Grčko-perzijski ratovi ili Perzijski ratovi su serija vojnih sukoba između grčkih polisa i Perzijskog Carstva koji počinju 499. pr. Kr. i traju punih 50 godina, sve do 449. pr. Kr. Termin Perzijski ratovi odnosi se na ekspedicije Darija Velikog (490. pr. Kr.) i njegova sina Kserksa I. (480. – 479. pr. Kr.) koje su unatoč pojedinim uspješnim grčkim otporima završile razaranjem grada Atene što je bila odmazda za atensko poticanje Jonskog ustanka u Maloj Aziji. Glavni perzijski protivnici bili su Atena i Sparta, dok su brojni grčki polisi bili na strani Perzije; Tesalija, Beotija, Teba i Makedonija. Sukobi su se nastavili i nakon Kserksove ekspedicije i trajali su do 449. pr. Kr. kada je potpisan Kalijin mir.

 Povijesni izvori
mini|175px|Herodot, glavni izvor o grčko-perzijskim ratovima
Gotovo svi izvori o grčko-perzijskim ratovima su grčki, dok perzijskih zapisa ima jako malo budući kako ih je većina uništena u brojnim povijesnim razaranjima. Najvažniji izvor o njihovim ratovima je svakako grčki povjesničar Herodot kojeg se često naziva „ocem povijesti“.Ciceron: De Legibus I. 5. Herodot je rođen 484. pr. Kr. u Halikarnasu, glavnom gradu tadašnje perzijske satrapije Karije. Između 440. i 430. pr. Kr. napisao je djelo „Povijest“ (grč. Historia) koje prati korijene grčko-perzijskog sukoba, koji su završili 449. pr. Kr.Holland, str. 16–17. Herodotovo djelo predstavlja svojevrsni roman i ima sasvim novi pristup, no u zapadnom svijetu prihvaćen je kao tvorac povijesti kakvu danas poznajemo.

mini|lijevo|175px|Tukidid, koji je nastavio Herodotove priče

Mnogi kasniji antički povjesničari unatoč tome što su slijedili njegov način rada ismijavali su Herodota, posebno Tukidid.Tukidid: Povijest Peloponeskog rata, I. 21.Finley, str. 15. Ipak, Tukidid je odlučio započeti svoj rad tamo gdje je Herdot stao (opsada Sesta), što je značilo kako je morao pomno proučiti Herodotov rad. Plutarh je navelike kritizirao Herodota u svome eseju „Na pakost Herodotu“ u kojem je tvrdio kako je Herodot barbarofil i kako nije dovoljno progrčki nastrojen, što se pripisuje Plutarhovoj pristranosti odnosno grčkom nacionalizmu. Negativan pogled na Herodota nastavio se i u doba europske renesanse, no njegova djela i dalje su bila vrlo popularna. Unatoč tome, od 19. stoljeća Herodotova reputacija dramatično se popravila budući kako su brojna arheološka nalazišta potvrdila mnoge njegove priče.Holland, str. 377. Moderni pogled na Herodota jest kako je napravio izuzetan posao u svome djelu „Povijesti“, no njegovu kronologiju i numeriku gleda se sa skepticizmom. Ipak, postoje brojni povjesničari koji vjeruju kako je Herodot izmislio vlastite verzije događaja u brojnim svojim pričama.Fehling, str. 1–277.

Tukidid je pisao uglavnom Peloponeskom ratu, no nije spominjao događaje između kraja Herodotovih priča i početka Peloponeskog rata. Tukididov rad je glavni izvor za događaje grčko-perzijskog sukoba od 479. pr. Kr. nadalje. Od ostalih djela važno je spomenuti Eforovu opću povijest iz 4. stoljeća pr. Kr. koja uključuje događaje svih spomenutih sukoba. Diodor sa Sicilije u 1. stoljeću piše knjigu povijesti koja također obuhvaća grčko-perzijske ratove. Najvažniji izvori o Perziji u grčkoj literaturi pripisuju se Kteziju koji je služio kao osobni liječnik Artakserksa II. i koji je u 4. stoljeću pr. Kr. pisao povijest prema perzijskim izvorima. U svojim se djelima Ktezije također ismijava Herodotu i proziva ga za pristranost i krive informacije. Nažalost, djela zadnje spomenutih povjesničara nisu u potpunosti sačuvana. Pojedini njihovi dijelovi spomenuti su u „Myriobiblon“ kojeg je u 9. stoljeću sastavio Focije I. (kasnije patrijarh Carigrada), zatim u knjizi „Eklogai“ bizantskog cara Konstantina VII. Porfirogeneta, te u bizantskoj enciklopediji „Suda“ iz 10. stoljeću. Pretpostavlja se kako je većina tih izvora izgubljena prilikom uništavanja carske knjižnice u Carigradu za vrijeme četvrtog križarskog rata 1204. godine.

Moderni povjesničari su stoga prisiljeni nadopunjavati Herodotova i Tukididova djela s ostacima kasnijih autora kao što su Plutarhove biografije ili radovi geografa Pauzanija (kojeg ne valja miješati s istoimenim spartanskim generalom). Neki rimski povjesničari također u svojim djelima spominju grčko-perzijske ratove. Među njima su Justin i Kornelije Nepot, poznat po svojim biografijama.

 Korijeni sukoba
mini|280px|Jonija (označena žutom bojom) na karti zapadne Male Azije
Tijekom mračnog doba nakon raspada mikenske kulture, znatan broj Grka naselio se u Maloj Aziji. Te doseljenike činili su Grci iz tri plemenske skupine: Eoljana, Jonjana i Dorana.Herodot, 1.142.1 – I. 151. Jonjani su se naselili uz obale Lidije i Karije, te su podigli dvanaest gradova koji su kasnije postali Jonijom. Ti gradovi bili su Milet (glavni grad), Priena i Myus u Kariji; Efez, Kolofon, Lebed, Teo, Klazomena, Fokeja i Eritrija u Lidiji; te otoci Samos i Hios.Herodot, I. 143. Iako su jonski gradovi bili međusobno nezavisni, dijelili su isto podrijetlo i kulturu, te su imali slične hramove i mjesta okupljanja; tzv. panionione. Zbog velikih sličnosti gradovi su osnovali „kulturni savez“ kojem nisu mogli pristupiti drugi gradovi, pa čak ni ostala jonska plemena.Herodot, 1.148

Gradovi u Joniji ostali su nezavisni sve dok ih nisu pokorili Lidijci iz zapadne Male Azije. Lidijski kralj Alijat II. napao je grad Milet, a sukob je završio sporazumom o savezništvu između Mileta i Lidije, što je značilo kako će grad imati unutrašnju autonomiju no slijedit će lidijsku vanjsku politiku.Herodot, 1.22 Istovremeno, Lidijci su bili u sukobu s Medijcima pa je Milet poslao vojsku da pomogne Lidiji. Na posljetku je potpisan mirovni sporazum između Lidije i Medijskog Carstva prema kojem je rijeka Kizil postala granicom dviju zemalja.Herodot, I. 75. Slavni lidijski kralj Krez naslijedio je svoga oca Alijata II. oko 560. pr. Kr., a nedugo poslije osvojio je preostale grčke gradove u Maloj Aziji.Herodot, I. 26.

mini|lijevo|280px|Ahemenidsko Perzijsko Carstvo oko 490. pr. Kr.

Perzijski princ Kir Veliki godine 553. pr. Kr. pokrenuo je Perzijski ustanak protiv medijskog kralja Astijaga. Iako je u to doba Perzija bila nevažan dio Medijskog Carstva, Kir Veliki je bio Astijagov unuk koji je dobio potporu dijela medijske aristokracije.Holland, str. 9–12. Do 550. pr. Kr. pobuna je završila a Kir je izašao iz nje kao pobjednik, te je osnovao Ahemenidsko Perzijsko Carstvo na temeljima Medijskog Carstva. Krez je medijsko-perzijski sukob vidio kao priliku da proširi svoje carstvo, pa je pitao proroka iz Delfija za savjet na što mu je ovaj odgovorio: „ako Krez prijeđe rijeku Kizil, osvojit će veliko carstvo“.Herodot, 1.53 Krez potom lakomisleno kreće u rat protiv Perzijskog Carstva no Kir Veliki ga teško poražava pa cijela Lidija pada pod perzijsku kontrolu.Holland, str. 13–14.

Za vrijeme borbi protiv Lidijaca, Kir Veliki poslao je poruku Jonjanima i zatražio od njih da se pobune protiv lidijske vladavine, što su oni odbili.Herodot, I. 141. Nakon što je Kir Veliki završio osvajanje Lidije, jonski gradovi ponudili su mu isti status koji je imao i svrgnuti lidijski kralj Krez, no Kir ih odbija jer mu prethodno nisu htjeli pomoći. Jonjani su se tada pripremali za obranu, a Kir je poslao medijskog generala Harpaga da osvoji Joniju.Herodot, I. 162. Perzijski vojskovođe Mazar i Harpag osvajaju cijelu Malu Aziju; Liciju, Ciliciju i Feniciju, uključujući grčke polise pomoću opsadnih tehnika koje su bile nepoznate Grcima. Harpag je prvo napao Fokeju, čiji su stanovnici odlučili napustiti grad i pobjeći na Siciliju, no mnogi su se kasnije vratili.Herodot, I. 164. Dio stanovnika grada Tea također je emigrirao prilikom Harpagovih napada, dok su ostali Jonjani odlučili ostati u svojim gradovima ali su ubrzo pokoreni.Herodot, I. 169.

Neposredno nakon pokoravanja Jonije, Perzijanci su shvatili kako je uprava nad Jonjanima vrlo komplicirana. Diljem Perzijskog Carstva Kir Veliki imao je saveznike koji su mu pomagali u upravljanju carstvom (npr. židovsko svećenstvo u JudejiHolland, str. 147–151.), no takvih u Joniji nije bilo već je gradovima vlada svojevrsna aristokracija. Perzijanci su stoga u Joniji koristili metodu „podijeli pa vladaj“; sponzorirali su razne jonske tiranine koji su često međusobno ratovali. Vladari jonskih polisa imali su težak zadatak udovoljavanja perzijskim zahtjevima i željama svojih stanovnika, što je kasnije kulminiralo sveopćim nezadovoljstvom i konačno jonskim ustankom.Holland, str. 155–157.

 Jonski ustanak (499. – 493. pr. Kr.)

300px|mini|desno|Glavni događaji Jonskog ustanka
Pod jonskim ustankom podrazumijeva se vojna pobuna Eoljana, Dorana, Karijaca i Ciprana u Maloj Aziji protiv perzijske vladavine, koja je trajala od 499. do 493. pr. Kr. Jedan od glavnih razloga pobune je vladavina jonskih tiranina (npr. miletski Histiej i Aristagora) koje je sponzoriralo Perzijsko Carstvo. Godine 499. pr. Kr. miletski vladar Aristagora zajedno s perzijskim satrapom grada SardaHolland, str. 160–162. Artafernom kreće u zajednički pohod protiv dobro utvrđenog NaksosaHerodot, V. 33. čiji bi pad osvajačima donio veliki financijski profit i vojno-politički prestiž. Pohod završava neuspjehom,Herodot, V. 34. a osjećajući kako će izgubiti vladarsko mjesto Aristagora podiže cijelu Joniju na ustanak protiv perzijskog kralja Darija Velikog.Herodot, V. 35.

Godine 498. pr. Kr. Jonjani uz potporu grčkih polisa Atene i Eretrije kreću u pohod na grad Sard kojeg ubrzo poražavaju i spaljuju. Ipak, na putu natrag u Joniju sustiže ih perzijska vojska i katastrofalno ih poražava u bitci kod Efeza.Herodot, V. 102. Ovaj pohod predstavljao je jedinu jonsku ofenzivu tijekom ustanka, koji se narednih godina zasnivao na defenzivi protiv perzijske vojske. Perzijanci su odgovorili 497. pr. Kr. s tri paralelna napada na vanjska područja pobune koja ponovno zauzimaju, no pobuna se proširuje i na Kariju što otežava perzijske planove. Unatoč početnim uspjesima u gušenju pobune u Kariji, perzijski general Dauris u bitci kod Pedasa upada u zasjedu i biva poražen, nakon čega je pobuna tokom 496. do 495. pr. Kr. bila u pat poziciji.

mini|lijevo|300px|Ruševine jonskog grada Mileta

Godine 494. pr. Kr. perzijska vojska i mornarica se pregrupiraju, i kreću u odlučno suzbijanje pobune u Miletu. Jonska mornarica pokušava im se suprotstaviti no u bitci kod Lade bivaju katastrofalno poraženi nakon što je Samos prešao na perzijsku stranu.Herodot, VI. 14. Milet je tada opkoljen i zauzet, a njegovo stanovništvo zarobljeno. Ovaj dvostruki jonski poraz označio je kraj pobune,Herodot, VI. 31. nakon čega su se predali i susjedni Karijci. Perzijanci su 493. pr. Kr. čistili ostatke pobune u grčkim gradovima uz egejsku obalu, a zatim su Jonjanima nametnuli mir koji se smatrao pravednim i poštenim.

Jonski ustanak predstavlja prvi veći sukob između Grka i Perzijskog Carstva, te općenito početak grčko-perzijskih ratova. Iako je Mala Azija vraćena pod perzijsku kontrolu, Darije Veliki odlučio je kazniti Atenu i Eretriju zbog njihove potpore jonskom ustanku, i time oslabiti svoje neprijatelje koji su ugrožavali stabilnost njegovog zapadnog dijela carstva. Godine 492. pr. Kr. Perzija pokreće prvu ekspediciju protiv kopnene Grčke koja se smatra izravnom posljedicom jonskog ustanka.John V. A. Fine: The Ancient Greeks – A critical history, str. 269–277.

 Darijeve ekspedicije (492. – 490. pr. Kr.)
200px|mini|desno|Darije Veliki
Nakon smirivanja jonskog ustanka perzijski kralj Darije Veliki počinje kovati planove za uklanjanje grčke prijetnje sa zapada, odnosno na kažnjavanje Atene i Eretrije zbog potpore jonskom ustanku.Holland, str. 177–178. Za vrijeme vladavine Darija Velikog pokrenute su dvije veće ekspedicije protiv neprijateljskih polisa.

 Mardonijev pohod (492. pr. Kr.)

Prva perzijska kažnjenička ekspedicija pokrenuta je 492. pr. Kr. a predvodio ju je Mardonije,Herodot, VI. 43. zet Darija Velikog. On ponovno osvaja europsku pokrajinu Trakiju koja je nominalno bila dijelom Perzijskog Carstva od 513. pr. Kr.Holland, str. 153. Mardonije potom priključuje Makedoniju pod perzijsku upravu, iako je ona prethodno bila nezavisni saveznik Perzijanaca. Njegovi daljnji pohodi zaustavljeni su kod poluotoka Atosa gdje mu je većina mornarice stradala u velikoj oluji. Nakon toga vodio je bitku protiv tračkih plemena gdje pobjeđuje unatoč ranjavanju. Ipak, gubitak flote prisilio ga je da se vrati u Malu Aziju.Herodot, VI. 45.

Sljedeće godine Darije Veliki šalje veleposlanike u sve grčke polise od kojih traži odanost perzijskoj kruni.Herodot, VI. 48. Većina grčkih polisa prihvaća perzijske uvjete, dok dvije glavne grčke sile Atena i Sparta odbijaju perzijsku ponudu.Herodot, VI. 49. Iduće godine Darije počinje spremati vojnu ekspediciju protiv Atene i Sparte.Holland, str. 181–183.

 Datisov i Artafernov pohod (490. pr. Kr.)

Godine 490. pr. Kr. perzijski vojni zapovjednici Datis i Artafern Mlađi zaduženi su od Darija Velikog da pripreme kombinirane kopnene i pomorske snage protiv Atene i Sparte. Njihova flota isplovila je iz Cilicije prvo do otoka Roda gdje je prema kronikama lindskog hrama Datis neuspješno pokušao opkoliti grad Lind.Lind. Chron. str. 1–59., od C. Higbie (2003.) Perzijska mornarica potom nastavlja pohod prema otoku Naksos kojem se osvećuju za neuspješnu ekspediciju njihovih jonskih saveznika desetljeće ranije.Holland, str. 183–186. Flota je potom nastavila s ekspedicijom protiv drugih grčkih polisa u Egejskom moru.

Perzijska borbena grupa je konačno došla do Eubeje gdje se nalazio jedan od glavna dva cilja, grad Eretrija.Herodot, VI. 98. Stanovnici Eretrije nisu ni pokušavali spriječiti pristajanje ili napredovanje, već su se zatvorili u gradske zidine i počeli se spremati za opsadu.Herodot, VI. 100. Perzijanci su šest dana napadali gradske zidine uz velike gubitke na obje strane, dok su sedmi dan dva ugledna Eretrijca izdala grad i otvorila vrata Perzijancima. Grad je potom razoren što je bila osveta za eretrijsku potporu opsadi i razaranju grada Sarda.

 Bitka kod Maratona

mini|300px|lijevo|Bitka kod Maratona: atenska krila okružuju Perzijance
Nakon što je Eretrija bila razorena, perzijske snage okrenule su se konačnom preostalom cilju, gradu Ateni. Perzijska mornarica pristala je uz obalu Atike odnosno u Maratonskom zaljevu; oko 40 km od Atene.Herodot, VI. 102. Atenjani su bili pod zapovjedništvom Miltijada Mlađeg koji je imao najviše iskustva o borbama protiv Perzijanaca, a njegove snage zauzele su dva prolaza na Maratonskoj ravnici. Protivničke snage mirovale su pet dana, nakon čega je Artafern Mlađi odlučio povesti cijelu konjicu i dio pješaštva u direktni napad na Atenu.Holland, str. 191–193. Kada su Atenjani vidjeli da su Perzijanci raspolovili snage, kako nema opasnosti od konjice za hoplite i kako je Atena u opasnosti, odlučili su u praskozorje šestog dana napasti ostatke perzijskih snaga. Unatoč brojčanoj inferiornosti, teško oklopljeni atenski hopliti uspjeli su poraziti perzijsku vojsku napadajući ih s bokova. Perzijanci su potom brodovima napustili bojište.Holland, str. 195–197. Herodot spominje kako su Perzijanci imali 6.400, Atenjani 192,Herodot, VI. 117. a Platejci 11 gubitaka, no njegovi podaci ne smatraju se pouzdanima.

Nakon što su Perzijanci napustili bojište, Atenjani su marširali što je brže moguće prema Ateni da je spase od ostatka perzijske vojske.Herodot, VI. 115. Uz obalu pokraj Pireja stigli su na vrijeme i time spriječili iskrcavanje Perzijanaca pokraj Atene, nakon čega se Artafern odlučio povući u Malu Aziju.Herodot, VI. 116.

Bitka kod Maratona bila je prekretnica u grčko-perzijskim ratovima jer je pokazala kako Perzijanci nisu nepobjedivi. Također, učvrstila je položaj Atene u grčkom svijetu, te je istaknula sve prednosti teško oklopljenog grčkog pješaštva (hoplita). Bitka kod Maratona postala je inspiracija za trkačku atletsku disciplinu maraton, koja se temelji na priči o grčkom vojniku Filipidu koji je prema legendi trčao 42 kilometra da javi Atenjanima vijest o pobijedi nad Perzijancima. Prvi olimpijski maraton odigrao se na Olimpijskim igrama u Ateni 1896. godine, kada se trčalo od Maratona do moderne Atene.Holland, str. 198.

 Interbellum (490. – 480. pr. Kr.)

 Grčki polisi
mini|desno|400px|Gradovi i polisi drevne Grčke
Makedonski vladar Aleksandar I. pristupio je Perzijskom Carstvu još u doba Mardonijeve ekspedicije. U Sparti je oko 488. pr. Kr. na vlast došao kralj Leonida I., naslijedivši svoga brata. Atenski junak iz bitke kod Maratona Miltijad Mlađi nagovarao je Atenjane na ekspediciju protiv Ciklada gdje su trebali postaviti obrambene linije,Herodot, VI. 132. no pohod završava neuspjehom u kojem je Miltijad teško ranjen. Njegov neuspjeh su u Ateni jako kritizirali Miltijadovi politički protivnici koji su ga željeli smijeniti s dužnosti. Optužili su ga za izdaju i čak osudili na smrt, no umro je od zadobivenih rana prije izvršenja kazne pa je pokopan s počastima.Kornelije Nepot: Miltijad Mlađi, VII. Novo političko vodstvo u Ateni formirali su Temistoklo koji je bio vođa demokratske stranke, te Aristid iz aristokratske stranke. Ostracizam je prvi put korišten 488. pr. Kr.,Aristotel: Atenski ustav, 22.4 a odnosio se na izgon političara koji su zagovarali properzijsku politiku.

Tijekom ovog razdoblja Atena je bila u ratu protiv Egine čija je mornarica često nanosila Atenjanima gubitke što je izazivalo nezadovoljstvo kod atenskih žitelja. Temistoklo je uvjeravao svoje sugrađane da zaradu od rudnika srebra iz Lauriona iskoriste za gradnju velike mornarice.Kornelije Nepot: Temistoklo, II.Plutarh: Temistoklo, IV. Kada su čuli kako su Perzijanci počeli s gradnjom pontonskog mosta preko Dardanela odnosno kopanjem kanala kroz poluotok Atos, Atenjani su panično ubrzali pripreme za rat.

U jesen 481. pr. Kr. Sparta je zajedno s Atenom sazvala kongres u Posejdonovom hramu pokraj korintskog tjesnaca na koji su bili pozvani svi grčki polisi koji nisu bili administrativnim ili političkim dijelom Perzije, izuzevši Masaliju, njene kolonije, te Cirenu. Na kongresu je obećano opće pomilovanje i solidarnost među grčkim polisima, a Atena i Egina su se javno pomirile. U ostale grčke gradove čiji veleposlanici nisu sudjelovali na kongresu poslani su glasnici koji su ih trebali obavjestiti o detaljima kongresnog dogovora.Herodot, VII. 145. Kolonije na Siciliji i s južne Italije također su pozvane da se pridruže novonastalom savezu, no pristali su pristupiti samo pod uvjetom da sirakuški kralj Gelon postane zapovjednikom tog saveza, što su Spartanci odbili.Herodot, VII. 158. Diodor sa Sicilije spominje pak kako su Perzijanci sklopili pakt s Kartagom koja je željela prisvojiti neke grčke kolonije na zapadnom i srednjem Mediteranu.Diodor sa Sicilije: „Knjižnica“, XI. 1.4. Ipak, jedina pomoć koju su Perzijanci primili bio je jedan brod iz Crotone koji se borio u bitci kod Salamine. ArgHerodot, VII. 149. i KretaHerodot, VII. 169. odbili su poslati izaslanike, dok nije sudjelovao ni svećenik iz Delfija. Krf je obećao pomoć, no kasnije su povukli ponudu a u okolicu Peloponeza poslali flotu koja je samo nagledala situaciju.Herodot, VII. 168. Grčki savez uglavnom se sastojao od peloponeskih polisa, Eubeje i Atike.

