksičkog podrijetla; mnogi pripadnici potonjih pobjegli su u Meksiko. Potencijalni novaci pokušali su se sakriti, ali kada bi ih službenici Konfederacije otkrili mnoge od njih su ubili.

I na sjeveru i na jugu građanske slobode nisu bile velika briga. Lincoln i Davis kažnjavali su neposlušnost. Neely ističe kako je Konfederacija praktički postala policijska država s čuvarima i patrolama, a državni sustav putovnica funkcionirao je tako da su svi trebali službenu dozvolu svaki puta kada su namjeravali putovati. Preko četiri tisuće unionista bilo je zatvoreno bez suđenja.

 Zemljopis
Konfederacija Američkih Država je graničila na sjeveru s SAD, na jugu s Meksikom i Meksičkim zaljevom, a na istoku s Atlantskim oceanom.

Imala je ukupnu površinu (ne računajući države Kentucky i Missouri) 1.995.392 km², i obalu dugačku 4.698 km.

Najviši vrh Konfederacije (ne računajući Arizonu i Novi Meksiko) bio je Guadalupe Peak u Texasu, s 2.670 metara iznad nadmorske visine.El Capitan. NGS data sheet. National Geodetic Survey. 2001-05-24.

Većina zemljišta je bila zaštićena, iako su neka iznajmljena za vađenje nafte i plina, vađenje ruda, eksploataciju šuma i za ispašu stoke; 2,4% se koristilo za vojne potrebe.

 Klima
Glavni dio Konfederacije Američkih Država nalazio se u području vlažne suptropske klime s blagim zimama i dugim, toplim i kišnim ljetima. Neka područja Konfederacije imala su tropsku klimu (Florida), a neka su bila izložena čestim uraganima (države na atlantskoj obali i države Meksičkim zaljevom).

 Vode
Od većih rijeka treba izdvojiti Mississippi, Arkansas i Crvenu rijeku Juga. Istočno od Mississippija, najveće rijeke u Sjevernoj Americi, tlo je uglavnom bilo šumovito.

 Gradovi

Stanovništvo Konfederacije činilo je na popisu 1860. godine 9.103.332 ljudi (uključujući i 3.521.110 robova) i uglavnom su živjeli u ruralnim područjima. New Orleans na jugu zemlje je sa stanovništvom od 168.675 osoba, bio među deset najvećih američkih gradova i najveći u Konfederaciji.

thumb|desno|New Orleans, 1860-ih
Najveći gradovi
 Br. Grad Savezna država Stanovništvo1860 Na nivouSAD Pod kontrolomSAD 1 New Orleans Louisiana 168.675 6 1862. 2 Charleston Južna Karolina 40.522 22 1865. 3 Richmond Virginia 37.910 25 1865. 4 Mobile Alabama 29.258 27 1865. 5 Memphis Tennessee 22.623 38 1862. 6 Savannah Georgia 22.292 41 1864 7 Petersburg Virginia 18.266 50 1865. 8 Nashville Tennessee 16.988 54 1862. 9 Norfolk Virginia 14.620 61 1862. 10 Augusta Georgia 12.493 77 1865. 11 Columbus Georgia 9.621 97 1865. 12 Atlanta Georgia 9.554 99 1864. 13 Wilmington Sjeverna Karolina 9.553 100 1865.

 Demografije
Podatci prema popisu iz 1860. godine, tj. zadnji popis prije građanskog rata.

 Savezna država Ukupnostanovništvo Ukupanbrojrobova Ukupanbrojkućanstva Ukupanbroj slobodnogstanovništva Ukupan brojrobovlasnika  Postotakrobovlasnika Postotakrobova Ukupanbroj slobodnihafroamerikanaca Alabama 964.201 435.080 96.603 529.121 33.730 6% 45% 2.690 Arkansas 435.450 111.115 57.244 324.335 11.481 4% 26% 144 Florida 140.424 61.745 15.090 78.679 5.152 7% 44% 932 Georgia 1.057.286 462.198 109.919 595.088 41.084 7% 44% 3.500 Louisiana 708.002 331.726 74.725 376.276 22.033 6% 47% 18.647 Mississippi 791.305 436.631 63.015 354.674 30.943 9% 55% 773 Sjeverna Karolina 992.622 331.059 125.090 661.563 34.658 5% 33% 30.463 Južna Karolina 703.708 402.406 58.642 301.302 26.701 9% 57% 9.914 Tennessee 1.109.801 275.719 149.335 834.082 36.844 4% 25% 7.300 Texas 604.215 182.566 76.781 421.649 21.878 5% 30% 355 Virginia1 1.596.318 490.865 201.523 1.105.453 52.128 5% 31% 58.042 Ukupno 9.103.332 3.521.110 1.027.967 5.582.222 316.632 6% 39% 132.760
1Uključujući Zapadne Virginije

 Starost 0–14 godina 15–59 godina 60 godina ili više muški bijelci 43% 52% 4% ženski bijelci 44% 52% 4% muški robovi 44% 51% 4% ženski robovi 45% 51% 3% slobodni muški afroamerikanci 45% 50% 5% slobodni ženski afroamerikanci 40% 54% 6% Ukupno 44% 52% 4%

Prema popisu iz 1860. godine, u državama konfederacije (uključujući Zapadne Virginije) je živjelo 9.103.332 stanovnika. Žene su činile 50,80% stanovništva, a muškarci 49,20%.

 Gospodarstvo
mini|desno|250px|Radnici na plantaži pamuka, Mount Pleasant.

 Karakteristike
Gospodarstvo konfederalnih država počivalo je na poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji plantažnog tipa. Na plantažama na kojima su radili robovi, uzgajao se pamuk, riža, duhan, šećerna trska i kukuruz.Thomas, The Confederate Nation pp. 13–14 Koliki je bio udio poljoprivrede u gospodarstvu južnjačkih država najbolje govori podatak da su u ukupnoj industrijskoj proizvodnji SAD južne države učestvovale sa svega 10%, dok je u vojnoj industriji taj odnos bio znatno manji i iznosio je tek 3%. Međutim, ogromne plantaže i besplatna radna snaga donosile su ogromne dobitke južnim državama. Tako su 1860. godine buduće članice Konfederacije ostvarivale BDP od oko 155 milijuna američkih dolara, čime su bile na 4. mjestu svjetskih ekonomija.

Iako je industrijska proizvodnja na jugu bila zanemariva u odnosu na ostatak Sjeverne Amerike, udio južnih država u ukupnom američkom izvozu premašivao je 70%, a najvažniji izvozni proizvod je bio pamuk na čijoj proizvodnji su južnjačke države imale gotovo monopolistički položaj u globalnim okvirima. Kasnije je Konfederacija koristila svoj monopolizam u proizvodnji i prodaji poljoprivrednih proizvoda kao vid pritiska na neke europske države da priznaju njenu neovisnost od Unije.Richard Burdekin and Farrokh Langdana, "War Finance in the Southern Confederacy, 1861–1865", Explorations in Economic History, Vol 30, No 3, July 1993 Godine 1860. engleska tekstilna industrija je čak 80% sirovina za svoj rad uvozila iz južnih američkih država (a skoro cijeli uvoz je išao preko liverpoolske luke).

 Kriza
thumb|desno|New Orleans, najveća luka Konfederacije i jedini grad s više od 100.000 stanovnika
Veliki gospodarski udarac je doživjela nakon gubitka grada New Orleansa, koji je služio kao glavna izvozna luka za pamuk. Uvedena je pomorska blokada, izvoz je gotovo prekinut, a s tim i inostrana kreditiranja. Vlada Konfedracije je počela da štampa novac bez pokrića, a tijekom rata tiskano je ukupno 1,7 milijardi dolara takvog novca. Tako je krajem rata 1 konfederalni dolar imao vrijednost od svega 1 centa po zlatnom ekvivalentu, odnosno 50 centi u odnosu na USD.

Tijekom trajanja rata proizvodnja pamuka je s predratnih 4,5 milijuna bala (svaka teška po 500 funti, ili 226,7 kg) pala na svega 300 tisuća bala. Nekadašnje plantaže pamuka zamijenile su žitarice i povrće čijim uzgojem je trebao biti riješen nedostatak prehrambenih proizvoda, koji je nastao usred pada proizvodnje i gospodarstvene krize.

Protekcionistički sistem oporezivanja koji je izvršila savezna vlada favorizirajući tvrtke sa sjevera, bio je jedan od glavnih povoda za odcjepljenje južnih država. Zbog toga je Ustav Konfederacije garantirao jedinstven sistem oporezivanja za sve proizvode, bez favoriziranja jednih nad drugim. Carine na uvoz proizvoda iz drugih zemalja iznosile su do 10% vrijednosti proizvoda, dok su porezi na uvoz proizvoda iz Sjedinjenih Država bile i do nekoliko puta više.

 Inflacija
Inflacija je bila izuzetno visoka i tijekom građanskog rata dostigla je vrijednosti hiperinflacije od čak 4.000%.. "The Confederacy underwent a government-led industrial revolution during the war, but its economy was slowly strangled." Radi usporedbe, u istom tom razdoblju cijene na sjeveru su porasle za oko 60 %.Burdekin R., Weidenmier M. Suppressing Asset Price Inflation: The Confederate Experience 1861—1865 // Economic Inquiry. — 2003. № 41, 3. — pp. 420—432.

 Novac
Valuta KDA bio je dolar konfederacije koji je tijekom građanskog rata doživio višestruku devalvaciju pošto su svi bankarski depoziti u zlatu i srebru koji su vezani za dolar potrošeni u Europi za oružje. Centralna vlada je bila zadužena isključivo za izdavanje kovanog novca, dok su organi vlasti država članica Konfederacije bili zaduženi za tiskanje papirnog novca. Krajem rata je zbog nedostatka plemenitih metala došlo je do potpunog prekida proizvodnje kovanog novca.

 Državni simboli
desno|thumb|"Lijepa plava zastava" (eng. Bonnie Blue flag), neslužbena zastava Konfederacije (1861.)
desno|thumb|Ratna zastava Vojske Tennesseeja (1862. – 1865.); danas najčešći i izuzetno kontroverzni prikaz južnjačke zastave
thumb|desno|Prva pomorska zastava Konfederacije, (1861. – 1863.)
thumb|desno|Druga pomorska zastava Konfederacije, (1863. – 1865.)

 Zastave

 Prva zastava

 Druga i treća zastava

center|thumb|450px|Konstrukcija treće zastave

 Grb

 Politika
mini|Novčanica od $100 Konfederacije Američkih Država

 Politički vođe Konfederacije
Jefferson Davis
Alexander Hamilton Stephens
Robert Augustus Toombs
John Cabell Breckinridge
Judah Philip Benjamin
Christopher Gustavus Memminger
John Slidell
William Lowndes Yancey
Howell Cobb

 Vojska

thumb|desno|Vojnik sa zastavom vojske Tennesseja, 1865.
Vojska Konfederacije osnovana je 6. ožujka 1861. kako bi branila novoutemeljenu državu tijekom Američkog građanskog rata.On February 8, 1861, delegates from the seven Deep South states which had already declared their secession from the United States of America adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States of America. Procjenjuje se da se oko 1,500.000 ljudi tijekom rata borilo na strani vojske Konfederacije. Točan broj ljudi koji su služili u vojsci nemoguće je ustanoviti zbog nepotpunih ili uništenih arhiva i zapisa.

Glavne vojske Konfederacije bile su: Vojska Sjeverne Virginije (eng. Army of Northern Virginia) pod komandom generala Roberta Leea, kao i ostaci Vojske Tennesseeja i raznih drugih postrojba pod zapovjedništvom generala Josepha Johnstona. Sve do pred kraj rata vojska nije imala službenog vojnog zapovjednika ili načelnika glavnog stožera. Predsjednik Jefferson Davis i sam bivši časnik američke vojske i tajnik rata SAD, bio je Vrhovni zapovjednik. Robert Lee je bio službeno izabran za generala vojske aktom Kongresa Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (23. siječnja 1865.), a služio u tom svojstvu od 31. siječnja do 9. travnja 1865.

U zadnjim mjesecima američkog građanskog rata, Lee je razmatrao plan da naoruža negroidne robove Juga da bi popunio redove južnjačke vojske, ali plan nije došao na vrijeme za spas Konfederacije.

Johnny Reb ili Johnny Rebel bio je personifikacija vojske Juga i uopće simbol svih južnih država SAD, obično je prikazan kao vojnik s puškom i zastavom Konfederacije.Bell Irvin Wiley. 1943. The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy. LSU Press. 444 pages.

 Vojskovođe Konfederacije
Braxton Bragg
P.G.T. Beauregard
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Thomas Jonathan Jackson
Joseph Eggleston Johnston
Albert Sidney Johnston
Robert Edward Lee
James Longstreet
Joseph Orville Shelby
J.E.B. Stuart
Henry Hopkins Sibley

 Vidi još
 Američki građanski rat
 Jefferson Davis
 Robert Edward Lee
 Vojska Sjeverne Virginije
 Vojska Tennesseeja

 Izvori

 Vanjske poveznice

 Ustav Konfederacije
 Povijest Konfederacije
 Dokumenti Konfederativnih Država Amerike

Kategorija:Američki građanski rat
Kategorija:Bivše države

Confederate States of America (Flag of the Confederate States of America, March 4, 1865).svg <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>

Introduction
One of the most important victories won by the United States during the Civil War was not ever fought on a battlefield. Rather, it was a series of diplomatic victories that ensured that the Confederacy would fail to achieve diplomatic recognition by even a single foreign government. Although this success can be attributed to the skill of Northern diplomats, the anti-slavery sentiments of the European populace, and European diversion to crises in Poland and Denmark, the most important factor stills rises from the battlefields on American soil. The Confederate states were incapable of winning enough consecutive victories to convince European governments that they could sustain independence.
Artistic rendering of the Cotton Gin, central to the Southern Cotton Plantation Economy
Impact of Northern Blockade
Southerners began the war effort confident that the cotton their plantations provided European textile manufacturers would naturally ally their governments to the Confederacy, especially Great Britain. After declaring succession, the North would declare a blockade on Southern ports. Any interruption of cotton supply would disrupt the British economy and reduce the workers to starvation, they thought. Britain would have to break the blockade and provoke a war with the North that would allow Confederates to solidify independence and gain international recognition.
When the Union did declare a blockade upon the rebel states in April 1861, however, it did not prompt the response expected from the Europeans. The blockade’s legal and political implications took on greater significance than its economic effects because it undermined Lincoln’s insistence that the war was merely an internal insurrection. A blockade was a weapon of war between sovereign states. In May, Britain responded to the blockade with a proclamation of neutrality, which the other European powers followed. This tacitly granted the Confederacy belligerent status, the right to contract loans and purchase supplies in neutral nations and to exercise belligerent rights on the high seas. The Union was greatly angered by European recognition of Southern belligerency, fearing that is was a first step toward diplomatic recognition, but as British Foreign Secretary Lord John Russell said, “The question of belligerent rights is one, not of principle, but of fact.”
British Foreign Secretary Lord John Russell.
Sensitive to any further international recognition of the Confederates as statesmen rather than rebels, Secretary of State William H. Seward instructed Charles Francis Adams, Minister to England and the son of former Secretary of State and President John Quincy Adams, to warn the British not to “fraternize with our domestic enemy,” whether officially or unofficially, or risk an Anglo-American war. But the Union realized that Europe’s declarations of neutrality also constituted official acceptance of the blockade, a position with many long-standing implications. Although international law stated that a blockade must be “physically effective” to be legally binding on neutral powers, the definition was ambiguous. From before the War of 1812, the United States had insisted upon a strict definition in order to maintain trading rights as a neutral. Now, however, the United States was the belligerent and Britain the predominant neutral power. By officially respecting the Union blockade, even if it was not fully “physically effective,” Britain maintained a consistent position on belligerent rights. The U.S. reversal of its traditional position stressing neutral rights set the precedent that it would be obligated to respect the British argument in future naval issues.

= Confederate States of America |zastava = Flag of the Confederate States of America (March 4, 1865).svg |zastava_i = Zastava Konfederacije Američkih Država |zastava_tip = Treća zastava (1865.) |grb_i = Grb Konfederacije Američkih Država |grb

Confederate States of America (Flag of the Confederate States of America, March 4, 1865).svg <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>

Confederate States of America (Flag of the Confederate States of America, March 4, 1865).svg <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>

Confederate States of America, acronyms: CSA, C.S. or CS; hrv.

Konfederativne Američke Države ili Konfederacija, povijesna država u Sjevernoj Americi 1861–65., nastala odcjepljenjem 11 država od federalne unije Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (Unije). Konfederaciju su osnovale 4. II. 1861. u Montgomeryju države Južna Karolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana i Teksas. Ubrzo su joj pristupili Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee i Sjeverna Karolina. Za predsjednika je bio izabran J. Davis. Od 1862. glavni grad bio je Richmond. Osnivanje Konfederacije bio je jedan od najvažnijih povoda izbijanju Američkoga građanskog rata 1861. Pošto se vojska Konfederacije 9. IX. 1865. predala Uniji, Konfederativne Američke Države su nestale. Razlozi osnivanja Konfederacije i izbijanja građanskog rata bili su desetljećima gomilane nesuglasice između sjevernih i južnih država federalne unije SAD-a oko ropstva, trgovine i doktrine o pravima država.
Citiranje:
Konfederativne Američke Države. Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje.
Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2021. Pristupljeno 11. 10. 2022. <http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=32765>.

Konfederacija Američkih Država ili Konfederativne Američke DržaveKonfederativne Američke Države, enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 26. prosinca 2018. (eng. Confederate States of America, akronimi: CSA, C.S. ili CS; hrv.

