Ozalj je grad u Hrvatskoj.

 Gradska naselja
Ozalj se sastoji od 98 naselja, to su:
Badovinci,
Belinsko Selo,
Belošići,
Boševci,
Brašljevica,
Bratovanci,
Brezje Vivodinsko,
Breznik,
Brezovica Žumberačka,
Budim Vivodinski,
Bulići,
Cerje Vivodinsko,
Cvetišće,
Dančulovići,
Dojutrovica,
Doljani Žumberački,
Donji Lović,
Donji Oštri Vrh Ozaljski,
Dragoševci,
Dučići,
Durlinci,
Dvorišće Ozaljsko,
Dvorišće Vivodinsko,
Ferenci,
Fratrovci Ozaljski,
Furjanići,
Galezova Draga,
Galin,
Goleši Žumberački,
Goli Vrh Ozaljski,
Gorniki Vivodinski,
Gornje Pokupje,
Gornji Lović,
Gornji Oštri Vrh Ozaljski,
Goršćaki Ozaljski,
Grandić Breg,
Grdun,
Gudalji,
Hodinci,
Hrastovica Vivodinska,
Ilovac,
Jaškovo,
Kamenci,
Kašt, Keseri,
Kuljaji,
Kunčani,
Levkušje,
Liješće,
Lović Prekriški,
Lukšići Ozaljski,
Lukunić Draga,
Mali Erjavec,
Malinci,
Novaki Ozaljski,
Obrež Vivodinski,
Ozalj,
Pećarići,
Petruš Vrh,
Pilatovci,
Podbrežje,
Podgraj,
Police Pirišće,
Polje Ozaljsko,
Popovići Žumberački,
Požun,
Radatovići,
Radina Vas,
Rajakovići,
Rujevo,
Sekulići,
Slapno,
Soldatići,
Sršići,
Stojavnica,
Svetice,
Svetičko Hrašće,
Šiljki,
Škaljevica,
Tomašnica,
Trešćerovac,
Trg,
Varaštovac,
Veliki Erjavec,
Vini Vrh,
Vivodina,
Vrbanska Draga,
Vrh Ozaljski,
Vrhovac,
Vrhovački Sopot,
Vrškovac,
Vuketić,
Vuksani,
Zajačko Selo,
Zaluka,
Zorkovac,
Zorkovac na Kupi i
Zorkovac Vivodinski.

 Zemljopis
mini|280px|desno|Dvorac na litici.
Stari grad Ozalj izgrađen je na litici iznad rijeke Kupe koja na tome mjestu izlazi iz sutjeske i ulazi u otvoreniju dolinu. Ovdje su se u prošlosti i danas križale prometnice prema Žumberku, Pokuplju i Dolenjskoj (Slovenija).

Grad je samo petnaestak kilometara udaljen od Slovenije: s gradovima Metlikom (oko 15 km), Črnomljem (oko 30 km) i Novim Mestom (oko 35 km) dobro je cestovno i željeznički povezan. Stoga ima dobre uvjete za međudržavnu pograničnu suradnju.

 Stanovništvo
Naselje se počelo razvijati ispod staroga grada, a Grad Ozalj danas ima 7.932 stanovnika (2004.) čiji se zaposleni podjednako bave djelatnostima primarnog, sekundarnog i tercijarnog sektora (po oko 30%). Od ukupnog stanovništva čak je 27% dnevnih migranata – ponajviše u petnaestak kilometara udaljeni Karlovac s kojim postoji cestovna i željeznička veza.

Do novog teritorijalnog ustrojstva Hrvatske, postojala je bivša velika općina Ozalj, koja je imala sljedeći etnički sastav:

 godina popisa  ukupno  Hrvati  Srbi  Jugoslaveni  ostali 1991.  14.787  13.908 (94,05%)  142 (0,96%)  167 (1,20%)  570 (3,85%) 1981.  14.162  13.393 (94,56%)  314 (2,21%)  181 (1,27%)  274 (1,93%) 1971.  17.607  16.894 (95,95%)  477 (2,70%)  33 (0,18%)  203 (1,15%)

Ozalj (naseljeno mjesto)

 2001. – 1.164
 1991. – 1.184 (Hrvati - 1.089, Srbi - 49, Jugoslaveni - 16, ostali - 30)
 1981. – 599 (Hrvati - 573, Srbi - 10, Jugoslaveni - 6, ostali - 10)
 1971. – 217 (Hrvati - 193, Srbi - 7, ostali - 17)

Izvor

 CD rom: "Naselja i stanovništvo RH od 1857-2001. godine", Izdanje Državnog zavoda za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb, 2005.

 Uprava
 Povijest
Grad se prvi put spominje 1244. kao slobodni kraljevski grad. Od kraja 14. stoljeća (1398.) u vlasništvu je Frankopana iz čijih je ruku rodbinskim vezama 1550. prešao pod obitelj Zrinski koja mu je ostala vlasnikom sve do 1671. godine.

Koliko je Ozalj vezan za Zrinske i Frankopane, govori i podatak da je za Dan grada određen 30. travnja - kao uspomena na događaj iz 1671. kada su pogubljena dvojica najvećih hrvatskih plemića što je nažalost značilo i kraj uloge njihovih obitelji u hrvatskoj povijesti.

 Gospodarstvo
mini|220px|lijevo|Grob Slave Raškaj.
mini|280px|desno|Stari grad Ozalj.
Ozalj danas ima osnove i za razvoj turizma, naročito kulturno-povijesnog i izletničkog karaktera. Zahvaljujući pitoresknoj okolici i činjenici da je u gradu rođena velika slikarica Slava Raškaj, koja se mnogo bavila upravo pejzažima ozaljske okolice, ovaj je kraj vrlo pogodan za organiziranje likovnih kolonija, domaćega i međunarodnoga karaktera. Uz kupalište na Kupi, ozaljski kraj je zanimljiv i zato što je spoj brežuljkastog i nizinskog prostora, s mnoštvom prirodnih i antropogenih potencijala.

 Poznate osobe
Slava Raškaj
Ivan Hariš-Gromovnik
Ivo Latin
Janez Strašek

 Spomenici i znamenitosti
mini|280px|desno|Hidroelektrana Munjara na rijeci Kupi u Ozlju.
Srednjovjekovni grad Ozalj, smješten na klisuri iznad rijeke Kupe, pregrađen je u dvorac u 18. st.

U Ozlju je na Kupi izgrađena i jedna od prvih hidroelektrana u Hrvatskoj – 1908. počela je opskrbljivati energijom industrijske pogone, ali nije poslužila razvoju ozaljske industrije, nego karlovačke. Neorenesansna zgrada hidroelektrane kulturni je spomenik.

 Obrazovanje
Osnovna škola "Slava Raškaj" Ozalj

 Kultura
U Ozlju je danas smješten gradski muzej, a on je i sjedište Pučkog otvorenog učilišta Ivana Belostenca. U sklopu muzeja uređen je i etno-park, udaljen nekoliko stotina metara od središta grada.

 ozaljski književni (kulturni) krug

 Šport
NK Zrinski Ozalj najpoznatiji je športski klub u Ozlju.
Kuglački klub Kupa natječe se u III Hrvatskoj kuglačkoj ligi.
ŽRK Colapis
AK Ozalj, automobilistički klub

 Galerija

 Vanjske poveznice

Službena stranica
Ozalj - grad Zrinskih i Frankopana
TZ Ozalj

Kategorija:Gradovi u Karlovačkoj županiji

Official website Ozalj - city of Zrinskih and Frankopana TZ Ozalj

Das Gebiet der Stadt Ozalj befindet sich im nordwestlichen Teil des Bezirkes Karlovac. Mit der Fläche von 179,4 Quadratkilometer und ungefähr 10 000 Einwohner, gelegt zwischen dem Mittellauf des Flusses Kupa und seinem rechten Nebenflusses Dobra, zeichnet es sich durch interessante geografische Verschiedenheiten aus. Die Südlehnen der Gebirge von umberak, die sanften Hügeln im Weingebiet von Vivodina und Vrhovac, das breite und fruchtbare Kupatal, der Berg Vodenica (537 m) und an Fisch reiche Kiesgrubenseen locken mit ihrer Schönheit zu dieser Gegend. Auf einem Kalkstein oberhalb der stillen, spiegeligen Kupa wurde die Alte Stadt - das Symbol von Ozalj und das Herz seiner historischen Entwicklung aufgerichtet. Innerhalb der Mauer wie auch in der Stadtumgebung selbst liegen prähistorische, altrömische und mittelalterliche archäologische Befunde vor. Die erste schriftliche Aufzeichnung über die Stadt stammt aber aus 1244. Als Inhaber wechseln sich die mächtigsten Adelsfamilien: Babonic, Frankopan, Zrinski. Als eine unoffizielle kroatische Hauptstadt erlebt Ozalj im 17. Jahrhundert seine glänzendste Zeit. Seine Residenz hat hier der Ban Petar Zrinski und über das Kulturleben "herrscht" der literarisch-linguistische Kreis von Ozalj. Mit der tragischen Hinrichtung vom Ban Petar Zrinski und Grafen Fran Krsto Frankopan anno 1671 wurde die Blüte der Burg gewaltsam unterbrochen. Im 18. Jahrhundert wird der Umbau der Burg von den neuen Besitzern (Perlas und Batthyani) unternommen, die der gotischen Burg heutige barocke Form geben.
Nach ihrem Wert gehört die Alte Stadt Ozalj zu Denkmälern der ersten Schutzkategorie. Dort ist eine reiche Sammlung des Heimmuseums aufgestellt. Von anderen Gebäuden zeichnen sich die barocke St.-Veitspfarrkirche (erwähnt schon 1349) und die "Steinpalast" von Munjara, des alten Wasserkraftwerkes aus 1908.
Als eine alte Siedlung werden nebst Ozalj auch Trg, einst planmäßig gebautes Mittelalterdorf , Vivodina, Schlösser in Jakovo, Zorkovac, Grdun, Hraæe, Vrhovac (Plepeliæ-Palast), Treæerovac und Gornje Pokuplje er-wähnt. Eine wesentliche kulturelle und wirtschaftliche Rolle spielte in dieser Gegend auch der Paulinenkloster in Svetice. Nachdem Ozalj im Jahr 1996 den Status einer Stadt bekommen hat, bildet es sein Identität in Verbindung der historisch-kulturellen Erbe und den traditionellen Werten mit der bildhaften Schönheit der aufbewahrten Umgebung, mit der es alle seine Besucher willkommen heißt.