 Perzijsko Carstvo

Nakon poraza medijskog admirala Datisa u bitci kod Maratona, Darije Veliki naredio je okupljanje glavne perzijske vojske koju je odlučio osobno povesti u pohod protiv Atene. Planove mu je privremeno pomutila pobuna u Egiptu 486. pr. Kr. i prisilila ga na odgađanje nove ekspedicije u Grčkoj. Iduće godine Darije Veliki umire nakon 36 godina vladanja Perzijskim Carstvom. Jedine pogreške u njegovoj karijeri bile su te što nije uspio pokoriti prostranu Skitiju i kazniti Atenu. Naslijedio ga je sin Kserkso I. koji je političku karijeru započeo s gušenjem pobuna u Egiptu i Babiloniji, dok se Ateni odlučio posvetiti kasnije. Godine 480. pr. Kr. perzijska vojska bila je spremna za pohod na kopnenu Grčku.

Perzijsko Carstvo bilo je vrlo tolerantno prema pokorenim narodima odnosno prema njihovim političkim i vjerskim slobodama, o čemu svjedoče drevni židovski i egipatski zapisi. Sličan odnos Perzijanci imali i prema Grcima kojima je Darije Veliki financirao gradnju velikih hramova, ukidao ropstvo u grčkim gradovima, te Apolonova sveta područja oslobađao od poreza. To je stvorilo velike simpatije jonskih, makedonskih ali i peloponeških Grka (npr. grad Arg) prema Perzijskom carstvu pa su stali na perzijsku stranu u narednom sukobu.Herodot, VII. 138. Obitelj Aleuada koja je vladala Larisom u Tesaliji u savezništvu s Perzijancima vidjeli su priliku da prošire svoju utjecaj,Herodot, VII. 6. a perzijskoj vojsci priključila se i Teba.

 Kserksova ekspedicija (480. – 479. pr. Kr.)

 Grčke pripreme
mini|350px|desno|Grčki vojnici iz doba grčko-perzijskih ratova
Atenjani su se pripremali za rat protiv Perzijskog Carstva još od sredine 480-ih pr. Kr. kada je na nagovor Temistokla donesena odluka o gradnji velikog broja trirema koje su bile neophodne Grcima za ovu vrstu sukoba.Holland, str. 217–223. Atenjani nisu imali ljudstvo za borbu na kopnu i moru, pa su panično tražili savezništvo s drugim grčkim polisima. Godine 481. pr. Kr. perzijski vladar Kserkso I. poslao je veleposlanike u koji su od grčkih polisa simbolično tražili „zemlju i vodu“, na što su pristali svi osim Atene i Sparte.Herodot, VII. 32. Njihov izbor zbližio je dotad dva suparnička i najjača grčka polisa, koji su pokrenuli grčki kongres 481. pr. Kr. u nadi na sakupe što veći broj saveznika.

 Jačina grčkih snaga

Grci nisu imali „stajaću vojsku“ niti je za to bilo potrebe budući kako su ratovali na domaćem teritoriju pa su mogli formirati vojne trupe prema potrebi. Tijekom druge perzijske ekspedicije na grčkoj strani borio se različit broj vojnika; od 11.000 u bitci kod Termopila do 40.000 vojnika (prema modernim procjenama) ili 120.000 u bitci kod Plateje (prema Herodotu).Herodot, IX. 29.

 Perzijske pripreme

Budući kako je nova perzijska ekspedicija ovaj put imala sveobuhvatni karakter, zahtijevala je dugo planiranje, pripremu zaliha, novačenje i prilagođavanje novim borbenim uvjetima.Holland, str. 208. Kserkso je odlučio sagraditi pontonski most preko Helensponta (Dardanela) da olakša svojoj vojsci prijelaz na teritorij Europe, te iskopavanje kanala preko prevlake brda Atos koji je bio na glasu kao vrlo opasan zbog morskih struja, plićaka i oluja, gdje je perzijska flota 492. pr. Kr. doživjela velike gubitke.Holland, str. 213. Oba projekta predstavljala su ambiciozni inženjerski plan kojeg do tada nitko nije pokušao ostvariti. Početkom 480. pr. Kr. pripreme su bile gotove, pa se perzijska vojska okupila u lidijskom gradu Sardu nakon čega je počeo marš prema Europi. Vojska je kod Dardanela prešla na europsko kopno preko dva velika pontonska mosta koji su predstavljali vrhunsko inženjersko dostignuće tog vremena.Herodot, VII. 36.

 Jačina perzijskih snaga
mini|350px|desno|Perzijski vojnici s antičkih reljefa
Broj perzijskih trupa koje je Kserkso poveo u ekspediciju protiv Grčke je predmet tisućljetne rasprave, jer su antičke brojke pretjerano preuveličane. Herodot npr. navodi kako je u pohodu sudjelovalo 2.6 milijuna Perzijanaca s jednako toliko njihovih saveznika što čini nevjerojatan broj od 5.2 milijuna ljudi.Herodot, VII. 186. Grčki pjesnik Simonid s Keja spominje brojku od četiri milijuna, dok Ktezije daje brojku od 80.000 perzijskih vojnika.

Moderni povjesničari skloni su potpunom odbacivanju tih antičkih brojki koje smatraju nerealnim jer su ih pisali pristrani grčki povjesničari.Holland, str. 237. Moderne procijene variraju od najviše 200-250 tisuća vojnika, do minimuma od svega 15 – 20 tisuća vojnika.The size of the Persian army (Iran Chamber) Točan broj perzijskih trupa koje su sudjelovale u bitci otežava i nerazjašnjenost jesu li prema Termopilu krenuli svi perzijski vojnici, ili je dio ostao u vojnim kampovima u Makedoniji i Tesaliji.

Perzija je bila prvo federalno carstvo u povijesti i objedinjavala je teritorije desetaka raznih naroda. Budući da su Perzijanci prema pokorenim narodima provodili politiku tolerancije, zaštite i ukidanja ropstva, velika većina naroda stala je uz Perziju tokom ratova protiv grčkog saveza. Vojnici mnogih naroda dobrovoljno sudjelovali su u perzijskoj vojsci, što uključuje Perzijance, Medijce, Asirce, Feničane, Babilonce, Indijce, Egipćane, Židove, Arape, te Grke iz perzijskih satrapija odnosno savezničkih pokrajina. Kserksov otac Darije I. Veliki bio je vrlo obziran prema svojim grčkim građanima kojima je financirao gradnju velikih hramova, ukidao ropstvo u grčkim gradovima, te Apolonova „sveta područja“ oslobađao od poreza. To je stvorilo velike simpatije jonskih i makedonskih Grka prema Perziji pa su stali na njihovu stranu tijekom grčko-perzijskih ratova jer time su osiguravali prosperitet i sigurnost, za razliku od savezništva s moćnijim grčkim polisima koji su ratovali međusobno i time konstantno slabili.

Okosnicu perzijske vojske činili su elitni Perzijski besmrtnici i medijski kopljanici. Besmrtnici su bili elitna pješadijska jedinica poznata diljem svijeta po svojoj hrabrosti i sposobnosti, koja je uvijek imala 10.000 vojnika. Članovi tih elitnih jedinica trenirani su od rođenja, a njima su mogli postati samo Perzijanci i Medijci. Ime su dobili po tome što bi u slučaju pogibije, bolesti ili starosti određenog člana na njegovo mjesto došao novi vojnik. U mirnodopsko vrijeme služili su kao carska tjelesna zaštita. Bili su naoružani kratkim lukom, kopljem i mačem, te zaštićeni metalnim oklopom. Medijski kopljanici podjednako dobro su se koristili kopljem i štitom, te su među perzijskim pješaštvom imali iznimnu reputaciju, odmah nakon Besmrtnika. Štit geron bio im je napravljen od pletenog šiblja prevučenog kožom koji je pružao dobru zaštitu od napada strijelama, no nedovoljnu zaštitu od preciznih uboda teških mačeva.

 Trakija, Makedonija i Tesalija (rana 480. pr. Kr.)
300px|mini|lijevo|Glavni događaji u doba Kserksove vojne ekspedicije
Nakon što su prešli na europsko tlo u travnju 480. pr. Kr. perzijska vojska krenula je u pohod prema Grčkoj. Legenda kaže kako je uoči samog prelaska preko Dardanela oluja uništila pontonske mostove, zbog čega je Kserkso dao bičevati more kako bi se smirilo.Kserkso – Kanal i Kserksov most (PersianEmpire.info) Od Helenspota (Dardanela) do grada Terma na sjeverozapadu Egejskog mora kretanje je bez otpora trajalo tri i pol mjeseca, dok su se zaustavili u blizini Doriskosa gdje im se priključila perzijska mornarica. Kserkso je tada regrupirao svoje trupe u taktičke jedinice te nastavio s pohodom.Herodot, 7.100

Kongres grčkih saveznika sastao se ponovo na proljeće 480. pr. Kr. gdje je odlučeno kako će prodor Perzijanaca braniti usku dolinu Tempe na granicama Tesalije.Holland, str. 248–249. Ipak, kada su došli do doline Aleksandar I. upozorio ih je kako se dolinu može zaobići sporednim putem, pa su se odlučili povući.Herodot, VII. 173. Nedugo poslije primili su vijest kako je perzijska vojska prešla na europsko tlo. Drugi grčki plan predložio je Temistoklo, koji je savjetovao grčke saveznike da pokušaju spriječiti perzijski prodor kod prolaza Termopil. Taj uski prolaz odabran je zato što je topografija terena odgovarala grčkim hoplitima (teško oklopljeno pješaštvo) u planu da neutraliziraju perzijsku brojčanu nadmoć. Također, kako bi spriječili perzijski obilazak Termopila morskim putem, atenska i saveznička mornarica odlučili su blokirati uski kanal pokraj rta Artemizija. Ova paralelna strategija prihvaćena je na grčkom kongresu,Holland, str. 255–257. gdje je odbijen plan peloponeških gradova za obranu prevlake na Korintu koji je uključivao i evakuaciju atenskih civila u peloponeski grad Trezenu.Herodot, VIII. 40.

 Bitke kod Termopila i Artemizija (kolovoz 480. pr. Kr.)
18px Detaljniji članci o ovoj temi: Bitka kod Termopila i Bitka kod Artemizija

desno|mini|300px|Karta s promijenama obale kod Termopila iz doba 500. pr. Kr. do danas
Sa strateškog gledišta obrana Termopila predstavljala je najbolji mogući način obrane od superiornijeg neprijatelja. Grčki plan nije uključivao direktan oružani sukob protiv Perzije za koji su znali da ne mogu pobijediti, već zaustavljanje perzijskog napredovanja u Grčku pa se grčka doktrina zasnivala isključivo na obrani. Obrana prolaza kod Termopila i tjesnaca kod Artemizija odabrana je zbog geografskih karakteristika jer u uskim kopnenim i morskim prolazima perzijska brojčana nadmoć ne može doći do izražaja. Budući da se perzijska ekspedicija služila paralelnim snagama na kopnu i moru, kopnena vojska ovisila je o zalihama koje je prenosila njihova mornarica pa nisu mogli dopustiti da se zadrže na jednom mjestu duže vrijeme.Holland, str. 285. Perzijanci su uoči bitke znali da se moraju ili povući ili dalje napredovati da zadrže koordinaciju trupa na kopnu i zaliha na moru, a prolaz kod Termopila kao geografsko usko grlo predstavljalo je mogući problem za njihovo napredovanje.

Taktički gledano, prolaz kod Termopila bio je idealno mjesto za grčki stil ratovanja. Vojna formacija falange koju su koristili hopliti mogla je blokirati uski prolaz bez opasnosti da ih s bokova napadne perzijska konjica. Također, prednosti falange u odnosu na perzijske formacije su da su grčki vojnici opremljeni teškom kacigom, oklopom i štitom, dok je većina perzijske vojske bila lako pješaštvo (tzv. sparabara), izuzevši teško oklopljene Perzijske besmrtnike. Glavna slaba točka kod Grka bio je planinski prolaz koji je vodio paralelno s Termopilskim vratima i koji je mogao Perzijancima poslužiti da zaobiđu i okruže grčke snage. Iako je taj put bio vjerojatno neprohodan za perzijsku konjicu, mogao je poslužiti njihovom pješaštvu od kojeg je veći dio bio treniran u planinskim uvjetima borbe.Holland, str. 288. Leonida je čuo za taj put od lokalnog stanovništva, pa je stacionirao tisuću Fokiđana da ga blokiraju.Holland, str. 262.

U doba bitke, prolaz kod Termopila nalazio se između planine i obale Malijskog zaljeva, bio je toliko uzak (14 m) da su istovremeno mogla proći samo jedna bojna kola. Na južnoj strani nalazile su se litice planine, dok se s južne strane nalazio morski zaljev. Na stazi su se nalazila tri suženja ili vrata (pylai); na srednjim vratima nalazio se zid koji su stoljeće ranije podigli Fokiđani da se zaštite od tesalijske invazije.Herodot, VII. 176. Naziv Termopil što na grčkom jeziku znači Vruća vrata dolazi od vrućih izvora koji se nalaze u neposrednoj blizini prolaza.

mini|lijevo|300px|Leonida kod Termopila, naslikao Jacques Louis David (1814.)

Detalji bitke slabo su poznati jer se temelje uglavnom na Herodotovim legendama, koje se pak temelje na iskazima svega nekolicine Grka koji su preživjeli cijelu bitku. Gotovo pouzdano se zna kako je Kserkso dao Grcima ultimatum od 5 dana da se povuku. Nakon što su se Grci odbili povući poslao je vojnike u napad. Herodot tvrdi kako su Perzijanci više puta odbijeni uz velike gubitke i kako je bitka trajala tri dana. Kao dokaz tim navodima spominje da su grčki hopliti imali duža koplja, za razliku od Perzijanaca koji su bili naoružani kratkim kopljima i strijelama.

Prema jednoj od legenda, nakon kraja drugog dana borbi lokalni grčki pastir Efijalt je prebjegao Perzijancima i rekao im za drugi prolaz paralelan s Termopilom,Herodot, VII. 213. koji je branilo 1000 Grka. Kada su Perzijanci napali taj dio prolaza, Grci su se nakon slabog otpora povukli poslije čega su Grci ostali zarobljeni na prolazu. Uoči opkoljavanja Leonida je zaključio kako daljnja obrana nije moguća pa je naredio povlačenje, međutim 700 Tespijanaca pod vodstvom Demofila odbilo se povući s ostatkom grčkih trupa, već su ostali zajedno s oko 300 Spartanaca, Leonidinih osobnih tjelohranitelja i oko 400 Tebanaca. Razlozi zbog kojih su ostali nisu poznati, navodi se kako su se ostali boriti zbog časne pogibije i slave, no također postoji scenarij prema kojem se nisu ni mogli povući jer su ih Perzijanci okružili. Na posljetku bitke Tebanci su se predali, dok su se Spartanci i Tespijanci suočili se elitnom perzijskom jedinicom Besmrtnika protiv kojih su svi Grci izginuli.Bitka kod Termopila (enciklopedija Britannica)

Paralelno s bitkom kod Termopila grčka mornarica sastavljena od 271 trirema branila je prolaz kod rta ArtemizijHerodot, VIII. 1. gdje se bitka vodila tri dana, nakon čega su primili vijest o kopnenom porazu Leonide i grčkih saveznika. Budući kako je grčka flota bila teško oštećena i kako više nije bilo potrebe za obranom tjesnaca, odlučili su se povući do otoka Salamine.Herodot, VIII. 21.

 Bitka kod Salamine (rujan 480. pr. Kr.)

Perzijska pobjeda kod Termopila značila je pad cijele Beotije pod perzijsku vlast, dok je put prema Atici bio otvoren. Ostatak atenske populacije evakuiran je uz pomoć savezničke mornarice na otok Salaminu.Herodot, VIII. 42. Peloponeski saveznici počeli su s pripremama obrambenih linija na Korintskoj prevlaci gradeći zidine, uništavajući cestu od Megare, te potpunim napuštanjem Atene.Holland, str. 300. U gradu je ostala nekolicina ratnika koji su pokušali obraniti atensku akropolu, no Perzijanci su ih ubrzo porazili. Nakon pada Atene Kserkso je odlučio kazniti grad spaljivanjem do temelja,Holland, str. 305–306. no navodno se pokajao zbog tog čina. Spaljivanje osvojenog grada bio je neprimjeren porez nekarakterističan za Kserksove prethodnike Kira Velikog i Darija Velikog koji su se prema pokorenim gradovima odnosili s velikim poštovanjem; ukidajući ropstvo i tolerirajući lokalne religije. Kserksovo spaljivanje Atene smatra se odmazdom za atenskoj potpori Jonjanima koji su spalili perzijski grad Sard u satrapiji Lidiji.

mini|desno|300px|Bitka kod Salamine

Perzijanci su sada imali pod kontrolom većinu Grčke, i Kserkso je imao u planu što brže završiti vojnu ekspediciju.Holland, str. 327–329. Da je Kserkso porazio grčku mornaricu, bio bi u izglednoj prilici natjerati ostale Grke na predaju,Holland, str. 308–309. dok se Temistoklo nadao kako će perzijskim pomorskim porazom odvratiti Perzijance od daljnjih napada na ostatak Grčke.Holland, str. 303. Saveznička grčka mornarica spremno je čekala dolazak perzijske flote ispred obala Salamine, stacioniravši se u uskom Saronskom zaljevu koji je dijelio poluotok Peloponez od ostatka grčkog kopna.Herodot, VIII. 63.Holland, str. 309–315. S obzirom na navedene geografske karakteristike, perzijska brojčano superiornija flota nije mogla ostvariti premoć, budući kako nisu mogli manevrirati niti su poznavali krajolik.Herodot, VIII. 89. Grci su iskoristili priliku i napali perzijsku mornaricu, te ostvarili veliku pobjedu te osigurali Peloponez. Oko 200 od 1200 perzijskih brodova bilo je potopljeno ili zarobljeno.Holland, str. 320–326. Bitka je ostala upamćena i po sudjelovanju vjerojatno prve admiralice u povijesti, Artemizije iz Karije koja je predvodila skupinu od pet perzijskih brodova.

Prema Herodotu, Kserkso je namjeravao izgraditi most preko tjesnaca da napadne Atenjane evakuirane na Salamini, no nakon poraza u pomorskoj bitci projekt je napušten. Štoviše, bojao se kako bi Grci mogli otploviti do Dardanela i uništiti pontonske mostove.Herodot, VIII. 97. Njegov general Mardonije zalagao se za nastavak pohoda na Peloponez, no nakon što je Kserkso čuo za novu pobunu u Babiloniji odlučio se s većinom vojske povući iz Grčke. Manji dio vojske ostavio je na čuvanje Mardoniju koji je postavio vojne kampove u Beotiji i Tesaliji. Atenjani su se nakon povlačenja Perzijanaca vratili u napušteni grad tijekom zime.

 Bitke kod Plateje i Mikale (lipanj 479. pr. Kr.)

mini|300px|desno|Grčka vojna formacija falange
Tijekom zime činilo se kako postoje nesuglasice među grčkim saveznicima. Naime, Atenjani koji nisu bili zaštićeni Korintskom prevlakom i čija je mornarica odigrala najznačajniju ulogu u bitci kod Salamine, odbili su se u proljeće priključiti savezničkoj mornarici.Holland, str. 333–335. Mardonije koji je boravio u Tesaliji znao je kako je napad na prevlaku uzaludan, dok su saveznici odbijali poslati vojsku izvan Peloponeza. Marodnije je pokušao podijeliti grčke saveznike nudeći Atenjanima mir preko posrednika Aleksandra I. (makedonskog kralja).Holland, str. 336–338. Atenjani su kao preduvjet tražili da na pregovorima sudjeluju i Spartanci, no zahtjev je odbijen. Nakon propalih pregovora Atenjani su ponovo evakuirali grad, dok je perzijska vojska sastavljena uglavnom od njihovih grčkih saveznika napredovala prema jugu da zauzme napuštene položaje. Mardonije je tada ponovo ponudio mir atenskim izbjeglicama na otoku Salamini, nakon čega je Atena zajedno s Megarom i Platejom poslala pregovarače u Spartu i zaprijetila prihvaćanjem perzijske ponude ako im se ne pridruže u borbi protiv Perzijanaca.Herodot, IX. 7.A. Nakon toga, Spartanci su okupili golemu vojsku hoplita i poslali je u susret Perzijancima.Herodot, IX. 11.

mini|300px|lijevo|Bitka kod Plateje

Kada je Mardonije čuo kako su grčki saveznici krenuli u pohod, povukao se u Beotiju pokraj Plateje gdje je pokušao Grke dovući na otvoren teren gdje je morao iskoristiti svoju konjicu.Holland, str. 339. Grci su se pak pod zapovjedništvom Pauzanija odlučili stacionirati na terenu iznad visoravni Plateje kako bi se zaštitili od navedene perzijske vojne taktike.Holland, str. 342–349. Nakon nekoliko dana mirovanja i manevriranja dviju vojski, Pauzanije je odlučio noćno povlačenje na prvotne položaje. Ovaj manevar proveden je nespretno pa su Atenjani, Spartanci i Tegejci ostali izolirani na pojedinim brežuljcima, dok su ostali dijelovi vojske bili razbacani diljem visoravni. Uvidjevši kako Perzijanci neće imati bolju priliku za napad, Mardonije je naredio svojim trupama puni napad na protivničke položaje.Herodot, IX. 59. Međutim, perzijsko pješaštvo i njihovi grčki saveznici nisu bili teško oklopljeni kao njihovi protivnici (hopliti),Herodot, IX. 62. pa su spartanske trupe probile crte Mardonijeve osobne straže i ubile ga.Herodot, IX. 63. Nakon toga perzijske trupe bile su dezorganizirane pa se ostatak od 40.000 trupa odlučio na povlačenje u Tesaliju,Herodot, IX. 66. dok su ostali bili potpuno poraženi.