Konfederacija Američkih Država ili Konfederativne Američke DržaveKonfederativne Američke Države, enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 26. prosinca 2018. (eng.

Confederate States of America, akronimi: CSA, C.S. ili CS; hrv.

Confederation of the United States or Confederative States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States of the United States. Confederate States of America, acronyms: CSA, C.S. or CS; hrv.

Confederate States of America, acronyms: CSA, C.S. or CS; hrv.

Question: how many states were in the confederacy states of america

Confederate States of America, acronyms: CSA, C.S. or CS; hrv.

how many states were in the confederacy states of america

Question: when was the confederacy states of america formed

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Question: what was the name of the confederacy that declared independence from the united states

what was the name of the confederacy that declared independence from the united states

Question: where did the confederate states of america meet

where did the confederate states of america meet

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Question: when did texas sign the constitution of the confederacy

when did texas sign the constitution of the confederacy

Confederate States of America , acronyms : CSA , C.S. or CS ; hrv .

KDA or KAD ) , was an internationally unrecognized confederation that was founded on 8 February 1861 by six of the total seven Southern slave - owned states that declared their separation from the United States . On 2 March 1861 , four of the total seven delegates from Texas arrived in Montgomery ( Alabama ) to give their signatures to the Constitution of the Confederation which was adopted on 8 February .

Confederate States of America, acronyms: CSA, C.S. or CS; hrv. KDA or KAD), was an internationally unrecognized confederation that was founded on 8 February 1861 by six of the total seven Southern slave-owned states that declared their separation from the United States.On 2 March 1861, four of the total seven delegates from Texas arrived in Montgomery (Alabama) to give their signatures to the Constitution of the Confederation which was adopted on 8 February.

During the Civil War due to the successful military operations of the Union, the control of the Confederation over its territories was suddenly decreased as its population (from 73% to 34%).

It also weakened control over the internal waters on the South, and the entire southern coast was in a maritime blockade.

Question: what was the population of the confederacy during the civil war

During the Civil War due to the successful military operations of the Union, the control of the Confederation over its territories was suddenly decreased as its population (from 73% to 34%).

It also weakened control over the internal waters on the South, and the entire southern coast was in a maritime blockade.

what was the population of the confederacy during the civil war

Question: what happened to the control of the confederation over its territories during the civil war

what happened to the control of the confederation over its territories during the civil war

Question: who won the civil war konfederacija američkih

who won the civil war konfederacija američkih

Question: what blockade did the southern coast have during the civil war

what blockade did the southern coast have during the civil war

Question: during which war did the confederacy lose control of its territories

during which war did the confederacy lose control of its territories

During the Civil War due to the successful military operations of the Union , the control of the Confederation over its territories was suddenly decreased as its population ( from 73 % to 34 % ) .

It also weakened control over the internal waters on the South , and the entire southern coast was in a maritime blockade .

Tijekom građanskog rata zbog uspješnih vojnih operacija Unije, kontrola Konfederacije nad svojim teritorijima naglo je opadala kao i njezina populacija stanovništva (sa 73% na 34%).

Također joj je slabila i kontrola nad unutarnjih vodenim tokovima na Jugu, a kompletna južnjačka obala nalazila se u pomorskoj blokadi.

During the Civil War due to the successful military operations of the Union, the control of the Confederation over its territories was suddenly decreased as its population (from 73% to 34%). It also weakened control over the internal waters on the South, and the entire southern coast was in a maritime blockade.

During the Civil War due to the successful military operations of the Union, the control of the Confederation over its territories was suddenly decreased as its population (from 73% to 34%).

It also weakened control over the internal waters on the South, and the entire southern coast was in a maritime blockade.

During what will later become known as the Cornerstone Speech, the Vice-President of the Confederation Alexander Stephens stated that the "stone foundation" (Eng. cornerstone) of the new government "base on the great truth that a person with black skin color is not the same as a person with white skin color; that slavery - subject to the superior race - is completely natural and normal state.

Question: who was the vice president of the confederation during the cornerstone speech

who was the vice president of the confederation during the cornerstone speech

Question: what was the cornerstone of the new government called

temeljac "" ( eng . cornerstone ) nove vlade "" temelji na velikoj istini da osoba crne boje kože nije jednaka osobi bijele boje kože ; da je ropstvo - podčinjeno superiornoj rasi - potpuno prirodno i normalno stanje .

what was the cornerstone of the new government called

Question: what speech did alexander stephens give at the confederation

what speech did alexander stephens give at the confederation

Question: who was alexander stephens

Question: according to stephens, what was completely natural and normal

according to stephens, what was completely natural and normal

Question: alexander stephens stated that a person with black skin color is not the same

alexander stephens stated that a person with black skin color is not the same

During what will later become known as the Cornerstone Speech , the Vice - President of the Confederation Alexander Stephens stated that the " stone foundation " ( Eng . cornerstone ) of the new government " base on the great truth that a person with black skin color is not the same as a person with white skin color ; that slavery - subject to the superior race - is completely natural and normal state .

- have officially announced their separation, and each of them has identified the threat to the right of the slave owner as the main reason (or one of the main reasons) of the separation itself.

In addition to this, the state of Georgia has as a reason stated a general federal policy which favours the economic interests of the North more than the South.

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The people of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, on the 26th day of April, A.D., 1852, declared that the frequent violations of the Constitution of the United States, by the Federal Government, and its encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States, fully justified this State in then withdrawing from the Federal Union; but in deference to the opinions and wishes of the other slaveholding States, she forbore at that time to exercise this right. Since that time, these encroachments have continued to increase, and further forbearance ceases to be a virtue.
And now the State of South Carolina having resumed her separate and equal place among nations, deems it due to herself, to the remaining United States of America, and to the nations of the world, that she should declare the immediate causes which have led to this act.
In the year 1765, that portion of the British Empire embracing Great Britain, undertook to make laws for the government of that portion composed of the thirteen American Colonies. A struggle for the right of self-government ensued, which resulted, on the 4th of July, 1776, in a Declaration, by the Colonies, "that they are, and of right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do."
They further solemnly declared that whenever any "form of government becomes destructive of the ends for which it was established, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government." Deeming the Government of Great Britain to have become destructive of these ends, they declared that the Colonies "are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
In pursuance of this Declaration of Independence, each of the thirteen States proceeded to exercise its separate sovereignty; adopted for itself a Constitution, and appointed officers for the administration of government in all its departments-- Legislative, Executive and Judicial. For purposes of defense, they united their arms and their counsels; and, in 1778, they entered into a League known as the Articles of Confederation, whereby they agreed to entrust the administration of their external relations to a common agent, known as the Congress of the United States, expressly declaring, in the first Article "that each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction and right which is not, by this Confederation, expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled."
Under this Confederation the war of the Revolution was carried on, and on the 3rd of September, 1783, the contest ended, and a definite Treaty was signed by Great Britain, in which she acknowledged the independence of the Colonies in the following terms: "ARTICLE 1-- His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz: New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, to be FREE, SOVEREIGN AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that he treats with them as such; and for himself, his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claims to the government, propriety and territorial rights of the same and every part thereof."
Thus were established the two great principles asserted by the Colonies, namely: the right of a State to govern itself; and the right of a people to abolish a Government when it becomes destructive of the ends for which it was instituted. And concurrent with the establishment of these principles, was the fact, that each Colony became and was recognized by the mother Country a FREE, SOVEREIGN AND INDEPENDENT STATE.
In 1787, Deputies were appointed by the States to revise the Articles of Confederation, and on 17th September, 1787, these Deputies recommended for the adoption of the States, the Articles of Union, known as the Constitution of the United States.
The parties to whom this Constitution was submitted, were the several sovereign States; they were to agree or disagree, and when nine of them agreed the compact was to take effect among those concurring; and the General Government, as the common agent, was then invested with their authority.
If only nine of the thirteen States had concurred, the other four would have remained as they then were-- separate, sovereign States, independent of any of the provisions of the Constitution. In fact, two of the States did not accede to the Constitution until long after it had gone into operation among the other eleven; and during that interval, they each exercised the functions of an independent nation.
By this Constitution, certain duties were imposed upon the several States, and the exercise of certain of their powers was restrained, which necessarily implied their continued existence as sovereign States. But to remove all doubt, an amendment was added, which declared that the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people. On the 23d May , 1788, South Carolina, by a Convention of her People, passed an Ordinance assenting to this Constitution, and afterwards altered her own Constitution, to conform herself to the obligations she had undertaken.
Thus was established, by compact between the States, a Government with definite objects and powers, limited to the express words of the grant. This limitation left the whole remaining mass of power subject to the clause reserving it to the States or to the people, and rendered unnecessary any specification of reserved rights.
We hold that the Government thus established is subject to the two great principles asserted in the Declaration of Independence; and we hold further, that the mode of its formation subjects it to a third fundamental principle, namely: the law of compact. We maintain that in every compact between two or more parties, the obligation is mutual; that the failure of one of the contracting parties to perform a material part of the agreement, entirely releases the obligation of the other; and that where no arbiter is provided, each party is remitted to his own judgment to determine the fact of failure, with all its consequences.
In the present case, that fact is established with certainty. We assert that fourteen of the States have deliberately refused, for years past, to fulfill their constitutional obligations, and we refer to their own Statutes for the proof.
The Constitution of the United States, in its fourth Article, provides as follows: "No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due."
This stipulation was so material to the compact, that without it that compact would not have been made. The greater number of the contracting parties held slaves, and they had previously evinced their estimate of the value of such a stipulation by making it a condition in the Ordinance for the government of the territory ceded by Virginia, which now composes the States north of the Ohio River.
The same article of the Constitution stipulates also for rendition by the several States of fugitives from justice from the other States.
The General Government, as the common agent, passed laws to carry into effect these stipulations of the States. For many years these laws were executed. But an increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the institution of slavery, has led to a disregard of their obligations, and the laws of the General Government have ceased to effect the objects of the Constitution. The States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa, have enacted laws which either nullify the Acts of Congress or render useless any attempt to execute them. In many of these States the fugitive is discharged from service or labor claimed, and in none of them has the State Government complied with the stipulation made in the Constitution. The State of New Jersey, at an early day, passed a law in conformity with her constitutional obligation; but the current of anti-slavery feeling has led her more recently to enact laws which render inoperative the remedies provided by her own law and by the laws of Congress. In the State of New York even the right of transit for a slave has been denied by her tribunals; and the States of Ohio and Iowa have refused to surrender to justice fugitives charged with murder, and with inciting servile insurrection in the State of Virginia. Thus the constituted compact has been deliberately broken and disregarded by the non-slaveholding States, and the consequence follows that South Carolina is released from her obligation.
The ends for which the Constitution was framed are declared by itself to be "to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity."
These ends it endeavored to accomplish by a Federal Government, in which each State was recognized as an equal, and had separate control over its own institutions. The right of property in slaves was recognized by giving to free persons distinct political rights, by giving them the right to represent, and burthening them with direct taxes for three-fifths of their slaves; by authorizing the importation of slaves for twenty years; and by stipulating for the rendition of fugitives from labor.
We affirm that these ends for which this Government was instituted have been defeated, and the Government itself has been made destructive of them by the action of the non-slaveholding States. Those States have assume the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery; they have permitted open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace and to eloign the property of the citizens of other States. They have encouraged and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and those who remain, have been incited by emissaries, books and pictures to servile insurrection.
For twenty-five years this agitation has been steadily increasing, until it has now secured to its aid the power of the common Government. Observing the forms of the Constitution, a sectional party has found within that Article establishing the Executive Department, the means of subverting the Constitution itself. A geographical line has been drawn across the Union, and all the States north of that line have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery. He is to be entrusted with the administration of the common Government, because he has declared that that "Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free," and that the public mind must rest in the belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction.
This sectional combination for the submersion of the Constitution, has been aided in some of the States by elevating to citizenship, persons who, by the supreme law of the land, are incapable of becoming citizens; and their votes have been used to inaugurate a new policy, hostile to the South, and destructive of its beliefs and safety.
On the 4th day of March next, this party will take possession of the Government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunals shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States.
The guaranties of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the States will be lost. The slaveholding States will no longer have the power of self-government, or self-protection, and the Federal Government will have become their enemy.
Sectional interest and animosity will deepen the irritation, and all hope of remedy is rendered vain, by the fact that public opinion at the North has invested a great political error with the sanction of more erroneous religious belief.
We, therefore, the People of South Carolina, by our delegates in Convention assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this State and the other States of North America, is dissolved, and that the State of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as a separate and independent State; with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do.Adopted December 24, 1860

Question: which state has stated a policy which favours the economic interests of the north more than

- have officially announced their separation, and each of them has identified the threat to the right of the slave owner as the main reason (or one of the main reasons) of the separation itself.

In addition to this, the state of Georgia has as a reason stated a general federal policy which favours the economic interests of the North more than the South.

which state has stated a policy which favours the economic interests of the north more than

Question: each state has identified the threat to the right of who

each state has identified the threat to the right of who

Question: what has each state identified as the main reason for the separation

the threat to the right of the slave owner

prijetnju pravu robovlasnika kao glavni razlog ( ili jedan od glavnih razloga ) samog odcjepljenja

the threat to the right of the slave owner

what has each state identified as the main reason for the separation

Question: each state has identified the threat to the right of who as the main reason for the

each state has identified the threat to the right of who as the main reason for the

Question: each state has identified the threat to what as the main reason for the separation

pravu robovlasnika kao glavni razlog ( ili jedan od glavnih razloga ) samog odcjepljenja

each state has identified the threat to what as the main reason for the separation

Question: who does georgia favor the economic interests of more than the south

who does georgia favor the economic interests of more than the south

Question: what does the state of georgia favor more than the south

what does the state of georgia favor more than the south

- have officially announced their separation , and each of them has identified the threat to the right of the slave owner as the main reason ( or one of the main reasons ) of the separation itself .

In addition to this , the state of Georgia has as a reason stated a general federal policy which favours the economic interests of the North more than the South .

- službeno su objavile svoje odcjepljenje, a svaka je od njih identificirala prijetnju pravu robovlasnika kao glavni razlog (ili jedan od glavnih razloga) samog odcjepljenja.

Uz to država Georgia je kao razlog navela i generalnu saveznu politiku kojom se više favoriziraju gospodarski interesi Sjevera nego Juga.

- have officially announced their separation, and each of them has identified the threat to the right of the slave owner as the main reason (or one of the main reasons) of the separation itself. In addition to this, the state of Georgia has as a reason stated a general federal policy which favours the economic interests of the North more than the South.

- have officially announced their separation, and each of them has identified the threat to the right of the slave owner as the main reason (or one of the main reasons) of the separation itself.

In addition to this, the state of Georgia has as a reason stated a general federal policy which favours the economic interests of the North more than the South.

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In the momentous step which our State has taken of dissolving its connection with the government of which we so long formed a part, it is but just that we should declare the prominent reasons which have induced our course.
Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-- the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin.
That we do not overstate the dangers to our institution, a reference to a few facts will sufficiently prove.
The hostility to this institution commenced before the adoption of the Constitution, and was manifested in the well-known Ordinance of 1787, in regard to the Northwestern Territory.
The feeling increased, until, in 1819-20, it deprived the South of more than half the vast territory acquired from France.
The same hostility dismembered Texas and seized upon all the territory acquired from Mexico.
It has grown until it denies the right of property in slaves, and refuses protection to that right on the high seas, in the Territories, and wherever the government of the United States had jurisdiction.
It refuses the admission of new slave States into the Union, and seeks to extinguish it by confining it within its present limits, denying the power of expansion.
It tramples the original equality of the South under foot.
It has nullified the Fugitive Slave Law in almost every free State in the Union, and has utterly broken the compact which our fathers pledged their faith to maintain.
It advocates negro equality, socially and politically, and promotes insurrection and incendiarism in our midst.
It has enlisted its press, its pulpit and its schools against us, until the whole popular mind of the North is excited and inflamed with prejudice.
It has made combinations and formed associations to carry out its schemes of emancipation in the States and wherever else slavery exists.
It seeks not to elevate or to support the slave, but to destroy his present condition without providing a better.
It has invaded a State, and invested with the honors of martyrdom the wretch whose purpose was to apply flames to our dwellings, and the weapons of destruction to our lives.
It has broken every compact into which it has entered for our security.
It has given indubitable evidence of its design to ruin our agriculture, to prostrate our industrial pursuits and to destroy our social system.
It knows no relenting or hesitation in its purposes; it stops not in its march of aggression, and leaves us no room to hope for cessation or for pause.
It has recently obtained control of the Government, by the prosecution of its unhallowed schemes, and destroyed the last expectation of living together in friendship and brotherhood.
Utter subjugation awaits us in the Union, if we should consent longer to remain in it. It is not a matter of choice, but of necessity. We must either submit to degradation, and to the loss of property worth four billions of money, or we must secede from the Union framed by our fathers, to secure this as well as every other species of property. For far less cause than this, our fathers separated from the Crown of England.
Our decision is made. We follow their footsteps. We embrace the alternative of separation; and for the reasons here stated, we resolve to maintain our rights with the full consciousness of the justice of our course, and the undoubting belief of our ability to maintain it.