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Question: what is the capital of zrinskih and frankopana

Question: where is the city of ozalj located


mini|200px|Zastava ZND-a
mini|desno|200px|Zemljovid zemalja članica
Zajednica neovisnih država (Zajednica nezavisnih država,Željko Jozić, gl. ur., Hrvatski pravopis, Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, Zagreb, 2013., , str. 470. ZND), gospodarski,  politički i ekonomski savez 12 bivših sovjetskih republika. Stvorena je 8. prosinca 1991. godine sporazumom Rusije, Bjelorusije i Ukrajine, kojima su se 21. prosinca iste godine pridružili Armenija, Azerbajdžan, Kazahstan, Kirgistan, Moldavija, Tadžikistan, Turkmenistan i Uzbekistan. ZND-u se 1993. godine pridružila i Gruzija, ali je nakon rata s Rusijom 2008. napustila savez.Zajednica neovisnih država – Hrvatska opća enciklopedija

Sjedište organizacije je u Minsku.

 Povijest
Stvaranje ZND je označilo raspad Sovjetskog Saveza i, prema riječima tadašnjeg ruskog vodstva, imalo je svrhu "omogućiti civilizirani razvod" između sovjetskih republika. Međutim, mnogi promatrači ZND vide kao oruđe kojim Rusija čuva svoj utjecaj na postsovjetske države. Od svog stvaranja države-članice ZND su potpisale niz dokumenata koji se tiču integracije i kooperacije u oblastima ekonomije, obrane i vanjske politike.

Dvije postsovjetske države su 1996. stvorile Savez Rusije i Bjelorusije, koja je danas formalno konfederalne prirode, ali kojoj je svrha u budućnosti prerasti u federaciju (kao nekadašnji SSSR).(rus.) Страны Содружества Независимых Государств Povijest ZND na stranicama Međudržavnog statističkog odbora Zajednice neovisnih država

Nakon Rusko-gruzijskog rata 2008. god, Gruzija je istupila iz ZND. 2009. godine je zabilježeno protestno držanje srednjoazijskih država koje su članice ZND, koje su u jeku razmirica u svezi eksploatacije i transporta plina (sav izvoz plina, koji je esencijalno važan za gospodarstva tih zemalja, ostvaruje se preko Rusije) sve odlučile ne sudjelovati na zakazanom sastanku šefova vlada ZND; što je iščitano kao proteset protiv de facto dominacije Rusije u ZND. Nakon početka rata u istočnoj Ukrajini 2014. god., Ukrajina je jako smanjila svoju suradnju u ZND, a 2018. godine je i formalno najavljeno istupanje Ukrajine iz tog saveza.

 Bilješke

 Vanjske poveznice

 Zajednica neovisnih država – Hrvatska opća enciklopedija
 Commonwealth of Independent States

Kategorija:Međunarodne organizacije
Kategorija:Povijest Rusije
Kategorija:SSSR

Zajednica neovisnih država (akronim ZND), organizacija koja okuplja većinu država nastalih raspadom SSSR-a, a usmjerena je na ostvarivanje zajedničke sigurnosti i međudržavnu suradnju na više područja (vojno–političkom, gospodarskom, socijalnom i dr.). Nastala je 8. XII. 1991. sporazumom Rusije, Bjelorusije i Ukrajine, kojima su se (21. XII. 1991) pridružili Armenija, Azerbajdžan, Kazahstan, Kirgistan, Moldavija, Tadžikistan, Turkmenistan i Uzbekistan. Gruzija se pridružila u prosincu 1993., čime je ZND obuhvatio 12 od ukupno 15 bivših sovjetskih republika (Litva, Letonija i Estonija nisu pristupile). Problemi oko ratifikacije sporazuma ZND-a u pojedinim državama te pojedini međudržavni sporovi i sukobi (posebno između Armenije i Azerbajdžana, Rusije i Gruzije, Ukrajine i Rusije i dr.) otežali su djelotvornost ZND-a. U kolovozu 2008. Gruzija je odlučila istupiti (nakon ruske vojne intervencije povodom krize u Južnoj Osetiji).
Citiranje:
Zajednica neovisnih država. Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje.
Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2021. Pristupljeno 11. 10. 2022. <http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=66739>.

Question: what is the name of the economic, political and economic alliance of the former sov

Question: how many former soviet republics are part of zdn

how many former soviet republics are part of zdn

Question: who made up the znnd

Question: when was zdn formed and by whom

Question: when did uzbekistan join the zdn

Question: which countries are part of the zn alliance

Armenija , Azerbajdžan , Kazahstan , Kirgistan , Moldavija , Tadžikistan , Turkmenistan i Uzbekistan .

which countries are part of the zn alliance

Question: who is zdn an alliance of

ZND is the economic , political and economic alliance of the 12 former Soviet republics .

It was created on 8 December 1991 by the agreement between Russia , Belarus and Ukraine , to which Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan joined on 21 December of the same year .

ZND is the economic, political and economic alliance of the 12 former Soviet republics. It was created on 8 December 1991 by the agreement between Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, to which Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan joined on 21 December of the same year.

Two post-Soviet states in 1996 created the Alliance of Russia and Belarus, which is today formally confederate nature, but whose purpose in the future is to transform into a federation (as the former USSR).

Question: when was the alliance of russia and belarus created

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Question: what is the purpose of the alliance of russia and belarus

Two post - Soviet states in 1996 created the Alliance of Russia and Belarus , which is today formally confederate nature , but whose purpose in the future is to transform into a federation ( as the former USSR ) .

Question: when did georgia leave the zdn

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After the 2008 Russian - Georgian War , Georgia came out of the ZND .

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In 2009 it was recorded the protest holding of the Central Asian countries that are members of the ZND , who are in the joke of discourse in relation to exploitation and gas transport ( the gas export , which is essential to the economies of those countries , is achieved through Russia ) all decided not to participate in the banned meeting of the heads of the governments of the ZND ; which was investigated as a protest against the de facto domination of Russia in the ZND .

After the 2008 Russian-Georgian War, Georgia came out of the ZND. In 2009 it was recorded the protest holding of the Central Asian countries that are members of the ZND, who are in the joke of discourse in relation to exploitation and gas transport (the gas export, which is essential to the economies of those countries, is achieved through Russia) all decided not to participate in the banned meeting of the heads of the governments of the ZND; which was investigated as a protest against the de facto domination of Russia in the ZND.

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meeting of the heads of the governments of the ZND

sastanku šefova vlada ZND ; što je iščitano kao proteset protiv de facto dominacije Rusije

meeting of the heads of the governments of the ZND

After the start of the war in eastern Ukraine in 2014 , Ukraine has significantly reduced its cooperation in the ZND , and in 2018 it was also officially announced the withdrawal of Ukraine from that alliance .

In 2009 it was recorded the protest holding of the Central Asian countries that are members of the ZND, who are in the joke of discourse in relation to exploitation and gas transport (the gas export, which is essential to the economies of those countries, is achieved through Russia) all decided not to participate in the banned meeting of the heads of the governments of the ZND; which was investigated as a protest against the de facto domination of Russia in the ZND. After the start of the war in eastern Ukraine in 2014, Ukraine has significantly reduced its cooperation in the ZND, and in 2018 it was also officially announced the withdrawal of Ukraine from that alliance.


minijatura|desno|250px|Bajkalsko jezero
Kriptodepresija (od grč. kryptos (skriven) i lat. depressio (spuštanje)) je udubljenje ispunjeno vodom čija površina je iznad morske razine, a dno ispod morske razine.

Najveća kriptodepresija je Bajkalsko jezero (+454 m, -1286 m), a u Hrvatskoj je to Vransko jezero na otoku Cresu (+12 m, -61,5 m).Proleksis enciklopedija (pristupljeno 3. prosinca 2017.)

 Izvori

Kategorija:Vodene mase
Kategorija:Geomorfologija

The largest crypto depression is Bajkalsko jezero (+454 m, -1286 m), and in Croatia it is Vransko jezero on the island of Cresu (+12 m, -61,5 m).Proleksis encyclopedia (accessed December 3, 2017)

Proleksis enciklopedija
online
O Proleksis enciklopediji
Suradnja i korištenje
Impresum
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Pomoć
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BIOLOŠKE I MEDICINSKE ZNANOSTI I PODRUČJA
DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI
DRŽAVE I NARODI
ETNOLOGIJA
FILM
FIZIKALNO-KEMIJSKE I MATEMATIČKE ZNANOSTI
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GEOLOGIJA
GLAZBENE UMJETNOSTI I BALET
GOSPODARSKE ZNANOSTI
HUMANISTIČKE ZNANOSTI I PODRUČJA
INFORMACIJSKE I KOMUNIKACIJSKE ZNANOSTI I PODRUČJA
JEZIČNE ZNANOSTI I PODRUČJA
KNJIŽEVNOST I KAZALIŠTE
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LIČNOSTI
POVIJEST I POVIJESNE ZNANOSTI
PRAVO – PRAVNI SUSTAV I DRŽAVNO UREĐENJE
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ŠPORT – IGRE I REKREACIJA
kriptodepresija
Struka
GEOGRAFIJA I SRODNE ZNANOSTI I PODRUČJA
kriptodepresija
, udubljenje ispunjeno vodom čija je površina iznad, a dno ispod morske razine. Najpoznatija i najveća k. je Bajkalsko jezero u Rusiji (+454 m, -1286 m); u Hrvatskoj Vransko jezero na otoku Cresu (+12 m, -61,5 m).
Objavljeno:
22. lipnja 2012.

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The largest crypto depression is Bajkalsko jezero ( +454 m , -1286 m ) , and in Croatia it is Vransko jezero on the island of Cresu ( +12 m , -61,5 m).Proleksis encyclopedia ( accessed December 3 , 2017 )


Bajkalsko jezero (ruski: О́зеро Байка́л, burjatski: Байгал далай) u azijskom dijelu Ruske Federacije najstarije je jezero (oko 25 milijuna godina), i ujedno najdublje (oko 1700 m) jezero na svijetu. Zbog svoje starosti i izoliranosti nastala je jedna od najbogatijih slatkovodnih fauna koja je nezaobilazna u proučavanju evolucije. U jezeru i oko njega nalazi se mnoštvo jedinstvenih biljnih i životinjskih vrsta zbog čega se često naziva i „Ruski Galapagos”. Zbog toga je 1996. god. upisano na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Aziji.
mini|225px|lijevo|Satelitska fotografija Bajkalskog jezera
mini|225px|lijevo|Sliv rijeke Jenisej koji obuhvaća Bajkalsko jezero.
Odlike
Ime mu dolazi od tatarskog Bai-kul, što znači „Bogato jezero”, ili jakutskog Bajagal, što znači „Veliko jezero”,Dervla Murphy, Silverland: A Winter Journey Beyond the Urals, London, John Murray, 2007., str. 173. a poznato je i pod nazivom „Plavo sibirsko oko”.

S obzirom na svoju izrazitu dubinu od 1637 m i veliku površinu (31.500 km2), zaprema više od 20 % svjetskih zaliha slatke vode u tekućem stanju (dakle, ne uključujući ledenjake).