Tijekom popodneva nakon bitke kod Plateje, Herodot tvrdi kako su glasine o grčkoj pobjedi dosegle savezničku mornaricu koja je u to vrijeme boravila uz obale planine Mikale u Joniji.Herodot, IX. 99. Njihov borbeni moral je navodno porastao pa su pobijedili perzijsku mornaricu u bitci kod Mikale, što je označilo kraj perzijske dominacije u Egejskom moru.Holland, str. 357–358.

 Grčki protunapad

 Mikala i Jonija

Mikala je na mnogo načina bila početak nove faze u grčko-perzijskom sukobu, koja će označiti ofanzivu Grka protiv maloazijskih satrapija Perzijskog Carstva.Lazenby, str. 247. Odmah nakon grčke pobjede kod Mikale podignut je novi ustanak protiv Perzijanaca u grčkim gradovima Male Azije.Tukidid: Peloponeski rat, I. 89. Otok Samos i grad Milet predvodili su bitku kod Mikale što je jasno označilo njihov ustanak, pa su drugi gradovi slijedili njihov primjer.

 Sest

Nedugo nakon bitke kod Mikale saveznička grčka flota krenula je prema Dardanelima da unište perzijske pontonske mostove, no njih tamo više nije bilo.Herodot, IX. 115. Peloponežani su tada otplovili kući, no Atenjani su nastavili pohod protiv Hersona koji je još bio pod perzijskom kontrolom.Herodot, IX. 114. Perzijanci iz okolice su se nakon toga povukli u Sest, grad s najjačim fortifikacijama u regiji, gdje su Atenjani postavili opsadu. Nakon dugotrajne opsade Sest je pao u pod atensku kontrolu, što je označilo početak grčkog protunapada. Ovom opsadom završava Herodotovo djelo „Povijesti“.

 Ujedinjenje Makedonije
mini|300px|Makedonsko kraljevstvo u 4. stoljeću pr. Kr.; u vrijeme vladavine Aleksandra I. nije uključivalo veći dio istočno od rijeke Strume i poluotok Halkidiku

Potaknut grčkim uspjehom kod Plateje i Strume, makedonski kralj Aleksandar I. odlučio je proširiti svoju vlast nad grčkim plemenima koji su živjeli istočno od Pindskog gorja.Tukidid, II. 99. Uspješno je pokorio istočne teritorije do obala Strume gdje su živjela i neka negrčka plemena. Tamo je osnovao tri nova grada da proširi grčki utjecaj na osvojeni teritorij, koji je kasnije proširio i istočno od Strune sve do dijela planine Pangaion koja je obilovala rudama zlata. Time je stvorena najveća grčka država prema kriterijima površine, populacije i gospodarstva. Ipak, unatoč svim potencijalima, Kraljevina Makedonija nije ostvarilo značajniju premoć nad susjedima budući kako se njihova država zasnivala na feudalnom sustavu u kojem kralj nije imao jači utjecaj nad preostalom aristokracijom. Tek u 4. stoljeću pr. Kr. kada su grčke države na jugu stagnirale, politički i vojni genij Filip II. ujedinio je makedonsku aristokraciju u jedinstvenu i centraliziranu monarhiju, te je proširio granice svoga kraljevstva na veći dio Stare Grčke.

 Cipar
mini|300px|desno|Karta antičkih kraljevstva na Cipru
Godine 478. pr. Kr. flota sastavljena od 20 peloponeskih i 30 atenskih brodova (pod Aristidom) zajedno s ostalim saveznicima stavljena je pod zapovjedništvo Pauzanija, te otplovila prema Cipru. Tamo su uspjeli zauzeti nekoliko grčkih gradova, no nisu bili uspješni u pokušajima opsade feničkih gradova, pa je Cipar ostao baza perzijskoj mornarici.Tukidid, I. 94.

 Bizantij

Nakon ekspedicije na Cipru, saveznička grčka flota otplovila je prema Bizantiju. Kontrola Dardanela i Bospora bila je od vitalne važnosti za Atenu koja je u klasično doba proizvodila svega 40% potrebne hrane za vlastitu populaciju, dok se ostatak uvozio iz grčkih kolonija na obalama Crnog mora.

Grad Bizantij pao je nakon opsade, a mnogi Perzijanci uključujući plemstvo pali su u grčko zarobljeništvo. Pauzanije, koji je bio iz kraljevske loze Agijada, bio je opčinjen perzijskim načinom života koji je prihvatio pa se oblačio kao Perzijanac i priređivao bankete u perzijskom stilu. Njegovo perzijsko ponašanje šokiralo je i Jonjane i Peloponežane pa je Pauzanije pozvan da se vrati u Spartu, gdje mu se sudilo za izdaju. Optužen je kako se dogovarao s perzijskim kraljem da postane tiraninom Grčke, da je vodio tajnu komunikaciju s perzijskim carem, te da se želio oženiti vlastitom kćeri. Ipak, oslobođen je svih optužbi, osim za maltretiranje pojedinaca prilikom njihovog privatnog poslovanja, te mu je zabranjeno vođenje ikakvih pohoda izvan teritorija Sparte.Tukidid, I. 95. Nezadovoljan tom odlukom Pauzanije je otplovio ratnim brodom od Hermiona natrag u Bizantij, gdje više nije bio dobrodošao. Nakon toga preplovio je Mramorno more i pristao u regiju Troad gdje se zadržao neko vrijeme,Tukidid, I. 128. a što je tamo radio nije poznato. Nakon toga je preko posebnog izaslanika ponovo pozvan u Spartu gdje je ponovo optužen kako je spletkario s perzijskim kraljem te da je pokušao pokrenuti revoluciju helota. Na putu kući, dok je bio unutar granica spartanske države, sreo je efora koji mu je signalizirao kako je unaprijed osuđen. Pauzanije se tada zatvorio u obližnjem hramu gdje je umro od gladi nakon nekoliko dana. Neki moderni povjesničari smatraju kako Pauzanije zaista nije surađivao s Perzijancima, na temelju toga kako nikada nije osuđivan i kako se dvaput odlučio dobrovoljno vratiti u Spartu, te kako su otpužbe protiv njega izmišljotina političkih neprijatelja.Ekdotiki Athinon: „Povijest grčke nacije“ (Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους), svezak B, Atena (1971.)

U međuvremenu, godine 477. pr. Kr. Spartanci su poslali generala Dorkisa i malu skupinu vojnika u Bizantij, gdje su ih Jonjani (potaknuti iskustvom s Pauzanijem) zamolili da napuste grad. Spartanci su udovoljili njihovim zahtjevima i povukli se, što je označilo prestanak spartanske borbe za borbom protiv Perzijskog Carstva.

 Ratovi Delskog saveza (477. – 450. pr. Kr.)

 Delski savez

mini|desno|300px|Atena i njene kolonije 431. pr. Kr. na temeljima kojih je osnovan Delski savez
Nakon što im nije pružena dobrodošlica u Bizantiju, Spartanci su odlučili okončati svoje sudjelovanje u ratu. Također, Spartanci su smatrali kako su glavni grčki ciljevi ostvareni; protjeravanje Perzijanaca iz kopnene Grčke i osamostaljenje grčkih gradova u Maloj Aziji. Pretpostavlja se kako su smatrali i kako je uspostava trajne sigurnosti Grka u Aziji gotovo nemoguće.Holland, str. 362. Nakon bitke kod Mikale, spartanski kralj Leotihida predlagao je preseljenje svih Grka iz Male Azije u Europu što je smatrao jedinim načinom osiguravanja njihove sigurnosti od perzijske dominacije. Ksantip, atenski zapovjednik iz bitke kod Mikale odlučno je odbacio taj prijedlog budući kako su jonski gradovi originalno bili atenske kolonije, zbog čega su Atenjani više nego itko pomagali Jonjanima. Spartanski potez povlačenja iz sukoba označio je početak atenske dominacije u ratu protiv Perzijskog carstva.

Labavim savezom grčkih polisa koji se borio protiv Kserksove ekspedicije dominirala je Sparta odnosno Peloponeski savez. Odstupanjem tih zemalja, sazvan je novi kongres na svetom otoku Delosu gdje je trebao biti uspostavljen novi savez u borbi protiv Perzijanaca. Novi savez koji je uključivao mnoge otoke Egejskog mora prvotno je nazvan „Prvi atenski savez“, no poznatiji je kao „Delski savez“. Prema Tukididu, službeni cilj saveza bio je „osveta za zla počinjena u doba vladavine (perzijskog) kralja“.Tukidid, I. 96. U stvarnosti, ovaj cilj podijeljen je na tri faze: pripremanje buduće invazije, osvetu protiv Perzijskog carstva, te podjelu ratnog plijena. Članovi saveza imali su izbor ili davanje oružanih snaga u savez ili plaćanje poreza u zajedničku riznicu, a većina saveznika odabrala je ovo potonje. Saveznici su se morali zakleti kako imaju iste prijatelje i neprijatelje, a bacanje čeličnih ingota u more simboliziralo je pečaćenje njihovog savezništva. Prema Plutarhu, atenski političar Aristid posvetio je cijeli svoj život baveći se unutrašnjim odnosima među saveznicima, te je umro u Pontu za vrijeme određivanja poreza novim članicama saveza.Plutarh: Aristid, XXVI.

 Pohodi protiv Perzije
mini|300px|desno|Karta koja prikazuje bitke Delskog saveza (477. – 450. pr. Kr.)

Tijekom 470-ih pr. Kr. Delski savez vodio je pohode u Trakiji i Egeju s ciljem da ukloni preostale perzijske garnizone u regiji. Atenjane i njihove saveznike predvodio je atenski političar Kimon.Sealey, str. 250. Početkom sljedećeg desetljeća, Kimon je vodio vojne ekspediciju u Maloj Aziji gdje je želio učvrstiti grčku prisutnost.Plutarh: Kimon, XII. U bitci kod Eurimedona u Pamfiliji Atenjani su ostvarili vrijednu dvostruku pobjedu; porazili su perzijsku flotu nakon čega su vojnici iz brodova pristali na obalu i napali perzijsku vojsku.

Krajem 460-ih pr. Kr. Atenjani su se odlučili na ambiciozan potez podrške ustanku u perzijskoj satrapiji Egiptu. Iako su grčke snage u početku nizale uspjehe, nisu uspjeli zauzeti perzijski garnizon u Memfisu ni nakon tri godine opsade grada.Tukidid, I. 104. Perzijanci su tada krenuli u protunapad pa se atenska vojska našla pod opsadom 18 mjeseci, nakon čega je potpuno uništena.Tukidid, I. 109. Ovaj katastrofalan atenski poraz kao i međugrčki vojni sukobi prisilio je Atenu na odustajanje od ratova protiv Perzijskog Carstva.Sealey, str. 271.–273. Godine 451. pr. Kr. u Grčkoj je dogovoreno primirje pa je Kimon nesmetano mogao pokrenuti novu vojnu ekspediciju na Cipru. Ipak, prilikom opsade grada Kitiona Kimon je umro, a atenska mornarica odlučila se povući. Prilikom bijega uspjela je pobijediti perzijsku mornaricu kod ciparske Salamine 450. pr. Kr. koja ih je pokušala spriječiti u povlačenju.Tukidid, I. 113. Ovaj neuspješni atenski pohod označio je kraj neprijateljstva između Delskog saveza i Perzijskog Carstva, odnosno prestanak vojnih operacija grčko-perzijskih ratova.Plutarh: Kimon, XIX.

 Kalijin mir (449. pr. Kr.)

mini|300px|desno|Grčko-perzijski duel na grčkoj vazi iz 5. stoljeća pr. Kr.
Nakon bitke kod ciparske Salamine, povjesničar Tukidid više ne spominje sukobe s Perzijancima, odnosno govori kako su se Grci vratili kući. S druge strane, Diodor sa Sicilije tvrdi kako je nakon Salamine potpisan Kalijin mir; mirovni sporazum između grčkih polisa i Perzijskog Carstva.Diodor sa Sicilije: „Knjižnica“, XII. 4. Pretpostavlja se kako je Diodor ovdje vjerojatno slijedio povijest prema Eforosu, na kojeg je pak utjecao povjesničar Izokrat.John V. A. Fine, str. 360. Čak i tokom 4. stoljeća pr. Kr. postojanje mirovnog sporazuma bilo je kontroverzno; npr. dva povjesničara iz tog razdoblja (Kalisten i Teopomp) negirali su postojanje takvog dogovora.Sealey, str. 280.

Postoji mogućnost kako su prethodno Atenjani pokušali pregovarati s Perzijancima. Plutarh spominje kako je nakon bitke kod Eurimedona perzijski kralj Artakserkso I. pristao na mirovni sporazum s grčkim polisima, te spominje Kaliju kao atenskog veleposlanika koji je vodio pregovore. Međutim, Plutarh priznaje kako je Kalisten negirao postojanje takvog sporazuma. Herodot također spominje kako je atensko izaslanstvo na čelu s Kalijom sudjelovalo na pregovorima s Artakserksom I. u perzijskom gradu Suzi.Herodot, VII. 151. U grčkom izaslanstvu navodno su sudjelovali i predstavnici grada Arga. Ipak, antički izvori općenito ne slažu se je li postojao službeni mirovni sporazum, odnosno kada je dogovoren.

Mišljenja modernih povjesničara također su podijeljena, npr. John V. A. Fine prihvaća ideju postojanja sporazuma, dok ga Raphael Sealey odbacuje.Sealey, str. 281. Tom Holland se slaže kako je postojala neka vrst političke komunikacije između Atene i Perzijskog Carstva, no ne slaže se kako se radi o službenom sporazumu.Holland, str. 366. John V. A. Fine tvrdi kako Kalistenovo poricanje postojanja sporazuma nakon bitke kod Eurimedona ne isključuje mogućnost naknadnog potpisivanja sporazuma. Također, isti povjesničar tvrdi kako je Teopomp govorio o pregovorima Atene i Perzijskog carstva 423. pr. Kr., odnosno dva i pol desetljeća nakon Kalijinog mira. Postoji još jedan jaki argument za postojanje takvog sporazuma, a to je atensko povlačenje s Cipra 450. pr. Kr.

Prema povijesnim izvorima, neke od glavnih stavaka Kalijinog mira bile su:
 Grčkim polisima na obali Male Azije odobrena je autonomija.
 Perzijski satrap (namjesnik) gubi ovlast nad obalom Egejskog mora.
 Zabranjuje se ulazak perzijskim brodovima u Egejsko more, odnosno atenskim brodovima u istočni Mediteran.
 Atena se obvezala kako više neće poticati pobune na perzijskim teritorijima poput Egipta, Libije i Cipra.

 Posljedice

Nakon točno pola stoljeća ratovanja, grčko-perzijski ratovi bili su okončani, a strateški gledano obje strane bile su na mrtvoj točki. Grci su uspjeli zadržati nezavisnost većeg dijela svojih polisa, no ekspedicije protiv Perzijskog Carstva u Egipta i Cipra završile su katastrofom. Perzijsko Carstvo je pak uspješno ugušilo Jonski ustanak, kaznilo Eretriju i Atenu koje su sravnjene sa zemljom, no prevlast nad kopnenim dijelom Grčke nije ostvarena.

S vojnog gledišta, Grci su ostvarili pobjede nad satrapskim (pokrajinskim) perzijskim vojnim jedinicama kod Maratona ili Plateje, no pred glavnom perzijskom vojskom (predvođenom Kserksom) su se uglavnom povlačili ili su doživjeli poraz (kod Termopila). Unatoč tome što je Atena razorena i što je sam spartanski kralj Leonida I. poginuo u borbama protiv Perzijanaca, u zapadnom svijetu Grci su nerijetko nazivani „pobjednicima“ ovog rata, zbog toga što Perzijsko Carstvo nije ovladalo cijelim grčkim kopnom. Ipak, povjesničari dvoje je li Perzijsko Carstvo imalo namjeru potpuno osvajanje Grčke ili se radilo o kažnjeničkoj ekspediciji Kserksa s ciljem osvete Ateni na koju se zakleo još njegov otac Darije Veliki. Prema dostupnim povijesnim izvorima, Kserkso je nakon razaranja Atene odbio napasti ostatak grčke vojske na Peloponezu na čemu je iznistirao satrap Mardonije. Razlozi Kserksova povlačenja su diskutabilni; zadovoljština razaranja Atene, gubitak dijela flote nakon bitke kod Salamine, opasnost da Grci ne napadnu pontonske mostove preko Dardanela (prema Herodotu), pobuna u Babilonu, itd.

Unatoč tome, Perzijsko Carstvo je nakon ratova protiv Grka zadržalo ulogu vodeće sile u regiji, dok su utjecaj grčkih polisa smanjivali poticanjem unutarnjih sukoba. Primjerice, nakon što je Atena počela dominirati Grčkom u doba Peloponeskog rata (431. – 404. pr. Kr.) Perzijanci su stotinama brodova počeli vojno pomagati Spartu koja je naposljetku potukla Atenjane. Kada je pak početkom 4. stoljeća pr. Kr. balans grčke sile prešao previše na stranu Sparte, Perzijanci su odlučili pomoći Atenjanima tokom Korintskog rata (395. – 387. pr. Kr.) koji je okončan Kraljevskim mirom, diktiranim od strane Perzije. Prema tom sporazumu Sparta se morala povući iz Male Azije koja je opet u potpunosti pala pod perzijsku kontrolu i praktički obezvrijedila sve grčke vojno-političke uspjehe u prošlom stoljeću.

 Kasniji sukobi

 Uži povijesni kontekst

Godine 401. pr. Kr. perzijski princ Kir Mlađi u Maloj Aziji okuplja 10.000 grčkih plaćenika (tzv. „Deset tisuća“) i još toliko azijskih vojnika, te kreće u ponovnu borbu za perzijski tron protiv svog brata Artakserksa II. Njihove vojske sukobile su se u bitci kod Kunakse gdje Kir Mlađi pogiba, nakon čega je pobuna ugušena odnosno ojačana pozicija Artakserksa II.

Spartanski kralj Agesilaj II. godine 396. pr. Kr. okuplja 2000 neodamoda (oslobođeni državni robovi heloti) i 6000 savezničkih vojnika te kreće prema Aziji. Dolazi u Efez gdje se susreće s Tisafernom, perzijskim vojskovođom i satrapom Lidije i Karije. Ovaj mu nudi primirje ali isključivo da dobije na vremenu i sačeka vojnu pomoć od perzijskog kralja. Naposljetku Tisafenu stiže Artakserksovo pojačanje i odmah krši primirje. Postavlja ultimatum Grcima; ili odlaze iz Azije ili slijedi rat. Ovakav stav uznemirio je Grke i njihove saveznike jer perzijska vojska bila brojčano superiornija. Agesilaj prihvaća sukob s Perzijancima, no umjesto na dogovorenom mjestu borbe u Kariji vodi trupe u bogatu Frigiju gdje njegove trupe pljačkaju gradove i sela. Nekoliko mjeseci kasnije grčke i perzijske trupe sukobile su se u Sardu, a Agesilaj II. nedugo kasnije dobiva informacije o rasplamsavanju Korintskog rata pa se nakon dvije godine boravka vraća iz Azije u Europu.

Niti jedna grčka sila nije se mogla suprotstaviti Perzijskom carstvu punih 60 godina, odnosno sve do dolaska makedonskog kralja Filipa II. koji je 338. pr. Kr. osnovao savez Ελληνες („Grci“) i krenuo u osvajanje zapadnog dijela Male Azije. Ipak, neposredno prije ekspedicije Filip II. je ubijen pa je njegov nasljednik Aleksandar III. Makedonski nastavio njegove planove, krenuvši 334. pr. Kr. u Aziju s 40.000 vojnika. Nakon nekoliko godina ratovanja njegova vojska srušila je iransku ahemenidsku dinastiju i ovladala cijelim Perzijskim carstvom, koje je prethodno bilo iscrpljeno brojnim satrapskim pobunama diljem zemlje.

 Širi povijesni kontekst

Unatoč tome što je perzijska dinastija Ahemenida nestala u doba Aleksandra, odnosno što je Grčka pala pod rimsku vlast 146. pr. Kr., grčko-perzijski sukob nastavio se u širem kontekstu konfrontacije između europskih i azijskih sila, koji datira još od doba Trojanskog rata. Nakon pada pod rimsku vlast Grčka je unatoč sveprisutnom kulturnom helenizmu potpuno izgubila svoju vojno-političku snagu u korist Rimske Republike koja se nametnula kao jedina europska supersila. S druge strane, nekadašnje Ahemenidsko Perzijsko Carstvo obnovilo je nekadašnju snagu usponom iranskih dinastija Parta,Parti (Iran Chamber) te kasnije Sasanida.Sasanidi (Iran Chamber) Pokušajem rimskog vojskovođe Marka Krasa da osvoji Partsko kraljevstvo 53. pr. Kr.Bitka kod Harana (Unrv.com) započeo je višestoljetni rimsko-perzijski sukob koji je trajao sve do islamskog osvajanja. Navedeni sukobi uključuju ratove Rimske Republike i Carstva protiv Parta, odnosno ratove Sasanida protiv Rimskog carstva te kasnije Bizanta. Tijekom više od sedam stoljeća ratovanja vojna sreća izmjenično se mijenjala na rimsku ili perzijsku stranu, no niti jedna od dvije supersile nije uspjela osvojiti ili podčiniti drugu.