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The people of Georgia having dissolved their political connection with the Government of the United States of America, present to their confederates and the world the causes which have led to the separation. For the last ten years we have had numerous and serious causes of complaint against our non-slave-holding confederate States with reference to the subject of African slavery. They have endeavored to weaken our security, to disturb our domestic peace and tranquility, and persistently refused to comply with their express constitutional obligations to us in reference to that property, and by the use of their power in the Federal Government have striven to deprive us of an equal enjoyment of the common Territories of the Republic. This hostile policy of our confederates has been pursued with every circumstance of aggravation which could arouse the passions and excite the hatred of our people, and has placed the two sections of the Union for many years past in the condition of virtual civil war. Our people, still attached to the Union from habit and national traditions, and averse to change, hoped that time, reason, and argument would bring, if not redress, at least exemption from further insults, injuries, and dangers. Recent events have fully dissipated all such hopes and demonstrated the necessity of separation. Our Northern confederates, after a full and calm hearing of all the facts, after a fair warning of our purpose not to submit to the rule of the authors of all these wrongs and injuries, have by a large majority committed the Government of the United States into their hands. The people of Georgia, after an equally full and fair and deliberate hearing of the case, have declared with equal firmness that they shall not rule over them. A brief history of the rise, progress, and policy of anti-slavery and the political organization into whose hands the administration of the Federal Government has been committed will fully justify the pronounced verdict of the people of Georgia. The party of Lincoln, called the Republican party, under its present name and organization, is of recent origin. It is admitted to be an anti-slavery party. While it attracts to itself by its creed the scattered advocates of exploded political heresies, of condemned theories in political economy, the advocates of commercial restrictions, of protection, of special privileges, of waste and corruption in the administration of Government, anti-slavery is its mission and its purpose. By anti-slavery it is made a power in the state. The question of slavery was the great difficulty in the way of the formation of the Constitution. While the subordination and the political and social inequality of the African race was fully conceded by all, it was plainly apparent that slavery would soon disappear from what are now the non-slave-holding States of the original thirteen. The opposition to slavery was then, as now, general in those States and the Constitution was made with direct reference to that fact. But a distinct abolition party was not formed in the United States for more than half a century after the Government went into operation. The main reason was that the North, even if united, could not control both branches of the Legislature during any portion of that time. Therefore such an organization must have resulted either in utter failure or in the total overthrow of the Government. The material prosperity of the North was greatly dependent on the Federal Government; that of the the South not at all. In the first years of the Republic the navigating, commercial, and manufacturing interests of the North began to seek profit and aggrandizement at the expense of the agricultural interests. Even the owners of fishing smacks sought and obtained bounties for pursuing their own business (which yet continue), and $500,000 is now paid them annually out of the Treasury. The navigating interests begged for protection against foreign shipbuilders and against competition in the coasting trade. Congress granted both requests, and by prohibitory acts gave an absolute monopoly of this business to each of their interests, which they enjoy without diminution to this day. Not content with these great and unjust advantages, they have sought to throw the legitimate burden of their business as much as possible upon the public; they have succeeded in throwing the cost of light-houses, buoys, and the maintenance of their seamen upon the Treasury, and the Government now pays above $2,000,000 annually for the support of these objects. Theses interests, in connection with the commercial and manufacturing classes, have also succeeded, by means of subventions to mail steamers and the reduction in postage, in relieving their business from the payment of about $7,000,000 annually, throwing it upon the public Treasury under the name of postal deficiency. The manufacturing interests entered into the same struggle early, and has clamored steadily for Government bounties and special favors. This interest was confined mainly to the Eastern and Middle non-slave-holding States. Wielding these great States it held great power and influence, and its demands were in full proportion to its power. The manufacturers and miners wisely based their demands upon special facts and reasons rather than upon general principles, and thereby mollified much of the opposition of the opposing interest. They pleaded in their favor the infancy of their business in this country, the scarcity of labor and capital, the hostile legislation of other countries toward them, the great necessity of their fabrics in the time of war, and the necessity of high duties to pay the debt incurred in our war for independence. These reasons prevailed, and they received for many years enormous bounties by the general acquiescence of the whole country.
But when these reasons ceased they were no less clamorous for Government protection, but their clamors were less heeded-- the country had put the principle of protection upon trial and condemned it. After having enjoyed protection to the extent of from 15 to 200 per cent. upon their entire business for above thirty years, the act of 1846 was passed. It avoided sudden change, but the principle was settled, and free trade, low duties, and economy in public expenditures was the verdict of the American people. The South and the Northwestern States sustained this policy. There was but small hope of its reversal; upon the direct issue, none at all.
All these classes saw this and felt it and cast about for new allies. The anti-slavery sentiment of the North offered the best chance for success. An anti-slavery party must necessarily look to the North alone for support, but a united North was now strong enough to control the Government in all of its departments, and a sectional party was therefore determined upon. Time and issues upon slavery were necessary to its completion and final triumph. The feeling of anti-slavery, which it was well known was very general among the people of the North, had been long dormant or passive; it needed only a question to arouse it into aggressive activity. This question was before us. We had acquired a large territory by successful war with Mexico; Congress had to govern it; how, in relation to slavery, was the question then demanding solution. This state of facts gave form and shape to the anti-slavery sentiment throughout the North and the conflict began. Northern anti-slavery men of all parties asserted the right to exclude slavery from the territory by Congressional legislation and demanded the prompt and efficient exercise of this power to that end. This insulting and unconstitutional demand was met with great moderation and firmness by the South. We had shed our blood and paid our money for its acquisition; we demanded a division of it on the line of the Missouri restriction or an equal participation in the whole of it. These propositions were refused, the agitation became general, and the public danger was great. The case of the South was impregnable. The price of the acquisition was the blood and treasure of both sections-- of all, and, therefore, it belonged to all upon the principles of equity and justice.
The Constitution delegated no power to Congress to excluded either party from its free enjoyment; therefore our right was good under the Constitution. Our rights were further fortified by the practice of the Government from the beginning. Slavery was forbidden in the country northwest of the Ohio River by what is called the ordinance of 1787. That ordinance was adopted under the old confederation and by the assent of Virginia, who owned and ceded the country, and therefore this case must stand on its own special circumstances. The Government of the United States claimed territory by virtue of the treaty of 1783 with Great Britain, acquired territory by cession from Georgia and North Carolina, by treaty from France, and by treaty from Spain. These acquisitions largely exceeded the original limits of the Republic. In all of these acquisitions the policy of the Government was uniform. It opened them to the settlement of all the citizens of all the States of the Union. They emigrated thither with their property of every kind (including slaves). All were equally protected by public authority in their persons and property until the inhabitants became sufficiently numerous and otherwise capable of bearing the burdens and performing the duties of self-government, when they were admitted into the Union upon equal terms with the other States, with whatever republican constitution they might adopt for themselves.
Under this equally just and beneficent policy law and order, stability and progress, peace and prosperity marked every step of the progress of these new communities until they entered as great and prosperous commonwealths into the sisterhood of American States. In 1820 the North endeavored to overturn this wise and successful policy and demanded that the State of Missouri should not be admitted into the Union unless she first prohibited slavery within her limits by her constitution. After a bitter and protracted struggle the North was defeated in her special object, but her policy and position led to the adoption of a section in the law for the admission of Missouri, prohibiting slavery in all that portion of the territory acquired from France lying North of 36 [degrees] 30 [minutes] north latitude and outside of Missouri. The venerable Madison at the time of its adoption declared it unconstitutional. Mr. Jefferson condemned the restriction and foresaw its consequences and predicted that it would result in the dissolution of the Union. His prediction is now history. The North demanded the application of the principle of prohibition of slavery to all of the territory acquired from Mexico and all other parts of the public domain then and in all future time. It was the announcement of her purpose to appropriate to herself all the public domain then owned and thereafter to be acquired by the United States. The claim itself was less arrogant and insulting than the reason with which she supported it. That reason was her fixed purpose to limit, restrain, and finally abolish slavery in the States where it exists. The South with great unanimity declared her purpose to resist the principle of prohibition to the last extremity. This particular question, in connection with a series of questions affecting the same subject, was finally disposed of by the defeat of prohibitory legislation.
The Presidential election of 1852 resulted in the total overthrow of the advocates of restriction and their party friends. Immediately after this result the anti-slavery portion of the defeated party resolved to unite all the elements in the North opposed to slavery an to stake their future political fortunes upon their hostility to slavery everywhere. This is the party two whom the people of the North have committed the Government. They raised their standard in 1856 and were barely defeated. They entered the Presidential contest again in 1860 and succeeded.
The prohibition of slavery in the Territories, hostility to it everywhere, the equality of the black and white races, disregard of all constitutional guarantees it its favor, were boldly proclaimed by its leaders and applauded by its followers.
With these principles on their banners and these utterances on their lips the majority of the people of the North demand that we shall receive them as our rulers.
The prohibition of slavery in the Territories is the cardinal principle of this organization.
For forty years this question has been considered and debated in the halls of Congress, before the people, by the press, and before the tribunals of justice. The majority of the people of the North in 1860 decided it in their own favor. We refuse to submit to that judgment, and in vindication of our refusal we offer the Constitution of our country and point to the total absence of any express power to exclude us. We offer the practice of our Government for the first thirty years of its existence in complete refutation of the position that any such power is either necessary or proper to the execution of any other power in relation to the Territories. We offer the judgment of a large minority of the people of the North, amounting to more than one-third, who united with the unanimous voice of the South against this usurpation; and, finally, we offer the judgment of the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest judicial tribunal of our country, in our favor. This evidence ought to be conclusive that we have never surrendered this right. The conduct of our adversaries admonishes us that if we had surrendered it, it is time to resume it.
The faithless conduct of our adversaries is not confined to such acts as might aggrandize themselves or their section of the Union. They are content if they can only injure us. The Constitution declares that persons charged with crimes in one State and fleeing to another shall be delivered up on the demand of the executive authority of the State from which they may flee, to be tried in the jurisdiction where the crime was committed. It would appear difficult to employ language freer from ambiguity, yet for above twenty years the non-slave-holding States generally have wholly refused to deliver up to us persons charged with crimes affecting slave property. Our confederates, with punic faith, shield and give sanctuary to all criminals who seek to deprive us of this property or who use it to destroy us. This clause of the Constitution has no other sanction than their good faith; that is withheld from us; we are remediless in the Union; out of it we are remitted to the laws of nations.
A similar provision of the Constitution requires them to surrender fugitives from labor. This provision and the one last referred to were our main inducements for confederating with the Northern States. Without them it is historically true that we would have rejected the Constitution. In the fourth year of the Republic Congress passed a law to give full vigor and efficiency to this important provision. This act depended to a considerable degree upon the local magistrates in the several States for its efficiency. The non-slave-holding States generally repealed all laws intended to aid the execution of that act, and imposed penalties upon those citizens whose loyalty to the Constitution and their oaths might induce them to discharge their duty. Congress then passed the act of 1850, providing for the complete execution of this duty by Federal officers. This law, which their own bad faith rendered absolutely indispensible for the protection of constitutional rights, was instantly met with ferocious revilings and all conceivable modes of hostility. The Supreme Court unanimously, and their own local courts with equal unanimity (with the single and temporary exception of the supreme court of Wisconsin), sustained its constitutionality in all of its provisions. Yet it stands to-day a dead letter for all practicable purposes in every non-slave-holding State in the Union. We have their convenants, we have their oaths to keep and observe it, but the unfortunate claimant, even accompanied by a Federal officer with the mandate of the highest judicial authority in his hands, is everywhere met with fraud, with force, and with legislative enactments to elude, to resist, and defeat him. Claimants are murdered with impunity; officers of the law are beaten by frantic mobs instigated by inflammatory appeals from persons holding the highest public employment in these States, and supported by legislation in conflict with the clearest provisions of the Constitution, and even the ordinary principles of humanity. In several of our confederate States a citizen cannot travel the highway with his servant who may voluntarily accompany him, without being declared by law a felon and being subjected to infamous punishments. It is difficult to perceive how we could suffer more by the hostility than by the fraternity of such brethren.
The public law of civilized nations requires every State to restrain its citizens or subjects from committing acts injurious to the peace and security of any other State and from attempting to excite insurrection, or to lessen the security, or to disturb the tranquillity of their neighbors, and our Constitution wisely gives Congress the power to punish all offenses against the laws of nations.
These are sound and just principles which have received the approbation of just men in all countries and all centuries; but they are wholly disregarded by the people of the Northern States, and the Federal Government is impotent to maintain them. For twenty years past the abolitionists and their allies in the Northern States have been engaged in constant efforts to subvert our institutions and to excite insurrection and servile war among us. They have sent emissaries among us for the accomplishment of these purposes. Some of these efforts have received the public sanction of a majority of the leading men of the Republican party in the national councils, the same men who are now proposed as our rulers. These efforts have in one instance led to the actual invasion of one of the slave-holding States, and those of the murderers and incendiaries who escaped public justice by flight have found fraternal protection among our Northern confederates.
These are the same men who say the Union shall be preserved.
Such are the opinions and such are the practices of the Republican party, who have been called by their own votes to administer the Federal Government under the Constitution of the United States. We know their treachery; we know the shallow pretenses under which they daily disregard its plainest obligations. If we submit to them it will be our fault and not theirs. The people of Georgia have ever been willing to stand by this bargain, this contract; they have never sought to evade any of its obligations; they have never hitherto sought to establish any new government; they have struggled to maintain the ancient right of themselves and the human race through and by that Constitution. But they know the value of parchment rights in treacherous hands, and therefore they refuse to commit their own to the rulers whom the North offers us. Why? Because by their declared principles and policy they have outlawed $3,000,000,000 of our property in the common territories of the Union; put it under the ban of the Republic in the States where it exists and out of the protection of Federal law everywhere; because they give sanctuary to thieves and incendiaries who assail it to the whole extent of their power, in spite of their most solemn obligations and covenants; because their avowed purpose is to subvert our society and subject us not only to the loss of our property but the destruction of ourselves, our wives, and our children, and the desolation of our homes, our altars, and our firesides. To avoid these evils we resume the powers which our fathers delegated to the Government of the United States, and henceforth will seek new safeguards for our liberty, equality, security, and tranquillity.
[Approved, Tuesday, January 29, 1861]

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The government of the United States, by certain joint resolutions, bearing date the 1st day of March, in the year A.D. 1845, proposed to the Republic of Texas, then a free, sovereign and independent nation, the annexation of the latter to the former, as one of the co-equal states thereof,
The people of Texas, by deputies in convention assembled, on the fourth day of July of the same year, assented to and accepted said proposals and formed a constitution for the proposed State, upon which on the 29th day of December in the same year, said State was formally admitted into the Confederated Union.
Texas abandoned her separate national existence and consented to become one of the Confederated Union to promote her welfare, insure domestic tranquility and secure more substantially the blessings of peace and liberty to her people. She was received into the confederacy with her own constitution, under the guarantee of the federal constitution and the compact of annexation, that she should enjoy these blessings. She was received as a commonwealth holding, maintaining and protecting the institution known as negro slavery-- the servitude of the African to the white race within her limits-- a relation that had existed from the first settlement of her wilderness by the white race, and which her people intended should exist in all future time. Her institutions and geographical position established the strongest ties between her and other slave-holding States of the confederacy. Those ties have been strengthened by association. But what has been the course of the government of the United States, and of the people and authorities of the non-slave-holding States, since our connection with them?
The controlling majority of the Federal Government, under various pretences and disguises, has so administered the same as to exclude the citizens of the Southern States, unless under odious and unconstitutional restrictions, from all the immense territory owned in common by all the States on the Pacific Ocean, for the avowed purpose of acquiring sufficient power in the common government to use it as a means of destroying the institutions of Texas and her sister slaveholding States.
By the disloyalty of the Northern States and their citizens and the imbecility of the Federal Government, infamous combinations of incendiaries and outlaws have been permitted in those States and the common territory of Kansas to trample upon the federal laws, to war upon the lives and property of Southern citizens in that territory, and finally, by violence and mob law, to usurp the possession of the same as exclusively the property of the Northern States.
The Federal Government, while but partially under the control of these our unnatural and sectional enemies, has for years almost entirely failed to protect the lives and property of the people of Texas against the Indian savages on our border, and more recently against the murderous forays of banditti from the neighboring territory of Mexico; and when our State government has expended large amounts for such purpose, the Federal Government has refuse reimbursement therefor, thus rendering our condition more insecure and harassing than it was during the existence of the Republic of Texas.
These and other wrongs we have patiently borne in the vain hope that a returning sense of justice and humanity would induce a different course of administration.
When we advert to the course of individual non-slave-holding States, and that a majority of their citizens, our grievances assume far greater magnitude.
The States of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan and Iowa, by solemn legislative enactments, have deliberately, directly or indirectly violated the 3rd clause of the 2nd section of the 4th article [the fugitive slave clause] of the federal constitution, and laws passed in pursuance thereof; thereby annulling a material provision of the compact, designed by its framers to perpetuate the amity between the members of the confederacy and to secure the rights of the slave-holding States in their domestic institutions-- a provision founded in justice and wisdom, and without the enforcement of which the compact fails to accomplish the object of its creation. Some of those States have imposed high fines and degrading penalties upon any of their citizens or officers who may carry out in good faith that provision of the compact, or the federal laws enacted in accordance therewith.
In all the non-slave-holding States, in violation of that good faith and comity which should exist between entirely distinct nations, the people have formed themselves into a great sectional party, now strong enough in numbers to control the affairs of each of those States, based upon an unnatural feeling of hostility to these Southern States and their beneficent and patriarchal system of African slavery, proclaiming the debasing doctrine of equality of all men, irrespective of race or color-- a doctrine at war with nature, in opposition to the experience of mankind, and in violation of the plainest revelations of Divine Law. They demand the abolition of negro slavery throughout the confederacy, the recognition of political equality between the white and negro races, and avow their determination to press on their crusade against us, so long as a negro slave remains in these States.
For years past this abolition organization has been actively sowing the seeds of discord through the Union, and has rendered the federal congress the arena for spreading firebrands and hatred between the slave-holding and non-slave-holding States.
By consolidating their strength, they have placed the slave-holding States in a hopeless minority in the federal congress, and rendered representation of no avail in protecting Southern rights against their exactions and encroachments.
They have proclaimed, and at the ballot box sustained, the revolutionary doctrine that there is a 'higher law' than the constitution and laws of our Federal Union, and virtually that they will disregard their oaths and trample upon our rights.
They have for years past encouraged and sustained lawless organizations to steal our slaves and prevent their recapture, and have repeatedly murdered Southern citizens while lawfully seeking their rendition.
They have invaded Southern soil and murdered unoffending citizens, and through the press their leading men and a fanatical pulpit have bestowed praise upon the actors and assassins in these crimes, while the governors of several of their States have refused to deliver parties implicated and indicted for participation in such offenses, upon the legal demands of the States aggrieved.
They have, through the mails and hired emissaries, sent seditious pamphlets and papers among us to stir up servile insurrection and bring blood and carnage to our firesides.
They have sent hired emissaries among us to burn our towns and distribute arms and poison to our slaves for the same purpose.
They have impoverished the slave-holding States by unequal and partial legislation, thereby enriching themselves by draining our substance.
They have refused to vote appropriations for protecting Texas against ruthless savages, for the sole reason that she is a slave-holding State.
And, finally, by the combined sectional vote of the seventeen non-slave-holding States, they have elected as president and vice-president of the whole confederacy two men whose chief claims to such high positions are their approval of these long continued wrongs, and their pledges to continue them to the final consummation of these schemes for the ruin of the slave-holding States.
In view of these and many other facts, it is meet that our own views should be distinctly proclaimed.
We hold as undeniable truths that the governments of the various States, and of the confederacy itself, were established exclusively by the white race, for themselves and their posterity; that the African race had no agency in their establishment; that they were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race, and in that condition only could their existence in this country be rendered beneficial or tolerable.
That in this free government all white men are and of right ought to be entitled to equal civil and political rights; that the servitude of the African race, as existing in these States, is mutually beneficial to both bond and free, and is abundantly authorized and justified by the experience of mankind, and the revealed will of the Almighty Creator, as recognized by all Christian nations; while the destruction of the existing relations between the two races, as advocated by our sectional enemies, would bring inevitable calamities upon both and desolation upon the fifteen slave-holding states.
By the secession of six of the slave-holding States, and the certainty that others will speedily do likewise, Texas has no alternative but to remain in an isolated connection with the North, or unite her destinies with the South.
For these and other reasons, solemnly asserting that the federal constitution has been violated and virtually abrogated by the several States named, seeing that the federal government is now passing under the control of our enemies to be diverted from the exalted objects of its creation to those of oppression and wrong, and realizing that our own State can no longer look for protection, but to God and her own sons-- We the delegates of the people of Texas, in Convention assembled, have passed an ordinance dissolving all political connection with the government of the United States of America and the people thereof and confidently appeal to the intelligence and patriotism of the freemen of Texas to ratify the same at the ballot box, on the 23rd day of the present month.
Adopted in Convention on the 2nd day of Feby, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one and of the independence of Texas the twenty-fifth.