Upravno se nalazi u dvije upravne jedinice, u Irkutskoj oblasti i u Burjatiji. U njega utječe čak 336 rijeka, a izvire samo jedna rijeka, Angara,http://hrskole.com/u_obraz.afp?!_1L70SIQ61&SifraObraz=5 duga 1779 km, desna pritoka Jeniseja i odnosi prosječno 1920 m³ vode u sekundi. Ukupna površina sliva jezera iznosi 557.000 km². U jezeru se nalazi 27 otoka od kojih je najveće Olhon (742 km²). Pretpostavlja se da je starost Bajkalskog jezera između 20 i 30 milijuna godina.

Podrijetlo jezera i dalje je tema znanstvenog spora, ali se smatra da je dio kontinentalnog rasjeda, takozvanog „Bajkalskog rova”, koji je nastao tektonskim pomicanjem ploča, a širi se i produbljuje oko 2 cm godišnje. Ovdje se razdvajaju, euroazijska i amurska ploča praveći pukotinu u zemljinoj kori. Uzrok ovoga rascjepa leži na krajnjem jugu gdje Indijska ploča kao klin pritišće i razdvaja spomenute ploče. Zona Bajkalskog rova ima najveću dubinu upravo u području Bajkalskog jezera, koje je oko 1600 km duga pukotina, a skoro 6 km duboka. Dakle, Bajkalsko jezero, koje zbog sedimenata doseže „samo” 1642 m dubine ujedno je najdublja kriptodepresija na svijetu s dnom na dubini od 1181 m ispod površine mora. Kada bi zaronili na dno jezera tlak vode na ljudsko tijelo bi bio jačine od 16.108.020 paskala.

Oko jezera su planinska gorja, visoka između 1180 i 2575 m, koji kanaliziraju uzdužne vjetrove koji su izrazito opasni za plovidbu jezerom. Sa sjevera verhovnik, koji puše brzinom oko 20 m po sekundi i podiže valove na jugu jezera visoke i do 4,5 m, a s juga puše kultukčiji su valovi visoki do 3,5 m na srednjem i sjevernom dijelu jezera. Najopasniji su ipak vjetrovi poprečnog pravca, slapoviti vjetar sarma koji puše na zapadnoj strani jezera spuštajući se niz dolinu obale rijeke Sarme, te dostiže brzinu između 40 do 50 m u sekundi i podiže valove i do pet metara visine na srednjem dijelu jezera. Najviši valovi na Bajkalskoj jezeru su u kasnu jesen, pred zaleđivanje jezera. Koncem rujna 1902. god. ovi vjetrovi su prouzročili pomorsku katastrofu parobroda „Aleksandar Nevski“ u kojoj su stradale 172 osobe.

Voda Bajkalskog jezera se koristi za piće. Tijekom zime, kada je cijela površina jezera prekrivena debelom ledenom korom, režu se kocke leda i raznose na prodaju po okolnim naseljima. Također u to vrijeme (od siječnja do svibnja), jezerom se odvija automobilski, kamionski i drugi prijevoz. Zbog veličine jezera, malo je vjerojatno da ćete naići na neki drugi automobil, pa je vožnja prilično sigurna. Led je tu dubok od 30 cm, pa do nekoliko metara.

Istočne obale Bajklaskog jezera su dom burjatskim plemenima, koja gaje koze, deve, goveda i ovce.S. Hudgins, The Other Side of Russia: A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East (PDF), Texas A&M University Press, 2003.  Pristupljeno 26. srpnja 2019.

Bioraznolikost

Jezero je dom za više od 1085 vrsta biljaka i 1550 vrsta životinja od kojih je skoro 80% endemskih vrsta. Od biljaka tu je i močvarski osat (Cirsium palustre), čije je ovo najistočnije nalazište.C. Michael Hogan, Marsh Thistle: Cirsium palustre , 2009., GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg Oko 80-90% biomase u jezeru čini endemska vrsta zooplanktona, Epischura baikalensis.[Zooplankton i ekosustav Bajkalskog jezera] (rus.) Posjećeno 2. veljače 2011. Jedna od životinjskih vrsta je i bajkalski tuljan (Phoca sibirica), rijetka vrsta slatkovodnog tuljana. Zbog njihova skupocjenog krzna, česta su meta brojnih krivolovacaPeter Saundry, Baikal seal, 2010., Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. C. Michael Hogan, Ed. in chief C. NCSE, Washington DC.  Posjećeno 2. veljače 2011.
Od riba najznačajnije su: omul (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius), dvije vrste golomjanke ili tzv. bajkalske uljne ribe  (Comephorus baicalensis i C. dybowskii), dvije vrste lososa (Thymallus arcticus baicalensis i Salmonidae baicalensis), te bajkalska jesetra (Acipenser baerii baicalensis), sve endemske vrste velike komercijalne vrijednosti.
Od beskralješnjaka tu su crvi virnjaci (Turbellaria), puževi i rakovi postranice (Amphipoda).

Zaštita
mini|BPPM zagađuje vodu i atmosferu Bajkalskog područja 2008. god.
Nakon što je 1996. god. Bajkalsko jezero postala UNESCO-ova svjetska baština, Odbor za svjetsku baštinu, međuvladino tijelo osnovano Konvencijom o svjetskoj baštini, redovito je ispitivao stanje očuvanosti područja. Na 29. sjednici Odbora za svjetsku baštinu u Durbanu, u Južnoj Africi, u srpnju 2005. godine, Odbor je izjavio da bi svaki razvoj naftovoda koji prelazi sliv Bajkalskog jezera i glavnih pritoka bio slučaj za upis jezera na Popis mjesta svjetske baštine u opasnosti. Nakon otvorenog pisma predsjedniku Ruske Federacije, Vladimiru Putinu, o stanju očuvanosti svjetskog naslijeđa Bajkalskog jezera 2006. god.,World Heritage Committee Chairperson Sends Letter to President of Russian Federation concerning Lake Baikal Friday, 24. ožujka 2006.  Pristupljeno 26. srpnja 2019. vlada Republike Rusije je odlučila promijeniti kurs naftovoda čime je „Ruska Federacija pokazala svoju predanost pridruživanju međunarodnim naporima u zaštiti zajedničke baštine čovječanstva i promicanju održivog razvoja”.Director-General and World Heritage Committee Chair welcome decision to alter course of pipeline near Lake Baikal, 28. travnja 2006.  Pristupljeno 26. srpnja 2019.
No, na 33. sjednici Odbora za svjetsku baštinu (Sevilla, 2009.), Centar za svjetsku baštinu i IUCN primili su velik broj pisama od pojedinaca koji su bili zabrinuti za stanje očuvanosti baštine Bajkalskog jezera, a posebno zbog ponovnog otvaranja Bajalskoga pogona za papir i celulozu (BPPM) i njegovih vjerojatnih utjecaja na izvanrednu univerzalnu vrijednost i integritet Bajkalskog jezera. Greenpeace Rusija i WWF su 2010. skupili 125.000 potpisa ljudi širom svijeta koji su potpisali peticiju za zaštitu Bajkalskog jezera.Greenpeace and WWF present 125,000 signatures to UNESCO to save world’s oldest, deepest and largest lake, 30. lipnja 2010.  Pristupljeno 26. srpnja 2019. U veljači 2013. god. Vlada Rusije donijela je odluku o zatvaranju BPPM-a, a u rujnu 2013. zaustavljena je proizvodnja, te se planira uklanjanje akumuliranog oštećenja okolišaNa mjestu Bajkalskog pogona celuloze i papira će se otvoriti „Rezervat Rusije”, ria.ru, 6. travnja 2019. godine  Pristupljeno 26. srpnja 2019.
God. 2018. UNESCO je zaprimio i žalbe o opsežnim planovima sječe šume na prostorima zaštićenog područja Bajkalskog jezera, o čemu se vlada Ruske Federacije još treba očitovatiState of Conservation of Lake Baikal, 3. kolovoza 2018.  Pristupljeno 26. srpnja 2019.

Krivolov je jedan od problema očuvanja flore i faune Bajkalskog prirodnog područja, osobito izlov bajkalskih tuljana, a posebno mladunčadi.

 Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Lake Baikal (UNESCO/NHK) video na službenim stranicama UNESCO-a

Ostali projekti

Kategorija:Geološke depresije
Kategorija:Irkutska oblast
Kategorija:Burjatija
Kategorija:Svjetska baština u Rusiji
Kategorija:Porječje Jeniseja
Kategorija:Rezervati biosfere u Aziji
Kategorija:Sibir
Kategorija:Jezera u azijskom dijelu Rusije
Kategorija:Ruske turističke atrakcije

Administratively it is located in two administrative units, in the Irkutsk region and in Burjatia.

Question: where is bajkalsko jezero located in russia

Administratively it is located in two administrative units, in the Irkutsk region and in Burjatia.

where is bajkalsko jezero located in russia

Question: how many administrative units are there in the irkutsk region

how many administrative units are there in the irkutsk region

Question: bajkalsko jezero is the administrative unit of which russian republic

bajkalsko jezero is the administrative unit of which russian republic

Question: where is bajkalsko jezero located administratively

where is bajkalsko jezero located administratively

Administratively it is located in two administrative units , in the Irkutsk region and in Burjatia .

Upravno se nalazi u dvije upravne jedinice, u Irkutskoj oblasti i u Burjatiji.

Upravno se nalazi u dvije upravne jedinice, u Irkutskoj oblasti i u Burjatiji.

Administratively it is located in two administrative units, in the Irkutsk region and in Burjatia.

Administratively it is located in two administrative units, in the Irkutsk region and in Burjatia.

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East
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Question: when is the other side of russia coming out

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

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Question: who is the author of the other side of russia

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

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Question: where do the burjat tribes live in siberia

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

where do the burjat tribes live in siberia

Question: who breeds cows on the eastern coast of bajklask lake

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

who breeds cows on the eastern coast of bajklask lake

Question: what kind of animals do the burjat tribes breed

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

what kind of animals do the burjat tribes breed

Question: who lives on the eastern coast of bajklask lake

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

who lives on the eastern coast of bajklask lake

Question: where do the burjat tribes breed cows

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

Question: which tribes live on the eastern coast of bajklask lake

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

which tribes live on the eastern coast of bajklask lake

The eastern coast of the Bajklask Lake is the home of the Burjat tribes , which breeds cows , cows , bees and sheep . S. Hudgins , The Other Side of Russia : A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East ( PDF ) , Texas A&M University Press , 2003 .

The eastern coast of the Bajklask Lake is the home of the Burjat tribes, which breeds cows, cows, bees and sheep.S. Hudgins, The Other Side of Russia: A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East (PDF), Texas A&M University Press, 2003. Accessed on July 26, 2019.

The lake is home to more than 1085 species of plants and 1550 species of animals, of which almost 80% are endemic species.