 Poveznice
 Stara Grčka
 Ahemenidsko Perzijsko Carstvo
 Povijest Grčke
 Povijest Irana

 Izvori

 Literatura

 Antička djela

Herodot: „Povijesti“ (Ιστορίης Απόδειξη)
Tukidid: „Povijest Peloponeškog rata“ (Ξυγκραφη)
Ksenofont: „Ekspedicija“ (Κυρου Ανάβασις – Anabasis)
Plutarh: „Usporedni životopisi“ (Βίοι Παράλληλοι)
Diodor sa Sicilije: „Knjižnica“ (Ιστορικη Βιβλιοθήκη)
Kornelije Nepot: „Biografije“ (Miltijad Mlađi, Temistoklo)

 Moderna djela

Ekdotiki Athinon: „Povijest grčke nacije“ (Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους), svezak B, Atena (1971.)
Hermann Bengston: „Grci i Perzijanci: Od šestog do četvrtog stoljeća“ (The Greeks and the Persians: From the Sixth to the Fourth Centuries), New York: Delacorte Press (1965.)
Pierre Briant: „Od Kira do Aleksandra: Povijest Perzijskog carstva“ (From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire), preveo Peter Daniels, Indiana: Eisenbrauns (2002.)
Tom Holland: „Perzijska vatra“ (Persian Fire), (2006.)
A. R. Burn: „Cambrigdeova povijest Irana: Perzija i Grci“ (The Cambridge History of Iran: Persia and the Greeks), 2. svezak, Ilya Gershevitch, New York: Cambridge University Press (1985.)
J. M. Cook: „Perzijsko Carstvo“ (The Persian Empire), New York: Shocken Books (1983.)
Peter Green: „Grčko-perzijski ratovi“ (The Greco-Persian Wars), Berkeley, Los Angeles; London: University of California Press (1996.)
A. T. Olmstead: „Povijest Perzijskog carstva“ (History of the Persian Empire), Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1948.)
Pomeroy, Sarah B., Stanley Burstein, Walter Donlan i Jennifer Tolbert Roberts: „Antička Grčka: Politička, društvena i kulturna povijest“ (Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History), New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press (1999.)
Brown Reference ltd: „Atlas svjetske povijesti“ (Atlas of World History), Sandcastle books Ltd. (2006.)

 Vanjske poveznice
 Perzijski ratovi – Povijest Irana (Iran Chamber)
 Grčko-perzijski ratovi (enciklopedija Britannica)
 EDSITEment Lekcija: Bitka kod Termopila

 Ostali projekti

Kategorija:Ahemenidsko Perzijsko Carstvo
Kategorija:Ratovi stare Grčke
Kategorija:Iranska vojna povijest
Kategorija:Ratovi

Many later ancient historians, despite following his way of work, laughed at Herodot, especially Tukidid.

Tukidid: History of the Peloponese War, I. 21.Finley, p.

The .

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21. Now he that by the arguments here adduced shall frame a judgment of the things past and not believe rather that they were such as the poets have sung or prose-writers have composed, more delightfully to the ear than conformably to the truth, as being things not to be disproved and by length of time turned for the most part into the nature of fables without credit, but shall think them here searched out by the most evident signs that can be, and sufficiently too, considering their antiquity: he, I say, shall not err. [2] And though men always judge the present war wherein they live to be greatest, and when it is past, admire more those that were before it, yet if they consider of this war by the acts done in the same, it will manifest itself to be greater than any of those before mentioned.
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Question: who was the leader of the peloponese war

Many later ancient historians, despite following his way of work, laughed at Herodot, especially Tukidid.

Tukidid: History of the Peloponese War, I. 21.Finley, p.

The .

who was the leader of the peloponese war

Question: who was the hero of the peloponese war

The .

Question: what is the title of tukidid's book

The .

Question: tukidid is an important historian of which war

The .

tukidid is an important historian of which war

Question: what is the title of a book by finley

The .

Question: who laughed at herodot and tukidid

The .

Question: what did many later historians do to tukidid

The .

what did many later historians do to tukidid

Many later ancient historians , despite following his way of work , laughed at Herodot , especially Tukidid .

Tukidid : History of the Peloponese War , I. 21.Finley , p.

Mnogi kasniji antički povjesničari unatoč tome što su slijedili njegov način rada ismijavali su Herodota, posebno Tukidid.Tukidid: Povijest Peloponeskog rata, I. 21.Finley, str. 15.

Mnogi kasniji antički povjesničari unatoč tome što su slijedili njegov način rada ismijavali su Herodota, posebno Tukidid.

Tukidid: Povijest Peloponeskog rata, I. 21.Finley, str. 15

Many later ancient historians, despite following his way of work, laughed at Herodot, especially Tukidid. Tukidid: History of the Peloponese War, I. 21.Finley, p. The .

Many later ancient historians, despite following his way of work, laughed at Herodot, especially Tukidid.

Tukidid: History of the Peloponese War, I. 21.Finley, p.

However, Tukidid decided to start his work where Herdot stood (Sesta's disappearance), which meant how he had to carefully study Herodot's work.

Plutarh greatly criticized Herod in his essay “To the hell of Herodot” in which he claimed that Herodot was barbarophile and that he was not sufficiently progressive, which was attributed to Plutar’s humility or Greek nationalism.

Question: who started his work where herdot stood

However, Tukidid decided to start his work where Herdot stood (Sesta's disappearance), which meant how he had to carefully study Herodot's work.

Plutarh greatly criticized Herod in his essay “To the hell of Herodot” in which he claimed that Herodot was barbarophile and that he was not sufficiently progressive, which was attributed to Plutar’s humility or Greek nationalism.

Question: who wrote to the hell of herodot

Question: what did plutarh call herodot

Question: what is the meaning of herdot in greek

Question: plutarh attributed his criticism of herodot to his humility and what other

plutarh attributed his criticism of herodot to his humility and what other

Question: plutarh's essay ‘to the hell of heroot’ criticized

plutarh's essay ‘to the hell of heroot’ criticized

Question: where did tukidid start his work

However , Tukidid decided to start his work where Herdot stood ( Sesta 's disappearance ) , which meant how he had to carefully study Herodot 's work .

Plutarh greatly criticized Herod in his essay “ To the hell of Herodot ” in which he claimed that Herodot was barbarophile and that he was not sufficiently progressive , which was attributed to Plutar ’s humility or Greek nationalism .

Ipak, Tukidid je odlučio započeti svoj rad tamo gdje je Herdot stao (opsada Sesta), što je značilo kako je morao pomno proučiti Herodotov rad.

Plutarh je navelike kritizirao Herodota u svome eseju „Na pakost Herodotu“ u kojem je tvrdio kako je Herodot barbarofil i kako nije dovoljno progrčki nastrojen, što se pripisuje Plutarhovoj pristranosti odnosno grčkom nacionalizmu.

However, Tukidid decided to start his work where Herdot stood (Sesta's disappearance), which meant how he had to carefully study Herodot's work. Plutarh greatly criticized Herod in his essay “To the hell of Herodot” in which he claimed that Herodot was barbarophile and that he was not sufficiently progressive, which was attributed to Plutar’s humility or Greek nationalism.

However, Tukidid decided to start his work where Herdot stood (Sesta's disappearance), which meant how he had to carefully study Herodot's work.

Plutarh greatly criticized Herod in his essay “To the hell of Herodot” in which he claimed that Herodot was barbarophile and that he was not sufficiently progressive, which was attributed to Plutar’s humility or Greek nationalism.

The roots of the conflict of the Jonius (marked in yellow) on the map of western Small Asia During the dark age after the breakdown of the Mykenic culture, a significant number of Greeks settled in Small Asia.

Question: who settled in small asia after the mykenic period

The roots of the conflict of the Jonius (marked in yellow) on the map of western Small Asia During the dark age after the breakdown of the Mykenic culture, a significant number of Greeks settled in Small Asia.

who settled in small asia after the mykenic period

Question: what color is the jonius on the map of western small asia

what color is the jonius on the map of western small asia

Question: what culture did the greeks leave small asia after

what culture did the greeks leave small asia after

Question: when did the greeks settle in small asia

when did the greeks settle in small asia

Question: where did the greeks settle after the mykenic period

where did the greeks settle after the mykenic period

Question: what is the name of the ancient greek conflict in western small asia

what is the name of the ancient greek conflict in western small asia

The roots of the conflict of the Jonius ( marked in yellow ) on the map of western Small Asia During the dark age after the breakdown of the Mykenic culture , a significant number of Greeks settled in Small Asia .

Korijeni sukoba Jonija (označena žutom bojom) na karti zapadne Male Azije Tijekom mračnog doba nakon raspada mikenske kulture, znatan broj Grka naselio se u Maloj Aziji.

Korijeni sukoba Jonija (označena žutom bojom) na karti zapadne Male Azije Tijekom mračnog doba nakon raspada mikenske kulture, znatan broj Grka naselio se u Maloj Aziji.

The roots of the conflict of the Jonius (marked in yellow) on the map of western Small Asia During the dark age after the breakdown of the Mykenic culture, a significant number of Greeks settled in Small Asia.

The roots of the conflict of the Jonius (marked in yellow) on the map of western Small Asia During the dark age after the breakdown of the Mykenic culture, a significant number of Greeks settled in Small Asia.

The Jonans settled along the coast of Lydia and Karia, and raised twelve cities that later became Jon.

These cities were Milet (the capital city), Priena and Myus in Karia;

Efez, Kolofon, Lebed, Teo, Klazomena, Foke and Eritrea in Lydia; and the islands of Samos and Hios.Herodot, I.

Question: how many cities did the jonans raise

The Jonans settled along the coast of Lydia and Karia, and raised twelve cities that later became Jon.

These cities were Milet (the capital city), Priena and Myus in Karia;

Efez, Kolofon, Lebed, Teo, Klazomena, Foke and Eritrea in Lydia; and the islands of Samos and Hios.Herodot, I.

Question: what was the capital city of the jonans

Question: where did the jonans settle on the coast

where did the jonans settle on the coast

Question: which group of people settled along the coast of lydia and karia

which group of people settled along the coast of lydia and karia

Question: on which island did the jonans settle

Question: who raised twelve cities that later became karia

who raised twelve cities that later became karia

Question: which two islands did the jonans settle on

which two islands did the jonans settle on

The Jonans settled along the coast of Lydia and Karia , and raised twelve cities that later became Jon .

These cities were Milet ( the capital city ) , Priena and Myus in Karia ;

Efez , Kolofon , Lebed , Teo , Klazomena , Foke and Eritrea in Lydia ; and the islands of Samos and Hios . Herodot , I.

Jonjani su se naselili uz obale Lidije i Karije, te su podigli dvanaest gradova koji su kasnije postali Jonijom. Ti gradovi bili su Milet (glavni grad), Priena i Myus u Kariji; Efez, Kolofon, Lebed, Teo, Klazomena, Fokeja i Eritrija u Lidiji; te otoci Samos i Hios.Herodot, I. 143.

Jonjani su se naselili uz obale Lidije i Karije, te su podigli dvanaest gradova koji su kasnije postali Jonijom.

Ti gradovi bili su Milet (glavni grad), Priena i Myus u Kariji;

Efez, Kolofon, Lebed, Teo, Klazomena, Fokeja i Eritrija u Lidiji; te otoci Samos i Hios.Herodot, I. 143.

The Jonans settled along the coast of Lydia and Karia, and raised twelve cities that later became Jon. These cities were Milet (the capital city), Priena and Myus in Karia; Efez, Kolofon, Lebed, Teo, Klazomena, Foke and Eritrea in Lydia; and the islands of Samos and Hios.Herodot, I.

The Jonans settled along the coast of Lydia and Karia, and raised twelve cities that later became Jon.

These cities were Milet (the capital city), Priena and Myus in Karia;

Efez, Kolofon, Lebed, Teo, Klazomena, Foke and Eritrea in Lydia; and the islands of Samos and Hios.Herodot, I.

The cities in Jonia remained independent until they were humiliated by the Lidians of western Asia.

The Lidian king Aliat II attacked the city of Milet, and the conflict ended with an alliance agreement between Milet and Lidian, meaning that the city will have internal autonomy but will follow the Lidian foreign policy.Herodot, 1.22 At the same time, the Lidians were in conflict with the Medians so Milet sent troops to help Lidian.

Question: which lidian king attacked the city of milet

The cities in Jonia remained independent until they were humiliated by the Lidians of western Asia.

The Lidian king Aliat II attacked the city of Milet, and the conflict ended with an alliance agreement between Milet and Lidian, meaning that the city will have internal autonomy but will follow the Lidian foreign policy.Herodot, 1.22 At the same time, the Lidians were in conflict with the Medians so Milet sent troops to help Lidian.

which lidian king attacked the city of milet

Question: who was the author of the book of jonia

Question: which is the only city in eastern asia to remain independent from the medians

which is the only city in eastern asia to remain independent from the medians

Question: which city did the lidian king aliat ii attack

which city did the lidian king aliat ii attack

Question: where did the lidians take control of jonia

where did the lidians take control of jonia

Question: who were the lidians in conflict with

Question: who attacked the city of milet

Question: who defeated the cities of jonia and milet

who defeated the cities of jonia and milet

The cities in Jonia remained independent until they were humiliated by the Lidians of western Asia .

The Lidian king Aliat II attacked the city of Milet , and the conflict ended with an alliance agreement between Milet and Lidian , meaning that the city will have internal autonomy but will follow the Lidian foreign policy . Herodot , 1.22 At the same time , the Lidians were in conflict with the Medians so Milet sent troops to help Lidian .

Gradovi u Joniji ostali su nezavisni sve dok ih nisu pokorili Lidijci iz zapadne Male Azije.

Lidijski kralj Alijat II. napao je grad Milet, a sukob je završio sporazumom o savezništvu između Mileta i Lidije, što je značilo kako će grad imati unutrašnju autonomiju no slijedit će lidijsku vanjsku politiku.Herodot, 1.22 Istovremeno, Lidijci su bili u sukobu s Medijcima pa je Milet poslao vojsku da pomogne Lidiji.

The cities in Jonia remained independent until they were humiliated by the Lidians of western Asia. The Lidian king Aliat II attacked the city of Milet, and the conflict ended with an alliance agreement between Milet and Lidian, meaning that the city will have internal autonomy but will follow the Lidian foreign policy.Herodot, 1.22 At the same time, the Lidians were in conflict with the Medians so Milet sent troops to help Lidian.

The cities in Jonia remained independent until they were humiliated by the Lidians of western Asia.

The Lidian king Aliat II attacked the city of Milet, and the conflict ended with an alliance agreement between Milet and Lidian, meaning that the city will have internal autonomy but will follow the Lidian foreign policy.Herodot, 1.22 At the same time, the Lidians were in conflict with the Medians so Milet sent troops to help Lidian.

At the end, a peace agreement was signed between Lydia and the Medieval Empire, according to which the river Kizil became the border of two countries.

Question: which city was attacked by the lidian king aliat ii

At the end, a peace agreement was signed between Lydia and the Medieval Empire, according to which the river Kizil became the border of two countries.

which city was attacked by the lidian king aliat ii

Question: what river became the border between lydia and the medieval empire

what river became the border between lydia and the medieval empire

Question: the river kizil became the border of which two countries

the river kizil became the border of which two countries

Question: what did the lidian king do

Question: the river kizil became the border between the medieval empire and which other city

the river kizil became the border between the medieval empire and which other city

Question: what river was the border between lydia and the medieval empire

what river was the border between lydia and the medieval empire

At the end , a peace agreement was signed between Lydia and the Medieval Empire , according to which the river Kizil became the border of two countries .

Na posljetku je potpisan mirovni sporazum između Lidije i Medijskog Carstva prema kojem je rijeka Kizil postala granicom dviju zemalja.Herodot, I. 75.

The Lidian king Aliat II attacked the city of Milet, and the conflict ended with an alliance agreement between Milet and Lidian, meaning that the city will have internal autonomy but will follow the Lidian foreign policy.Herodot, 1.22 At the same time, the Lidians were in conflict with the Medians so Milet sent troops to help Lidian. At the end, a peace agreement was signed between Lydia and the Medieval Empire, according to which the river Kizil became the border of two countries.

At the end, a peace agreement was signed between Lydia and the Medieval Empire, according to which the river Kizil became the border of two countries.

The famous Lydia king Krez inherited his father Aliat II around 560 BC.

Question: when did king krez inherit his father aliat ii

The famous Lydia king Krez inherited his father Aliat II around 560 BC.

when did king krez inherit his father aliat ii

Question: who was the father of lydia king krez

Question: the river kizil became the border between lydia and which empire

the river kizil became the border between lydia and which empire

Question: who did lydia sign a peace agreement with

who did lydia sign a peace agreement with

Question: the river kizil was the border of which ancient kingdom

the river kizil was the border of which ancient kingdom

Question: the river kizil became the border of which kingdom

the river kizil became the border of which kingdom

Question: who was the king of lydia in 560 bc

The famous Lydia king Krez inherited his father Aliat II around 560 BC .

Na posljetku je potpisan mirovni sporazum između Lidije i Medijskog Carstva prema kojem je rijeka Kizil postala granicom dviju zemalja.Herodot, I. 75. Slavni lidijski kralj Krez naslijedio je svoga oca Alijata II. oko 560. pr.

Slavni lidijski kralj Krez naslijedio je svoga oca Alijata II. oko 560. pr.

At the end, a peace agreement was signed between Lydia and the Medieval Empire, according to which the river Kizil became the border of two countries. The famous Lydia king Krez inherited his father Aliat II around 560 BC.

The famous Lydia king Krez inherited his father Aliat II around 560 BC.

The rebellion ended and Kir came out of it as a winner, and founded the Ahemenidic Persian Empire on the foundations of the Medieval Empire.

Question: who founded the ahemenidic persian empire

The rebellion ended and Kir came out of it as a winner, and founded the Ahemenidic Persian Empire on the foundations of the Medieval Empire.

who founded the ahemenidic persian empire

Question: what empire did kir found after the rebellion ended

what empire did kir found after the rebellion ended

Question: where did the ahemenidic persian empire come from

where did the ahemenidic persian empire come from

Question: what was the name of the persian empire founded by kir

what was the name of the persian empire founded by kir

Question: what was the name of the empire founded by kir

what was the name of the empire founded by kir

Question: what caused the formation of the ahemenidic persian empire

what caused the formation of the ahemenidic persian empire

The rebellion ended and Kir came out of it as a winner , and founded the Ahemenidic Persian Empire on the foundations of the Medieval Empire .

Kr . pobuna je završila a Kir je izašao iz nje kao pobjednik, te je osnovao Ahemenidsko Perzijsko Carstvo na temeljima Medijskog Carstva.

Kr . pobuna je završila a Kir je izašao iz nje kao pobjednik, te je osnovao Ahemenidsko Perzijsko Carstvo na temeljima Medijskog Carstva.

The rebellion ended and Kir came out of it as a winner, and founded the Ahemenidic Persian Empire on the foundations of the Medieval Empire.

The rebellion ended and Kir came out of it as a winner, and founded the Ahemenidic Persian Empire on the foundations of the Medieval Empire.

During the struggle against the Lidians, Kir the Great sent a message to the Jonans and asked them to rebell against the Lidian rule, which they rejected.

Question: who sent a message to the jonans asking them to rebel against lidian rule

During the struggle against the Lidians, Kir the Great sent a message to the Jonans and asked them to rebell against the Lidian rule, which they rejected.

who sent a message to the jonans asking them to rebel against lidian rule

Question: who did kir the great send a message to

Question: who did kir the great rebel against

Question: what did kir the great ask the jonans to rebel against

what did kir the great ask the jonans to rebel against

Question: what did kir the great ask the jonans to do

what did kir the great ask the jonans to do

During the struggle against the Lidians , Kir the Great sent a message to the Jonans and asked them to rebell against the Lidian rule , which they rejected .

Za vrijeme borbi protiv Lidijaca, Kir Veliki poslao je poruku Jonjanima i zatražio od njih da se pobune protiv lidijske vladavine, što su oni odbili.Herodot, I. 141.

Za vrijeme borbi protiv Lidijaca, Kir Veliki poslao je poruku Jonjanima i zatražio od njih da se pobune protiv lidijske vladavine, što su oni odbili.Herodot, I. 141.

During the struggle against the Lidians, Kir the Great sent a message to the Jonans and asked them to rebell against the Lidian rule, which they rejected.

During the struggle against the Lidians, Kir the Great sent a message to the Jonans and asked them to rebell against the Lidian rule, which they rejected.

After Kir the Great completed the conquest of Lydia, the yonian cities offered him the same status that had and defeated the Lydia king Krez, but Kir refused them because they did not want to help him before.

The Jonans then prepared for defence, and Kir sent the media general Harpag to conquer Jonia.

Question: who was the media general sent to conquer jonia

After Kir the Great completed the conquest of Lydia, the yonian cities offered him the same status that had and defeated the Lydia king Krez, but Kir refused them because they did not want to help him before.

The Jonans then prepared for defence, and Kir sent the media general Harpag to conquer Jonia.

who was the media general sent to conquer jonia

Question: who was the king of lydia before kir the great

who was the king of lydia before kir the great

Question: who was the leader of the jonans when they conquered lydia

who was the leader of the jonans when they conquered lydia

Question: which city did kir the great conquer

Question: who did kir send to conquer jonia

Question: what type of cities offered kir the same status after he conquered lydia

what type of cities offered kir the same status after Grčko-perzijski ratovi conquered lydia

Question: who offered kir status after he conquered lydia

who offered kir status after Grčko-perzijski ratovi conquered lydia

Question: who was the great of lydia who conquered the yonian cities

who was the great of lydia who conquered the yonian cities

After Kir the Great completed the conquest of Lydia , the yonian cities offered him the same status that had and defeated the Lydia king Krez , but Kir refused them because they did not want to help him before .

The Jonans then prepared for defence , and Kir sent the media general Harpag to conquer Jonia .

Nakon što je Kir Veliki završio osvajanje Lidije, jonski gradovi ponudili su mu isti status koji je imao i svrgnuti lidijski kralj Krez, no Kir ih odbija jer mu prethodno nisu htjeli pomoći. Jonjani su se tada pripremali za obranu, a Kir je poslao medijskog generala Harpaga da osvoji Joniju.Herodot, I. 162.

Nakon što je Kir Veliki završio osvajanje Lidije, jonski gradovi ponudili su mu isti status koji je imao i svrgnuti lidijski kralj Krez, no Kir ih odbija jer mu prethodno nisu htjeli pomoći.

Jonjani su se tada pripremali za obranu, a Kir je poslao medijskog generala Harpaga da osvoji Joniju.Herodot, I. 162.