In May 1861, the capital of the Confederation became Richmond (Virginia).

Question: when did richmond become the capital of the confederacy

In May 1861, the capital of the Confederation became Richmond (Virginia).

when did richmond become the capital of the confederacy

Question: what was the capital of the confederacy of virginia in 1861

what was the capital of the confederacy of virginia in 1861

Question: what was the capital of the confederacy in 1861

what was the capital of the confederacy in 1861

Question: richmond was the capital of which confederation

richmond was the capital of which confederation

Question: what was the capital of the confederation in 1861

what was the capital of the confederation in 1861

Question: in which month of 1861 did richmond become the capital of the confederation

in which month of 1861 did richmond become the capital of the confederation

In May 1861 , the capital of the Confederation became Richmond ( Virginia ) .

U svibnju 1861. godine glavnim gradom Konfederacije postao je Richmond (Virginia).

U svibnju 1861. godine glavnim gradom Konfederacije postao je Richmond (Virginia).

In May 1861, the capital of the Confederation became Richmond (Virginia).

In May 1861, the capital of the Confederation became Richmond (Virginia).

Those who supported the dissolution believed that the Constitution of the United States was only a treaty between States that could be rejected at any time without prior consultation and that each country has its own right to dissolution.

Question: when did seven slave-owned states disarmament

Those who supported the dissolution believed that the Constitution of the United States was only a treaty between States that could be rejected at any time without prior consultation and that each country has its own right to dissolution.

when did seven slave-owned states disarmament

Question: how many slave-owned states announced their disarmament in february 1861

how many slave-owned states announced their disarmament in february 1861

Question: in what year did seven slave-owned states disarmament

in what year did seven slave-owned states disarmament

Question: who was the president of the united states in 1861

who was the president of the united states in 1861

Question: how many slave-owned states failed to disarmament

how many slave-owned states failed to disarmament

Question: what did seven southern slave-owned states do in february 1861

what did seven southern slave-owned states do in february 1861

Question: what did those who supported the dissolution believe each country had

what did those who supported the dissolution believe each country had

Question: what did those who supported the dissolution believe about the constitution

each country has its own right to dissolution

svaka država ima vlastito pravo na odcjepljenje

each country has its own right to dissolution

what did those who supported the dissolution believe about the constitution

Those who supported the dissolution believed that the Constitution of the United States was only a treaty between States that could be rejected at any time without prior consultation and that each country has its own right to dissolution .

After energetic debates and votes , seven Southern slave - owned states announced their disarmament in February 1861 ( before Abraham Lincoln arrived at the office of the president ) , while attempts to disarmament in the remaining eight slave - owned states were temporarily failed .

Odcjepljenje Uspon i pad Konfederacije Oni koji su podupirali odcjepljenje smatrali su da je Ustav SAD-a bio samo ugovor između država koji se mogao odbaciti u bilo koje vrijeme bez prethodnih konzultacija i da svaka država ima vlastito pravo na odcjepljenje. Nakon energičnih debata i glasanja, sedam južnjačkih robovlasničkih država proglasilo je svoje odcjepljenje u veljači 1861. godine (prije nego što je Abraham Lincoln došao u ured predsjednika), dok su pokušaji odcjepljenja u ostalih osam robovlasničkih država privremeno propali.

Those who supported the dissolution believed that the Constitution of the United States was only a treaty between States that could be rejected at any time without prior consultation and that each country has its own right to dissolution. After energetic debates and votes, seven Southern slave-owned states announced their disarmament in February 1861 (before Abraham Lincoln arrived at the office of the president), while attempts to disarmament in the remaining eight slave-owned states were temporarily failed.

Those who supported the dissolution believed that the Constitution of the United States was only a treaty between States that could be rejected at any time without prior consultation and that each country has its own right to dissolution.

On 31 October 1861, in the state of Missouri, the remainder of the temporary government of the Confederation made a decision on the disintegration.Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, Missouri's Ordinance of Secession .

An act declaring the political ties heretofore existing between the State of Missouri and the United
States of America dissolved.
Whereas the Government of the United States, in the possession and under the control of a
sectional party, has wantonly violated the compact originally made between said Government and
the State of Missouri, by invading with hostile armies the soil of the State, attacking and making
prisoners the militia while legally assembled under the State laws, forcibly occupying the State
capitol, and attempting through the instrumentality of domestic traitors to usurp the State
government, seizing and destroying private property, and murdering with fiendish malignity
peaceable citizens, men, women, and children, together with other acts of atrocity, indicating a
deep-settled hostility toward the people of Missouri and their institutions; and
Whereas the present Administration of the Government of the United States has utterly ignored
the Constitution, subverted the Government as constructed and intended by its makers, and
established a despotic and arbitrary power instead thereof: Now, therefore,
Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Missouri, That all political ties of every
character new existing between the Government of the United States of America and the people
and government of the State of Missouri are hereby dissolved, and the State of Missouri,
resuming the sovereignty granted by compact to the said United States upon admission of said
State into the Federal Union, does again take its place as a free and independent republic amongst
the nations of the earth.
This act to take effect and be in force from and after its passage.
Approved by the Missouri Legislature on October 31, 1861.
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Return to Ordinance Page
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Question: when did the confederacy end in missouri

On 31 October 1861, in the state of Missouri, the remainder of the temporary government of the Confederation made a decision on the disintegration.Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, Missouri's Ordinance of Secession .

when did the confederacy end in missouri

Question: in which state did the dissolution of the confederacy take place

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Question: what did the remainder of the temporary government of the confederation make a decision on

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Question: what did the remainder of the temporary government of the confederation make a decision on on

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Question: who was the author of missouri's ordinance of secession

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Question: what was the name of missouri's law

On 31 October 1861 , in the state of Missouri , the remainder of the temporary government of the Confederation made a decision on the disintegration . Weigley ( 2000 ) p. 43 See also , Missouri 's Ordinance of Secession .

Dana 31. listopada 1861. godine u državi Missouri ostatak privremene vlade Konfederacije donio je odluku o odcjepljenju.Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, Missouri's Ordinance of Secession .

Dana 31. listopada 1861. godine u državi Missouri ostatak privremene vlade Konfederacije donio je odluku o odcjepljenju.Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, Missouri's Ordinance of Secession .

On 31 October 1861, in the state of Missouri, the remainder of the temporary government of the Confederation made a decision on the disintegration.Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, Missouri's Ordinance of Secession .

On 31 October 1861, in the state of Missouri, the remainder of the temporary government of the Confederation made a decision on the disintegration.Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, Missouri's Ordinance of Secession .

In the state of Virginia settled councils along the border with the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania rejected the Confederation.

The Unionists held the convention in Wheeling in June 1861 and established a "renovated government", but the region eventually remained deeply divided.

1861
The Civil War began when Confederate artillery shelled the Union-held Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina on April 12, 1861. Five days later, leaders of Confederate Virginia decided to capture the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harpers Ferry for the southern cause. As southern militia marched toward Harpers Ferry, Union troops set fire to the armory and arsenal, preventing the weapons from falling into Confederate hands. With a loud explosion on the night of April 18, the Civil War arrived in western Virginia. During the war, Harpers Ferry changed hands numerous times. The intersection of two major railroads, the Baltimore and Ohio and the Winchester and Potomac, and its military importance in the Shenandoah Valley made Harpers Ferry a key strategic stronghold.
During the first weeks of the war, the Confederate government of Virginia recruited troops in western Virginia, assigning Colonel George A. Porterfield to Grafton, which was connected to most of northwest Virginia by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. As Union troops under General George B. McClellan advanced, Porterfield drew his forces back to Philippi. As McClellan neared the region, he sent Colonel Benjamin F. Kelley and the First Virginia Provisional Regiment (later the First West Virginia Infantry) as an advance guard. On the morning of June 3, 1861, Kelley's troops attacked Porterfield's forces at Philippi, resulting in a Confederate retreat. This is considered by many to be the first land battle of the Civil War.
To prevent Union troops from advancing further up the Tygart Valley, reinforcements led by General Robert S. Garnett joined the retreating Confederates and established strongholds at Laurel Hill in Tucker County and Rich Mountain in Randolph County. On July 11, Union General William S. Rosecrans won a decisive battle at Rich Mountain and days later, the Confederates were pushed from Laurel Hill. On July 14, the retreating Confederates were routed at their position at Corrick's Ford and Garnett was killed. This series of engagements resulted in Union control of northwest Virginia for virtually the remainder of the war. Control of the transportation routes made it difficult to supply Confederate units throughout the war. This also ensured the safety of West Virginia statehood leaders meeting in Wheeling.
While the Confederates were easily defeated in the northern part of present-day West Virginia, they mustered a better effort in the Kanahwa Valley. Former Virginia governor Henry S. Wise, now a general, had established his forces at the mouth of Scary Creek in Putnam County. On July 16, Wise pushed back an attack by forces under General Jacob D. Cox. After the arrival of reinforcements, Cox's men drove Wise up the valley to Gauley Bridge and eventually into Greenbrier County. The North suffered a setback in August as General Rosecrans' advance forces were defeated at Kessler's Cross Lanes in Nicholas County while marching toward Gauley Bridge. Another former Virginia governor, General John Floyd, established his troops on a bluff at nearby Carnifex Ferry. Union troops attacked Floyd on September 10. Although the Union casualties totaled 158 compared to 20 Confederate, the larger number of northern forces drove both Floyd and Wise back into Greenbrier County. A significant factor leading to the southern defeat was a long-standing political rivalry between Wise and Floyd. The Battle of Carnifex Ferry placed the important Kanawha Valley in Union hands for the early part of the war. In only a few short months, the North had gained control of northwestern Virginia and the Kanawha Valley.
In August, Robert E. Lee, in his first assignment of the war, set up camp on Valley Mountain in Pocahontas County. He first hoped to put more pressure on northwestern Virginia, but overestimated Union strength at the Cheat Mountain Summit Fort and elected not to attack. Many feel that Lee's 15,000 men in the area could have re-taken all of northwestern Virginia had he pushed forward. In October, Lee again failed to attack Rosecrans' outnumbered force following Carnifex Ferry. These early disappointments landed Lee an administrative post in Richmond until later in the war.
1862
In 1862, the Civil War in Virginia revolved around Clarksburg native General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's brilliant campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. His first step was to obstruct Union access to the valley by cutting off portions of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In January, Jackson captured the town of Romney, an important link on the B&O. During the war, Romney is said to have been captured by Union and Confederate troops at least 56 times.
During the spring of 1862, Jackson moved his men swiftly down the valley, outracing Union troops. At McDowell, Virginia, Jackson's forces crushed Union troops and pursued General John C. Fremont's retreat into Pendleton County. Jackson occupied the county seat of Franklin briefly before continuing his march down the valley. Following his victory at the Battle of Winchester, many suspected Jackson would continue on to the nation's capital. Rather than continue chasing the southern troops, the North decided to cut off Jackson's retreat with a superior force. Confederates advanced as far as Bolivar Heights, west of Harpers Ferry, before retreating. Somehow, Jackson's men managed again to outrace Union forces.
West of the Alleghenies, two future United States presidents were fighting in what is now southern West Virginia. On May 1, as Union troops neared, Confederates set fire to the town of Princeton. Union troops under Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes, including Lieutenant William McKinley, managed to save part of the town. Earlier in the year, Union forces had burned the courthouses of Boone and Logan counties.
Another significant skirmish occurred in southern Virginia in May, as Confederates under General Henry Heth attacked Union troops under Colonel George Crook occupying Lewisburg. After initial success on May 23, the Confederates were driven south into Monroe County. Crook later gained notoriety for capturing the Chiricahua chief Geronimo.
Although Confederates were unable to control signficant regions of western Virginia for considerable periods of time during the war, they were successful in conducting destructive raids. In August 1862, Cabell County's Albert Gallatin Jenkins led 550 men from Monroe County on the Staunton and Parkersburg Turnpike to the Ohio River in Jackson County, capturing the towns of Buckhannon, Weston, Glenville, Spencer, and Ripley on the way. Supposedly, Jenkins was the first military leader to carry the Confederate flag into the state of Ohio. Jenkins' raid revealed Union weaknesses in the Kanawha Valley caused by the transfer of 5,000 troops to eastern Virginia prior to the Second Battle of Bull Run.
On September 11, Confederates under General William Loring overran General Joseph A. J. Lightburn at Fayetteville, driving his Union forces back to Charleston. Two days later, Loring defeated Lightburn at Charleston, beginning a brief Confederate occupation. For six weeks, southern forces confiscated salt supplies and destroyed virtually all of the Kanawha Vally salt works.
Meanwhile, in the east, General Robert E. Lee, now in command of the Army of Northern Virginia, planned an invasion of Maryland. Lee divided his forces, sending one of four units to cut off General McClellan's lines of communication. Stonewall Jackson captured the town of Martinsburg and then prepared to move on General Dixon Miles' 12,000-man force at Harpers Ferry. Jackson devised a three-pronged attacked, dispatching General John G. Walker to occupy Loudoun Heights and General Lafayette McLaws to capture Maryland Heights, both overlooking Harpers Ferry. On September 15, with the support of McLaws' artillery bombardment, Jackson and General A. P. Hill captured Miles' entire army. Only at Bataan and Corregidor during World War II have larger United States armies been forced to surrender. Two days later the bloodiest one-day battle in the history of the North American continent was fought at Antietam Creek, Maryland. After the Battle of Antietam, numerous small skirmishes occurred in the present-day Eastern Panhandle.
1863
With Union troops in control of western Virginia, Confederate leaders chose to harrass Union troops and confiscate supplies. In the spring, General John D. Imboden designed a raid to destroy portions of the B&O Railroad and break up the Restored Government of Virginia in session in Wheeling. With a force of 3,400 men, Imboden marched out from Staunton, Virginia, on April 20. General William E. Jones led a group of 1,300 from Lacey Springs, Virginia, the following day. Imboden's men marched through Beverly and captured the town of Buckhannon on April 29. Jones joined Imboden at Buckhannon after failing to destroy the B&O line at Rowlesburg in Preston County, capturing Morgantown, and destroying the railroad bridge at Fairmont. On May 6, Jones' troops marched from Weston through West Union and Cairo. Three days later, he destroyed 150,000 barrels of oil and the oil works at Burning Springs in Wirt County. On May 14, Jones joined Imboden at Summersville before retreating into Virginia. Although it succeeded in destroying property and industry, driving away livestock, and occupying the attention of Union troops which might have been used elsewhere, the Jones-Imboden Raid failed to destroy significant portions of the B&O or break up the Restored Government of Virginia.
On October 13, Confederate troops again tried to gain control of transportation routes by attacking a Union fort at Bulltown in Braxton County. Southern troops under Colonel William L. "Mudwall" Jackson charged the fort under the command of Captain William Mattingly. Outnumbered, Mattingly refused to surrender on the first day of the battle. On the second day, Union reinforcements arrived and the Confederates were forced to retreat.
In November, the North won a decisive victory at Droop Mountain in Pocahontas County. Confederate forces, previously under the command of William Loring and now led by General John Echols, had controlled the Greenbrier Valley for most of the war. Following the northern defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia, the North hoped to break up the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad in southeastern Virginia. In the first phase, the Union sent General William Averell from Beverly and General Alfred Duffie from Charleston to remove the Confederates from the Greenbrier Valley. On November 6, both columns converged on Echols on the summit of Droop Mountain. The Confederates retreated, allowing General Averell to conduct a raid on the Virginia and Tennessee depot at Salem, Virginia, in December.
During 1863, the North continued its hold on western Virginia, withstanding several raids. In addition to the Jones-Imboden Raid and the Battle of Droop Mountain, several other skirmishes occurred, including Hurricane Bridge in Putnam County, the first use of indirect artillery fire at Fayetteville, General John Morgan's raid through Jackson and Wood counties, White Sulphur Springs, and a variety of encounters in the Eastern Panhandle following the Battle of Gettysburg. Western Virginia soldiers played significant roles on other fronts as members of the 4th West Virginia Infantry took part in the siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
1864-1865
The year 1864 in West Virginia's Civil War history is best remembered by the actions of Mason County's John McCausland. During the summer, General McCausland battled Union leader David Hunter in southern Virginia. Hunter led a raid on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. He was stopped at Lynchburg, but not before destroying much of the town of Lexington. In retaliation, McCausland later rode his cavalry into the town of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and demanded a ransom. When the people refused to pay, McCausland burned the town.
Nationally, 1864 marked the year Confederate cavalry rode to the outskirts of Washington, D.C. After a series of victories in the Shenandoah Valley, Jubal Early's Confederate troops attacked Union positions on Bolivar Heights near Harpers Ferry on July 4. The northern troops were forced to abandon Harpers Ferry for the first time since September 1862. However, following the surrender of Dixon Miles' army, the Union had improved its fortifications overlooking this strategic area. After three days of fighting, the North was able to re-take and hold Harpers Ferry for the remainder of the war. Southern forces later won an important battle at Monocacy Creek in Maryland prior to being stopped at Washington. John McCausland was one of the few Confederate military leaders who could brag that he stood within the city limits of the nation's capital during the Civil War.
As northern control of western Virginia strengthened later in the war, southern military support was found more often in the form of irregulars, troops never mustered into the Confederate service. West Virginia's first governor, Arthur Boreman, considered these irregulars the most serious threat to the new state. West Virginia's most famous band of these guerrillas was McNeill's Rangers, organized in Hardy County. During 1863 and 1864, they wreaked havoc on the B&O Railroad in the Eastern Panhandle, seizing numerous Union supplies. However, on February 21, 1865, the rangers executed their most daring raid. A small group of men rode into Cumberland, Maryland, kidnapped generals Crook and Kelley, and delivered them to General Jubal Early. At the end of the war, McNeill's Rangers surrendered to Union troops under General Rutherford B. Hayes on May 8, one month after Appomattox.
Conclusion
The Civil War has often been referred to as a war of brother against brother and father against son. No other state serves as a better example of this than West Virginia, where there was relatively equal support for the northern and southern causes. Often families were split down the middle over their beliefs on the war. There are many instances of divided loyalties and even of individuals fighting for both sides. During the Battle of Scary Creek, a Confederate soldier supposedly saw his brothers fighting on the other battle lines, decided he was in the wrong place, and changed sides on the spot.
While many historians have traditionally placed the number of Union troops enlisted in West Virginia at a much higher figure than Confederates, more recent studies suggest there were almost as many southern troops as northern. Traditional sources have placed Union strength as high as 36,000 compared to only 7,000 to 10,000 Confederates. At least one recent study has raised the southern number to over 20,000 and lowered the Union figure to about the same. Part of the problem with early studies is they ignored numerous southern sympathizers who fought in militias or as irregulars.
The divisions caused by the Civil War lasted long afterward. These were usually fought out in political arenas but occasionally developed into violence. Military service in the Civil War became a badge of honor, as both Union and Confederate veterans attended reunions and participated in parades well into the twentieth century. West Virginia was the only state to send relatively the same number of Union and Confederate veterans to the Battle of Gettysburg reunion, another symbol of the divided state created by the Civil War.
The Civil War and Statehood
West Virginia History Center