Question: how many species of animals are in bajkalsko jezero lake

how many species of animals are in bajkalsko jezero lake

Question: how many species of plants are in bajkalsko jezero lake

how many species of plants are in bajkalsko jezero lake

Question: how many endemic species are in bajkalsko jezero lake

how many endemic species are in bajkalsko jezero lake

Question: where is the lake bajkalsko jezero located

where is the lake bajkalsko jezero located

Question: what kind of animals are in bajkalsko jezero lake

what kind of animals are in bajkalsko jezero lake

The lake is home to more than 1085 species of plants and 1550 species of animals , of which almost 80 % are endemic species .

Bioraznolikost Jezero je dom za više od 1085 vrsta biljaka i 1550 vrsta životinja od kojih je skoro 80% endemskih vrsta.

Bioraznolikost Jezero je dom za više od 1085 vrsta biljaka i 1550 vrsta životinja od kojih je skoro 80% endemskih vrsta.

The lake is home to more than 1085 species of plants and 1550 species of animals, of which almost 80% are endemic species.

Visited on February 2, 2011.

One of the animal species is also the Phoca sibirica (Phoca sibirica), a rare species of freshwater puppy.

Question: when was the bajkalsko jezero discovered in the wild

Visited on February 2, 2011.

One of the animal species is also the Phoca sibirica (Phoca sibirica), a rare species of freshwater puppy.

when was the bajkalsko jezero discovered in the wild

Question: what is the name of the rare freshwater puppy

Visited on February 2, 2011.

what is the name of the rare freshwater puppy

Question: what kind of animal is phoca sibirica

Visited on February 2, 2011.

Question: what is the scientific name of bajkalsko jezero

Visited on February 2, 2011.

what is the scientific name of bajkalsko jezero

Question: name of the rare freshwater puppy in bajkalsko jezero

Visited on February 2, 2011.

name of the rare freshwater puppy in bajkalsko jezero

One of the animal species is also the Phoca sibirica ( Phoca sibirica ) , a rare species of freshwater puppy .

Jedna od životinjskih vrsta je i bajkalski tuljan (Phoca sibirica), rijetka vrsta slatkovodnog tuljana.

Visited on February 2, 2011. One of the animal species is also the Phoca sibirica (Phoca sibirica), a rare species of freshwater puppy.

One of the animal species is also the Phoca sibirica (Phoca sibirica), a rare species of freshwater puppy.

World Heritage Committee Chairperson Sends Letter to President of Russian Federation concerning Lake Baikal
The Chairperson of the World Heritage Committee, Ina Marčiulionytė, has sent a letter to the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, concerning the state of conservation of the World Heritage site of Lake Baikal.
The World Heritage Committee, the intergovernmental body established by the World Heritage Convention, regularly examines the state of conservation of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List. The Committee has already expressed its concern regarding the potentially negative impact of the proposed oil pipeline crossing the World Heritage site on several occasions. At the 29th session of the World Heritage Committee in Durban, South Africa, in July 2005, the Committee stated that any pipeline development crossing the watershed of Lake Baikal and main tributaries would make the case for inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger.
The letter follows several articles in the international press reporting the recent decision of the expert commission responsible for the State Ecological Expertise to accept the proposed routing of a pipeline through the World Heritage site, and its approval by the Federal Service for Ecological Technological and Atomic Supervision (Rostechnadzor).
In the letter, the Chairperson of the World Heritage Committee expresses extreme concern at the developments which constitute a potential threat to the outstanding universal value of the property, and which may result in the Committee deciding to inscribe the property on the List of World Heritage in Danger at its 30th session in Vilnius, Lithuania. She therefore urges the re-examination of the proposed routing of the pipeline to take into account the World Heritage status of Lake Baikal, and honor the commitment made by the Russian Federation for the conservation of Lake Baikal World Heritage site in accordance with the 1972 World Heritage Convention.
Situated in south-east Siberia, Lake Baikal is the oldest (25 million years) and deepest (1,700 m) lake in the world, and contains 20% of the world's total unfrozen freshwater reserve. Known as the 'Galapagos of Russia', its age and isolation have produced one of the world's richest and most unusual freshwater faunas, which is of exceptional value to evolutionary science. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1996.

Question: bajkalsko jezero lake in south africa is a member of

bajkalsko jezero lake in south africa is a member of

Question: who founded the committee for world heritage

who founded the committee for world heritage

Question: bajkalsko jezero in south africa is a member of which

bajkalsko jezero in south africa is a member of which

Question: which south african city hosted the 29th world heritage committee meeting in 2005

which south african city hosted the 29th world heritage committee meeting in 2005

Question: where was the 29th meeting of the world heritage committee held in 2005

Durbanu , u Južnoj Africi , u srpnju 2005 . godine ,

where was the 29th meeting of the world heritage committee held in 2005

Question: when did bajkalsko jezero become a world heritage site

when did bajkalsko jezero become a world heritage site

The Baikal Lake became UNESCO 's World Heritage , the Committee for World Heritage , an intergovernmental body founded by the Convention on World Heritage , has regularly examined the status of conservation of the area .

At the 29th meeting of the World Heritage Committee in Durban , South Africa , in July 2005 , the Committee stated that any development of the oil pipeline that crosses the Baykal Lake slide and the main flows would be the case for the inscription of the lakes on the List of World Heritage Places in Danger .

The Baikal Lake became UNESCO's World Heritage, the Committee for World Heritage, an intergovernmental body founded by the Convention on World Heritage, has regularly examined the status of conservation of the area. At the 29th meeting of the World Heritage Committee in Durban, South Africa, in July 2005, the Committee stated that any development of the oil pipeline that crosses the Baykal Lake slide and the main flows would be the case for the inscription of the lakes on the List of World Heritage Places in Danger.

Approached on July 26, 2019, the government of the Republic of Russia decided to change the pipeline course by "the Russian Federation demonstrated its commitment to joining international efforts in protecting the common heritage of mankind and promoting sustainable development."Director-General and World Heritage Committee Chair welcomes the decision to alter the pipeline course near Lake Baikal, April 28, 2006.

Director-General and World Heritage Committee Chair welcome decision to alter course of pipeline near Lake Baikal
"I wish to congratulate President Putin for his decision," the Director-General declared. "By altering the course of the oil pipeline, the Russian Federation shows its commitment to joining international efforts to protect the common heritage of humanity and to promote sustainable development. UNESCO and its World Heritage Centre appreciate the spirit of cooperation shown by the Russian Federation in seeking to protect its natural environment and fresh water resources."
The Chairperson of the World Heritage Committee, Ina Marčiulionytė, also welcomed President Putin's decision: "President Putin's decision regarding the World Heritage site of Baikal is extremely important and very positive. I wish to thank the Russian Federation for its contribution to the implementation of the World Heritage Convention."
President Putin Wednesday announced the decision to move the pipeline that will run from the oil fields of Siberia to the Pacific coast north of Lake Baikal's watershed to avoid the site, which was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1996.
Home to an outstanding variety of endemic flora and fauna, the 3.15-million-hectar Lake Baikal is the oldest (25 million years) and deepest (1,700 m) lake in the world and contains 20% of the world's surface fresh water resources.

Question: when does the bajkalsko jezero project start and end

when does the bajkalsko jezero project start and end

Question: when did the bajkalsko jezero project start and end

when did the bajkalsko jezero project start and end

Question: where is the bajkalsko jezero pipeline located in russia

where is the bajkalsko jezero pipeline located in russia

Question: who is the person who welcomed the decision to change the pipeline course

Director-General and World Heritage Committee Chair

Director - General and World Heritage Committee Chair

Director - General and World Heritage Committee Chair

who is the person who welcomed the decision to change the pipeline course

Question: who changed the bajkalsko jezero pipeline course

who changed the bajkalsko jezero pipeline course

Question: where is the bajkalsko jezero located in russia

where is the bajkalsko jezero located in russia

Question: who is chair of the bajkalsko jezero committee

Director-General and World Heritage Committee

Director - General and World Heritage Committee

Director - General and World Heritage Committee

who is chair of the bajkalsko jezero committee

Question: when did the bajkalsko jezero oil project start

when did the bajkalsko jezero oil project start

Approached on July 26 , 2019 , the government of the Republic of Russia decided to change the pipeline course by " the Russian Federation demonstrated its commitment to joining international efforts in protecting the common heritage of mankind and promoting sustainable development . "Director - General and World Heritage Committee Chair welcomes the decision to alter the pipeline course near Lake Baikal , April 28 , 2006 .

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

Greenpeace and WWF present 125,000 signatures to UNESCO to save world’s oldest, deepest and largest lake
UNESCO today received a petition of signed by 125,000 people around the world protesting against the re-opening of a paper and pulp mill on the shores of Lake Baikal, a World Heritage site in the Russian Federation.
The petition was presented to UNESCO Assistant Director-General for Culture, Francesco Bandarin, by Greenpeace and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), who agreed to bring it to the attention of the World Heritage Committee, when it meets in Brasilia from 25 July to 3 August.
"The World Heritage Committee will discuss the Baikal issue at its meeting in Brasilia, and will offer recommendations and support to Russia to define the most appropriate solutions," Mr Bandarin said.
"We have had, in the past, proof of the Russian Government's commitment to the conservation of World Heritage sites," he added. "We are confident that the authorities will understand that Lake Baikal requires decisions that will effectively protect its conservation."
Greenpeace Russia campaign director Ivan Blokov urged UNESCO "to do everything within its power to protect Lake Baikal from the catastrophic consequences that would inevitably result from the re-opening of the Baikalsk Paper and Pulp Mill (BPPM) on its shores. The 125,000 signatures on the petition we have presented to UNESCO today provide ample testimony to the concern of people the world over about this unique site," he said.
Lake Baikal is the deepest, oldest and largest lake in the world, containing 20% of the planet's unfrozen fresh water. Over 25 million years it has developed an extraordinarily rich biodioversity, including a freshwater seal, and is often referred to as the 'Galapagos of Russia'. It was inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1996.

Question: bajkalsko jezero is the russian name for which plant

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

bajkalsko jezero is the russian name for which plant

Question: when will the bajkalsko jezero be accessed

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

when will the bajkalsko jezero be accessed

Question: who changed the course of the bajkalsko jezero pipeline

The government of the Republic of Russia

"vlada Republike Rusije je odlučila promijeniti kurs naftovoda čime je „ Ruska Federacija pokazala svoju predanost pridruživanju međunarodnim naporima u zaštiti zajedničke baštine čovječanstva i promicanju

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

The government of the Republic of Russia

who changed the course of the bajkalsko jezero pipeline

Question: when did the bajkalsko jezero pipeline start and end

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

when did the bajkalsko jezero pipeline start and end

Question: where is the bajkalsko jezero pipeline being built

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where is the bajkalsko jezero pipeline being built

Question: which meeting of the committee on world heritage was held in sevilla, 2009

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which meeting of the committee on world heritage was held in sevilla, 2009

Question: what is the bajkalsko jezero plant

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

Question: what is the name of the plant in bavarian lake heritage

Bavarian Paper and Cellulose Plant (BPPM)

Bajalskoga pogona za papir i celulozu ( BPPM )

Accessed on July 26, 2019.