After Kir the Great completed the conquest of Lydia, the yonian cities offered him the same status that had and defeated the Lydia king Krez, but Kir refused them because they did not want to help him before. The Jonans then prepared for defence, and Kir sent the media general Harpag to conquer Jonia.

After Kir the Great completed the conquest of Lydia, the yonian cities offered him the same status that had and defeated the Lydia king Krez, but Kir refused them because they did not want to help him before.

The Jonans then prepared for defence, and Kir sent the media general Harpag to conquer Jonia.

The Persian army leaders Mazar and Harpag conquered the whole of Little Asia; Litia, Cilicia and Fenicia, including the Greek police, using the invasion techniques that were unknown to the Greeks.

Harpag first attacked Foke, whose inhabitants decided to leave the city and escape to Sicily, but many later returned.

Question: who conquered the whole of little asia

The Persian army leaders Mazar and Harpag conquered the whole of Little Asia; Litia, Cilicia and Fenicia, including the Greek police, using the invasion techniques that were unknown to the Greeks.

Harpag first attacked Foke, whose inhabitants decided to leave the city and escape to Sicily, but many later returned.

Question: which greek city was attacked by mazar and harpag

which greek city was attacked by mazar and harpag

Question: where did the greeks go after the battle of foke

where did the greeks go after the battle of foke

Question: who were the leaders of the greek army in little asia

who were the leaders of the greek army in little asia

Question: who was involved in the invasion of little asia

who was involved in the invasion of little asia

Question: where did mazar and harpag conquer

The Persian army leaders Mazar and Harpag conquered the whole of Little Asia ; Litia , Cilicia and Fenicia , including the Greek police , using the invasion techniques that were unknown to the Greeks .

Harpag first attacked Foke , whose inhabitants decided to leave the city and escape to Sicily , but many later returned .

Perzijski vojskovođe Mazar i Harpag osvajaju cijelu Malu Aziju; Liciju, Ciliciju i Feniciju, uključujući grčke polise pomoću opsadnih tehnika koje su bile nepoznate Grcima. Harpag je prvo napao Fokeju, čiji su stanovnici odlučili napustiti grad i pobjeći na Siciliju, no mnogi su se kasnije vratili.Herodot, I. 164.

Perzijski vojskovođe Mazar i Harpag osvajaju cijelu Malu Aziju; Liciju, Ciliciju i Feniciju, uključujući grčke polise pomoću opsadnih tehnika koje su bile nepoznate Grcima.

Harpag je prvo napao Fokeju, čiji su stanovnici odlučili napustiti grad i pobjeći na Siciliju, no mnogi su se kasnije vratili.Herodot, I. 164.

The Persian army leaders Mazar and Harpag conquered the whole of Little Asia; Litia, Cilicia and Fenicia, including the Greek police, using the invasion techniques that were unknown to the Greeks. Harpag first attacked Foke, whose inhabitants decided to leave the city and escape to Sicily, but many later returned.

The Persian army leaders Mazar and Harpag conquered the whole of Little Asia; Litia, Cilicia and Fenicia, including the Greek police, using the invasion techniques that were unknown to the Greeks.

Harpag first attacked Foke, whose inhabitants decided to leave the city and escape to Sicily, but many later returned.

Part of the inhabitants of the city of Tea also emigrated during the Harpag attacks, while the rest of the Jonans decided to stay in their cities but were soon humiliated.

Question: which city was attacked by harpag

Part of the inhabitants of the city of Tea also emigrated during the Harpag attacks, while the rest of the Jonans decided to stay in their cities but were soon humiliated.

Question: where did the jonans go after harpag

Question: what was the name of the city in sicily where the harpag attack

what was the name of the city in sicily where the harpag attack

Question: what happened to the jonans after the harpag attacks

what happened to the jonans after the harpag attacks

Question: which group of people fled to sicily after the harpag attacks

which group of people fled to sicily after the harpag attacks

Question: what was the name of the city in sicily where the jonans fled

what was the name of the city in sicily where the jonans fled

Question: what happened to the inhabitants of tea during the harpag attacks

what happened to the inhabitants of tea during the harpag attacks

Question: where did the jonans emigrate to after harpag

where did the jonans emigrate to after harpag

Part of the inhabitants of the city of Tea also emigrated during the Harpag attacks , while the rest of the Jonans decided to stay in their cities but were soon humiliated .

Harpag je prvo napao Fokeju, čiji su stanovnici odlučili napustiti grad i pobjeći na Siciliju, no mnogi su se kasnije vratili.Herodot, I. 164. Dio stanovnika grada Tea također je emigrirao prilikom Harpagovih napada, dok su ostali Jonjani odlučili ostati u svojim gradovima ali su ubrzo pokoreni.Herodot, I. 169.

Dio stanovnika grada Tea također je emigrirao prilikom Harpagovih napada, dok su ostali Jonjani odlučili ostati u svojim gradovima ali su ubrzo pokoreni.Herodot, I. 169.

Harpag first attacked Foke, whose inhabitants decided to leave the city and escape to Sicily, but many later returned. Part of the inhabitants of the city of Tea also emigrated during the Harpag attacks, while the rest of the Jonans decided to stay in their cities but were soon humiliated.

Part of the inhabitants of the city of Tea also emigrated during the Harpag attacks, while the rest of the Jonans decided to stay in their cities but were soon humiliated.

John’s Resurrection (499)
493 by Pr.

Question: what is the total number of st john's resurrection

John’s Resurrection (499)
493 by Pr.

what is the total number of st john's resurrection

Question: how many years was john's resurrection

John’s Resurrection (499)
493 by Pr.

Question: what is the name of the resurrection in the bible

John’s Resurrection (499)
493 by Pr.

what is the name of the resurrection in the bible

Question: what is the meaning of the term grackeperzijski ratovi

John’s Resurrection (499)
493 by Pr.

what is the meaning of the term grackeperzijski ratovi

Question: who is the author of john's resurrection

John’s Resurrection (499)
493 by Pr.

who is the author of john's resurrection

Question: what is the title of the book written by pr pr. john in 493

John’s Resurrection (499)
493 by Pr.

what is the title of the book written by pr pr. john in 493

Question: when was john's resurrection written

John’s Resurrection (499)
493 by Pr.

by Kr.

Milet ruler of Aristogor together with the Persian Satrap of the city of SardaHolland, pp. 160–162.

Question: where did kr. milet rule

by Kr.

Milet ruler of Aristogor together with the Persian Satrap of the city of SardaHolland, pp. 160–162.

Question: who was the ruler of aristogor

by Kr.

Question: which european city was ruled by kr. milet and the persian

by Kr.

which european city was ruled by kr. milet and the persian

Question: what is the number of pg in grčko-perzijski ratovi

by Kr.

what is the number of pg in grčko-perzijski ratovi

Question: who did kr. milet and the persian satrap represent

by Kr.

who did kr. milet and the persian satrap represent

Question: who were the three ratovi rulers of aristogor

by Kr.

who were the three ratovi rulers of aristogor

Question: when did kr. milet and the persian satrap write

by Kr.

when did kr. milet and the persian satrap write

Milet ruler of Aristogor together with the Persian Satrap of the city of SardaHolland , pp . 160–162 .

Kr . miletski vladar Aristagora zajedno s perzijskim satrapom grada SardaHolland, str. 160–162.

miletski vladar Aristagora zajedno s perzijskim satrapom grada SardaHolland, str. 160–162.

by Kr. Milet ruler of Aristogor together with the Persian Satrap of the city of SardaHolland, pp. 160–162.

Milet ruler of Aristogor together with the Persian Satrap of the city of SardaHolland, pp. 160–162.

Artaferno moves into a joint march against the well-established Naksosa Herodot, V. 33, whose fall would bring great financial profits and military-political prestige to the conquerors.

The course ends with failure, Herodot, V. 34 and feeling that he will lose the ruling place of Aristogor raises the whole Jonah to rise against the Persian king Darius the Great.

Question: who did jonah rise against in the old testament

Artaferno moves into a joint march against the well-established Naksosa Herodot, V. 33, whose fall would bring great financial profits and military-political prestige to the conquerors.

The course ends with failure, Herodot, V. 34 and feeling that he will lose the ruling place of Aristogor raises the whole Jonah to rise against the Persian king Darius the Great.

who did jonah rise against in the old testament

Question: who did artaferno march against in v. 33

who did artaferno march against in v. 33

Question: who leads the revolt against herodot v. 33

who leads the revolt against herodot v. 33

Question: who was the leader of the jonah tribe

Question: how does the course of artaferno end

Question: what is the name of the Jonah who rises against darius the great

what is the name of the Jonah who rises against darius the great

Question: who did jonah rise against in the book of artaferno

who did jonah rise against in the book of artaferno

Question: in which of the following books does artaferno march against herodot

in which of the following books does artaferno march against herodot

Artaferno moves into a joint march against the well - established Naksosa Herodot , V. 33 , whose fall would bring great financial profits and military - political prestige to the conquerors .

The course ends with failure , Herodot , V. 34 and feeling that he will lose the ruling place of Aristogor raises the whole Jonah to rise against the Persian king Darius the Great .

Artafernom kreće u zajednički pohod protiv dobro utvrđenog NaksosaHerodot, V. 33. čiji bi pad osvajačima donio veliki financijski profit i vojno-politički prestiž.

Pohod završava neuspjehom,Herodot, V. 34. a osjećajući kako će izgubiti vladarsko mjesto Aristagora podiže cijelu Joniju na ustanak protiv perzijskog kralja Darija Velikog.Herodot, V. 35.

Artaferno moves into a joint march against the well-established Naksosa Herodot, V. 33, whose fall would bring great financial profits and military-political prestige to the conquerors. The course ends with failure, Herodot, V. 34 and feeling that he will lose the ruling place of Aristogor raises the whole Jonah to rise against the Persian king Darius the Great.

Artaferno moves into a joint march against the well-established Naksosa Herodot, V. 33, whose fall would bring great financial profits and military-political prestige to the conquerors.

The course ends with failure, Herodot, V. 34 and feeling that he will lose the ruling place of Aristogor raises the whole Jonah to rise against the Persian king Darius the Great.

The .

The Persian army and the Navy are re-grouped, and they are moving towards a decisive opposition to the rebellion in Milet.

The Jons Navy tries to oppose them but in the battle at Lade they were catastrophically defeated after Samos passed to the Persian side.

The .

Question: where did the revolt against the persian army take place

The .

The Persian army and the Navy are re-grouped, and they are moving towards a decisive opposition to the rebellion in Milet.

The Jons Navy tries to oppose them but in the battle at Lade they were catastrophically defeated after Samos passed to the Persian side.

The .

where did the revolt against the persian army take place

Question: who was defeated at the battle of lade

The .

The .

Question: who won the battle at lade between the persian and persian armies

The .

The .

who won the battle at lade between the persian and persian armies

Question: where did the jons navy lose their battle

The .

The .

where did the jons navy lose their battle

Question: at which battle did the jons navy defeat the persian army

The .

The .

at which battle did the jons navy defeat the persian army

Question: what is the name of the navy in greek mythology

The .

The .

what is the name of the navy in greek mythology

The Persian army and the Navy are re - grouped , and they are moving towards a decisive opposition to the rebellion in Milet .

The Jons Navy tries to oppose them but in the battle at Lade they were catastrophically defeated after Samos passed to the Persian side .

. perzijska vojska i mornarica se pregrupiraju, i kreću u odlučno suzbijanje pobune u Miletu. Jonska mornarica pokušava im se suprotstaviti no u bitci kod Lade bivaju katastrofalno poraženi nakon što je Samos prešao na perzijsku stranu.Herodot, VI. 14.

perzijska vojska i mornarica se pregrupiraju, i kreću u odlučno suzbijanje pobune u Miletu.

Jonska mornarica pokušava im se suprotstaviti no u bitci kod Lade bivaju katastrofalno poraženi nakon što je Samos prešao na perzijsku stranu.Herodot, VI. 14

The . The Persian army and the Navy are re-grouped, and they are moving towards a decisive opposition to the rebellion in Milet. The Jons Navy tries to oppose them but in the battle at Lade they were catastrophically defeated after Samos passed to the Persian side. The .

The Persian army and the Navy are re-grouped, and they are moving towards a decisive opposition to the rebellion in Milet.

The Jons Navy tries to oppose them but in the battle at Lade they were catastrophically defeated after Samos passed to the Persian side.

Milet was then overwhelmed and occupied, and his population was captured.

Question: who led the jons in the battle of lade

Milet was then overwhelmed and occupied, and his population was captured.

Question: who was the commander of the jons navy at the battle of lade

who was the commander of the jons navy at the battle of lade

Question: who won the battle of lade in persia

Question: the jons navy was defeated at the battle of lade by which side

the jons navy was defeated at the battle of lade by which side

Milet was then overwhelmed and occupied , and his population was captured .

Jonska mornarica pokušava im se suprotstaviti no u bitci kod Lade bivaju katastrofalno poraženi nakon što je Samos prešao na perzijsku stranu.Herodot, VI. 14. Milet je tada opkoljen i zauzet, a njegovo stanovništvo zarobljeno.

Jonska mornarica pokušava im se suprotstaviti no u bitci kod Lade bivaju katastrofalno poraženi nakon što je Samos prešao na perzijsku stranu.Herodot, VI. 14.

Milet je tada opkoljen i zauzet, a njegovo stanovništvo zarobljeno.

The Jons Navy tries to oppose them but in the battle at Lade they were catastrophically defeated after Samos passed to the Persian side. Milet was then overwhelmed and occupied, and his population was captured.

Milet was then overwhelmed and occupied, and his population was captured.

The John's rise represents the first major conflict between the Greek and the Persian Empire, and generally the beginning of the Greek-Persian wars.

Although Little Asia was returned under Persian control, Darius the Great decided to punish Athens and Eretria for their support to the Yonian rise, thus weakening their enemies that threatened the stability of his western part of the empire.

Question: who was the leader of the greek empire at the time of the yonian rise

The John's rise represents the first major conflict between the Greek and the Persian Empire, and generally the beginning of the Greek-Persian wars.

Although Little Asia was returned under Persian control, Darius the Great decided to punish Athens and Eretria for their support to the Yonian rise, thus weakening their enemies that threatened the stability of his western part of the empire.

who was the leader of the greek empire at the time of the yonian rise

Question: who did darius the great punish for supporting the yonian rise

who did darius the great punish for supporting the yonian rise

Question: who did darius punish for supporting the yonian rise

who did darius punish for supporting the yonian rise

Question: what is the first major conflict between the greek and persian empire

"Jonski ustanak predstavlja prvi veći sukob između Grka i Perzijskog Carstva , te općenito početak grčko - perzijskih ratova .

what is the first major conflict between the greek and persian empire

Question: the john's rise represents the beginning of what wars

the john's rise represents the beginning of what wars

Question: the john's rise represents the first major conflict between the greek and which other empire

the john's rise represents the first major conflict between the greek and which other empire

Question: darius the great punish athens and eretria for their support of what

jonskom ustanku , i time oslabiti svoje neprijatelje koji su ugrožavali stabilnost njegovog zapadnog dijela carstva .

darius the great punish athens and eretria for their support of what

The John 's rise represents the first major conflict between the Greek and the Persian Empire , and generally the beginning of the Greek - Persian wars .

Although Little Asia was returned under Persian control , Darius the Great decided to punish Athens and Eretria for their support to the Yonian rise , thus weakening their enemies that threatened the stability of his western part of the empire .

Jonski ustanak predstavlja prvi veći sukob između Grka i Perzijskog Carstva, te općenito početak grčko-perzijskih ratova.

Iako je Mala Azija vraćena pod perzijsku kontrolu, Darije Veliki odlučio je kazniti Atenu i Eretriju zbog njihove potpore jonskom ustanku, i time oslabiti svoje neprijatelje koji su ugrožavali stabilnost njegovog zapadnog dijela carstva.

The John's rise represents the first major conflict between the Greek and the Persian Empire, and generally the beginning of the Greek-Persian wars. Although Little Asia was returned under Persian control, Darius the Great decided to punish Athens and Eretria for their support to the Yonian rise, thus weakening their enemies that threatened the stability of his western part of the empire.

The John's rise represents the first major conflict between the Greek and the Persian Empire, and generally the beginning of the Greek-Persian wars.

Although Little Asia was returned under Persian control, Darius the Great decided to punish Athens and Eretria for their support to the Yonian rise, thus weakening their enemies that threatened the stability of his western part of the empire.

The first Persian punishment expedition was launched in 492 BC.

Question: when was the first persian punishment expedition launched

The first Persian punishment expedition was launched in 492 BC.

when was the first persian punishment expedition launched

Question: what type of expedition was launched in 492 bc

what type of expedition was launched in 492 bc

Question: what was the name of the first persian punishment expedition

Prva perzijska kažnjenička ekspedicija pokrenuta

what was the name of the first persian punishment expedition

Question: what type of punishment was introduced by the roman empire in 492 bc

what type of punishment was introduced by the roman empire in 492 bc

Question: what was the name of the first punishment expedition

Prva perzijska kažnjenička ekspedicija pokrenuta

what was the name of the first punishment expedition

Question: what was the purpose of the grčko-perzijski ratovi expedition

Prva perzijska kažnjenička ekspedicija pokrenuta

what was the purpose of the grčko-perzijski ratovi expedition

The first Persian punishment expedition was launched in 492 BC .

Prva perzijska kažnjenička ekspedicija pokrenuta je 492. pr.

Prva perzijska kažnjenička ekspedicija pokrenuta je 492. pr.

The first Persian punishment expedition was launched in 492 BC.

The first Persian punishment expedition was launched in 492 BC.

Mardonia then joins Macedonia under the Persian administration, although it was previously an independent ally of the Persians.

His subsequent trips were stopped at the Atos Peninsula where the majority of the Navy suffered in a great storm.

Question: where did the russian navy go during the great storm

Mardonia then joins Macedonia under the Persian administration, although it was previously an independent ally of the Persians.

His subsequent trips were stopped at the Atos Peninsula where the majority of the Navy suffered in a great storm.

where did the russian navy go during the great storm

Question: which country did the russians send troops to after the war

which country did the russians send troops to after the war

Question: under which administration did mardonia join macedonia

under which administration did mardonia join macedonia

Question: which country was once an ally of the persians

which country was once an ally of the persians

Question: what happened to the majority of the navy at the atos peninsula

what happened to the majority of the navy at the atos peninsula

Question: where did the russian navy go during the persian war

where did the russian navy go during the persian war

Question: on which peninsula was the majority of the navy suffered in a great storm

on which peninsula was the majority of the navy suffered in a great storm

Mardonia then joins Macedonia under the Persian administration , although it was previously an independent ally of the Persians .

His subsequent trips were stopped at the Atos Peninsula where the majority of the Navy suffered in a great storm .

Mardonije potom priključuje Makedoniju pod perzijsku upravu, iako je ona prethodno bila nezavisni saveznik Perzijanaca. Njegovi daljnji pohodi zaustavljeni su kod poluotoka Atosa gdje mu je većina mornarice stradala u velikoj oluji.

Mardonije potom priključuje Makedoniju pod perzijsku upravu, iako je ona prethodno bila nezavisni saveznik Perzijanaca.

Njegovi daljnji pohodi zaustavljeni su kod poluotoka Atosa gdje mu je većina mornarice stradala u velikoj oluji.

Mardonia then joins Macedonia under the Persian administration, although it was previously an independent ally of the Persians. His subsequent trips were stopped at the Atos Peninsula where the majority of the Navy suffered in a great storm.

Mardonia then joins Macedonia under the Persian administration, although it was previously an independent ally of the Persians.

His subsequent trips were stopped at the Atos Peninsula where the majority of the Navy suffered in a great storm.

The next year, Darius the Great sends ambassadors to all the Greek police of whom he asks for devotion to the Persian crown.Herodot, VI.

Question: who sends ambassadors to all the greek police

The next year, Darius the Great sends ambassadors to all the Greek police of whom he asks for devotion to the Persian crown.Herodot, VI.

who sends ambassadors to all the greek police

Question: what did darius ask for devotion from the greek police

what did darius ask for devotion from the greek police

Question: who is the greek king who sends ambassadors to the persian police

who is the greek king who sends ambassadors to the persian police

Question: what did darius ask the greek police for

what did darius ask the greek police for

Question: who does darius the great ask for devotion

who does darius the great ask for devotion

The next year , Darius the Great sends ambassadors to all the Greek police of whom he asks for devotion to the Persian crown . Herodot , VI .

Sljedeće godine Darije Veliki šalje veleposlanike u sve grčke polise od kojih traži odanost perzijskoj kruni.Herodot, VI. 48.

Sljedeće godine Darije Veliki šalje veleposlanike u sve grčke polise od kojih traži odanost perzijskoj kruni.Herodot, VI. 48.

The next year, Darius the Great sends ambassadors to all the Greek police of whom he asks for devotion to the Persian crown.Herodot, VI.

The next year, Darius the Great sends ambassadors to all the Greek police of whom he asks for devotion to the Persian crown.Herodot, VI.

The majority of the Greek police accept the Persian conditions, while the two main Greek forces Athens and Sparta reject the Persian offer.

The .

Question: who sends ambassadors to all the greek police of whom he asks for devotion to the

The majority of the Greek police accept the Persian conditions, while the two main Greek forces Athens and Sparta reject the Persian offer.

The .

who sends ambassadors to all the greek police of whom Grčko-perzijski ratovi asks for devotion to the

Question: which two greek forces reject the persian offer of devotion

The .

which two greek forces reject the persian offer of devotion

Question: darius the great sends ambassadors to all greek police asking for devotion to what

The .

darius the great sends ambassadors to all greek police asking for devotion to what

Question: darius the great sends ambassadors to all the greek police of whom he asks for

The .

darius the great sends ambassadors to all the greek police of whom Grčko-perzijski ratovi asks for

Question: which two greek forces reject the persian offer

The .

which two greek forces reject the persian offer

Question: who sends ambassadors to all the greek police of whom he asks for devotion

The .

who sends ambassadors to all the greek police of whom Grčko-perzijski ratovi asks for devotion

Question: what did darius ask for from the greek police

The .

what did darius ask for from the greek police

Question: who does darius send ambassadors to

The .

The majority of the Greek police accept the Persian conditions , while the two main Greek forces Athens and Sparta reject the Persian offer .