Question: when did the unionists hold their convention

In the state of Virginia settled councils along the border with the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania rejected the Confederation.

The Unionists held the convention in Wheeling in June 1861 and established a "renovated government", but the region eventually remained deeply divided.

when did the unionists hold their convention

Question: where did the unionists hold their convention in 1861

where did the unionists hold their convention in 1861

Question: which state rejected the confederacy of ohio and pennsylvania

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Question: what states did virginia settle councils with

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Question: states that did not agree with the confederation

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Question: what states did virginia settle councils with along the border

what states did virginia settle councils with along the border

Question: what did the settled councils in virginia reject

what did the settled councils in virginia reject

In the state of Virginia settled councils along the border with the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania rejected the Confederation .

The Unionists held the convention in Wheeling in June 1861 and established a " renovated government " , but the region eventually remained deeply divided .

U državi Virginia naseljene županije uzduž granica s državama Ohio i Pennsylvania odbijale su Konfederaciju.

Unionisti su održali konvenciju u Wheelingu u lipnju 1861. godine i etablirali "obnovljenu vladu", ali regija je u konačnici ostala duboko podijeljena.

In the state of Virginia settled councils along the border with the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania rejected the Confederation. The Unionists held the convention in Wheeling in June 1861 and established a "renovated government", but the region eventually remained deeply divided.

In the state of Virginia settled councils along the border with the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania rejected the Confederation.

The Unionists held the convention in Wheeling in June 1861 and established a "renovated government", but the region eventually remained deeply divided.

Delaware has never sent military troops to the Confederation side, but it has also not emancipated slaves as the states of Missouri and West Virginia did.

Freedmen & Southern Society Project, Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War, University of Maryland.

Released on January 4, 2012.

Question: when was the chronology of emancipation released

Delaware has never sent military troops to the Confederation side, but it has also not emancipated slaves as the states of Missouri and West Virginia did.

Freedmen & Southern Society Project, Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War, University of Maryland.

Released on January 4, 2012.

when was the chronology of emancipation released

Question: which state has never sent military troops to the confederacy side

Released on January 4, 2012.

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Question: where is the freedmen & southern society project located

Released on January 4, 2012.

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Question: what states did not emancipate slaves

Released on January 4, 2012.

Question: who published chronology of emancipation during the civil war

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Question: the chronology of emancipation during the civil war, university of mary

Released on January 4, 2012.

the chronology of emancipation during the civil war, university of mary

Question: what did the states of missouri and west virginia not emancipate

Released on January 4, 2012.

what did the states of missouri and west virginia not emancipate

Delaware has never sent military troops to the Confederation side , but it has also not emancipated slaves as the states of Missouri and West Virginia did .

Freedmen & Southern Society Project , Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War , University of Maryland .

Delaware nikada nije poslao vojne trupe na stranu Konfederacije, ali također nije emancipirao robove kao što su to učinile države Missouri i Zapadna Virginija.

Građani okruga Columbia također nisu pokušali odcjepljenje.Freedmen & Southern Society Project, Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War , University of Maryland.

Delaware has never sent military troops to the Confederation side, but it has also not emancipated slaves as the states of Missouri and West Virginia did. Freedmen & Southern Society Project, Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War, University of Maryland. Released on January 4, 2012.

Delaware has never sent military troops to the Confederation side, but it has also not emancipated slaves as the states of Missouri and West Virginia did.

Freedmen & Southern Society Project, Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War, University of Maryland.

Nevertheless, the Maryland state's military plague fought as part of the Lee's army in northern Virginia.Glatthaar, Joseph T., "General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse" 2008.

December
20 South Carolina becomes the first Southern state to secede from the Union
March
2 U.S. Congress adopts and sends to the states a constitutional amendment (which ultimately failed of ratification) forbidding any subsequent amendment to "abolish or interfere . . . with the domestic institutions" of the states
4 President Lincoln inaugurated
April
12 Civil War begins with Confederate attack on federal garrison at Fort Sumter, South Carolina
15 President Lincoln issues proclamation calling for troops to put down the rebellion
May
20 Following Arkansas, Tennessee, and Virginia into the Confederacy, North Carolina becomes the last state to secede
24 Fugitive slaves at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, are received and put to work by Union general Benjamin F. Butler, who declares them "contraband of war"
July
21 Confederate victory at battle of Bull Run (Manassas) dashes Union hopes of quelling the rebellion quickly and without great loss of life
August
6 First Confiscation Act nullifies owners' claims to fugitive slaves who had been employed in the Confederate war effort
30 Invoking martial law, General John C. Frémont declares free the slaves of disloyal owners in Missouri; President Lincoln asks that he modify his order so as not to exceed congressional laws respecting emancipation
September
11 General Frémont having refused to modify his emancipation order, President Lincoln orders him to do so
December
1 Secretary of War Simon Cameron issues his annual report, from which President Lincoln had required the deletion of passages advocating emancipation and the employment of former slaves as military laborers and soldiers; Cameron is soon replaced by Edwin M. Stanton
April
3 General David Hunter, Union commander in the South Carolina Sea Islands, requests permission to arm black men for military service; receiving no response, he begins recruiting on his own authority in early May, but the War Department refuses to pay or equip the regiment and Hunter is therefore compelled to disband it
10 At Lincoln's request, Congress pledges financial aid to any state that undertakes gradual emancipation with compensation to owners
16 Congress abolishes slavery in the District of Columbia, with compensation to loyal owners, and appropriates money for the voluntary removal ("colonization") of former slaves to Haiti, Liberia, or other countries
May
9 General David Hunter declares free all slaves in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida
19 President Lincoln issues a proclamation nullifying General Hunter's emancipation edict and urging the border states (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware) to embrace gradual, compensated emancipation
June
7 Congress adopts legislation enforcing the Direct Tax Act of 1861 in the seceded states; it provides for forfeiture to the government of land whose owners failed to pay the tax and for its subsequent lease or sale
19 Congress prohibits slavery in the territories
July
12 President Lincoln appeals to congressmen from the border states to support gradual, compensated emancipation, with colonization of freed slaves outside the United States, warning that if they do not act soon, slavery in their states "will be extinguished by mere friction and abrasion—by the mere incidents of the war"; two days later, a majority of the congressmen reject Lincoln's appeal
17 Second Confiscation Act frees the slaves of persons engaged in or assisting the rebellion and provides for the seizure and sale of other property owned by disloyal citizens; it also forbids army and navy personnel to decide on the validity of any fugitive slave's claim to freedom or to surrender any fugitive to any claimant, and authorizes the president to employ "persons of African descent" in any capacity to suppress the rebellion
17 Militia Act provides for the employment of "persons of African descent" in "any military or naval service for which they may be found competent," granting freedom to slaves so employed (and to their families if they belong to disloyal owners)
22 President Lincoln announces to his cabinet his intention to issue a proclamation freeing slaves in the rebel states, but agrees to postpone it until after a suitable military victory
August
22 In New Orleans, General Benjamin F. Butler incorporates into Union forces several "Native Guard" units composed of free-black soldiers; soon thereafter he begins recruiting both free-black and ex-slave men for additional regiments
25 After having withheld its permission for months, the War Department authorizes recruitment of black soldiers in the South Carolina Sea Islands
September
17 Confederate invasion of Maryland repulsed at Antietam
22 Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln; it announces that all slaves in those states or portions of states still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863, will be declared free, pledges monetary aid for slave states not in rebellion that adopt either immediate or gradual emancipation, and reiterates support for the colonization of freed slaves outside the United States
October
11 Confederate Congress exempts from conscription one white man on each plantation with twenty or more slaves
December
23 Confederate President Davis issues proclamation ordering that black Union soldiers and their officers captured by Confederate troops are not to be treated as prisoners of war; instead, they are to be remanded to Confederate state authorities
March
16 American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission appointed by Secretary of War Stanton to investigate the condition of former slaves and recommend measures for their employment and welfare
May
22 Bureau of Colored Troops created within the War Department
27 Black soldiers play important role in failed assault on Port Hudson, Louisiana
June
7 Black soldiers repel Confederate attack at Milliken's Bend, Louisiana
July
1-3 Confederate offensive into Maryland and Pennsylvania repulsed at Gettysburg
4 Confederate surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi
8 Confederate surrender of Port Hudson clinches Union control over the Mississippi River
18 Black soldiers spearhead failed assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina
30 President Lincoln pledges that Union soldiers, black or white, are entitled to equal protection if captured by the enemy and threatens retaliation for Confederate enslavement of black prisoners of war
October
3 War Department orders full-scale recruitment of black soldiers in Maryland, Missouri, and Tennessee, with compensation to loyal owners
December
8 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction issued by President Lincoln; it offers pardon and restoration of property (except slaves) to Confederates who take an oath of allegiance to the Union and agree to accept emancipation; it also proposes a plan by which loyal voters of a seceded state can begin the process of readmission into the Union
April
8 Senate approves constitutional amendment abolishing slavery
12 Confederate troops under General Nathan B. Forrest massacre black soldiers captured at Fort Pillow, Tennessee
June
7 Enlistment in Kentucky opened to slave men irrespective of their owners' consent, with compensation to loyal owners
15 House of Representatives fails to approve constitutional amendment abolishing slavery
15 Congress makes pay of black soldiers (which had been $10 per month for all ranks) equal to that of white soldiers ($13 per month for privates, larger amounts for higher ranks); the change is retroactive to January 1, 1864, or, for men who were free before the war, to the time of enlistment
20 Congress increases the pay of all privates, black and white, to $16 per month, with corresponding increases for higher ranks
September
5 New Louisiana state constitution, which abolishes slavery, is ratified by pro-Union voters
November
1 New Maryland state constitution, which abolishes slavery, takes effect, having been ratified in October
8 Abraham Lincoln is reelected president, defeating George B. McClellan
February
22 Amendment to Tennessee state constitution abolishes slavery
March
3 Congress approves a joint resolution liberating the wives and children of black soldiers
3 Congress establishes Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (Freedmen's Bureau) to oversee the transition from slavery to freedom
13 Confederate Congress authorizes President Jefferson Davis to recruit slave men as soldiers, with the permission of their owners; Confederate War Department issues order governing the enlistment on March 23.
April
9 Surrender of the army of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House, Virginia
14 President Lincoln assassinated; Vice-President Andrew Johnson succeeds to the presidency
December
18 Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution announced by the Secretary of State; the amendment abolishes slavery throughout the United States
Publications of the Freedmen and Southern Society Project
Sample Documents
Freedmen and Southern Society Project Home Page
Last revised 15 February 2007

Question: in what year did general lee's army collapse

Nevertheless, the Maryland state's military plague fought as part of the Lee's army in northern Virginia.Glatthaar, Joseph T., "General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse" 2008.

in what year did general lee's army collapse

Question: what happened to lee's army in northern virginia

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Question: which state's military plague fought as part of general lee's army

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Question: what states have not emancipated slaves

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General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse

General Lee 's Army : from victory to collapse

General Lee 's Army : from victory to collapse

what was glatthaar joseph t's description of lee's army

Question: what was fought in northern virginia

Nevertheless , the Maryland state 's military plague fought as part of the Lee 's army in northern Virginia . Glatthaar , Joseph T. , " General Lee 's Army : from victory to collapse " 2008 .

Ipak, vojni puk države Maryland borio se kao dio Leejeve vojske u sjevernoj Virginiji.Glatthaar, Joseph T., "General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse" 2008.

Nevertheless, the Maryland state's military plague fought as part of the Lee's army in northern Virginia.Glatthaar, Joseph T., "General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse" 2008. Delaware has never sent military troops to the Confederation side, but it has also not emancipated slaves as the states of Missouri and West Virginia did.

Nevertheless, the Maryland state's military plague fought as part of the Lee's army in northern Virginia.Glatthaar, Joseph T., "General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse" 2008.

In 1862, the Confederation attempt in New Mexico to occupy the northern part of the U.S. territory fell so the confederative territorial government went into persecution and allocated itself in the city of San Antonio (the state of Texas).

Question: when did the confederacy attempt in new mexico fall

In 1862, the Confederation attempt in New Mexico to occupy the northern part of the U.S. territory fell so the confederative territorial government went into persecution and allocated itself in the city of San Antonio (the state of Texas).

when did the confederacy attempt in new mexico fall

Question: what texas city was allocated to the confederative territorial government

what texas city was allocated to the confederative territorial government

Question: where did the confederacy attempt fail in 1862

where did the confederacy attempt fail in 1862

Question: san antonio is the capital of which us state

san antonio is the capital of which us state

Question: what did the confederative territorial government go into after new mexico fell

what did the confederative territorial government go into after new mexico fell

Question: where did the confederative territorial government allocate itself

otišla u progonstvo te se alocirala u gradu San Antonio

where did the confederative territorial government allocate itself

Question: who tried to occupy new mexico in 1862

Question: the confederacy attempt in new mexico fell to what type of government

the confederacy attempt in new mexico fell to what type of government

In 1862 , the Confederation attempt in New Mexico to occupy the northern part of the U.S. territory fell so the confederative territorial government went into persecution and allocated itself in the city of San Antonio ( the state of Texas ) .