Bavarian Paper and Cellulose Plant ( BPPM )

what is the name of the plant in bavarian lake heritage

The government of the Republic of Russia decided to change the pipeline course , thus “ Russian Federation demonstrated its commitment to joining international efforts to protect the common heritage of mankind and to promote sustainable development . ”Director - General and World Heritage Committee Chair welcome decision to alter course of pipeline near Lake Baikal , April 28 , 2006 .

However , at the 33th meeting of the Committee on World Heritage ( Sevilla , 2009 ) , the World Heritage Centre and the IUCN received a large number of letters from individuals who were concerned about the state of conservation of the Bavarian Lake Heritage , in particular due to the re - opening of the Bavarian Paper and Cellulose Plant ( BPPM ) and its likely impacts on the extraordinary universal value and integrity of the Bavarian Lake .

The government of the Republic of Russia decided to change the pipeline course, thus “Russian Federation demonstrated its commitment to joining international efforts to protect the common heritage of mankind and to promote sustainable development.”Director-General and World Heritage Committee Chair welcome decision to alter course of pipeline near Lake Baikal, April 28, 2006. Accessed on July 26, 2019. However, at the 33th meeting of the Committee on World Heritage (Sevilla, 2009), the World Heritage Centre and the IUCN received a large number of letters from individuals who were concerned about the state of conservation of the Bavarian Lake Heritage, in particular due to the re-opening of the Bavarian Paper and Cellulose Plant (BPPM) and its likely impacts on the extraordinary universal value and integrity of the Bavarian Lake.

The BPPM protection pollutes the water and the atmosphere of the Bajkalsk region in 2008.

Question: when did the bajkalsko jezero water pollution start

The BPPM protection pollutes the water and the atmosphere of the Bajkalsk region in 2008.

when did the bajkalsko jezero water pollution start

Question: the bppm is a protection measure for which region of the ottomans

the bppm is a protection measure for which region of the ottomans

Question: the bppm is a protection measure for which region of russia

the bppm is a protection measure for which region of russia

Question: who is responsible for the pollution of the bajkalsk region

who is responsible for the pollution of the bajkalsk region

Question: what is the name of the protection system in the bajkalsk region

what is the name of the protection system in the bajkalsk region

Question: what is responsible for the pollution of the bajkalsk region

what is responsible for the pollution of the bajkalsk region

The BPPM protection pollutes the water and the atmosphere of the Bajkalsk region in 2008 .

Zaštita BPPM zagađuje vodu i atmosferu Bajkalskog područja 2008. god.

Zaštita BPPM zagađuje vodu i atmosferu Bajkalskog područja 2008. god.

The BPPM protection pollutes the water and the atmosphere of the Bajkalsk region in 2008.

The BPPM protection pollutes the water and the atmosphere of the Bajkalsk region in 2008.

The year. 2018.

State of Conservation of Lake Baikal
Friday, 3 August 2018
On 1 August 2018, the World Heritage Centre received a petition signed by more than 2,400 citizens who expressed their concerns about deforestation at Lake Baikal World Heritage site (Russian Federation).
The competent authorities of the State Party as well as the World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Body IUCN are informed of the concerns raised by the campaign. The state of conservation of the World Heritage site is being monitored according to the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. The World Heritage Committee, at its 42nd session in Manama, Bahrain (24 June to 4 July 2018), requested the State Party to provide an update on several points, including on planned forest management.
Friday, 3 August 2018
Other news (2)
States Parties (1)
Statutory Meetings (1)
42nd session of the World Heritage Committee 24-Jun-2018-04-Jul-2018
World Heritage Properties (1)

Question: when does bajkalsko jezero open in russia

The year. 2018.

when does bajkalsko jezero open in russia

Question: when did they stop making bajkalsko jezero in russia

The year. 2018.

when did they stop making bajkalsko jezero in russia

Question: which organisation has received complaints about the plans to cut forests on the baikal lake

The year. 2018.

which organisation has received complaints about the plans to cut forests on the baikal lake

Question: who owns the bajkalsky drive of cellulose and paper

"Vlada Rusije donijela je odluku o zatvaranju BPPM - a , a u rujnu 2013 . zaustavljena je proizvodnja , te se planira uklanjanje akumuliranog

The year. 2018.

who owns the bajkalsky drive of cellulose and paper

Question: the bajkalsky drive of cellulose and paper is being used to do

The year. 2018.

the bajkalsky drive of cellulose and paper is being used to do

Question: bajkalsko jezero is the russian name for which lake

The year. 2018.

bajkalsko jezero is the russian name for which lake

Question: what is being eliminated from bajkalsko jezero plant

The year. 2018.

what is being eliminated from bajkalsko jezero plant

The government of Russia has made a decision to close the BPPM , and in September 2013 production was stopped , and the elimination of accumulated environmental damage is plannedOn the site of the Bajkalsky drive of cellulose and paper will be opened “ Rezervat of Russia ” , ria.ru , 6 April 2019

UNESCO has also received complaints about the extensive plans to cut forests on the areas of the protected area of the Baikal Lake , which the government of the Russian Federation still needs to comment onState of Conservation of Lake Baikal , August 3 , 2018 .

The government of Russia has made a decision to close the BPPM, and in September 2013 production was stopped, and the elimination of accumulated environmental damage is plannedOn the site of the Bajkalsky drive of cellulose and paper will be opened “Rezervat of Russia”, ria.ru, 6 April 2019 The year. 2018. UNESCO has also received complaints about the extensive plans to cut forests on the areas of the protected area of the Baikal Lake, which the government of the Russian Federation still needs to comment onState of Conservation of Lake Baikal, August 3, 2018.


Winsor McCay, puno ime Winsor Zenis McCay (Spring Lake, Michigan, 26. rujna 1869. – Brooklyn, New York, 26. srpnja 1934.), američki autor stripova i pionir animiranog filma.

 Životopis
Isprva radi kao strip crtač. 1903. objavljuje strip Dreams of a Rarebit Fiend u listu Evening Telegram. 1905. objavljuje u listu Harold strip Mali Nemo (puno ime Mali Nemo u zemlji snova).

1911. objavljuje, nakon 4 godine rada i oko 4,000 crteža koje je sam izveo, kratki animirani film Mali Nemo. Njegov je najpopularni animirani film Gertie dinosaur. Kreativni vrhunac njegove karijere predstavlja animirani film Potapanje Lusitanije (1918), s oko 25,000 crteža. Film je inspiriran stvarnim događajem njemačkog napada na britanski brod Lusitania, 7. svibnja 1915.

desno|okvir|Isječci iz crtanog filma Gertie dinosaur

McCay se povlači s rada na animiranom filmu 1920-ih. Sam je izvodio sve crteže na svojim filmovima. U to vrijeme animirani film u potpunosti potpada pod zakone tržišta (ekipna podjela rada). McCay se općenito smatra prvim klasikom animiranog filma.

 Stripovi (izbor)

 Little Sammy Sneeze (1904-1906)
 Dream of a Rarebit Fiend (1904-1913)
 The Story of Hungry Henrietta (1905)
 A Pilgrim's Progress (1905-1910)
 Little Nemo in Slumberland (1905-1914)
 Poor Jake (1909-1911)

 Filmografija

 Little Nemo (1911) a.k.a Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics (1911)
 How a Mosquito Operates (1912)
 Gertie the Dinosaur (1914)
 The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918)
 The Dream of a Rarebit Fiend (1921)
 Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend: The Pet (1921)
 Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend: The Flying House (1921)
 Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend: Bug Vaudeville (1921)
 Gertie on Tour (1921)
 Flip's Circus (1921)
 The Centaurs (1921)
 The Midsummer's Nightmare (1922)

 Vanjske poveznice

 Winsor McCay Biography
 Internet Movie Database profile of the 1911 short film
 Internet Movie Database profile of the 1990 video game
 Internet Movie Database profile of the 1992 feature film