Sljedeće godine Darije Veliki šalje veleposlanike u sve grčke polise od kojih traži odanost perzijskoj kruni.Herodot, VI. 48. Većina grčkih polisa prihvaća perzijske uvjete, dok dvije glavne grčke sile Atena i Sparta odbijaju perzijsku ponudu.Herodot, VI. 49.

Većina grčkih polisa prihvaća perzijske uvjete, dok dvije glavne grčke sile Atena i Sparta odbijaju perzijsku ponudu.Herodot, VI. 49

The next year, Darius the Great sends ambassadors to all the Greek police of whom he asks for devotion to the Persian crown.Herodot, VI. The majority of the Greek police accept the Persian conditions, while the two main Greek forces Athens and Sparta reject the Persian offer. The .

The majority of the Greek police accept the Persian conditions, while the two main Greek forces Athens and Sparta reject the Persian offer.

The Persian battle group finally arrived in Eube, where one of the two main targets was located, the city of Eretria.Herodot, VI.

Question: which city was the site of the first battle of the persian war

The Persian battle group finally arrived in Eube, where one of the two main targets was located, the city of Eretria.Herodot, VI.

which city was the site of the first battle of the persian war

Question: where did the persian battle group arrive

where did the persian battle group arrive

Question: what was the main target of the persian battle group

what was the main target of the persian battle group

Question: who was the leader of the persian battle group

who was the leader of the persian battle group

Question: who was the first group to arrive in eube

"Perzijska borbena grupa je konačno došla do Eubeje gdje se nalazio jedan od glavna dva cilja

who was the first group to arrive in eube

Question: what was the name of the group that arrived in eube

borbena grupa je konačno došla do Eubeje gdje se nalazio jedan od glavna dva cilja

what was the name of the group that arrived in eube

Question: what language was the battle group in eube

what language was the battle group in eube

The Persian battle group finally arrived in Eube , where one of the two main targets was located , the city of Eretria . Herodot , VI .

Perzijska borbena grupa je konačno došla do Eubeje gdje se nalazio jedan od glavna dva cilja, grad Eretrija.Herodot, VI. 98.

Perzijska borbena grupa je konačno došla do Eubeje gdje se nalazio jedan od glavna dva cilja, grad Eretrija.Herodot, VI. 98.

The Persian battle group finally arrived in Eube, where one of the two main targets was located, the city of Eretria.Herodot, VI.

The Persian battle group finally arrived in Eube, where one of the two main targets was located, the city of Eretria.Herodot, VI.

The inhabitants of Eretria did not even try to prevent the arrival or progress, but they closed themselves into the city walls and began to prepare for the assembly.Herodot, VI.

Question: which city was the site of the battle of eube

The inhabitants of Eretria did not even try to prevent the arrival or progress, but they closed themselves into the city walls and began to prepare for the assembly.Herodot, VI.

which city was the site of the battle of eube

Question: who was the king of eretria at the time of the persian battle

who was the king of eretria at the time of the persian battle

Question: how did the inhabitants of eretria prepare for the battle

how did the inhabitants of eretria prepare for the battle

Question: how did the inhabitants of eretria stop the persian advance

they closed themselves into the city walls

they closed themselves into the city walls

how did the inhabitants of eretria stop the persian advance

Question: where did the inhabitants of eretria close themselves

where did the inhabitants of eretria close themselves

The inhabitants of Eretria did not even try to prevent the arrival or progress , but they closed themselves into the city walls and began to prepare for the assembly . Herodot , VI .

Perzijska borbena grupa je konačno došla do Eubeje gdje se nalazio jedan od glavna dva cilja, grad Eretrija.Herodot, VI. 98. Stanovnici Eretrije nisu ni pokušavali spriječiti pristajanje ili napredovanje, već su se zatvorili u gradske zidine i počeli se spremati za opsadu.Herodot, VI. 100.

Stanovnici Eretrije nisu ni pokušavali spriječiti pristajanje ili napredovanje, već su se zatvorili u gradske zidine i počeli se spremati za opsadu.Herodot, VI. 100.

The Persian battle group finally arrived in Eube, where one of the two main targets was located, the city of Eretria.Herodot, VI. The inhabitants of Eretria did not even try to prevent the arrival or progress, but they closed themselves into the city walls and began to prepare for the assembly.Herodot, VI.

The inhabitants of Eretria did not even try to prevent the arrival or progress, but they closed themselves into the city walls and began to prepare for the assembly.Herodot, VI.

Battle at the Marathon Battle at the Marathon: Athens wings surround the Persians After the Eretria was destroyed, the Persian forces turned to the final remaining goal, the city of Athens.

Question: what was the final goal of the persian forces after the eretria was destroyed

Battle at the Marathon Battle at the Marathon: Athens wings surround the Persians After the Eretria was destroyed, the Persian forces turned to the final remaining goal, the city of Athens.

what was the final goal of the persian forces after the eretria was destroyed

Question: what was the final goal of the persians after the battle of athens

what was the final goal of the persians after the battle of athens

Question: what was the final remaining city after the eretria was destroyed

what was the final remaining city after the eretria was destroyed

Question: what is the name of the battle in which athens wings surround the persians

what is the name of the battle in which athens wings surround the persians

Question: which city was the final goal of the persian forces after the eretria was

which city was the final goal of the persian forces after the eretria was

Question: what was the final remaining goal of the persian army

what was the final remaining goal of the persian army

Question: who won the battle at the marathon athens

who won the battle at the marathon athens

Battle at the Marathon Battle at the Marathon : Athens wings surround the Persians After the Eretria was destroyed , the Persian forces turned to the final remaining goal , the city of Athens .

Bitka kod Maratona Bitka kod Maratona: atenska krila okružuju Perzijance Nakon što je Eretrija bila razorena, perzijske snage okrenule su se konačnom preostalom cilju, gradu Ateni.

Bitka kod Maratona Bitka kod Maratona: atenska krila okružuju Perzijance Nakon što je Eretrija bila razorena, perzijske snage okrenule su se konačnom preostalom cilju, gradu Ateni.

Battle at the Marathon Battle at the Marathon: Athens wings surround the Persians After the Eretria was destroyed, the Persian forces turned to the final remaining goal, the city of Athens.

Battle at the Marathon Battle at the Marathon: Athens wings surround the Persians After the Eretria was destroyed, the Persian forces turned to the final remaining goal, the city of Athens.

Despite the numerous inferiority, the hardly surrounded Athenian hoplites managed to defeat the Persian army by attacking them from the boxes.

The Persians then left the battlefield by ships.Holland, pp. 195–197.

Question: what is the name of holland's book on persian victory

Despite the numerous inferiority, the hardly surrounded Athenian hoplites managed to defeat the Persian army by attacking them from the boxes.

The Persians then left the battlefield by ships.Holland, pp. 195–197.

what is the name of holland's book on persian victory

Question: where does the term grko-perzijski ratovi come from

where does the term grko-perzijski ratovi come from

Question: how did the persians leave the battlefield

how did the persians leave the battlefield

Question: what did the athenian hoplites attack the persian army from

what did the athenian hoplites attack the persian army from

Question: how did the athenian hoplites defeat the persian army

how did the athenian hoplites defeat the persian army

Question: who defeated the persian army by attacking the boxes

who defeated the persian army by attacking the boxes

Despite the numerous inferiority , the hardly surrounded Athenian hoplites managed to defeat the Persian army by attacking them from the boxes .

The Persians then left the battlefield by ships . Holland , pp . 195–197 .

Unatoč brojčanoj inferiornosti, teško oklopljeni atenski hopliti uspjeli su poraziti perzijsku vojsku napadajući ih s bokova. Perzijanci su potom brodovima napustili bojište.Holland, str. 195–197.

Unatoč brojčanoj inferiornosti, teško oklopljeni atenski hopliti uspjeli su poraziti perzijsku vojsku napadajući ih s bokova.

Perzijanci su potom brodovima napustili bojište.Holland, str. 195–197.

Despite the numerous inferiority, the hardly surrounded Athenian hoplites managed to defeat the Persian army by attacking them from the boxes. The Persians then left the battlefield by ships.Holland, pp. 195–197.

Despite the numerous inferiority, the hardly surrounded Athenian hoplites managed to defeat the Persian army by attacking them from the boxes.

The Persians then left the battlefield by ships.Holland, pp. 195–197.

After the Persians left the battlefield, the Athenians marched as soon as possible to Athens to save from the remainder of the Persian army.

Question: who marched to athens to save the persian army

After the Persians left the battlefield, the Athenians marched as soon as possible to Athens to save from the remainder of the Persian army.

who marched to athens to save the persian army

Question: who marched as soon as the persians left the battlefield

who marched as soon as the persians left the battlefield

Question: who did the athenians fight at the battle of athens

who did the athenians fight at the battle of athens

After the Persians left the battlefield , the Athenians marched as soon as possible to Athens to save from the remainder of the Persian army .

Nakon što su Perzijanci napustili bojište, Atenjani su marširali što je brže moguće prema Ateni da je spase od ostatka perzijske vojske.Herodot, VI. 115.

Nakon što su Perzijanci napustili bojište, Atenjani su marširali što je brže moguće prema Ateni da je spase od ostatka perzijske vojske.Herodot, VI. 115.

After the Persians left the battlefield, the Athenians marched as soon as possible to Athens to save from the remainder of the Persian army.

After the Persians left the battlefield, the Athenians marched as soon as possible to Athens to save from the remainder of the Persian army.

By the coast along the Pyrenees they arrived in time and thus prevented the Persian excursion along Athens, after which Artafern decided to withdraw to Little Asia.

Question: who led the athenians to little asia

By the coast along the Pyrenees they arrived in time and thus prevented the Persian excursion along Athens, after which Artafern decided to withdraw to Little Asia.

Question: what is the name of the stretch of water between athens and asia

what is the name of the stretch of water between athens and asia

Question: where did the athenians make it to athens

where did the athenians make it to athens

By the coast along the Pyrenees they arrived in time and thus prevented the Persian excursion along Athens , after which Artafern decided to withdraw to Little Asia .

Nakon što su Perzijanci napustili bojište, Atenjani su marširali što je brže moguće prema Ateni da je spase od ostatka perzijske vojske.Herodot, VI. 115. Uz obalu pokraj Pireja stigli su na vrijeme i time spriječili iskrcavanje Perzijanaca pokraj Atene, nakon čega se Artafern odlučio povući u Malu Aziju.Herodot, VI. 116.

Uz obalu pokraj Pireja stigli su na vrijeme i time spriječili iskrcavanje Perzijanaca pokraj Atene, nakon čega se Artafern odlučio povući u Malu Aziju.Herodot, VI. 116.

After the Persians left the battlefield, the Athenians marched as soon as possible to Athens to save from the remainder of the Persian army. By the coast along the Pyrenees they arrived in time and thus prevented the Persian excursion along Athens, after which Artafern decided to withdraw to Little Asia.

By the coast along the Pyrenees they arrived in time and thus prevented the Persian excursion along Athens, after which Artafern decided to withdraw to Little Asia.

The .

King Leonid I came to power, inheriting his brother.

The Athenian hero from the battle at the Marathon Miltijad Jr. invited the Athenians to an expedition against the Cyclades where they had to set the defence lines, Herodot, VI. 132 but the race ends with a failure in which Miltijad was seriously injured.

Question: who was the ruler of the athenian empire at the time of the greek

The .

King Leonid I came to power, inheriting his brother.

The Athenian hero from the battle at the Marathon Miltijad Jr. invited the Athenians to an expedition against the Cyclades where they had to set the defence lines, Herodot, VI. 132 but the race ends with a failure in which Miltijad was seriously injured.

who was the ruler of the athenian empire at the time of the greek

Question: which king of the athenians inherited his brother's throne

The .

which king of the athenians inherited his brother's throne

Question: who was the athenian hero from the battle at the marathon

The .

who was the athenian hero from the battle at the marathon

Question: who did the athenians fight in the battle of marathon

The .

who did the athenians fight in the battle of marathon

Question: where does the athenian hero come from

The .

Question: what happened to the athenian hero from the battle at the marathon

The .

what happened to the athenian hero from the battle at the marathon

King Leonid I came to power , inheriting his brother .

The Athenian hero from the battle at the Marathon Miltijad Jr. invited the Athenians to an expedition against the Cyclades where they had to set the defence lines , Herodot , VI . 132 but the race ends with a failure in which Miltijad was seriously injured .

. na vlast došao kralj Leonida I., naslijedivši svoga brata. Atenski junak iz bitke kod Maratona Miltijad Mlađi nagovarao je Atenjane na ekspediciju protiv Ciklada gdje su trebali postaviti obrambene linije,Herodot, VI. 132. no pohod završava neuspjehom u kojem je Miltijad teško ranjen.

na vlast došao kralj Leonida I., naslijedivši svoga brata.

Atenski junak iz bitke kod Maratona Miltijad Mlađi nagovarao je Atenjane na ekspediciju protiv Ciklada gdje su trebali postaviti obrambene linije,Herodot, VI. 132. no pohod završava neuspjehom u kojem je Miltijad teško ranjen.

The . King Leonid I came to power, inheriting his brother. The Athenian hero from the battle at the Marathon Miltijad Jr. invited the Athenians to an expedition against the Cyclades where they had to set the defence lines, Herodot, VI. 132 but the race ends with a failure in which Miltijad was seriously injured.

King Leonid I came to power, inheriting his brother.

The Athenian hero from the battle at the Marathon Miltijad Jr. invited the Athenians to an expedition against the Cyclades where they had to set the defence lines, Herodot, VI. 132 but the race ends with a failure in which Miltijad was seriously injured.

Kr. Sparta, together with Athens, called a congress in the Temple of Posedone along the Corinthians, to which all Greek policemen who were not an administrative or political part of Persia were called, except for Masalia, its colony, and Cyrene.

Question: who was the first greek city to be called a congress

Kr. Sparta, together with Athens, called a congress in the Temple of Posedone along the Corinthians, to which all Greek policemen who were not an administrative or political part of Persia were called, except for Masalia, its colony, and Cyrene.

who was the first greek city to be called a congress

Question: which greek city was not a part of the persian empire

which greek city was not a part of the persian empire

Question: which greek colony was not a political part of persia

which greek colony was not a political part of persia

Question: where was the congress held in the temple of posedone

where was the congress held in the temple of posedone

Question: which greek city was called the temple of posedone along the corinthians

which greek city was called the temple of posedone along the corinthians

Question: who called the congress in the temple of posedone

who called the congress in the temple of posedone

Question: where did the congress take place in persia

where did the congress take place in persia

Question: where did the congress take place

Kr . Sparta , together with Athens , called a congress in the Temple of Posedone along the Corinthians , to which all Greek policemen who were not an administrative or political part of Persia were called , except for Masalia , its colony , and Cyrene .

Kr. Sparta je zajedno s Atenom sazvala kongres u Posejdonovom hramu pokraj korintskog tjesnaca na koji su bili pozvani svi grčki polisi koji nisu bili administrativnim ili političkim dijelom Perzije, izuzevši Masaliju, njene kolonije, te Cirenu.

Kr. Sparta je zajedno s Atenom sazvala kongres u Posejdonovom hramu pokraj korintskog tjesnaca na koji su bili pozvani svi grčki polisi koji nisu bili administrativnim ili političkim dijelom Perzije, izuzevši Masaliju, njene kolonije, te Cirenu.

Kr. Sparta, together with Athens, called a congress in the Temple of Posedone along the Corinthians, to which all Greek policemen who were not an administrative or political part of Persia were called, except for Masalia, its colony, and Cyrene.

Kr. Sparta, together with Athens, called a congress in the Temple of Posedone along the Corinthians, to which all Greek policemen who were not an administrative or political part of Persia were called, except for Masalia, its colony, and Cyrene.

by 145.

Colonies in Sicily and from southern Italy were also invited to join the newly born alliance, but they agreed to join only provided the Siracus king Gelon becomes the commander of that alliance, which the Spartans rejected.

Question: who was the commander of the siracus alliance

by 145.

Colonies in Sicily and from southern Italy were also invited to join the newly born alliance, but they agreed to join only provided the Siracus king Gelon becomes the commander of that alliance, which the Spartans rejected.

who was the commander of the siracus alliance

Question: when did the spartans form an alliance with sicily

by 145.

when did the spartans form an alliance with sicily

Question: where did the spartans form an alliance with

by 145.

where did the spartans form an alliance with

Question: who was the commander of the sicily-italian alliance

by 145.

who was the commander of the sicily-italian alliance

Question: who rejected the idea of joining the sicily-italian alliance

by 145.

who rejected the idea of joining the sicily-italian alliance

Question: where did the spartans try to form an alliance with

Siciliji i s južne Italije također su pozvane da se pridruže novonastalom savezu , no pristali su pristupiti samo pod uvjetom da sirakuški kralj Gelon postane zapovjednikom tog saveza

by 145.

where did the spartans try to form an alliance with

Question: where did the sicily and italy colonize

Italije također su pozvane da se pridruže novonastalom savezu , no pristali su pristupiti samo pod uvjetom da sirakuški kralj Gelon postane zapovjednikom tog saveza

by 145.

Colonies in Sicily and from southern Italy were also invited to join the newly born alliance , but they agreed to join only provided the Siracus king Gelon becomes the commander of that alliance , which the Spartans rejected .

145. Kolonije na Siciliji i s južne Italije također su pozvane da se pridruže novonastalom savezu, no pristali su pristupiti samo pod uvjetom da sirakuški kralj Gelon postane zapovjednikom tog saveza, što su Spartanci odbili.Herodot, VII.

Kolonije na Siciliji i s južne Italije također su pozvane da se pridruže novonastalom savezu, no pristali su pristupiti samo pod uvjetom da sirakuški kralj Gelon postane zapovjednikom tog saveza, što su Spartanci odbili.Herodot, VII.

by 145. Colonies in Sicily and from southern Italy were also invited to join the newly born alliance, but they agreed to join only provided the Siracus king Gelon becomes the commander of that alliance, which the Spartans rejected.

Colonies in Sicily and from southern Italy were also invited to join the newly born alliance, but they agreed to join only provided the Siracus king Gelon becomes the commander of that alliance, which the Spartans rejected.

Diodor from Sicily reminds that the Persians signed a pact with the Cartagena which wanted to acquire some Greek colonies in the western and central Mediterranean.Diodor from Sicily: “The Library”, XI.1.4.

Question: who wrote the book the library from sicily

Diodor from Sicily reminds that the Persians signed a pact with the Cartagena which wanted to acquire some Greek colonies in the western and central Mediterranean.Diodor from Sicily: “The Library”, XI.1.4.

who wrote the book the library from sicily

Question: diodor is from which island

Question: how many grčko-perzijski ratovi are there

how many grčko-perzijski ratovi are there

Question: who did the persians sign a pact with to acquire some greek colonies in the

who did the persians sign a pact with to acquire some greek colonies in the

Question: who did diodor from sicily sign a pact with

who did diodor from sicily sign a pact with

Question: who signed a pact with cartagena to acquire some greek colonies in the western

who signed a pact with cartagena to acquire some greek colonies in the western

Question: where did the persians want to acquire greek colonies

where did the persians want to acquire greek colonies

Question: what is the name of diodor's book

Diodor from Sicily reminds that the Persians signed a pact with the Cartagena which wanted to acquire some Greek colonies in the western and central Mediterranean . Diodor from Sicily : “ The Library ” , XI.1.4 .

158. Diodor sa Sicilije spominje pak kako su Perzijanci sklopili pakt s Kartagom koja je željela prisvojiti neke grčke kolonije na zapadnom i srednjem Mediteranu.Diodor sa Sicilije: „Knjižnica“, XI. 1.4.

Diodor sa Sicilije spominje pak kako su Perzijanci sklopili pakt s Kartagom koja je željela prisvojiti neke grčke kolonije na zapadnom i srednjem Mediteranu.Diodor sa Sicilije: „Knjižnica“, XI. 1.4.

158. Diodor from Sicily reminds that the Persians signed a pact with the Cartagena which wanted to acquire some Greek colonies in the western and central Mediterranean.Diodor from Sicily: “The Library”, XI.1.4.

Diodor from Sicily reminds that the Persians signed a pact with the Cartagena which wanted to acquire some Greek colonies in the western and central Mediterranean.Diodor from Sicily: “The Library”, XI.1.4.

However, the only help that the Persians received was a ship from Crotone that fought in the battle at Salamine.

Question: from which city did the persians receive help during the battle of salamine

However, the only help that the Persians received was a ship from Crotone that fought in the battle at Salamine.

from which city did the persians receive help during the battle of salamine

Question: who wanted to acquire some greek colonies in the western and central mediterranean

who wanted to acquire some greek colonies in the western and central mediterranean

Question: who is the author of the book the library

sa Sicilije spominje pak kako su Perzijanci sklopili pakt s Kartagom koja je željela prisvojiti neke grčke kolonije na zapadnom i srednjem Mediteranu . Diodor

who is the author of the book the library

Question: where did diodor come from

Question: at which battle did the persians receive help from crotone

at which battle did the persians receive help from crotone

Question: in which battle did the persians receive help from crotone

in which battle did the persians receive help from crotone

However , the only help that the Persians received was a ship from Crotone that fought in the battle at Salamine .

Diodor sa Sicilije spominje pak kako su Perzijanci sklopili pakt s Kartagom koja je željela prisvojiti neke grčke kolonije na zapadnom i srednjem Mediteranu.Diodor sa Sicilije: „Knjižnica“, XI. 1.4. Ipak, jedina pomoć koju su Perzijanci primili bio je jedan brod iz Crotone koji se borio u bitci kod Salamine.

Ipak, jedina pomoć koju su Perzijanci primili bio je jedan brod iz Crotone koji se borio u bitci kod Salamine.

Diodor from Sicily reminds that the Persians signed a pact with the Cartagena which wanted to acquire some Greek colonies in the western and central Mediterranean.Diodor from Sicily: “The Library”, XI.1.4. However, the only help that the Persians received was a ship from Crotone that fought in the battle at Salamine.

However, the only help that the Persians received was a ship from Crotone that fought in the battle at Salamine.

In the autumn of 481 BC.
by Kr
The .

Question: when did the roman empire come into being

In the autumn of 481 BC.
by Kr
The .

when did the roman empire come into being

Question: who wrote the book the gracchyna ratovi

In the autumn of 481 BC.
by Kr
The .