In 1862, the Confederation attempt in New Mexico to occupy the northern part of the U.S. territory fell so the confederative territorial government went into persecution and allocated itself in the city of San Antonio (the state of Texas).

In 1862, the Confederation attempt in New Mexico to occupy the northern part of the U.S. territory fell so the confederative territorial government went into persecution and allocated itself in the city of San Antonio (the state of Texas).

The American Indian Council has never officially approved the accession of Indian territory to the Confederation, but like the states of Missouri and Kentucky, five civilized peoples had their representatives in the Confederation Congress, and their citizens were members of a regular confederate army.

Declaration by the People of
the Cherokee Nation of the Causes
Which Have Impelled Them to Unite Their Fortunes With Those of the
Confederate States of America.
When circumstances beyond their control compel one people to sever the ties which have long existed between them and another state or confederacy, and to contract new alliances and establish new relations for the security of their rights and liberties, it is fit that they should publicly declare the reasons by which their action is justified.
The Cherokee people had its origin in the South; its institutions are similar to those of the Southern States, and their interests identical with theirs. Long since it accepted the protection of the United States of America, contracted with them treaties of alliance and friendship, and allowed themselves to be to a great extent governed by their laws.
In peace and war they have been faithful to their engagements with the United States. With much of hardship and injustice to complain of, they resorted to no other means than solicitation and argument to obtain redress. Loyal and obedient to the laws and the stipulations of their treaties, they served under the flag of the United States, shared the common dangers, and were entitled to a share in the common glory, to gain which their blood was freely shed on the battlefield.
When the dissensions between the Southern and Northern States culminated in a separation of State after State from the Union they watched the progress of events with anxiety and consternation. While their institutions and the contiguity of their territory to the States of Arkansas, Texas, and Missouri made the cause of the seceding States necessarily their own cause, their treaties had been made with the United States, and they felt the utmost reluctance even in appearance to violate their engagements or set at naught the obligations of good faith.
Conscious that they were a people few in numbers compared with either of the contending parties, and that their country might with no considerable force be easily overrun and devastated and desolation and ruin be the result if they took up arms for either side, their authorities determined that no other course was consistent with the dictates of prudence or could secure the safety of their people and immunity from the horrors of a war waged by an invading enemy than a strict neutrality, and in this decision they were sustained by a majority of the nation.
That policy was accordingly adopted and faithfully adhered to. Early in the month of June of the present year the authorities of the nation declined to enter into negotiations for an alliance with the Confederate States, and protested against the occupation of the Cherokee country by their troops, or any other violation of their neutrality. No act was allowed that could be construed by the United States to be a violation of the faith of treaties.
But Providence rules the destinies of nations, and events, by inexorable necessity, overrule human resolutions. The number of the Confederate States has increased to eleven, and their Government is firmly established and consolidated. Maintaining in the field an army of 200,000 men, the war became for them but a succession of victories. Disclaiming any intention to invade the Northern States, they sought only to repel invaders from their own soil and to secure the right of governing themselves. They claimed only the privilege asserted by the Declaration of American Independence, and on which the right of <ar19_504> the Northern States themselves to self-government is founded, of altering their form of government when it became no longer tolerable and establishing new forms for the security of their liberties.
Throughout the Confederate States we saw this great revolution effected without violence or the suspension of the laws or the closing of the courts. The military power was nowhere placed above the civil authorities. None were seized and imprisoned at the mandate of arbitrary power. All division among the people disappeared, and the determination became unanimous that there should never again be any union with the Northern States. Almost as one man all who were able to bear arms rushed to the defense of an invaded country, and nowhere has it been found necessary to compel men to serve or to enlist mercenaries by the offer of extraordinary bounties.
But in the Northern States the Cherokee people saw with alarm a violated Constitution, all civil liberty put in peril, and all the rules of civilized warfare and the dictates of common humanity and decency unhesitatingly disregarded. In States which still adhered to the Union a military despotism has displaced the civil power and the laws became silent amid arms. Free speech and almost free thought became a crime. The right to the writ of habeas corpus, guaranteed by the Constitution, disappeared at the nod of a Secretary of State or a general of the lowest grade. The mandate of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was set at naught by the military power, and this outrage on common right approved by a President sworn to support the Constitution. War on the largest scale was waged, and the immense bodies of troops called into the field in the absence of any law warranting it under the pretense of suppressing unlawful combination of men. The humanities of war, which even barbarians respect, were no longer thought worthy to be observed. Foreign mercenaries and the scum of cities and the inmates of prisons were enlisted and organized into regiments and brigades and sent into Southern States to aid in subjugating a people struggling for freedom, to burn, to plunder, and to commit the basest of outrages on women; while the heels of armed tyranny trod upon the necks of Maryland and Missouri, and men of the highest character and position were incarcerated upon suspicion and without process of law in jails, in forts, and in prison-ships, and even women were imprisoned by the arbitrary order of a President and Cabinet ministers; while the press ceased to be free, the publication of newspapers was suspended and their issues seized and destroyed; the officers and men taken prisoners in battle were allowed to remain in captivity by the refusal of their Government to consent to an exchange of prisoners; as they had left their dead on more than one field of battle that had witnessed their defeat to be buried and their wounded to be cared for by Southern hands.
Whatever causes the Cherokee people may have had in the past, to complain of some of the Southern States, they cannot but feel that their interests and their destiny are inseparably connected with those of the South. The war now raging is a war of Northern cupidity and fanaticism against the institution of African servitude; against the commercial freedom of the South, and against the political freedom of the States, and its objects are to annihilate the sovereignty of those States and utterly change the nature of the General Government.
The Cherokee people and their neighbors were warned before the war commenced that the first object of the party which now holds the powers of government of the United States would be to annul the institution of slavery in the whole Indian country, and make it what they term free territory and after a time a free State; and they have been also warned by the fate which has befallen those of their race in Kansas, Nebraska, and Oregon that at no distant day they too would be compelled to surrender their country at the demand of Northern rapacity, and be content with an extinct nationality, and with reserves of limited extent for individuals, of which their people would soon be despoiled by speculators, if not plundered unscrupulously by the State.
Urged by these considerations, the Cherokees, long divided in opinion, became unanimous, and like their brethren, the Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, determined, by the undivided voice of a General Convention of all the people, held at Tahlequah, on the 21st day of August, in the present year, to make common cause with the South and share its fortunes.
In now carrying this resolution into effect and consummating a treaty of alliance and friendship with the Confederate States of America the Cherokee people declares that it has been faithful and loyal to is engagements with the United States until, by placing its safety and even its national existence in imminent peril, those States have released them from those engagements.
Menaced by a great danger, they exercise the inalienable right of self-defense, and declare themselves a free people, independent of the Northern States of America, and at war with them by their own act. Obeying the dictates of prudence and providing for the general safety and welfare, confident of the rectitude of their intentions and true to the obligations of duty and honor, they accept the issue thus forced upon them, unite their fortunes now and forever with those of the Confederate States, and take up arms for the common cause, and with entire confidence in the justice of that cause and with a firm reliance upon Divine Providence, will resolutely abide the consequences.
Tahlequah, C. N., October 28, 1861.
THOMAS PEGG,
President National Committee.
JOSHUA ROSS,
Clerk National Committee.
Concurred.
LACY MOUSE,
Speaker of Council.
THOMAS B. WOLFE,
Clerk Council.
Approved.
JNO. ROSS.
This Page last updated 02/10/02
RETURN TO RETURN TO CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA PAGE

Question: who approved the accession of indian territory to the confederacy

who approved the accession of indian territory to the confederacy

Question: how many native americans were in the confederate congress

how many native americans were in the confederate congress

Question: which two states were members of the confederate army

which two states were members of the confederate army

Question: what type of army were the citizens of the american indian council members

what type of army were the citizens of the american indian council members

Question: how many states had representatives in the confederate congress

how many states had representatives in the confederate congress

Question: where did the american indian council approve the accession of indian territory to

where did the american indian council approve the accession of indian territory to

The American Indian Council has never officially approved the accession of Indian territory to the Confederation , but like the states of Missouri and Kentucky , five civilized peoples had their representatives in the Confederation Congress , and their citizens were members of a regular confederate army .

In 1863, the Unionists led by Parson Brownlow and Senator Andrew Johnson took over the control of East Tennessee.

They also tried to take control of West Virginia, but effectively never held more than half of the districts that at the time formed the new state West Virginia.

Question: when did the unionists take over east tennessee

In 1863, the Unionists led by Parson Brownlow and Senator Andrew Johnson took over the control of East Tennessee.

They also tried to take control of West Virginia, but effectively never held more than half of the districts that at the time formed the new state West Virginia.

when did the unionists take over east tennessee

Question: how many districts did the unionists lose in west virginia

how many districts did the unionists lose in west virginia

Question: which state did the unionists try to take control of in 1863

which state did the unionists try to take control of in 1863

Question: who was the president of the united states in 1863

who was the president of the united states in 1863

Question: who led the unionists in east tennessee

Question: in 1863, unionists led by parson brownlow and senator andrew johnson

in 1863, unionists led by parson brownlow and senator andrew johnson

Question: who took over east tennessee in 1863

In 1863 , the Unionists led by Parson Brownlow and Senator Andrew Johnson took over the control of East Tennessee .

They also tried to take control of West Virginia , but effectively never held more than half of the districts that at the time formed the new state West Virginia .

Unionisti su 1863. godine predvođeni Parsonom Brownlowom i senatorom Andrewom Johnsonom preuzeli kontrolu istočnog Tennesseeja.

Također su pokušali preuzeti kontrolu nad zapadnom Virginijom, ali efektivno nikad nisu držali više od polovice okruga koji su u tom trenutku sačinjavali novu državu Zapadnu Virginiju.

In 1863, the Unionists led by Parson Brownlow and Senator Andrew Johnson took over the control of East Tennessee. They also tried to take control of West Virginia, but effectively never held more than half of the districts that at the time formed the new state West Virginia.

In 1863, the Unionists led by Parson Brownlow and Senator Andrew Johnson took over the control of East Tennessee.

They also tried to take control of West Virginia, but effectively never held more than half of the districts that at the time formed the new state West Virginia.

The highest peak of the Confederation (not counting Arizona and New Mexico) was the Guadalupe Peak in Texas, with 2,670 meters above the sea height.