Kategorija:Američki filmski umjetnici
Kategorija:Crtači stripa

|McCay is in
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issues #2 & 4 of
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Winsor McCay + Little Nemo = fame and fortune.
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The End.
Not quite that easy. For starters, McCay was born in 1867 (the same year as Frank Brangwyn, Arthur Rackham and Sidney Sime) and had an eccentric and checkered career behind him when he moved to New York in 1903. It still wasn't until two years later, at the age of 38, that he started the Little Nemo Sunday comic strip in October of 1905. In his very excellent Winsor McCay - His Life and Art, John Canemaker chronicles his prolific, inventive, strange and often heart-breaking career. I summarize below.
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Winsor McCay c.1906
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(collection of Ray Winsor Moniz)
Winsor McCay was born Zenas Winsor McKay in 1867, probably in Canada. He was named after his father's employer and he quickly dropped Zenas in favor of Winsor. He was raised in Michigan, where he commenced drawing at a prodigiously early age. And never stopped. At the age of 13 he drew a picture of shipwreck on the school blackboard and it was photographed and copies sold. His attention to (and memory of) detail was amazing. Winsor McCay, the boy, loved to draw and was very good at it.
So how come some families embrace their artistic children and others go out of their way to suppress them? McCay's father (who by now had dropped the "K" in favor of the "C") belonged to the latter group. At the age of 19, he enrolled Winsor in a business school in order to learn a real trade (just like Arthur Rackham's family tried to turn him into a clerk). Young Winsor chafed at the lessons (when he attended) but reveled in being 100 miles distant from his family and that much closer to Detroit.
One of the normal forms of entertainment of the day was the Dime Museum. These establishments were designed to separate people from their money. Part circus, part amusement park and part vaudeville, they featured both transient and permanent acts and exhibits. McCay's first job that earned him money from his art was at Wonderland in Detroit where he was hired to draw portraits of the customers for 25¢ each. His facility for observation and his amazing ability to draw quickly made him a popular 'attraction.' It also brought out his intense desire to please with his art. He really needed to draw, but even more he needed the approbation. He got some from the customers, but more importantly, he took some extracurricular drawing lessons from a local instructor who thought highly of his work. The teacher's forte was perspective and McCay had to have been the star pupil judging from the good use to which he put the lessons later in life.
But I'm getting ahead of myself. McCay left Michigan for Chicago in 1889 where he worked for a printer and roomed with Jules Guerin. In 1891 he moved to Cincinnati. There he settled into the only type of work he knew - he went to work as a staff artist for a local dime museum. He married, had two children, and took on extra work painting signs and, eventually, making drawings for a local newspaper. It was there that he first developed his skill with a pen - everything up to that point had been crafted with pencil and brush. He also supplemented his income by submitting drawings to the humor magazine, Life, beginning in 1899.
One of Canemaker's favorites from Life, and mine as well (and Harvey Kurtzman liked it enough to reprint it in an issue of Help!, too), is a six-panel masterpiece that anticipates cinemascope, camera tracks and pans, and even special effects. This was 1903 and McCay was obviously ready for the big time. As Canemaker points out, his accurate renditions of galloping horses indicate a familiarity with Eadweard Muybridge's photographic motion studies of 1887. Few cartoonists had mastered the cartoon pacing and motion better than McCay at this time, and his one foray into the Sunday comic strip, Tale of the Jungle Imps was equally advanced. He was just a small-town, hard-working artist from Cincinatti. What could he do in New York?
An invitation to take a job at the New York Herald prompted McCay to find out. In late 1903, he relocated and began the most prolific chapter of his cartooning life. From 1904-1911, McCay produced a string of comic strips that have overridden many of his other accomplishments. While I would never minimize the value of his comic strip work, you have to understand that McCay was driven to draw. Whatever those inner demons were, he was compelled by them to draw and draw and draw. His output during these eight years surpasses the lifetime work of some equally famous cartoonists.
In early 1904, there were three abortive attempts at newspaper strips: Mr. Goodenough, Sister's Little Sister's Beau, and The Phurious Phinish of Phoolish Philipe Phunny Phrolics. The real explosion of effort began, appropriately enough, with Little Sammy Sneeze.
Little Sammy sneezed every Sunday from July 24, 1904 to December 9, 1906. Since everyone knew what was going to happen in each strip, it was the build-up that mattered. Each strip was exactly six panels with the last reserved for Sammy's comeuppance, so pacing was everything. And it worked for 2½ years.
Not content to do just one strip, he began Dream of the Rarebit Fiend on September 10, 1904. His most successful strip, this ran until June 25, 1911. It was for a different paper and signed "Silas". Dream was a thoroughly adult strip devoted to adult nightmares and phobias - all caused by overindulging in Welsh rarebit (or cheese pie) just before bed. At right, it's the size of the new hat and the husband's imagined reaction that disrupts the wife's sleep.
For all the sophistication of McCay's drawings, the other aspects of his strips were never very polished. The word balloons and lettering were always merely adequate and the writing seemed to be an afterthought, hurriedly composed to carry a visual joke.
Still not drawing enough, McCay created The Story of Hungry Henrietta from January 8 through July 16, 1905. In a very modern take on child-rearing, this was the story of a young girl raised by a loud and self-absorbed family that continues to proffer food in place of love. Henrietta is happiest in the last panel when she's given a treat instead of a hug.
In search of salve for the drawing demon, McCay began A Pilgrim's Progress on June 26, 1905. It ran for more than five years, ending on December 18, 1910.
All of these strips were formula based, requiring only a new setting for Sammy to sneeze at, a new nightmare to exaggerate, another situation for the parents to ignore Henrietta's real needs, and another attempt by Mr. Bunion to rid himself of the valise of 'Dull Care'. This formulaic approach allowed McCay to invest all of his creativity in the drawing. Even the panel shapes and sizes of each strip were fairly stable (with Rarebit Fiend being the most experimental). So with three strips running each week in two different newspapers, as well as other daily cartoons and drawings for the Herald, McCay was finally ready to create his masterpiece. And on October 15, 1905, Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted.
Simply put, Little Nemo revolutionized the comic strip. At 38, McCay was at the very peak of his talent and the New York Herald had the most talented and creative color printing staff in the business. Together they crafted a weekly fantasy that week by week revealed Slumberland to be more magical than even L. Frank Baum's Oz (created in 1899) and more wonderful than Lewis Carroll's Wonderland (1865). Books and websites abound praising Nemo far more than I could possibly do in this short bio. Nemo was published in the New York Herald until July 23, 1911. The strips have been reprinted many times. Find them and lose yourself in this masterpiece. It wasn't syndicated, so the fame of the strip is based on the readers of just one paper.
Well, not entirely. 1905 was the heyday of vaudeville and a frequent feature was the chalk-talk artist - an artist who could stand in front of an audience and draw on a chalk board. Nemo was an immediate hit and McCay, who liked nothing better than to draw (and never seemed to have enough money, no matter how much he made), took to the boards on June 11, 1906. He was a hit, there, too. As his bookings along the east coast increased, so did the logistical difficulties of producing three weekly comic strips and other drawings for the papers. Many strips from this period were drawn in backstage dressing rooms and in hotels as he toured with his act. When Little Nemo made it to Broadway in 1908, McCay was performing his chalk-talk across the street and had to miss a portion of opening night. The approbation of the live audience was just as crucial to him as the regard of those watching the musical based on his work.
Within five years of arriving in New York, McCay had become one of the top artists and performers in the city. Both his comic strips and his vaudeville act were based on pacing and movement. He was about to combine all of these elements into one new art - the animated cartoon.
While he wasn't the first person to make an animated cartoon, he was the man who defined the industry. The quality of his cartoons would not be matched for another 25 years. His pacing and understanding of the medium was far ahead of his time. And he drew all of the 4,000 cels of his first film, Little Nemo, (natch!) himself! This while he was still drawing his three strips and performing his vaudeville act. The Little Nemo film was released to theater and used in his act, as was his second, How a Mosquito Operates - this 6,000 drawings long. When these films were released into wider distribution, McCay's fame spread, especially to the fledgling animation community.
When the Herald rejected his request to take some time off to go perform in Europe, McCay waited until his contract was up and jumped over to the Hearst paper, The American, in July of 1911. The Herald lost its star of three strips, and McCay lost his freedom.
All McCay wanted to do was draw. All Hearst wanted was someone who did as he was told. Drawing meant performing to McCay and it meant expanding his knowledge of animation. Nemo was published in the Hearst papers under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams, since the Herald owned the Nemo name. The coloring was less than what he was used to and he was devoting most of his energy to his next animated film, Gertie the Dinosaur. The lack of attention showed, especially in blandness of the 27 daily strips he created for Hearst from 1911 to 1913. His editorial cartoons were masterpieces of pen work, and that's where Hearst decided to relegate his talents.
On December 13, 1913, he was told by his employer that he was to give up his comic strips and do "serious" editorial work. In February of 1914, Gertie debuted to stunning reviews. McCay projected the film on his white sketch pad and in a carefully choreographed sequence interacted with the animated dinosaur and actually joins her on screen for the finale. A filmed opening was attached to the animation for theater distribution. (See above for one drawing from the thousands he made to create the film.)
McCay's east coast vaudeville bookings began to dry up as Hearst made it known to the proprietors that he would 'prefer' that they not engage McCay. In 1914, McCay signed a contract with Hearst not to appear outside of New York City. Now all McCay had to look forward to each day was a compulsory appearance at the newspaper office and making pen & ink editorial cartoons that stretched across all eight columns of the editorial page. These large drawings needed lots of visual interest since most of the editorial stances they illustrated were fairly simplistic. A world war was coming and Hearst was agin it.
McCay's personal beliefs are often considered to be reflected by these editorial drawings. While I don't claim special knowledge of his mindset, I do know that his last major animated film was a recreation of the sinking of the Lusitania and amounted to a call to arms. Hearst and his editor Arthur Brisbane actually lobbied in the paper for an understanding of Germany's position on the matter. I can't imagine a more repressive occupation than being forced to put forth a public face that was the opposite of your own. The lack of humor in all of these drawings must have been depressing, too. But the drawings, themselves, were magnificent. Click the image at left for a sad sample of a great talent in the service of a small idea.
In 1924 he left Hearst and returned to the now Herald Tribune and tried to revive Little Nemo. It lasted for two years, but proved to be out of touch with the public. McCay was allowed to purchase all rights to the character for $1 - a magnanimous gesture that doubled as a sad evaluation of his efforts.
He died in 1934 after spending his last eight years back at the American drawing editorial cartoons for Arthur Brisbane. McCay was a light-hearted man who just wanted to make beautiful pictures. He wanted animation to be an art. He wanted newspaper strips to appeal to the eye and the soul. He wanted to draw. No matter how many barriers stood in his way, he managed to accomplish that. Still, he's best remembered for one strip he drew for only six years. That alone would have been a magnificent legacy. Thankfully, there is so much more.To learn more about Winsor McCay, see:
|Winsor McCay - His Life and Art||John Canemaker, 1987 Abbeville|
|Little Nemo in Slumberland: So Many Splendid Sundays||Peter Maresca, 2005 Sunday Press|
|The Vadeboncoeur Collection of Knowledge||Jim Vadeboncoeur, Jr. 2000|
|The Vadeboncoeur Collection of ImageS B&W 2,4||Jim Vadeboncoeur, Jr. 2004, 2008 JVJ Publishing|
Illustrations are copyright by their respective owners.
This page written, designed & © 2000 by Jim Vadeboncoeur, Jr. Updated 2011.
Learn about other ILLUSTRATORS.

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mini|desno|300px|Spomen-ploča sjećanja na Johna Bardeena i Teoriju supervodljivosti, Sveučilište Illinois, Urbana-Champaign kampus.

mini|desno|300px|Ukrašena kopija prvog tranzistora otkrivenog u tvrtci Bell Labs 23. prosinca 1947.

John Bardeen (Madison, Wisconsin, 23. svibnja 1908. - Boston, Massachusetts, 30. siječnja 1991.), američki fizičar. Od 1951. do 1975. profesor na Sveučilištu Illinois. S Williamom Bradfordom Shockleyem i Walterom Houserom Brattainom dobio 1956. Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku za istraživanja poluvodiča i otkriće tranzistora. Godine 1972. podijelio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku s Leonom Neilom Cooperom i Johnom Robertom Schriefferom za teoriju o supravodljivosti (BCS-teorija). Za sada je Bardeen jedini dobitnik dviju Nobelovih nagrada za isto znanstveno područje. Bardeen, John,  "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.

 Životopis
John Bardeen je diplomirao i magistrirao elektrotehniku na Sveučilištu Wisconsin–Madison, a doktorat iz polja matematičke fizike je primio na Sveučilištu Princeton. Radio je u više ustanova, a nakon rata 1945. pridružuje se Bell Telephone laboratorijima u Murray Hill, N.J, gdje zajedno s Brattainom i Shockleyem izvodi istraživanja o svojstvima vodljivosti elektrona u supravodičima i o supravodljivosti samoj. Nekoliko dana prije Božića, 23. prosinca, 1947. otkrili su tranzistor koji je, kao što je dobro poznato, pokrenuo pravu tehnološku revoluciju.

Ranih 50-ih godina prošlog stoljeća, Bardeen nastavlja istraživanja o supravodljivosti koje je započeo još 1930. i za svoja teoretska objašnjenja pojave supravodljivosti prima svoju drugu Nobelovu nagradu. Teorija koju je uspješno plasirao sa svojim kolegama, danas je poznata kao BCS-teorija, a slova BCS dolaze kao inicijali Barddena, Coopera i Schrieffera. Svoj je rad nastavio i dalje - posvećujući se u prvom redu supravodičima. Na Sveučilištu Illinois je radio kao profesor elektrotehnike od 1951. do 1975. godine.