Question: when did the first rat come out

In the autumn of 481 BC.
by Kr
The .

Question: when did the first ratova appear in history

In the autumn of 481 BC.
by Kr
The .

when did the first ratova appear in history

Question: what was the first name of the russian philosopher who lived in 481 bc

In the autumn of 481 BC.
by Kr
The .

what was the first name of the russian philosopher who lived in 481 bc

Question: when does the term ratova come into use

In the autumn of 481 BC.
by Kr
The .

169. they refused to send messengers, until a priest from Delphi was not involved.

Krf promised help, but later they withdrew the offer and sent a fleet to the surrounding area of Pelopones, which was only monitoring the situation.

Question: who sent the fleet to pelopones

169. they refused to send messengers, until a priest from Delphi was not involved.

Krf promised help, but later they withdrew the offer and sent a fleet to the surrounding area of Pelopones, which was only monitoring the situation.

Question: where was the fleet sent to after delphi

where was the fleet sent to after delphi

Question: who was involved in the attack on delphi

who was involved in the attack on delphi

Question: where was the priest from who tried to help the ratovans

where was the priest from who tried to help the ratovans

Question: who was involved in the ratovas disaster

who was involved in the ratovas disaster

Question: how did the ratovans respond to the attack

how did the ratovans respond to the attack

Question: what did the ratovans refuse to send

169 . they refused to send messengers , until a priest from Delphi was not involved .

Krf promised help , but later they withdrew the offer and sent a fleet to the surrounding area of Pelopones , which was only monitoring the situation .

169. odbili su poslati izaslanike, dok nije sudjelovao ni svećenik iz Delfija. Krf je obećao pomoć, no kasnije su povukli ponudu a u okolicu Peloponeza poslali flotu koja je samo nagledala situaciju.Herodot, VII.

169. odbili su poslati izaslanike, dok nije sudjelovao ni svećenik iz Delfija.

Krf je obećao pomoć, no kasnije su povukli ponudu a u okolicu Peloponeza poslali flotu koja je samo nagledala situaciju.Herodot, VII.

169. they refused to send messengers, until a priest from Delphi was not involved. Krf promised help, but later they withdrew the offer and sent a fleet to the surrounding area of Pelopones, which was only monitoring the situation.

169. they refused to send messengers, until a priest from Delphi was not involved.

Krf promised help, but later they withdrew the offer and sent a fleet to the surrounding area of Pelopones, which was only monitoring the situation.

The Persian Empire was very tolerant to the humiliated peoples, respectively to their political and religious freedoms, which is witnessed by ancient Jewish and Egyptian records.

Question: which empire was tolerant to the humiliated peoples

Carstvo bilo je vrlo tolerantno prema pokorenim narodima odnosno prema njihovim političkim i vjerskim slobodama

The Persian Empire was very tolerant to the humiliated peoples, respectively to their political and religious freedoms, which is witnessed by ancient Jewish and Egyptian records.

which empire was tolerant to the humiliated peoples

Question: the persian empire was tolerant to which two groups of people

the persian empire was tolerant to which two groups of people

Question: what were the two freedoms of the persian empire

what were the two freedoms of the persian empire

Question: where can one find evidence of the persian empire's tolerance of the humiliated peoples

where can one find evidence of the persian empire's tolerance of the humiliated peoples

Question: which records record the persian empire's tolerance of the humiliated peoples

which records record the persian empire's tolerance of the humiliated peoples

The Persian Empire was very tolerant to the humiliated peoples , respectively to their political and religious freedoms , which is witnessed by ancient Jewish and Egyptian records .

Perzijsko Carstvo bilo je vrlo tolerantno prema pokorenim narodima odnosno prema njihovim političkim i vjerskim slobodama, o čemu svjedoče drevni židovski i egipatski zapisi.

Perzijsko Carstvo bilo je vrlo tolerantno prema pokorenim narodima odnosno prema njihovim političkim i vjerskim slobodama, o čemu svjedoče drevni židovski i egipatski zapisi.

The Persian Empire was very tolerant to the humiliated peoples, respectively to their political and religious freedoms, which is witnessed by ancient Jewish and Egyptian records.

The Persian Empire was very tolerant to the humiliated peoples, respectively to their political and religious freedoms, which is witnessed by ancient Jewish and Egyptian records.

138 is.

The family of Aleuad who ruled Laris in Thessaly in alliance with the Persians saw an opportunity to expand their influence, Herodot, VII.

Question: who did aleuad ally with in order to expand their influence

138 is.

The family of Aleuad who ruled Laris in Thessaly in alliance with the Persians saw an opportunity to expand their influence, Herodot, VII.

who did aleuad ally with in order to expand their influence

Question: who ruled laris in thessaly with the persians

138 is.

who ruled laris in thessaly with the persians

Question: aleuad ruled laris in alliance with whom

138 is.

aleuad ruled laris in alliance with whom

Question: where did aleuad rule laris

138 is.

Question: who was the leader of the aleuad dynasty

138 is.

who was the leader of the aleuad dynasty

Question: aleuad ruled which city in thessaly

138 is.

Question: who ruled laris in thessaly in alliance with the persians

138 is.

who ruled laris in thessaly in alliance with the persians

The family of Aleuad who ruled Laris in Thessaly in alliance with the Persians saw an opportunity to expand their influence , Herodot , VII .

138. Obitelj Aleuada koja je vladala Larisom u Tesaliji u savezništvu s Perzijancima vidjeli su priliku da prošire svoju utjecaj,Herodot, VII.

Obitelj Aleuada koja je vladala Larisom u Tesaliji u savezništvu s Perzijancima vidjeli su priliku da prošire svoju utjecaj,Herodot, VII.

138 is. The family of Aleuad who ruled Laris in Thessaly in alliance with the Persians saw an opportunity to expand their influence, Herodot, VII.

The family of Aleuad who ruled Laris in Thessaly in alliance with the Persians saw an opportunity to expand their influence, Herodot, VII.

by Kr.

Persian ruler Kserkso I sent ambassadors in which they symbolically sought “land and water” from the Greek police, to which all except Athens and Sparta agreed.

Question: who sent ambassadors to greece seeking land and water

by Kr.

Persian ruler Kserkso I sent ambassadors in which they symbolically sought “land and water” from the Greek police, to which all except Athens and Sparta agreed.

who sent ambassadors to greece seeking land and water

Question: who wanted land and water from the greek police

by Kr.

who wanted land and water from the greek police

Question: what language did kserkso i speak

by Kr.

Question: who gave land and water to the ratovas

by Kr.

Question: which greek city did not agree to receive land and water from the greek police

by Kr.

which greek city did not agree to receive land and water from the greek police

Question: what did the greek ratovs seek from the greeks

by Kr.

what did the greek ratovs seek from the greeks

Question: what did kserkso send to the greek police

by Kr.

what did kserkso send to the greek police

Question: who did the greek ratovs seek land and water from

by Kr.

who did the greek ratovs seek land and water from

Persian ruler Kserkso I sent ambassadors in which they symbolically sought “ land and water ” from the Greek police , to which all except Athens and Sparta agreed .

Kr . perzijski vladar Kserkso I. poslao je veleposlanike u koji su od grčkih polisa simbolično tražili „zemlju i vodu“, na što su pristali svi osim Atene i Sparte.Herodot, VII.

perzijski vladar Kserkso I. poslao je veleposlanike u koji su od grčkih polisa simbolično tražili „zemlju i vodu“, na što su pristali svi osim Atene i Sparte.Herodot, VII.

by Kr. Persian ruler Kserkso I sent ambassadors in which they symbolically sought “land and water” from the Greek police, to which all except Athens and Sparta agreed.

Persian ruler Kserkso I sent ambassadors in which they symbolically sought “land and water” from the Greek police, to which all except Athens and Sparta agreed.

The Greeks didn’t have a “stable army” nor was there a need for it as they were waring on their homeland territory so they could form military troops as needed.

During the second Persian expedition on the Greek side a different number of soldiers fought; from 11,000 in the battle at Thermopil to 40,000 soldiers (by modern estimates) or 120,000 in the battle at Plateau (by Herodotus).

The .

Question: how many greeks fought in the battle of thermopil

The Greeks didn’t have a “stable army” nor was there a need for it as they were waring on their homeland territory so they could form military troops as needed.

During the second Persian expedition on the Greek side a different number of soldiers fought; from 11,000 in the battle at Thermopil to 40,000 soldiers (by modern estimates) or 120,000 in the battle at Plateau (by Herodotus).

The .

how many greeks fought in the battle of thermopil

Question: how many greeks fought at plateau

The .

Question: who wrote about the 120,000 soldiers that fought at plateau

The .

who wrote about the 120,000 soldiers that fought at plateau

Question: when did the greeks fight in the battle of thermopil

The .

when did the greeks fight in the battle of thermopil

Question: what did the greeks not have

The .

Question: who did not have a stable army

The .

Question: where did the greeks fight in the second persian expedition

The .

where did the greeks fight in the second persian expedition

The Greeks did n’t have a “ stable army ” nor was there a need for it as they were waring on their homeland territory so they could form military troops as needed .

During the second Persian expedition on the Greek side a different number of soldiers fought ; from 11,000 in the battle at Thermopil to 40,000 soldiers ( by modern estimates ) or 120,000 in the battle at Plateau ( by Herodotus ) .

Grci nisu imali „stajaću vojsku“ niti je za to bilo potrebe budući kako su ratovali na domaćem teritoriju pa su mogli formirati vojne trupe prema potrebi.

Tijekom druge perzijske ekspedicije na grčkoj strani borio se različit broj vojnika; od 11.000 u bitci kod Termopila do 40.000 vojnika (prema modernim procjenama) ili 120.000 u bitci kod Plateje (prema Herodotu).Herodot, IX. 29

The Greeks didn’t have a “stable army” nor was there a need for it as they were waring on their homeland territory so they could form military troops as needed. During the second Persian expedition on the Greek side a different number of soldiers fought; from 11,000 in the battle at Thermopil to 40,000 soldiers (by modern estimates) or 120,000 in the battle at Plateau (by Herodotus). The .

The Greeks didn’t have a “stable army” nor was there a need for it as they were waring on their homeland territory so they could form military troops as needed.

During the second Persian expedition on the Greek side a different number of soldiers fought; from 11,000 in the battle at Thermopil to 40,000 soldiers (by modern estimates) or 120,000 in the battle at Plateau (by Herodotus).

The .

Preparations were finished, so the Persian army gathered in the Lydia city of Sarda after which the march towards Europe began.

The army at Dardanel passed to the European soil through two large ponton bridges that represented the highest engineering achievement of that time.

Question: where did the persian army march to europe

The .

Preparations were finished, so the Persian army gathered in the Lydia city of Sarda after which the march towards Europe began.

The army at Dardanel passed to the European soil through two large ponton bridges that represented the highest engineering achievement of that time.

where did the persian army march to europe

Question: what was the name of the city in sarda where the persian army gathered

The .

what was the name of the city in sarda where the persian army gathered

Question: what began after the persian army gathered in sarda

The .

what began after the persian army gathered in sarda

Preparations were finished , so the Persian army gathered in the Lydia city of Sarda after which the march towards Europe began .

The army at Dardanel passed to the European soil through two large ponton bridges that represented the highest engineering achievement of that time .

. pripreme su bile gotove, pa se perzijska vojska okupila u lidijskom gradu Sardu nakon čega je počeo marš prema Europi. Vojska je kod Dardanela prešla na europsko kopno preko dva velika pontonska mosta koji su predstavljali vrhunsko inženjersko dostignuće tog vremena.Herodot, VII.

pripreme su bile gotove, pa se perzijska vojska okupila u lidijskom gradu Sardu nakon čega je počeo marš prema Europi.

Vojska je kod Dardanela prešla na europsko kopno preko dva velika pontonska mosta koji su predstavljali vrhunsko inženjersko dostignuće tog vremena.Herodot, VII.

The . Preparations were finished, so the Persian army gathered in the Lydia city of Sarda after which the march towards Europe began. The army at Dardanel passed to the European soil through two large ponton bridges that represented the highest engineering achievement of that time.

Preparations were finished, so the Persian army gathered in the Lydia city of Sarda after which the march towards Europe began.

The army at Dardanel passed to the European soil through two large ponton bridges that represented the highest engineering achievement of that time.

The strength of Persian forces Persian soldiers with ancient reliefs The number of Persian troops that Kserkso linked to an expedition against Greece is the subject of a thousand-year debate, because the ancient numbers are excessively exaggerated.

Herodot, for example, says that 2.6 million Persians, with equally as many of their allies, participated in the march, which makes an incredible number of 5.2 million people.

Question: how many persians participated in the march against greece

The strength of Persian forces Persian soldiers with ancient reliefs The number of Persian troops that Kserkso linked to an expedition against Greece is the subject of a thousand-year debate, because the ancient numbers are excessively exaggerated.

Herodot, for example, says that 2.6 million Persians, with equally as many of their allies, participated in the march, which makes an incredible number of 5.2 million people.

how many persians participated in the march against greece

Question: who said that 2.6 million persians participated in the march against greece

who said that 2.6 million persians participated in the march against greece

Question: why is the persian army in greece debated

why is the persian army in greece debated

Question: who did kserkso lead an expedition against

who did kserkso lead an expedition against

Question: what is disputed about the number of persian soldiers in greece

what is disputed about the number of persian soldiers in greece

Question: who did kserkso fight against greece

The strength of Persian forces Persian soldiers with ancient reliefs The number of Persian troops that Kserkso linked to an expedition against Greece is the subject of a thousand - year debate , because the ancient numbers are excessively exaggerated .

Herodot , for example , says that 2.6 million Persians , with equally as many of their allies , participated in the march , which makes an incredible number of 5.2 million people .

Jačina perzijskih snaga Perzijski vojnici s antičkih reljefa Broj perzijskih trupa koje je Kserkso poveo u ekspediciju protiv Grčke je predmet tisućljetne rasprave, jer su antičke brojke pretjerano preuveličane. Herodot npr. navodi kako je u pohodu sudjelovalo 2.6 milijuna Perzijanaca s jednako toliko njihovih saveznika što čini nevjerojatan broj od 5.2 milijuna ljudi.Herodot, VII.

Jačina perzijskih snaga Perzijski vojnici s antičkih reljefa Broj perzijskih trupa koje je Kserkso poveo u ekspediciju protiv Grčke je predmet tisućljetne rasprave, jer su antičke brojke pretjerano preuveličane.

Herodot npr. navodi kako je u pohodu sudjelovalo 2.6 milijuna Perzijanaca s jednako toliko njihovih saveznika što čini nevjerojatan broj od 5.2 milijuna ljudi.Herodot, VII.

The strength of Persian forces Persian soldiers with ancient reliefs The number of Persian troops that Kserkso linked to an expedition against Greece is the subject of a thousand-year debate, because the ancient numbers are excessively exaggerated. Herodot, for example, says that 2.6 million Persians, with equally as many of their allies, participated in the march, which makes an incredible number of 5.2 million people.

The strength of Persian forces Persian soldiers with ancient reliefs The number of Persian troops that Kserkso linked to an expedition against Greece is the subject of a thousand-year debate, because the ancient numbers are excessively exaggerated.

Herodot, for example, says that 2.6 million Persians, with equally as many of their allies, participated in the march, which makes an incredible number of 5.2 million people.

of 186.

The Greek poet Simonid of Keja cites the number of four million, while the Kthesian cites the number of 80,000 Persian soldiers.

|home : index : ancient Greece : ancient Persia|
Photius' excerpt of Ctesias' Persica (2)
|Ctesias
was a Greek physician who stayed at the court of the Persian king Artaxerxes
II Mnemon from 404 to 398/397. He wrote several books about Persia
and India. They are now lost but were quoted by ancient authors; consequently,
we are able to judge their value as history (low) and as works of art (entertaining).
|
The following text is the second part of an excerpt
from the Persica by the Byzantine scholar Photius (c.815-897). The
first part can be found here.
The translation was made by J.H. Freese and was found at Tertullian.Org.
[§25] Xerxes decided to make war upon Greece, because the Chalcedonians had attempted to break down the bridge as already stated and had destroyed the altar which Darius had set up, and because the Athenians had slain Datis and refused to give up his body. But first he visited Babylon, being desirous of seeing the tomb of Belitanes, which Mardonius showed him. But he was unable to fill the vessel of oil, as had been written.
[§26] Thence he proceeded to Ecbatana, where he heard of the revolt of the Babylonians and the murder of Zopyrus their satrap. Ctesias' account is different from that of Herodotus. What the latter relates of Zopyrus is attributed by Ctesias, with the exception of his mule giving birth to a foal, to Megabyzus, the son-in-law of Xerxes and the husband of his daughter Amytis. Babylon was taken by Megabyzus, upon whom Xerxes bestowed, amongst other rewards, a golden hand-mill, weighing six talents, the most honorable of the royal gifts.
[§27] Then Xerxes, having collected a Persian army, 800,000 men and 1000 triremes without reckoning the chariots, set out against Greece, having first thrown a bridge across at Abydus. Demaratus the Spartan, who arrived there first and accompanied Xerxes across, dissuaded him from invading Sparta. His general Artapanus, with 10,000 men, fought an engagement with Leonidas, the Spartan general, at Thermopylae; the Persian host was cut to pieces, while only two or three of the Spartans were slain. The king then ordered an attack with 20,000, but these were defeated, and although flogged to the battle, were routed again. The next day he ordered an attack with 50,000, but without success, and accordingly ceased operations. Thorax the Thessalian and Calliades and Timaphernes, the leaders of the Trachinians, who were present with their forces, were summoned by Xerxes together with Demaratus and Hegias the Ephesian, who told him that the Spartans could never be defeated unless they were surrounded. A Persian army of 40,000 men was conducted by the two leaders of the Trachinians over an almost inaccessible mountain-path to the rear of the Lacedaemonians, who were surrounded and died bravely to a man.
[§28] Xerxes sent another army of 120,000 men against Plataea under the command of Mardonius, at the instigation of the Thebans. He was opposed by Pausanias the Spartan, with only 300 Spartiates, 1000 perioeci, and 6000 from the other cities. The Persians suffered a severe defeat, Mardonius being wounded and obliged to take to flight.
[§29] He was afterwards sent by Xerxes to plunder the temple of Apollo, where he is said to have died from injuries received during a terrible hailstorm, to the great grief of Xerxes.
[§30] Xerxes then advanced against Athens itself, the inhabitants of which manned 110 triremes and took refuge in Salamis; Xerxes took possession of the empty city and set fire to it, with the exception of the Acropolis, which was defended by a small band of men who had remained; at last, they also made their escape by night, and the Acropolis was fired. After this, Xerxes proceeded to a narrow strip of land in Attica called Heracleum, and began to construct an embankment in the direction of Salamis, intending to cross over on foot. By the advice of the Athenians Themistocles and Aristides archers were summoned from Crete. Then a naval engagement took place between the Greeks with 700 ships and the Persians with more than 1000 under Onophas. The Athenians were victorious, thanks to the advice and clever strategy of Aristides and Themistocles; the Persians lost 500 ships, and Xerxes took to flight. In the remaining battles 12,000 Persians were killed.
[§31] Xerxes, having crossed over into Asia and advanced towards Sardes, dispatched Megabyzus to plunder the temple at Delphi. On his refusing to go, the eunuch Matacas was sent in his place, to insult Apollo and plunder the temple.
[§32] Having carried out his orders he returned to Xerxes, who in the meantime had arrived in Persis from Babylon.
[§33] Here Megabyzus accused his wife Amytis (the daughter of Xerxes) of having committed adultery. Xerxes severely reprimanded her, but she declared that she was not guilty. Artapanus and Aspamitres the eunuch, the confidential advisers of Xerxes, resolved to kill their master. Having done so, they persuaded Artaxerxes[I Makrocheir] that his brother Dariaeus had murdered him. Dariaeus was taken to the palace of Artaxerxes, and, although he vehemently denied the accusation, he was put to death.
[§34] Thus Artaxerxes became king, thanks to Artapanus, who entered into a conspiracy against him with Megabyzus (who was bitterly aggrieved at the suspicion of adultery against his wife), each taking an oath to remain loyal to the other. Nevertheless, Megabyzus revealed the plot, the guilty conduct of Artapanus came to light, and he met the death which he had intended for Artaxerxes. Aspamitres, who had taken part in the murders of Xerxes and Dariaeus was cruelly put to death, being exposed in the trough. After the death of Artapanus there was a battle between his fellow-conspirators and the other Persians, in which the three sons of Artapanus were killed and Megabyzus severely wounded. Artaxerxes, Amytis, and Rhodogyne, and their mother Amestris were deeply grieved, and his life was only saved by the skill and attention of Apollonides, a physician of Cos.
[§35] Bactra and its satrap, another Artapanus, revolted from Artaxerxes. The first battle was indecisive, but in a second, the Bactrians were defeated because the wind blew in their faces, and the whole of Bactria submitted.
[§36] Egypt, under the leadership of Inarus a Libyan, assisted by a native of the country, also revolted, and preparations were made for war. At the request of Inarus the Athenians sent forty ships to his aid. Artaxerxes himself was desirous of taking part in the expedition, but his friends dissuaded him. He therefore sent Achaemenides his brother with 400,000 infantry and eighty ships. Inarus joined battle with Achaemenides, the Egyptians were victorious, Achaemenides being slain by Inarus and his body sent to Artaxerxes. Inarus was also successful at sea. Charitimides, the commander of the forty Athenian ships, covered himself with glory in a naval engagement, in which twenty out of fifty Persian ships were captured with their crews, and the remaining thirty sunk.
[§37] The king then sent Megabyzus against Inarus, with an additional army of 200,000 men and 300 ships commanded by Oriscus; so that, not counting the ships' crews, his army consisted of 500,000. For, when Achaemenides fell, 100,000 of his 400,000 men perished. A desperate battle ensued, in which the losses were heavy on both sides, although those of the Egyptians were heavier. Megabyzus wounded Inarus in the thigh, and put him to flight, and the Persians obtained a complete victory. Inarus fled to Byblus, an Egyptian stronghold, accompanied by those of the Greeks who had not been killed in battle. Then all Egypt, except Byblus, submitted to Megabyzus.
[§38] But since this stronghold appeared impregnable, he came to terms with Inarus and the Greeks (6000 and more in number), on condition that they should suffer no harm from the king, and that the Greeks should be allowed to return home whenever they pleased.
Having appointed Sarsamas satrap of Egypt, Megabyzus took Inarus and the Greeks to Artaxerxes, who was greatly enraged with Inarus because he had slain his brother Achaemenides. Megabyzus told him what had happened, how he had given his word to Inarus and the Greeks when he occupied Byblus, and earnestly entreated the king to spare their lives. The king consented, and the news that no harm would come to Inarus and the Greeks was immediately reported to the army.
[§39] But Amestris, aggrieved at the idea that Inarus and the Greeks should escape punishment for the death of her son Achaemenides, asked the king [to give them up to her], but he refused ; she then appealed to Megabyzus, who also dismissed her. At last, however, through her constant importunity she obtained her wish from her son, and after five years the king gave up Inarus and the Greeks to her. Inarus was impaled on three stakes; fifty of the Greeks, all that she could lay hands on, were decapitated.
[§40] Megabyzus was deeply grieved at this, and asked permission to retire to his satrapy, Syria. Having secretly sent the rest of the Greeks thither in advance, on his arrival he collected a large army (150,000 not including cavalry) and raised the standard of revolt. Usiris with 200,000 men was sent against him; a battle took place, in which Megabyzus and Usiris wounded each other. Usiris inflicted a wound with a spear in Megabyzus' thigh two fingers deep; Megabyzus in turn first wounded Usiris in the thigh and then in the shoulder, so that he fell from his horse. Megabyzus, as he fell, protected him, and ordered that he should be spared. Many Persians were slain in the battle, in which Zopyrus and Artyphius, the sons of Megabyzus, distinguished themselves, and Megabyzus gained a decisive victory. Usiris received the greatest attention and was sent to Artaxerxes at his request.
[§41] Another army was sent against him under Menostanes the son of Artarius, satrap of Babylon and brother of Artaxerxes. Another battle took place, in which the Persians were routed; Menostanes was shot by Megabyzus, first in the shoulder and then in the head, but the wound was not mortal. However, he fled with his army and Megabyzus gained a brilliant victory.
[§42] Artarius then sent to Megabyzus, advising him to come to terms with the king. Megabyzus replied that he was ready to do so, but on condition that he should not be obliged to appear at court again, and should be allowed to remain in his satrapy. When his answer was reported to the king, the Paphlagonian eunuch Artoxares and Amestris urged him to make peace without delay. Accordingly, Artarius, his wife Amytis, Artoxares (then twenty years of age), and Petisas, the son of Usiris and father of Spitamas, were sent for that purpose to Megabyzus. After many entreaties and solemn promises, with great difficulty they succeeded in persuading Megabyzus to visit the king, who finally pardoned him for all his offenses.
[§43] Some time afterwards, while the king was out hunting he was attacked by a lion, which Megabyzus slew as it reared and was preparing to rush upon him. The king, enraged because Megabyzus had slain the animal first, ordered his head to be cut off, but owing to the entreaties of Amestris, Amytis, and others his life was spared and he was banished to Curtae, a town on the Red Sea. Artoxares the eunuch was also banished to Armenia for having often spoken freely to the king in favor of Megabyzus. After having passed five years in exile, Megabyzus escaped by pretending to be a leper, whom no one might approach, and returned home to Amytis, who hardly recognized him. On the intercession of Amestris and Amytis, the king became reconciled to him and admitted him to his table as before. Megabyzus died at the age of seventy-six, deeply mourned by the king.
[§44] After his death, his wife Amytis, like her mother Amestris before her, showed great fondness for the society of men. The physician Apollonides of Cos, when Amytis was suffering from a slight illness, being called in to attend her, fell in love with her. For some time they carried on an intrigue, but finally she told her mother. She in turn informed the king, who left her to do as she would with the offender. Apollonides was kept in chains for two months as a punishment, and then buried alive on the same day that Amytis died.
[§45] Zopyrus, the son of Megabyzus and Amytis, after the death of his father and mother revolted against the king. He visited Athens, where he was well received owing to the services his mother had rendered to the Athenians. From Athens he sailed with some Athenian troops to Caunus and summoned it to surrender. The inhabitants expressed themselves ready to do so, provided the Athenians who accompanied him were not admitted. While Zopyrus was mounting the wall, a Caunian named Alcides hit him on the head with a stone and killed him. The Caunian was crucified by order of his grandmother Amestris.
[§46] Some time afterwards, Amestris died at a great age, and Artaxerxes also died after having reigned forty-two years. Here the seventeenth book ends.
[§47] Artaxerxes was succeeded by his son Xerxes[II], his only legitimate son by Damaspia, who died on the same day as her husband. The bodies of the king and queen were conveyed by Bagorazus to Persis. Artaxerxes had seventeen illegitimate sons, amongst them Secydianus by Alogyne the Babylonian, Ochus (afterwards king) and Arsites by Cosmartidene, also a Babylonian. Besides these three, he also had a son Bagapaeus and a daughter Parysatis by Andria, also a Babylonian, who became the mother of Artaxerxes and Cyrus. During his father's lifetime, Ochus was made satrap of Hyrcania, and given in marriage to Parysatis, the daughter of Artaxerxes and his own sister.
[§48] Secydianus, having won over the eunuch Pharnacyas, who had the greatest influence over Xerxes next to Bagorazus, Menostanes, and some others, entered the palace after a festival, while Xerxes was lying in a drunken sleep and put him to death, forty-five days after the death of his father. The bodies of both father and son were conveyed together to Persis, for the mules which drew the chariot in which was the father's body, refused to move, as if waiting for that of the son; and when it arrived, they at once went on rapidly.
[§49] Secydianus thus became king and appointed Menostanes his azabarites [vizier]. After Bagorazus returned to court, Secydianus, who cherished a long-standing enmity against him, on the pretext that he had left his father's body in Persis without his permission, ordered him to be stoned to death. The army was greatly grieved, and, although Secydianus distributed large sums amongst the soldiers, they hated him for the murder of his brother Xerxes and now for that of Bagorazus.
[§50] Secydianus, then summoned Ochus to court, who promised to present himself but failed to do so. After he had been summoned several times, he collected a large force with the obvious intention of seizing the throne. He was joined by Arbarius, commander of the cavalry, and Arxanes, satrap of Egypt. The eunuch Artoxares also came from Armenia and placed the crown on the head of Ochus against his will.
[§51] Thus Ochus became king and changed his name to Dariaeus[II Nothus]. At the suggestion of Parysatis, he endeavored by trickery and solemn promises to win over Secydianus. Menostanes did all he could to prevent Secydianus from putting faith in these promises or coming to terms with those who were trying to deceive him. In spite of this Secydianus allowed himself to be persuaded, was arrested, thrown into the ashes, and died, after a reign of six months and fifteen days.