|| Introduction
|| 50 Largest Cities
|| Highest and Lowest
|| Summits Over 14,000 Feet
||
|| Summits East of Rocky Mountains || Geographic Centers ||
|| Distances From Extreme Points to Geographic Centers || Extreme Distances ||
|| Lengths of US Boundaries ||
The information in this booklet was compiled to answer inquiries received by the U.S. Geological Survey from students, teachers, writers, editors, publishers of encyclopedias, almanacs, and other reference books, and people in many other fields of work.
The elevations of features and distances between points in the United States were determined from surveys and topographic maps of the U.S. Geological Survey or obtained from other sources. In most cases, the elevations were determined from surveys and from 1:24,000- and 1:25,000-scale, 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps. In Alaska, information was taken from 1:63,360-scale, 15-minute topographic quadrangle maps. In a few cases, data were obtained from older, 1:62,500-scale, 15-minute maps; these maps have been replaced with larger scale 7.5-minute coverage.
Further information about U.S. Geological Survey products can be obtained from: U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, 507 National Center, Reston, VA 20192 or phone 1-888-ASK-USGS, E-mail: ask@usgs.gov, TTY: 703-648-4119.
|| Top || Main Table of Contents ||
|City||State||Rank||High Feet||Low Feet|
|New York||New York||1||410||Sea Level|
|Chicago||Illinois||2||673||1579|
|Los Angeles||California||3||5,074||Sea Level|
|Philadelphia||Pennsylvania||4||441||Sea Level|
|Houston||Texas||5||83||Sea Level|
|Detroit||Michigan||6||672||1575|
|Dallas||Texas||7||686||390|
|San Diego||California||8||823||Sea Level|
|Phoenix||Arizona||9||1,160||1,058|
|Baltimore||Maryland||10||489||Sea Level|
|San Antonio||Texas||11||1,000||505|
|Indianapolis||Indiana||12||845||664|
|San Francisco||California||13||934||Sea Level|
|Memphis||Tennessee||14||335||195|
|Washington||D.C.||15||410||1|
|Milwaukee||Wisconsin||16||799||1579|
|San Jose||California||17||2,125||Sea Level|
|Cleveland||Ohio||18||1,050||1571|
|Columbus||Ohio||19||893||685|
|Boston||Massachusetts||20||330||Sea Level|
|New Orleans||Louisiana||21||25||-8|
|Jacksonville||Florida||22||40||Sea Level|
|Seattle||Washington||23||520||Sea Level|
|Denver||Colorado||24||5,470||5,130|
|Nashville-Davidson County||Tennessee||25||1,160||385|
|St. Louis||Missouri||26||614||385|
|Kansas City||Missouri||27||1,020||720|
|El Paso||Texas||28||4,080||3,695|
|Atlanta||Georgia||29||1,086||738|
|Pittsburgh||Pennsylvania||30||1,370||710|
|Oklahoma City||Oklahoma||31||1,334||1,050|
|Cincinnati||Ohio||32||960||433|
|Fort Worth||Texas||33||766||513|
|Minneapolis||Minnesota||34||980||687|
|Portland||Oregon||35||1,073||Sea Level|
|Honolulu||Hawaii||36||4,020||Sea Level|
|Long Beach||California||37||360||-7|
|Tulsa||Oklahoma||38||810||620|
|Buffalo||NewYork||39||699||1571|
|Toledo||Ohio||40||627||1571|
|Miami||Florida||41||30||Sea Level|
|Austin||Texas||42||1,080||406|
|Oakland||California||43||1,754||Sea Level|
|Albuquerque||New Mexico||44||6,120||4,946|
|Tucson||Arizona||45||2,950||2,250|
|Newark||New Jersey||46||278||Sea Level|
|Charlotte||North Carolina||47||784||519|
|Omaha||Nebraska||48||1,272||960|
|Louisville||Kentucky||49||761||382|
|Birmingham||Alabama||50||1,060||496|
|| Top || Main Table of Contents ||
|State or
|
possession
|Highest point||County or
|
subdivision
|Elevation
|
feet
|Lowest Point||County or
|
subdivision
|Elevation
|
feet
|Alabama||Cheaha Mountain||Cleburne||2,407||Gulf of Mexico||- -||Sea Level|
|Alaska||Mount McKinley||- -||20,320||Pacific Ocean||- -||Sea Level|
|Arizona||Humphreys Peak||Coconino||12,633||Colorado River||Yuma||70|
|Arkansas||Magazine Mountain||Logan||2,753||Ouachita River||Ashley-Union||55|
|California||Mount Whitney||Inyo-Tulare||114,494||Death Valley||Inyo||-282|
|Colorado||Mount Elbert||Lake||14,433||Arikaree River||Yuma||3,315|
|Connecticut||Mount Frissel on south
|
slope at State line
|Litchfield||2,380||Long Island Sound||- -||Sea Level|
|Delaware||On Ebright Road at
|
Delaware-Pennsylvania
State line
|New Castle||1448||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|District of Columbia||Tenleytown at
|
Reno Reservoir
|- -||410||Potomac River||- -||1|
|Florida||Britton Hill||Walton||345||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Georgia||Brasstown Bald||Towns-Union||4,784||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Guam||Mount Lamlam||Agat District||1,332||Pacific Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Hawaii||Pu'u Wēkiu, Mauna Kea||Hawaii||13,796||Pacific Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Idaho||Borah Peak||Custer||12,662||Snake River||Nez Perce||710|
|Illinois||Charles Mound||Jo Daviess||1,235||Mississippi River||Alexander||2279|
|Indiana||Hoosier Hill||Wayne||1,257||Ohio River||Posey||2320|
|Iowa||Hawkeye Point||Osceola||1,670||Mississippi River||Lee||480|
|Kansas||Mount Sunflower||Wallace||4,039||Verdigris River||Montgomery||679|
|Kentucky||Black Mountain||Harlan||4,145||Mississippi River||Fulton||2257|
|Louisiana||Driskill Mountain||Bienville||535||New Orleans||Orleans||-8|
|Maine||Mount Katahdin||Piscataquis||5,268||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Maryland||Hoye Crest||Garrett||3,360||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Massachusetts||Mount Greylock||Berkshire||3,491||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Michigan||Mount Arvon||Baraga||1,979||Lake Erie||- -||2571|
|Minnesota||Eagle Mountain||Cook||2,301||Lake Superior||- -||2601|
|Mississippi||Woodall Mountain||Tishomingo||806||Gulf of Mexico||- -||Sea level|
|Missouri||Taum Sauk Mountain||Iron||1,772||Saint Francis River||Dunklin||2230|
|Montana||Granite Peak||Park||12,799||Kootenai River||Lincoln||1,800|
|Nebraska||Panorama Point||Kimball||5,424||Missouri River||Richardson||840|
|Nevada||Boundary Peak||Esmeralda||13,140||Colorado River||Clark||479|
|New Hampshire||Mount Washington||Coos||6,288||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|New Jersey||High Point||Sussex||31,803||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|New Mexico||Wheeler Peak||Taos||13,161||Red Bluff Reservoir||Eddy||2,842|
|New York||Mount Marcy||Essex||5,344||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|North Carolina||Mount Mitchell||Yancey||6,684||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|North Dakota||White Butte||Slope||3,506||Red River of the North||Pembina||750|
|Ohio||Campbell Hill||Logan||1,550||Ohio River||Hamilton||2455|
|Oklahoma||Black Mesa||Cimarron||4,973||Little River||McCurtain||289|
|Oregon||Mount Hood||Clackamas-
|
Hood River
|11,239||Pacific Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Pennsylvania||Mount Davis||Somerset||3,213||Delaware River||Delaware||Sea level|
|Puerto Rico||Cerro de Punta||Ponce District||4,390||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea Level|
|Rhode Island||Jerimoth Hill||Providence||812||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Samoa||Lata Mountain||Tau Island||3,160||Pacific Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|South Carolina||Sassafras Mountain||Pickens||3,560||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|South Dakota||Harney Peak||Pennington||7,242||Big Stone Lake||Roberts||966|
|Tennessee||Clingmans Dome||Sevier||6,643||Mississippi River||Shelby||2178|
|Texas||Guadalupe Peak||Culberson||8,749||Gulf of Mexico||- -||Sea level|
|Utah||Kings Peak||Duchesne||13,528||Beaverdam Wash||Washington||2,000|
|Vermont||Mount Mansfield||Chittenden||4,393||Lake Champlain||- -||95|
|Virginia||Mount Rogers||Grayson-Smyth||5,729||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Virgin Islands||Crown Mountain||Saint Thomas Island||1,556||Atlantic Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|Washington||Mount Rainier||Pierce||14,411||Pacific Ocean||- -||Sea level|
|West Virginia||Spruce Knob||Pendleton||4,863||Potomac River||Jefferson||240|
|Wisconsin||Timms Hill||Price||1,951||Lake Michigan||- -||2579|
|Wyoming||Gannett Peak||Fremont||13,804||Belle Fourche River||Crook||3,099|
|United States||Mount McKinley, Alaska||- -||20,320||Death Valley||Inyo, CA||-282|
|| Top || Table of Contents ||
|Summit||State||Quadrangle2||Date||Elevation
|
feet
|Mount McKinley||AK||Mount McKinley A-3||1954||20,320|
|Churchhill Peaks||AK||Mount McKinley A-3||1954||20,320|
|North Peak||AK||Mount McKinley A-3||1954||19,470|
|South Peak||AK||Mount McKinley A-3||1954||20,320|
|Mount St. Elias||AK||Mount St. Elias B-8||1985||18,008|
|Mount Foraker||AK||Talkeetna D-3||1958||17,400|
|Mount Bona||AK||McCarthy B-2||1959||16,500|
|Mount Blackburn||AK||McCarthy C-7||1959||16,390|
|Mount Sanford||AK||Gulkana A-1||1959||16,237|
|Mount Vancouver||AK||Mount St. Elias A-2||1985||15,979|
|South Buttress||AK||Mount McKinley A-2||1954||15,885|
|Mount Churchill||AK||McCarthy B-2||1959||15,638|
|Mount Fairweather||AK||Mount Fairweather D-5||1961||15,300|
|Mount Hubbard||AK||Mount St. Elias B-3||1985||14,950|
|Mount Bear||AK||McCarthy B-1||1959||14,831|
|East Buttress||AK||Mount McKinley A-2||1954||14,730|
|Mount Hunter||AK||Talkeetna D-3||1958||14,573|
|Browne Tower||AK||Mount McKinley A-2||1954||14,530|
|Mount Alverstone||AK||Mount St. Elias B-3||1985||14,500|
|Mount Whitney||CA||Mount Whitney||1985||114,494|
|University Peak||AK||McCarthy B-3||1959||14,470|
|Mount Elbert||CO||Mount Elbert||1967||114,433|
|Mount Massive||CO||Mount Massive||1967||14,421|
|Mount Harvard||CO||Mount Harvard||1982||14,420|
|Mount Rainier||WA||Mount Rainier West||1971||14,410|
|Mount Williamson||CA||Mount Williamson||1984||14,370|
|La Plata Peak||CO||Mount Elbert||1967||14,361|
|Blanca Peak||CO||Blanca Peak||1967||14,345|
|Uncompahgre Peak||CO||Uncompahgre Peak||1963||14,309|
|Crestone Peak||CO||Crestone Peak||1967||14,294|
|Mount Lincoln||CO||Alma||1970||14,286|
|Grays Peak||CO||Grays Peak||1958||14,270|
|Mount Antero||CO||Mount Antero||1983||14,269|
|Torreys Peak||CO||Grays Peak||1958||14,267|
|Castle Peak||CO||Hayden Peak||1960||14,265|
|Quandary Peak||CO||Breckenridge||1970||14,265|
|Mount Evans||CO||Mount Evans||1957||14,264|
|Longs Peak||CO||Longs Peak||1961||14,255|
|Mount Wilson||CO||Mount Wilson||1953||14,246|
|White Mount Peak||CA||White Mount Peak (15')||1962||14,246|
|North Palisade||CA||North Palisade||1982||14,242|
|Mount Cameron||CO||Alma||1970||14,238|
|Mount Shavano||CO||Maysville||1983||14,229|
|Mount Belford||CO||Mount Harvard||1982||14,197|
|Mount Princeton||CO||Mount Antero||1982||14,197|
|Crestone Needle||CO||Crestone Peak||1967||14,197|
|Mount Yale||CO||Mount Harvard||1982||14,196|
|Mount Bross||CO||Alma||1970||14,172|
|Kit Carson Mountain||CO||Crestone Peak||1967||14,165|
|Mount Wrangell||AK||Gulkana A-1||1959||14,163|
|Mount Shasta||CA||Shasta||1986||14,162|
|El Diente Peak||CO||Dolores Peak||1953||14,159|
|Point Success||WA||Mount Rainier West||1971||14,158|
|Maroon Peak||CO||Maroon Bells||1960||14,156|
|Tabeguache Peak||CO||St. Elmo||1982||14,155|
|Mount Oxford||CO||Mount Harvard||1982||14,153|
|Mount Sill||CA||North Palisade||1982||14,153|
|Mount Sneffels||CO||Mount Sneffels||1967||14,150|
|Mount Democrat||CO||Climax||1970||14,148|
|Capitol Peak||CO||Capitol Peak||1960||14,130|
|Liberty Cap||WA||Mount Rainier West||1971||14,112|
|Pikes Peak||CO||Pikes Peak||1951||14,110|
|Snowmass Mountain||CO||Snowmass Mountain||1960||14,092|
|Mount Russell||CA||Mount Whitney||1985||14,088|
|Mount Eolus||CO||Mount Whitney||1985||14,083|
|Windom Peak||CO||Columbine Pass||1973||14,082|
|Mount Columbia||CO||Mount Harvard||1982||14,073|
|Mount Augusta||AK||Mount St. Elias||1985||14,070|
|Missouri Mountain||CO||Winfield||1982||14,067|
|Humboldt Peak||CO||Crestone Peak||1967||14,064|
|Mount Bierstadt||CO||Mount Evans||1957||14,060|
|Sunlight Peak||CO||Storm King Peak||1964||14,059|
|Split Mountain||CA||Split Mountain||1984||14,058|
|Handies Peak||CO||Handies Peak||1955||14,048|
|Culebra Peak||CO||Culebra Peak||1955||14,047|
|Mount Lindsey||CO||Blanca Peak||1967||14,042|
|Ellingwood Point||CO||Blanca Peak||1967||14,042|
|Little Bear Peak||CO||Blanca Peak||1967||14,037|
|Mount Sherman||CO||Mount Sherman||1961||14,036|
|Redcloud Peak||CO||Redcloud Peak||1964||14,034|
|Mount Langley||CA||Mount Langley||1982||14,026|
|Conundrum Peak||CO||Hayden Peak||1960||14,022|
|Mount Tyndall||CA||Mount Williamson||1984||14,019|
|Pyramid Peak||CO||Maroon Bells||1960||14,018|
|Wilson Peak||CO||Mount Wilson||1953||14,017|
|Wetterhorn Peak||CO||Wetterhorn Peak||1963||14,015|
|North Maroon Peak||CO||Maroon Bells||1960||14,014|
|San Luis Peak||CO||San Luis Peak||1986||14,014|
|Mount Muir||CA||Mount Whitney||1985||14,012|
|Middle Palisade||CA||Split Mountain||1984||14,012|
|Mount of the Holy Cross||CO||Mount of the Holy Cross||1970||14,005|
|Huron Peak||CO||Winfield||1982||14,003|
|Thunderbolt Peak||CA||North Palisade||1982||14,003|
|Sunshine Peak||CO||Redcloud Peak||1964||14,001|
|| Top || Main Table of Contents ||
|Summit||State||County||Quadrangle3||Date||Elevation Feet|
|White Mountains, Presidential Range:|
|Mount Washington||NH||Coos||Mount Washington||1982||6,288|
|Mount Adams||NH||Coos||Mount Washington||1982||5,774|
|Mount Jefferson||NH||Coos||Mount Washington||1982||5,712|
|Mount Sam Adams||NH||Coos||Mount Washington||1982||5,584|
|Mount Clay||NH||Coos||Mount Washington||1982||5,532|
|Boott Spur||NH||Coos||Mount Washington||1982||5,492|
|Mount Quincy Adams||NH||Coos||Mount Washington||1982||5,394|
|Mount Monroe||NH||Coos||Mount Washington||1982||5,374|
|Mount Madison||NH||Coos||Mount Washington||1982||5,367|
|Mount Lafayette||NH||Grafton||Franconia||1967||5,249|
|Mount Lincoln||NH||Grafton||Franconia||1967||5,089|
|Mount Franklin||NH||Coos||Crawford Notch (15')||1946||5,004|
|South Twin Mountain||NH||Grafton||South Twin Mountain||1967||4,902|
|Summit||State||County||Quadrangle3||Date||Elevation Feet|
|Adirondack Mountains, Mount Marcy area:|
|Mount Marcy||NY||Essex||Mount Marcy||1979||5,344|
|Algonquin Peak||NY||Essex||Mount Marcy||1979||5,115|
|Mount Haystack||NY||Essex||Mount Marcy||1979||4,961|
|Mount Skylight||NY||Essex||Mount Marcy||1979||4,925|
|Whiteface Mountain||NY||Essex||Lake Placid||1978||4,865|
|Iroquois Peak||NY||Essex||Mount Marcy||1979||4,849|
|Boundary Peak||NY||Essex||Mount Marcy||1979||4,829|
|Gray Peak||NY||Essex||Mount Marcy||1979||4,826|
|Basin Mountain||NY||Essex||Mount Marcy||1979||4,826|
|Dix Mountain||NY||Essex||Mount Marcy||1979||4,822|
|Little Marcy||NY||Essex||Mount Marcy||1979||4,744|
|Gothics||NY||Essex||Keene Valley||1979||4,734|
|Summit||State||County||Quadrangle3||Date||Elevation Feet|
|Catskill Mountains:|
|Slide Mountain||NY||Ulster||Peekamoose||1969||4,180|
|Hunter Mountain||NY||Greene||Hunter||1945||4,040|
|Black Dome||NY||Greene||Freehold||1943||3,980|
|Blackhead||NY||Greene||Freehold||1943||3,940|
|Thomas Cole Mountain||NY||Greene||Hensonville||1945||3,940|
|West Kill Mountain||NY||Greene||Lexington||1960||3,880|
|Graham Mountain||NY||Ulster||Seager||1945||3,868|
|Cornell Mountain||NY||Ulster||Phoenicia||1950||3,860|
|Doubletop Mountain||NY||Ulster||Seager||1945||3,860|
|Table Mountain||NY||Ulster||Peekamoose Mountain||1969||3,847|
|Peekamoose Mountain||NY||Ulster||Peekamoose Mountain||1969||3,843|
|Plateau Mountain||NY||Greene||Hunter||1945||3,840|
|Summit||State||County||Quadrangle3||Date||Elevation Feet|
|Blue Ridge and Great Smoky Mountains:|
|Mount Mitchell1||NC||Yancey||Mount Mitchell||1946||6,684|
|Mount Craig||NC||Yancey||Mount Mitchell||1946||6,647|
|Clingmans Dome||NC-TN||Swain-Sevier||Clingmans Dome||1964||6,643|
|Mount Guyot||NC-TN||Haywood-Sevier||Mount Guyot||1964||6,621|
|Balsam Cone||NC||Yancey||Mount Mitchell||1946||6,600|
|Cattail Peak||NC||Yancey||Mount Mitchell||1946||6,600|
|Mount Le Conte||NC||Sevier||Mount Le Conte||1964||6,593|
|Big Tom||NC||Yancey||Mount Mitchell||1946||6,526|
|Mount Gibbes||NC||Yancey||Montreat||1942||6,520|
|Potato Hill||NC||Yancey||Mount Mitchell||1946||6,440|
|Mount Chapman||NC-TN||Swain-Sevier||Mount Guyot||1964||6,417|
|Old Black||NC-TN||Haywood-Cocke-
|
Sevier
|Mount Guyot||1964||6,370|
|Celo Knob||NC||Yancey||Celo||1960||6,327|
|Summit||State||County||Quadrangle3||Date||Elevation Feet|
|Ozark-Ouachita Mountains:|
|Magazine Mountain||AR||Logan||Blue Mountain||1966||2,753|
|Rich Mountain||AR||Polk||Rich Mountain||1958||2,681|
|Poteau Mountain||AR||Sebastian||Cauthron||1958||2,669|
|Black Fork Mountain||AR||Polk||Mountain Fork||1958||2,586|
|Sugar Loaf Mountain||OK||Le Flore||Hartford||1947||2,564|
|Buffalo Lookout||AR||Newton||Fallsville||1967||2,561|
|Wilton Mountain||OK||Le Flore||Page||1981||2,558|
|Lynn Mountain||OK||Le Flore||Lynn Mountain||1981||2,480|
|Turner Ward Knob||AR||Newton||Fallsville||1947||2,463|
|Kiamichi Mountain||OK||Le Flore||Muse||1966||2,451|
|Winding Stair Mountain||OK||Le Flore||Big Cedar||1981||2,451|
|Reeves Mountain||AR||Newton||Boxley||1968||2,440|
|Summit||State||County||Quadrangle3||Date||Elevation Feet|
|Black Hills:|
|Harney Peak2||SD||Pennington||Custer||1957||7,242|
|Bear Mountain||SD||Pennington||Berne||1954||7,166|
|Crooks Towner||SD||Lawrence||Crooks Tower||1956||7,137|
|Terry Peak||SD||Lawrence||Lead||1961||7,064|
|Crows Nest Peak||SD||Pennington||Crows Nest Peak||1956||7,048|
|White Tail Peak||SD||Pennington||Deerfield||1956||6,962|
|Flag Mountain||SD||Pennington||Deerfield||1956||6,937|
|Medicine Mountain||SD||Pennington||Medicine Mountain||1956||6,878|
|Nipple Butte||SD||Pennington||Deerfield||1956||6,810|
|Custer Peak||SD||Lawrence||Minnesota Ridge||1956||6,804|
|Mount Rushmore||SD||Pennington||Mount Rushmore||1954||5,725|
|Devils Tower||WY||Crook||Devils Tower||1984||5,112|
|| Top || Main Table of Contents ||
Because there is no generally accepted definition of a geographic center and no completely satisfactory method of determining it, there may be as many geographic centers of a State or county as there are definitions of the term.
The geographic center of an area may be defined as the center of gravity of the surface, or that point on which the surface of an area would balance if it were a plane of uniform thickness.
Curvature of the Earth, large bodies of water, irregular surfaces, and other factors affect the determination of center of gravity.
In determining the centers of the States, islands adjacent to their coastlines and large bodies of water were excluded.
The geographic centers and positions listed below should be considered as approximations.
|State||County||Locality|
|Alabama||Chilton||12 miles southwest of Clanton|
|Alaska||63°50' N., 152°00' W., 60 miles northwest of Mount McKinley|
|Arizona||Yavapai||55 miles east-southeast of Prescott|
|Arkansas||Pulaski||12 miles northwest of Little Rock|
|California||Madera||38 miles east of Madera|
|Colorado||Park||30 miles northwest of Pikes Peak|
|Connecticut||Hartford||At East Berlin|
|Delaware||Kent||11 miles south of Dover|
|District of Columbia||NA||Near Fourth and L Streets N.W.|
|Florida||Hernando||12 miles north-northwest of Brooksville|
|Georgia||Twiggs||18 miles southeast of Macon|
|Hawaii||Hawaii||20°15' N., 156°20' W., off Maui Island|
|Idaho||Custer||At Custer, southwest of Challis|
|Illinois||Logan||28 miles northeast of Springfield|
|Indiana||Boone||14 miles north-northwest of Indianapolis|
|Iowa||Story||5 miles northeast of Ames|
|Kansas||Barton||15 miles northeast of Great Bend|
|Kentucky||Marion||3 miles north-northwest of Lebanon|
|Louisiana||Avoyelles||3 miles southeast of Marksville|
|Maine||Piscataquis||18 miles north of Dover|
|Maryland||Prince Georges||4 1/2 miles northwest of Davidsonville|
|Massachusetts||Worcester||North part of City of Worcester|
|Michigan||Wexford||5 miles north-northwest of Cadillac|
|Minnesota||Crow Wing||10 miles southwest of Brainerd|
|Mississippi||Leake||9 miles west-northwest of Carthage|
|Missouri||Miller||20 miles southwest of Jefferson City|
|Montana||Fergus||11 miles west of Lewistown|
|Nebraska||Custer||10 miles northwest of Broken Bow|
|Nevada||Lander||26 miles southeast of Austin|
|New Hampshire||Belknap||3 miles east of Ashland|
|New Jersey||Mercer||5 miles southeast of Trenton|
|New Mexico||Torrance||12 miles south-southwest of Willard|
|New York||Madison||12 miles south of Oneida and 26 miles southwest of Utica|
|North Carolina||Chatham||10 miles northwest of Sanford|
|North Dakota||Sheridan||5 miles southwest of McClusky|
|Ohio||Delaware||25 miles north-northeast of Columbus|
|Oklahoma||Oklahoma||8 miles north of Oklahoma City|
|Oregon||Crook||25 miles south-southeast of Prineville|
|Pennsylvania||Centre||2 1/2 miles southwest of Bellefonte|
|Rhode Island||Kent||1 mile south-southwest of Crompton|
|South Carolina||Richland||13 miles southeast of Columbia|
|South Dakota||Hughes||8 miles northeast of Pierre|
|Tennessee||Rutherford||5 miles northeast of Murfreesboro|
|Texas||McCulloch||15 miles northeast of Brady|
|Utah||Sanpete||3 miles north of Manti|
|Vermont||Washington||3 miles east of Roxbury|
|Virginia||Buckingham||5 miles southwest of Buckingham|
|Washington||Chelan||10 miles west-southwest of Wenatchee|
|West Virginia||Braxton||4 miles east of Sutton|
|Wisconsin||Wood||9 miles southeast of Marshfield|
|Wyoming||Fremont||58 miles east-northeast of Lander|
|Geographic Area||Locality||Latitude
|
(N)
|Longitude
|
(W.)
|Conterminous United States
|
(48 States)
|Near Lebanon, Smith County, Kansas||39°50'||98°35'|
|Continental United States
|
(49 States)
|Near Castle Rock, Butte County, South Dakota||44°59'||103°38'|
|The United States
|
(50 States)
|West of Castle Rock, Butte County, South Dakota||44°58'||103°46'|
|North American Continent||6 miles west of Balta, Pierce County, North Dakota||48°10'||100°10'|
No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States, the conterminous United States, or the North American continent. However, a monument was erected in Lebanon, Kansas, by a group of citizens who hired engineers to determine the position of the "geographic center" of the United States.
Sometimes confused with geographic center of the United States is the triangulation station "Meades Ranch," located at latitude 39°13'26.686" North and longitude 98°32'30.506" West, about 12 miles north of Lucas, Kansas. This was the primary reference point for the North American Datum of 1927, the standard on which all the latitude and longitude lines for North America were based. This datum is being replaced by the North American Datum of 1983, which is not hinged to a single point of reference.
|| Top || Table of Contents||
|Extreme Point||Coordinates||Direction from
|
geographic centers
|50 States*
|
Statute Miles
|49 States**
|
Statute Miles
|48 States***
|
Statute Miles
|Latitude
|
(N)
|Longitude
|
(W.)
|Point Barrow, AK||71°23'||156°29'||Northwest||2,507||2,509||2,940|
|Pochnoi Point,
|
Semisopochnoi, AK
|51°57'||179°52'(E.)||Northwest||3,372||3,377||3,802|
|West Point of
|
Amatignak Island, AK
|51°17'||179°09'||Northwest||3,352||3,357||3,780|
|Cape Wrangell,
|
Attu Island, AK
|52°55'||172°27'(E.)||Northwest||3,625||3,630||4,061|
|Lake of the Woods
|
Projection, MN
|49°23'||95°09'||Northeast||507||501||1682|
|North end, (N-S boundary) ME-New Brunswick, Canada||47°04'||67°47'||Northeast||1,719||1,713||1,613|
|West Quoddy Head, ME||44°49'||66°57'||East||1,788||1,782||21,643|
|Key West, FL||24°32'||81°48'||Southeast||1,873||1,869||1,439|
|Cape Sable, FL||25°07'||81°05'||Southeast||1,867||1,863||1,437|
|Log Point, Elliot Key, FL||25°29'||80°11'||Southeast||1,882||1,877||1,455|
|East Point, St. Croix, VI||17°45'||64°34'||Southeast||2,938||2,932||2,540|
|Extreme south point of TX||25°50'||97°24'||South||1,370||1,369||971|
|Steps Point,
|
America Samoa
|14°23'(S.)||170°46'||Southwest||5,859||5,866||5,954|
|Orote Point, Guam||13°27'||144°37'(E.)||Southwest||6,579||6,584||6,974|
|Kure Island, HI||28°25'||178°20'||Southwest||4,142||4,148||4,486|
|Ka Lae, HI||18°55'||155°41'||Southwest||3,463||3,470||3,664|
|Cape Mendocino, CA||40°26'||124°24'||West||1,091||1,098||1,361|
|Cape Alava, WA||48°10'||124°44'||West||1,018||1,024||1,414|
1General direction to Lake of the Woods Projection is north.
2General direction to West Quoddy Head is northeast.
|| Top || Main Table of Contents ||
|From||To||Statute
|
Miles
|West Quoddy Head, ME, along the parallel||Pacific Ocean||2,742|
|West Quoddy Head, ME||Cape Wrangell, AK||4,831|
|West Quoddy Head, ME||Kure Island, Hawaii||5,797|
|West Quoddy Head, ME||Point Arena, CA (farthest points, 48 States)||2,892|
|Log Point, Elliot Key, FL||Kure Island, Hawaii (farthest points, 50 States)||5,859|
|Log Point, Elliot Key, FL||Cape Wrangell, AK||5,505|
|Soldier Key, FL||Kure Island, Hawaii||5,859|
|Soldier Key, FL||Cape Wrangell, AK||5,503|
|Rivera Beach, FL||Kure Island, Hawaii||5,823|
|East Point, St. Croix, VI||Cape Wrangell, AK||6,501|
|East Point, St. Croix, VI||Orote Point, Guam (longest distance including outlying areas)||9,514|
|Approximately 10 miles south of Brunswick, GA||Approximately 12 miles south of San Diego, CA (shortest coast-to-coast distance, 48 States)||2,089|
|North end of ME-New Brunswick, Canada boundary||Orote Point, Guam||7,747|
|Point Barrow, AK||Steps Point, Tutuila Island, American Samoa||5,971|
|Southern Point of TX, due north||49th parallel||1,602|
|West point of Amatignak Island, AK||Pochnoi Point, Semisopochnoi Island, AK (distance between the most easterly and the most westerly points in the United States with reference to the 180° meridan)||63|
|| Top || Main Table of Contents ||
|Boundary||Statute Miles|
|Northern boundary of conterminous United States||3,987|
|Canada-Alaska boundary||1,538|
|Southern boundary of conterminous United States||1,933|
This booklet was originally published and printed in 1995 and revised and reprinted in 2001. The online edition contains the full text from the printed publication. This document has undergone official review and approval for publications established by the Eastern Region Geography, U.S. Geological Survey.
U.S. Department of the Interior —
U.S. Geological Survey — 509
National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA
URL: http:// egsc.usgs.gov /isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html — Page Maintainer: USGS Eastern Region PSC 4
Page Contact Information: Web Administrator
Last modified: 07:51:40 Fri 29 Apr 2005 — USGS Privacy Policy and Disclaimers — Accessibility