Genij Bardeen je preminuo 30. siječnja, 1991. godine. Po prirodi je bio miran i tih čovjek, ali je njegova briljantnost ostala i nakon njega. John Bardeen, CroEOS.net www.croeos.net

 Tranzistor

Tranzistor (engl. transistor, od trans[fer] [res]istor: prijenosni otpornik) je aktivni poluvodički element s trima elektrodama. Razlikuju se bipolarni i unipolarni tranzistori. Promjenom ulazne struje bipolarnoga tranzistora ili ulaznoga napona unipolarnoga tranzistora upravlja se strujom u izlaznom krugu. U analognim sklopovima tranzistori se primjenjuju ponajprije za pojačanje signala, a u digitalnim sklopovima kao upravljane sklopke. Naziv tranzistor potječe iz 1947., kada su američki istraživači John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain i William Bradford Shockley konstruirali prvi germanijski bipolarni tranzistor.

 Bipolarni tranzistor
Bipolarni tranzistor sastoji se od triju slojeva poluvodiča, s kontaktima emitera (E), baze (B) i kolektora (C). Postoje NPN tranzistori i PNP tranzistori (poluvodiči). Kod NPN tranzistora baza P tipa poluvodiča napravljena je između emitera i kolektora koji su N tipa, dok su kod PNP tranzistora slojevi emitera, baze i kolektora suprotnoga tipa. U radu bipolarnoga tranzistora sudjeluju oba tipa nosilaca. U normalnom aktivnom području rada tranzistora emiter injektira nosioce u bazu. Manji dio nosilaca gubi se (rekombinira) u uskoj bazi, čineći malu struju baze, a veći dio prolazi kroz bazu u kolektor, uzrokujući struju kolektora. Kod NPN tranzistora osnovnu struju čine elektroni, a kod PNP tranzistora šupljine. Struje emitera, baze i kolektora međusobno su proporcionalne. U najčešće korištenom spoju zajedničkog emitera mala promjena ulazne struje baze uzrokuje veliku promjenu izlazne struje kolektora, čime se ostvaruje pojačavajuće djelovanje tranzistora u pojačanju signala. Bipolarni tranzistor upotrebljava se i kao sklopka. Ovisno o ulaznoj struji baze, tranzistor se prebacuje iz područja zapiranja u područje zasićenja i obratno; u području zapiranja radi kao isključena sklopka uz zanemarive struje, a u području zasićenja kao uključena sklopka uz mali pad napona između kolektora i emitera.

 Unipolarni tranzistor
Unipolarni tranzistor označava se kraticom FET (engl. Field Effect Transistor: tranzistor upravljan poljem). FET ima tri osnovne elektrode: uvod (S), upravljačku elektrodu (G) i odvod (D). Naponom priključenim između uvoda i upravljačke elektrode modulira se poluvodički otpor (nazvan kanal) između uvoda i odvoda, čime se upravlja strujom odvoda. Ovisno o tipu poluvodiča u kanalu razlikuju se n-kanalni i p-kanalni FET-ovi. Rad FET-ova određuje tok samo jednoga tipa nosilaca – elektrona kod n-kanalnih i FET-ova šupljina kod p-kanalnih. Upravljačka elektroda električki je izolirana od kanala te se FET-ovi odlikuju velikim ulaznim otporom. Ovisno o konstrukciji rabi se više tipova FET-ova. Kod JFET-a (engl. Junction FET: spojni FET) kanal i upravljačka elektroda čine zaporno polarizirani pn-spoj, a kod MESFET-a (engl. Metal-Semiconductor FET: metalni poluvodički FET) zaporno polarizirani pn-spoj zamijenjen je zaporno polariziranim spojem metal-poluvodič. Kod MOSFET-a (engl. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET: metalnooksidni poluvodički FET) metalna ili polisilicijska upravljačka elektroda izolirana je od kanala tankim slojem silicijeva dioksida (SiO2). MOSFET ima četvrtu elektrodu, podlogu (B), koja se najčešće spaja s uvodom. Posebna vrsta FET-ova je HEMT (engl. High Electron Mobility Transistor: tranzistor s visokom pokretljivosti elektrona). Poput bipolarnoga tranzistora, FET-ovi se rabe kao pojačavajući elementi ili kao naponom upravljane sklopke.

Bipolarni tranzistori strujno su upravljani elementi, a FET-ovi naponski upravljivi. Bipolarni tranzistori imaju veću strminu, pa su pojačanja pojačala realiziranih s bipolarnim tranzistorima veća od pojačanja pojačala s FET-ovima. Uz to su bipolarni tranzistori brži i uz iste dimenzije daju jaču struju od FET-ova. Bipolarni se tranzistori mogu upravljati svjetlosnim snopom, što se primjenjuje u izvedbi fototranzistora (fotomultiplikator), elemenata za pretvorbu svjetlosnoga signala u optički. Glavna je prednost FET-ova velik ulazni otpor. Temperaturni je koeficijent izlazne struje FET-ova negativan, a bipolarnih tranzistora pozitivan, pa su FET-ovi pogodniji tranzistori za konstrukciju pojačala snage.

Osnovni poluvodički materijal za realizaciju bipolarnih tranzistora, JFET-ova i MOSFET-ova, i dalje je silicij. U nekim se izvedbama bipolarnih tranzistora i MOSFET-ova silicij kombinira s germanijem (silicijsko-germanijski tranzistori, SiGe), ponajprije radi povećanja brzine rada. Većom brzinom rada odlikuju se tranzistori koji se kao poluvodičkim materijalom koriste galijevim arsenidom (GaAs). Od galijeva arsenida izrađuju se MESFET-ovi, a od kombinacije galijeva arsenida i aluminij-galijeva arsenida (AlGaAs) proizvode se heterospojni bipolarni tranzistori (HBT-ovi – od engl. Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor) i HEMT-ovi. Naziv HBT upotrebljava se i za silicijsko-germanijske bipolarne tranzistore.

Zahvaljujući dobrim svojstvima poput velike brzine rada, male potrošnje, velike pouzdanosti i male cijene, tranzistori su osnovni elementi elektroničkih sklopova različitih funkcija poput pojačala, stabilizatora, modulatora, generatora signala, digitalnih logičkih sklopova, poluvodičkih memorija i slično. Kao diskretne komponente u zasebnim kućištima, tranzistori se proizvode za različite namjene. Uz tranzistore opće namjene, s ujednačenim karakteristikama, izrađuju se tranzistori s optimiranim karakteristikama za pojedine primjene, na primjer visokofrekvencijski tranzistori, tranzistorske sklopke, visokonaponski tranzistori i tranzistori snage.

U većoj mjeri tranzistori se rabe kao dio integriranih sklopova u kojima se u istoj, najčešće silicijskoj, pločici integrira velik broj tranzistora i ostalih elemenata (dioda, otpornika, kondenzatora). Analogni integrirani sklopovi poput operacijskih pojačala i stabilizatora temelje se pretežno na primjeni bipolarnih tranzistora. Ulazni tranzistori integriranih operacijskih pojačala često su JFET-ovi, koji osiguravaju veliki ulazni otpor pojačala. Većina digitalnih integriranih sklopova izvodi se u komplementarnoj MOS-tehnici (CMOS), u kojoj se upotrebljavaju komplementarni parovi n-kanalnih i p-kanalnih MOSFET-ova. Zahvaljujući jednostavnosti i malim dimenzijama MOSFET-ova te maloj potrošnji, u komplementarnoj MOS-tehnici realiziraju se integrirani sklopovi velike složenosti poput mikroprocesora i memorijskih sklopova s više od 109 tranzistora. Često se u komplementarnoj MOS-tehnici u istom integriranom sklopu uz digitalne funkcije izvode i analogne. Optimalna svojstva složenih integriranih sklopova postižu se kombinacijom MOSFET-a i bipolarnih tranzistora u BiCMOS-tehnici (naziv BiCMOS upućuje na istodobno korištenje bipolarnih komplementarnih MOS-tranzistora na istoj silicijskoj pločici). Najbrži su integrirani sklopovi od galijeva arsenida temeljeni na primjeni MESFET-ova i HEMT-ova. Takvi se sklopovi najčešće rabe u visokofrekvencijskim komunikacijskim uređajima, na primjer u mobilnoj telefoniji. tranzistor,  "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.

 Supravodljivost

mini|desno|300px|Magnet koji lebdi iznad supravodiča zbog Meissnerovog učinka.
Supravodljivost je stanje pojedinih tvari koje se na niskim temperaturama očituje u nestanku njihova električnoga otpora, prolasku električne struje kroz tanku izolatorsku barijeru unutar njih bez električnoga otpora (Josephsonov učinak - Brian Josephson) i lebdenju magneta iznad njihove površine (Meissnerov učinak - Walther Meissner). supravodljivost,  "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014. Supravodǉivost je kvantnomehanička pojava i ne može se objasniti klasičnom fizikom. Tipično nastaje u nekim materijalima na jako niskim temperaturama (nižim od -200 °C).

 BCS-teorija

BCS-teorija ili Bardeen-Cooper-Schriefferova teorija je prva mikroskopska teorija supravodljivosti (1957.). Polazi od pretpostavke da na vrlo niskim temperaturama u kristalnoj rešetki supravodiča privlačno međudjelovanje elektron–rešetka–elektron nadjačava odbojnu električnu silu među elektronima, tj. da elektroni pri prolasku kroz rešetku privlače njezine ione, što rezultira povećanjem gustoće pozitivnog naboja u tom području i, dok se rešetka ne vrati u ravnotežno stanje, privlači druge elektrone. U takvim uvjetima elektroni kojima su spinovi i količine gibanje suprotni gibaju se u parovima (Cooperovi parovi), a svaki par elektrona na međusobnoj udaljenosti od približno 100 nm giba se kroz kristalnu rešetku bez gubitka energije i može tunelirati kroz izolatorsku barijeru. Porastom temperature atomi rešetke sve jače titraju, iznad kritične temperature razdvajaju elektronske parove, elektroni se više ne mogu gibati bez gubitaka i pojavljuje se električni otpor. Za razvoj BCS-teorije John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper i John Robert Schrieffer dobili su Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku 1972. BCS-teorija,  "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.

Izvori

Kategorija:Američki fizičari
Kategorija:Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku

In 1972, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics with Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for the Theory of Comprehensibility (BCS-Theory).

Question: when did bardeen win the nobel prize for physics

when did bardeen win the nobel prize for physics

Question: who won the nobel prize for physics in 1972 with john bardeen

who won the nobel prize for physics in 1972 with john bardeen

Question: what did bs-theory stand for

Schriefferom za teoriju o supravodljivosti

Question: in 1972, leon neil cooper and john robert schrieffer jointly won

in 1972, leon neil cooper and john robert schrieffer jointly won

Question: what is the name of the theory of comprehensibility

what is the name of the theory of comprehensibility

Question: what did john bardeen win in 1972

Question: for what subject was john bardeen awarded the nobel prize in 1972

for what subject was john bardeen awarded the nobel prize in 1972

In 1972 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics with Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for the Theory of Comprehensibility ( BCS - Theory ) .