Question: where is guadalupe peak located in the united states

The highest peak of the Confederation (not counting Arizona and New Mexico) was the Guadalupe Peak in Texas, with 2,670 meters above the sea height.

where is guadalupe peak located in the united states

Question: the highest peak of the confederacy was guadalupe peak in texas.

the highest peak of the confederacy was guadalupe peak in texas.

Question: how many meters above sea level is guadalupe peak

how many meters above sea level is guadalupe peak

Question: what is the highest peak in the confederacy

what is the highest peak in the confederacy

Question: how high is guadalupe peak in texas

2.670 metara iznad nadmorske visine . El Capitan

Question: how high was guadalupe peak

2.670 metara iznad nadmorske visine . El Capitan

The highest peak of the Confederation ( not counting Arizona and New Mexico ) was the Guadalupe Peak in Texas , with 2,670 meters above the sea height .

Najviši vrh Konfederacije (ne računajući Arizonu i Novi Meksiko) bio je Guadalupe Peak u Texasu, s 2.670 metara iznad nadmorske visine.El Capitan.

Najviši vrh Konfederacije (ne računajući Arizonu i Novi Meksiko) bio je Guadalupe Peak u Texasu, s 2.670 metara iznad nadmorske visine.El Capitan.

The highest peak of the Confederation (not counting Arizona and New Mexico) was the Guadalupe Peak in Texas, with 2,670 meters above the sea height.

The highest peak of the Confederation (not counting Arizona and New Mexico) was the Guadalupe Peak in Texas, with 2,670 meters above the sea height.

The data sheet.

Question: what is the height of guadalupe peak

2.670 metara iznad nadmorske visine . El Capitan

The data sheet.

Question: what is the highest peak of the confederation

The data sheet.

what is the highest peak of the confederation

Najviši vrh Konfederacije (ne računajući Arizonu i Novi Meksiko) bio je Guadalupe Peak u Texasu, s 2.670 metara iznad nadmorske visine.El Capitan. NGS data sheet.

The highest peak of the Confederation (not counting Arizona and New Mexico) was the Guadalupe Peak in Texas, with 2,670 meters above the sea height. The data sheet.

Most of the land was protected, although some were rented for oil and gas savings, mine savings, forest exploitation and stocks savings; 2.4% was used for military purposes.

Question: what percentage of land was used for military purposes

Most of the land was protected, although some were rented for oil and gas savings, mine savings, forest exploitation and stocks savings; 2.4% was used for military purposes.

what percentage of land was used for military purposes

Question: what was 2.4% of the land used for

Question: most of the land in rome was what

Question: why was most of the land protected

vađenje ruda , eksploataciju šuma i za ispašu stoke ; 2,4 % se koristilo za vojne potrebe .

Question: where did most of the land in rome come from

where did most of the land in rome come from

Question: what were some of the land rented for

mine savings, forest exploitation and stocks savings

vađenje ruda , eksploataciju šuma i za ispašu stoke ; 2,4 % se koristilo za vojne potrebe .

mine savings , forest exploitation and stocks savings

Question: how much land was protected by konfederacija američki

šuma i za ispašu stoke ; 2,4 % se koristilo za vojne potrebe .

how much land was protected by konfederacija američki

Question: what is the purpose of renting land in rome

nafte i plina , vađenje ruda , eksploataciju šuma

what is the purpose of renting land in rome

Most of the land was protected , although some were rented for oil and gas savings , mine savings , forest exploitation and stocks savings ; 2.4 % was used for military purposes .

Većina zemljišta je bila zaštićena, iako su neka iznajmljena za vađenje nafte i plina, vađenje ruda, eksploataciju šuma i za ispašu stoke; 2,4% se koristilo za vojne potrebe.

Većina zemljišta je bila zaštićena, iako su neka iznajmljena za vađenje nafte i plina, vađenje ruda, eksploataciju šuma i za ispašu stoke; 2,4% se koristilo za vojne potrebe.

Most of the land was protected, although some were rented for oil and gas savings, mine savings, forest exploitation and stocks savings; 2.4% was used for military purposes.

Most of the land was protected, although some were rented for oil and gas savings, mine savings, forest exploitation and stocks savings; 2.4% was used for military purposes.

The city Population of the Confederation was in the 1860 list of 9,103,332 people (including 3,521,110 slaves) and lived mainly in rural areas.

Question: where did most of the population of the city live

The city Population of the Confederation was in the 1860 list of 9,103,332 people (including 3,521,110 slaves) and lived mainly in rural areas.

where did most of the population of the city live

Question: what was the city population of the confederation in 1860

what was the city population of the confederation in 1860

Question: how many slaves were in the city population

how many slaves were in the city population

Question: when was the city population of the confederation

when was the city population of the confederation

Question: where did the population of the confederation live

where did the population of the confederation live

Question: how many slaves were in the city population of the confederation

3.521.110 robova ) i uglavnom su živjeli u ruralnim

how many slaves were in the city population of the confederation

Question: who was included in the population of the confederation

who was included in the population of the confederation

The city Population of the Confederation was in the 1860 list of 9,103,332 people ( including 3,521,110 slaves ) and lived mainly in rural areas .

Gradovi Stanovništvo Konfederacije činilo je na popisu 1860. godine 9.103.332 ljudi (uključujući i 3.521.110 robova) i uglavnom su živjeli u ruralnim područjima.

Gradovi Stanovništvo Konfederacije činilo je na popisu 1860. godine 9.103.332 ljudi (uključujući i 3.521.110 robova) i uglavnom su živjeli u ruralnim područjima.

The city Population of the Confederation was in the 1860 list of 9,103,332 people (including 3,521,110 slaves) and lived mainly in rural areas.

The city Population of the Confederation was in the 1860 list of 9,103,332 people (including 3,521,110 slaves) and lived mainly in rural areas.

Demographics Data according to the 1860 list, that is, the last list before the Civil War.

Question: konfederacija američkih država data

Demographics Data according to the 1860 list, that is, the last list before the Civil War.

Question: the konfederacija američkih država

Question: when did konfederacija američkih drž

Question: what is the 1860 census

Question: where did the konfederacija američkih dr�

where did the konfederacija američkih dr�

Demographics Data according to the 1860 list , that is , the last list before the Civil War .

Demografije Podatci prema popisu iz 1860. godine, tj. zadnji popis prije građanskog rata.

Demografije Podatci prema popisu iz 1860. godine, tj. zadnji popis prije građanskog rata.

Demographics Data according to the 1860 list, that is, the last list before the Civil War.

Demographics Data according to the 1860 list, that is, the last list before the Civil War.

Johnny Reb or Johnny Rebel was a personification of the Yugoslav Army and in general a symbol of all the southern states of the United States, usually displayed as a soldier with a gun and a flag of the Confederation.

Question: who was the personification of the yugoslav army

Johnny Reb or Johnny Rebel was a personification of the Yugoslav Army and in general a symbol of all the southern states of the United States, usually displayed as a soldier with a gun and a flag of the Confederation.

who was the personification of the yugoslav army

Question: who is the personification of the yugoslav army

who is the personification of the yugoslav army

Question: johnny rebel was a personification of what

johnny rebel was a personification of what

Question: who was johnny rebel a symbol of

all the southern states of the United States

svih južnih država SAD , obično je prikazan kao vojnik s puškom i zastavom

all the southern states of the United States

Question: what is the personification of johnny rebel

what is the personification of johnny rebel

Johnny Reb or Johnny Rebel was a personification of the Yugoslav Army and in general a symbol of all the southern states of the United States , usually displayed as a soldier with a gun and a flag of the Confederation .

Johnny Reb ili Johnny Rebel bio je personifikacija vojske Juga i uopće simbol svih južnih država SAD, obično je prikazan kao vojnik s puškom i zastavom Konfederacije.Bell Irvin Wiley.

Johnny Reb ili Johnny Rebel bio je personifikacija vojske Juga i uopće simbol svih južnih država SAD, obično je prikazan kao vojnik s puškom i zastavom Konfederacije.Bell Irvin Wiley.

Johnny Reb or Johnny Rebel was a personification of the Yugoslav Army and in general a symbol of all the southern states of the United States, usually displayed as a soldier with a gun and a flag of the Confederation.

Johnny Reb or Johnny Rebel was a personification of the Yugoslav Army and in general a symbol of all the southern states of the United States, usually displayed as a soldier with a gun and a flag of the Confederation.

Foreign links Confederation Constitution History Confederation Documents of Confederate States of America

- Georgia; January 29, 1861
- Mississippi
- South Carolina; December 24, 1860
- Texas; February 2, 1861
- Constitution for the Provisional Government; February 8, 1861
- A Resolution for the Appointment of Commissioners to the Government of the United States of America; February 15, 1861
- Inaugural Address of the President of the Provisional Government; February 18, 1861.
- Message to Congress February 25, 1861
- Message to Congress February 26, 1861
- Message to Congress February 26, 1861 (European Commission)
- Letter of President Davis to President Lincoln February 27, 1861
- Veto Message February 28, 1861 (Slave Trade)
- Message to Congress March 5, 1861 (Army Appropriation)
- Constitution of the Confederate States of America; March 11, 1861
- Message to Congress March 12, 1861 (Indian Affairs)
- Correspondence between the Confederate Commissioners and Secretary Seward
- Memorandum of March 15, 1861
- Message to Congress March 15, 1861 (Powder Appropriation)
- Message to Congress March 16, 1861 (Indian Affairs)
- Proclamation of April 12, 1861
- Proclamation of April 17, 1861
- Proclamation of April 19, 1861 (Relations with Virginia)
- Message to Congress April 29, 1861 (Ratification of the Constitution)

Question: what were the names of the documents that were part of the confederation

Documents of Confederate States of America

Dokumenti Konfederativnih Država Amerike

Foreign links Confederation Constitution History Confederation Documents of Confederate States of America

Documents of Confederate States of America

what were the names of the documents that were part of the confederation

Question: who were the original members of the confederacy

who were the original members of the confederacy

Question: what type of links did the confederacy states of america have

what type of links did the confederacy states of america have

Question: what is the source of the confederacy constitution

Confederation Documents of Confederate States of America

Konfederacije Dokumenti Konfederativnih Država Amerike

Confederation Documents of Confederate States of America

what is the source of the confederacy constitution

Question: what is the meaning of confederacy in english

what is the meaning of confederacy in english

Question: the confederacy states of america were part of what

the confederacy states of america were part of what

Question: where did the confederacy documents come from

where did the confederacy documents come from

Question: what was the name given to the confederate states of america

what was the name given to the confederate states of america

Foreign links Confederation Constitution History Confederation Documents of Confederate States of America

Vanjske poveznice Ustav Konfederacije Povijest Konfederacije Dokumenti Konfederativnih Država Amerike

Vanjske poveznice Ustav Konfederacije Povijest Konfederacije Dokumenti Konfederativnih Država Amerike

Foreign links Confederation Constitution History Confederation Documents of Confederate States of America

Foreign links Confederation Constitution History Confederation Documents of Confederate States of America