Genius Bardeen died on January 30, 1991.

Question: when did genius bardeen pass away

Genius Bardeen died on January 30, 1991.

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what was the name of the french mathematician who died on january 30, 1991

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who said that genius bardeen was peaceful

Genius Bardeen died on January 30 , 1991 .

According to nature he was peaceful and those men , but his brilliance remained after him .

Genij Bardeen je preminuo 30. siječnja, 1991. godine.

Genius Bardeen died on January 30, 1991. According to nature he was peaceful and those men, but his brilliance remained after him.

Genius Bardeen died on January 30, 1991.

Question: what name refers to the simultaneous use of bipolar complementary mos transistors on the same

Question: what are the optimal properties of complex integrated compounds

i bipolarnih tranzistora u BiCMOS - tehnici ( naziv BiCMOS upućuje na istodobno korištenje bipolarnih komplementarnih MOS - tranzistora na istoj silicijskoj

what are the optimal properties of complex integrated compounds

Question: where are digital functions performed and analogue

where are digital functions performed and analogue

Question: what type of digital functions are performed in complementary mos-technique

what type of digital functions are performed in complementary mos-technique

Question: what does bicmos stand for

bipolarnih komplementarnih MOS - tranzistora

Question: what does bicmos mean

bipolar complementary MOS transistors on the same silicon plate

bipolarnih komplementarnih MOS - tranzistora na istoj silicijskoj pločici

bipolar complementary MOS transistors on the same silicon plate

Often in the complementary MOS - technique in the same integrated framework with digital functions are performed and analogue .

The optimal properties of complex integrated compounds are achieved by the combination of MOSFET and bipolar transistors in BiCMOS technique ( the BiCMOS name refers to the simultaneous use of bipolar complementary MOS transistors on the same silicon plate ) .

Often in the complementary MOS-technique in the same integrated framework with digital functions are performed and analogue. The optimal properties of complex integrated compounds are achieved by the combination of MOSFET and bipolar transistors in BiCMOS technique (the BiCMOS name refers to the simultaneous use of bipolar complementary MOS transistors on the same silicon plate).

The Magnet that leaves above the supporters due to Meissner's effect.

Question: the state of individual substances that at low temperatures manifest in the disappearance of their electrical resistance

The Magnet that leaves above the supporters due to Meissner's effect.

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what property of a substance at low temperatures can disappear

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who discovered the phenomenon of the magnet that leaves above the supporters

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disappearance of their electrical resistance

nestanku njihova električnoga otpora , prolasku električne struje kroz tanku izolatorsku barijeru unutar njih bez električnoga otpora

disappearance of their electrical resistance

what happens to an individual substance at low temperatures

Question: what is the name of the encyclopedia published by the leksicographic institute miros

The Magnet that leaves above the supporters due to Meissner 's effect .

Transparency is the state of individual substances that at low temperatures manifest in the disappearance of their electrical resistance , the passage of electrical current through the thin isolator barrier inside them without electrical resistance ( Josephson 's effect - Brian Josephson ) and the leaving of the magnet above their surface ( Meissner 's effect - Walther Meissner ) . Transparency , " Croatian Encyclopedia " , Leksicographic Institute Miroslav Krleža , www.enciklopedija.hr , 2014 .

Supravodljivost Magnet koji lebdi iznad supravodiča zbog Meissnerovog učinka. Supravodljivost je stanje pojedinih tvari koje se na niskim temperaturama očituje u nestanku njihova električnoga otpora, prolasku električne struje kroz tanku izolatorsku barijeru unutar njih bez električnoga otpora (Josephsonov učinak - Brian Josephson) i lebdenju magneta iznad njihove površine (Meissnerov učinak - Walther Meissner). supravodljivost, "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.

The Magnet that leaves above the supporters due to Meissner's effect. Transparency is the state of individual substances that at low temperatures manifest in the disappearance of their electrical resistance, the passage of electrical current through the thin isolator barrier inside them without electrical resistance (Josephson's effect - Brian Josephson) and the leaving of the magnet above their surface (Meissner's effect - Walther Meissner). Transparency, "Croatian Encyclopedia", Leksicographic Institute Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.

The Magnet that leaves above the supporters due to Meissner's effect.

Question: when was the first microscopic theory of compatibility developed

when was the first microscopic theory of compatibility developed

Question: what is the first microscopic theory of compatibility

what is the first microscopic theory of compatibility

Question: what is bardeen-cooper-schrieffer's theory

what is bardeen-cooper-schrieffer's theory

Question: what do the electrons in the crystal line attract

what do the electrons in the crystal line attract

Question: bardeen's theory arises from the assumption that at very low temperatures in the crystal

Question: what does the positive burning of the crystal line do

what does the positive burning of the crystal line do

Question: bardeen-cooper-schrieffer's theory arises from the assumption that

bardeen-cooper-schrieffer's theory arises from the assumption that

Question: what does the electron do when passing through the line

privlače njezine ione , što rezultira povećanjem gustoće pozitivnog naboja u tom području i ,

what does the electron do when passing through the line

Bardeen - Cooper - Schrieffer 's theory is the first microscopic theory of compatibility ( 1957 ) .

It arises from the assumption that at very low temperatures in the crystal line of the counter - conductor the attractive interaction of the electron - reset - electron increases the resistant electrical force between the electrons , i.e. the electrons when passing through the line attract its ions , resulting in an increase in the density of the positive burning in that area and , until the line returns to a balanced state , attract other electrons .

Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer's theory is the first microscopic theory of compatibility (1957). It arises from the assumption that at very low temperatures in the crystal line of the counter-conductor the attractive interaction of the electron-reset-electron increases the resistant electrical force between the electrons, i.e. the electrons when passing through the line attract its ions, resulting in an increase in the density of the positive burning in that area and, until the line returns to a balanced state, attract other electrons.


Mirko Rački (Novi Marof, 13. listopada 1879. – Split, 21. kolovoza 1982.), hrvatski slikar i grafičar.enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 10. listopada 2016.

 Životopis
300px|mini|Nastava starog vijeka" (prikazani su na lijevoj strani kentaur Chiron kako podučava Achila svirati dvojnicu, a na desnoj strani dva bacača diska, kompoziciju u sredini povezuje bista Homera), jedno od tri slike, ulja na platnu, Mirka Račkog u velikoj čitaonici Hrvatskog državnog arhiva.

Nakon Učiteljske škole u Zagrebu (1898.) pohađao je privatnu umjetničku školu Heinricha Strehblowa u Beču (1901. – 1903.), potom Akademiju u Pragu kod V. Bukovca (1903. – 1905.) i Beču kod W. Ungera (1906.). Živio je u Münchenu (1907. – 1914.). Poslije kraćeg boravka u Rimu (1914.) nastanio se u Ženevi (1915. – 1920.). Od 1920. živio je u Zagrebu, a od 1980. u Splitu.

Prvo (i najvitalnije) razdoblje boravi izvan domovine, ali je u stalnom kontaktu i s Isom Kršnjavijem i s krugom oko Ivana Meštrovića (i tada radi u duhu secesijskih kretanja Beča i Münchena).
Najvažniji skup djela, po kojima je postao poznat, vezan je uz Danteovu Božansku komediju (tim se motivima bavio od početka pa gotovo do kraja svog radnog vijeka).
mini|220px|lijevo|Rad Mirka Račkoga na zagrebačkom Mirogoju.
Istaknuti je član društva Medulić i sudjeluje na njegovim izložbama.  Neki su crteži zastupljeni u bibliofilskom izdanju "Božanske komedije" otisnute 1934. godine u nakladi Instituta grafičkih umjetnosti iz Bergama. Retrospektivna izložba mu je priređena u Zagrebu 1970.

 Nagrade i priznanja
 Nagrada Vladimir Nazor za životno djelo (1966.)

 Izvori

 Vanjske poveznice
 NSK, Digitalizirana baština, Izložba Medulića / Mirko Rački

Rački, Mirko
Kategorija:Životopisi, Novi Marof

Mirko Rački (Novi Marof, 13 October 1879.

RAČKI, Mirko, Francesca da Rimini, 1908-09., Zagreb, Nacionalni muzej moderne umjetnosti
Rački, Mirko, hrvatski slikar i grafičar (Novi Marof, 13. X. 1879 – Split, 21. VIII. 1982). Isprva pohađao privatnu slikarsku školu u Beču, potom Akademiju u Pragu 1903–05 (V. Bukovac) i Beču 1906 (William Unger). Živio u Münchenu (1907–14), kratko u Rimu, Ženevi (1915–20), od 1920. u Zagrebu, a od 1980. u Splitu. Bio je član skupine Medulić; od 1921. član JAZU (danas HAZU). Isprva slikao u duhu secesijskih kretanja Beča i Münchena oblikujući svoje simbolističko poimanje koje će i poslije ostati temeljem njegova rada. U tom su razdoblju nastale uglavnom alegorijske kompozicije (Religija, život, država, 1904–05; Dobra žena i zla žena, 1905) i ilustracije za Danteovu Božanstvenu komediju (u prijevodu njegova pokrovitelja i mecene I. Kršnjavoga), po kojima je postao poznat. Uz nekoliko ciklusa crteža, akvarela i bakropisa obrađivao je danteovske teme i na velikim kompozicijama u ulju (Grad Dis, 1906; Prijelaz preko Aheronta, 1907; Francesca da Rimini, 1908–09). Kao pripadnik nacionalno-romantične skupine Medulić sudjelovao je na njezinim izložbama i slikao u duhu ideologiziranoga monumentalizma, što je došlo do izražaja u temama iz junačkih narodnim pjesama (ciklus iz života Kraljevića Marka, 1910). Zaslugom I. Kršnjavoga alegorijskim kompozicijama oslikao je veliku čitaonicu stare Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu (1912–13). Za I. svjetskoga rata sudjelovao je na projugoslavenskim izložbama u inozemstvu, a nakon povratka u domovinu povukao se iz politike i likovnoga života. Živio je povučeno, rijetko je izlagao; bio je aktivniji u javnom životu kratko vrijeme nakon II. svjetskoga rata (ravnatelj Moderne galerije u Zagrebu, 1946), potom se opet povukao, sve dok ga izložba u povodu 90. godine života nije vratila u svijest javnosti. Slikao je sporadično krajolike iz okolice Zagreba i Dalmacije, a biblijskoj tematici posvetio je nekoliko godina svojega rada oslikavši crkvu sv. Petra i Pavla u Osijeku i crkvu u Ludbregu (1939–42). Dobio je Nagradu »Vladimir Nazor« za životno djelo (1966).
Citiranje:
Rački, Mirko. Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje.
Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2021. Pristupljeno 11. 10. 2022. <http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=51389>.

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Mirko Rački ( Novi Marof , 13 October 1879 .