Question: how many persian soldiers are there in kthesian

of 186.

The Greek poet Simonid of Keja cites the number of four million, while the Kthesian cites the number of 80,000 Persian soldiers.

how many persian soldiers are there in kthesian

Question: how many greek soldiers are in a ratova

of 186.

Question: who wrote about 80,000 persian soldiers

of 186.

Question: who cites 80,000 persian soldiers

of 186.

Question: how many soldiers are there in the greek army

of 186.

how many soldiers are there in the greek army

Question: who is the greek poet who wrote four million ratovi

of 186.

who is the greek poet who wrote four million ratovi

Question: what is the number of russian soldiers in greece

of 186.

what is the number of russian soldiers in greece

Question: what language is the poet simonid

of 186.

The Greek poet Simonid of Keja cites the number of four million , while the Kthesian cites the number of 80,000 Persian soldiers .

186. Grčki pjesnik Simonid s Keja spominje brojku od četiri milijuna, dok Ktezije daje brojku od 80.000 perzijskih vojnika.

Grčki pjesnik Simonid s Keja spominje brojku od četiri milijuna, dok Ktezije daje brojku od 80.000 perzijskih vojnika.

of 186. The Greek poet Simonid of Keja cites the number of four million, while the Kthesian cites the number of 80,000 Persian soldiers.

The Greek poet Simonid of Keja cites the number of four million, while the Kthesian cites the number of 80,000 Persian soldiers.

Modern historians tend to completely reject those ancient numbers that they consider irrealistic because they were written by strange Greek historians.Holland, p.

Modern estimates vary from a maximum of 200-250 thousand soldiers, to a minimum of only 15-20 thousand soldiers.

Question: what is the minimum number of soldiers in a ratova

Modern historians tend to completely reject those ancient numbers that they consider irrealistic because they were written by strange Greek historians.Holland, p.

Modern estimates vary from a maximum of 200-250 thousand soldiers, to a minimum of only 15-20 thousand soldiers.

what is the minimum number of soldiers in a ratova

Question: how many soldiers are there in a ratova

Question: who wrote the ancient numbers that modern historians reject

who wrote the ancient numbers that modern historians reject

Question: who wrote the ancient numbers of soldiers

who wrote the ancient numbers of soldiers

Question: modern historians tend to completely reject ancient numbers that they consider what

modern historians tend to completely reject ancient numbers that they consider what

Question: what is the maximum number of soldiers in a modern army

what is the maximum number of soldiers in a modern army

Modern historians tend to completely reject those ancient numbers that they consider irrealistic because they were written by strange Greek historians . Holland , p.

Modern estimates vary from a maximum of 200 - 250 thousand soldiers , to a minimum of only 15 - 20 thousand soldiers .

Moderni povjesničari skloni su potpunom odbacivanju tih antičkih brojki koje smatraju nerealnim jer su ih pisali pristrani grčki povjesničari.Holland, str. 237. Moderne procijene variraju od najviše 200-250 tisuća vojnika, do minimuma od svega 15 – 20 tisuća vojnika.

Moderni povjesničari skloni su potpunom odbacivanju tih antičkih brojki koje smatraju nerealnim jer su ih pisali pristrani grčki povjesničari.Holland, str. 237.

Moderne procijene variraju od najviše 200-250 tisuća vojnika, do minimuma od svega 15 – 20 tisuća vojnika.

Modern historians tend to completely reject those ancient numbers that they consider irrealistic because they were written by strange Greek historians.Holland, p. Modern estimates vary from a maximum of 200-250 thousand soldiers, to a minimum of only 15-20 thousand soldiers.

Modern historians tend to completely reject those ancient numbers that they consider irrealistic because they were written by strange Greek historians.Holland, p.

Modern estimates vary from a maximum of 200-250 thousand soldiers, to a minimum of only 15-20 thousand soldiers.

The archipelago of the Persian army was made by the elite Persian Immortals and the media miners.

The Immortals were an elite pedestrian unit known worldwide for its courage and ability, which always had 10,000 soldiers.

|home : index : ancient Persia : article by Jona Lendering ©|
'Immortals'
|Immortals:
Greek name for an elite regiment in the ancient Achaemenid
empire.
|
In his description of the battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE), the Greek researcher Herodotus mentions a Persian elite corps which he calls the Ten Thousand or the Athanatoi, the 'Immortals'. He describes them as
a body of picked Persians under the leadership of Hydarnes, the son of Hydarnes. This corps was known as the Immortals, because it was invariably kept up to strength; if a man was killed or fell sick, the vacancy he left was at once filled, so that the total strength of the corps was never less -and never more- than ten thousand.As he indicates, Herodotus has already mentioned the Persian equipment:
The dress of these troops consisted of the tiara, or soft felt cap, embroidered tunic with sleeves, a coat of mail looking like the scales of a fish, and trousers; for arms they carried light wicker shields, quivers slung below them, short spears, powerful bows with cane arrows, and short swords swinging from belts beside the right thigh. (Histories 7.61; tr. Aubrey de Selincourt)We also learn from Herodotus that this elite corps played an important during the Battle of Thermopylae. The Greeks had blocked a narrow road along the coast and prevented the Persians from invading Greece. However, the Immortals made a detour and were able to attack the Greeks in the rear. They are also mentioned during the second year of the war, in 479 BCE, when they remain in Greece in the army of the Persian commander Mardonius.
The big problem with this elite corps is that they are unknown from other sources. (There are, of course, other Greek and Latin texts that mention the Immortals, but they have taken this name for the Persian elite troops from Herodotus and simply mean: the royal guard.) There is ample evidence from Persia - e.g., the Persepolis fortification tablets - but it does not mention a corps of Immortals. Probably, Herodotus' informant has confused the name Anûšiya ('companions') with Anauša ('Immortals').
The historians of Alexander the Great mention another elite regiment, which they call the Apple Bearers. Their spears had a small metal counterweight to balance the heavy point. Because this counterweight resembled an apple, they received their remarkable surname. Several scholars believe they are identical to the Immortals.

Question: how many soldiers in the persian army

The archipelago of the Persian army was made by the elite Persian Immortals and the media miners.

The Immortals were an elite pedestrian unit known worldwide for its courage and ability, which always had 10,000 soldiers.

Question: how many soldiers were in the persian army

how many soldiers were in the persian army

Question: the immortals were known for their

Question: who made up the persian army during the golden age

who made up the persian army during the golden age

Question: the immortals were an example of what type of unit

the immortals were an example of what type of unit

Question: who made up the persian army

Question: what are the characteristics of the empresses

what are the characteristics of the empresses

Question: who made up the persian army in ancient europe

who made up the persian army in ancient europe

The archipelago of the Persian army was made by the elite Persian Immortals and the media miners .

The Immortals were an elite pedestrian unit known worldwide for its courage and ability , which always had 10,000 soldiers .

Okosnicu perzijske vojske činili su elitni Perzijski besmrtnici i medijski kopljanici. Besmrtnici su bili elitna pješadijska jedinica poznata diljem svijeta po svojoj hrabrosti i sposobnosti, koja je uvijek imala 10.000 vojnika.

Okosnicu perzijske vojske činili su elitni Perzijski besmrtnici i medijski kopljanici.

Besmrtnici su bili elitna pješadijska jedinica poznata diljem svijeta po svojoj hrabrosti i sposobnosti, koja je uvijek imala 10.000 vojnika.

The archipelago of the Persian army was made by the elite Persian Immortals and the media miners. The Immortals were an elite pedestrian unit known worldwide for its courage and ability, which always had 10,000 soldiers.

The archipelago of the Persian army was made by the elite Persian Immortals and the media miners.

The Immortals were an elite pedestrian unit known worldwide for its courage and ability, which always had 10,000 soldiers.

Members of these elite units were trained from birth, and they could only become Persians and Medians.

The name was given by the fact that in the event of a death, illness or age of a certain member, a new soldier would come to his place.

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Question: what are the two groups of soldiers in greece

Members of these elite units were trained from birth, and they could only become Persians and Medians.

The name was given by the fact that in the event of a death, illness or age of a certain member, a new soldier would come to his place.

what are the two groups of soldiers in greece

Question: what were the two groups of elite russian soldiers called

what were the two groups of elite russian soldiers called

Question: what were the names of the elite russian military units

what were the names of the elite russian military units

Question: how was a soldier trained to become a median

how was a soldier trained to become a median

Question: where did the training for the grčko-perzijski ratovi come

where did the training for the grčko-perzijski ratovi come

Question: who takes over from a dead soldier in russian army

who takes over from a dead soldier in russian army

Question: when would a new soldier come in to replace the old soldier

in the event of a death, illness or age of a certain member

slučaju pogibije , bolesti ili starosti određenog člana

in the event of a death , illness or age of a certain member

when would a new soldier come in to replace the old soldier

Members of these elite units were trained from birth , and they could only become Persians and Medians .

The name was given by the fact that in the event of a death , illness or age of a certain member , a new soldier would come to his place .

Članovi tih elitnih jedinica trenirani su od rođenja, a njima su mogli postati samo Perzijanci i Medijci. Ime su dobili po tome što bi u slučaju pogibije, bolesti ili starosti određenog člana na njegovo mjesto došao novi vojnik.

Članovi tih elitnih jedinica trenirani su od rođenja, a njima su mogli postati samo Perzijanci i Medijci.

Ime su dobili po tome što bi u slučaju pogibije, bolesti ili starosti određenog člana na njegovo mjesto došao novi vojnik.

Members of these elite units were trained from birth, and they could only become Persians and Medians. The name was given by the fact that in the event of a death, illness or age of a certain member, a new soldier would come to his place.

Members of these elite units were trained from birth, and they could only become Persians and Medians.

The name was given by the fact that in the event of a death, illness or age of a certain member, a new soldier would come to his place.

Trakya, Macedonia and Thessaly (480 BC)

by Kr

and)

The main events during the period of Kserks' military expedition After they passed to European land in April 480 B.C.

Question: where did the kserks land in 480 bc

Trakya, Macedonia and Thessaly (480 BC)

by Kr

and)

The main events during the period of Kserks' military expedition After they passed to European land in April 480 B.C.

Question: when did the kserks go to europe

Trakya, Macedonia and Thessaly (480 BC)

by Kr

and)

Question: where did the kserks go in 480 bc

Trakya, Macedonia and Thessaly (480 BC)

by Kr

and)

Question: who led the military expedition to trakya in 480 bc

Trakya, Macedonia and Thessaly (480 BC)

by Kr

and)

who led the military expedition to trakya in 480 bc

Question: who led a military expedition to europe in 480 bc

Trakya, Macedonia and Thessaly (480 BC)

by Kr

and)

who led a military expedition to europe in 480 bc

Question: in which month of 480 bc did the kserks pass to european land

Trakya, Macedonia and Thessaly (480 BC)

by Kr

and)

in which month of 480 bc did the kserks pass to european land

Question: when did the kserks arrived in europe

Trakya, Macedonia and Thessaly (480 BC)

by Kr

and)

Trakya , Macedonia and Thessaly ( 480 BC )

The main events during the period of Kserks ' military expedition After they passed to European land in April 480 B.C.

Trakija, Makedonija i Tesalija (rana 480. pr. Kr.) Glavni događaji u doba Kserksove vojne ekspedicije Nakon što su prešli na europsko tlo u travnju 480. pr.

Trakija, Makedonija i Tesalija (rana 480. pr.

Glavni događaji u doba Kserksove vojne ekspedicije Nakon što su prešli na europsko tlo u travnju 480. pr.

Trakya, Macedonia and Thessaly (480 BC) by Kr and) The main events during the period of Kserks' military expedition After they passed to European land in April 480 B.C.

The main events during the period of Kserks' military expedition After they passed to European land in April 480 B.C.

Kserkso then grouped his troops into tactical units and continued the journey.Herodot, 7.100

Question: where did the persian navy join the ratov ratov movement

Kserkso then grouped his troops into tactical units and continued the journey.Herodot, 7.100

where did the persian navy join the ratov ratov movement

Question: how long did it take to get from helenspot to terma

how long did it take to get from helenspot to terma

Question: what did the storm destroy in the dardanel sea

pontonske mostove , zbog čega je Kserkso dao bičevati more kako bi se smirilo . Kserkso – Kanal i Kserksov most ( PersianEmpire.info ) Od Helenspota ( Dardanela ) do grada Terma na sjeverozapadu Egejskog mora kretanje je bez otpora trajalo tri i pol mjeseca ,

what did the storm destroy in the dardanel sea

Question: what happened to the ponton bridges at dardanel

what happened to the ponton bridges at dardanel

Question: what destroyed the ponton bridges at kserkso

what destroyed the ponton bridges at kserkso

Question: who discovered the channel and kserksov bridge

who discovered the channel and kserksov bridge

Question: what did the storm destroy in the dardanel

pontonske mostove , zbog čega je Kserkso dao bičevati more kako bi se smirilo . Kserkso – Kanal i Kserksov most ( PersianEmpire.info ) Od Helenspota ( Dardanela ) do grada Terma na sjeverozapadu Egejskog mora kretanje je bez otpora trajalo tri i pol mjeseca ,

what did the storm destroy in the dardanel

Question: who led the persian army through the egean sea

who led the persian army through the egean sea

The legend says that in the eve of the passage through the Dardanel the storm destroyed the ponton bridges , which led to Kserkso giving the sea to be calm . Kserkso – Channel and Kserksov bridge ( PersianEmpire.info ) From Helenspot ( Dardanel ) to the city of Terma in the northwest of the Egean Sea the movement took three and a half months without resistance , while they stopped near Doriskos where the Persian Navy joined them .

Kserkso then grouped his troops into tactical units and continued the journey . Herodot , 7.100

Kserkso je tada regrupirao svoje trupe u taktičke jedinice te nastavio s pohodom.Herodot, 7.100

The legend says that in the eve of the passage through the Dardanel the storm destroyed the ponton bridges, which led to Kserkso giving the sea to be calm.Kserkso – Channel and Kserksov bridge (PersianEmpire.info) From Helenspot (Dardanel) to the city of Terma in the northwest of the Egean Sea the movement took three and a half months without resistance, while they stopped near Doriskos where the Persian Navy joined them. Kserkso then grouped his troops into tactical units and continued the journey.Herodot, 7.100

Kserkso then grouped his troops into tactical units and continued the journey.Herodot, 7.100

The .

where it was decided that the penetration of the Persian will defend the narrow Tempe Valley at the borders of Thessaly.Holland, pp. 248–249.

However, when they arrived in the valley Alexander I warned them that the valley could be surrounded by a straight path, so they decided to withdraw.

Question: who warned the romans that the tempe valley could be surrounded by a straight path

The .

where it was decided that the penetration of the Persian will defend the narrow Tempe Valley at the borders of Thessaly.Holland, pp. 248–249.

However, when they arrived in the valley Alexander I warned them that the valley could be surrounded by a straight path, so they decided to withdraw.

who warned the romans that the tempe valley could be surrounded by a straight path

Question: what valley did the persians defend at the borders of thessaly

The .

what valley did the persians defend at the borders of thessaly

Question: when did the persian invade the tempe valley

The .

when did the persian invade the tempe valley

Question: why did they withdraw from the tempe valley

Alexander I warned them that the valley could be surrounded by a straight path

Aleksandar I. upozorio ih je kako se dolinu može zaobići sporednim putem , pa su se odlučili

The .

Alexander I warned them that the valley could be surrounded by a straight path

why did they withdraw from the tempe valley

Question: what did alexander warn the persians that the tempe valley could be surrounded

The .

what did alexander warn the persians that the tempe valley could be surrounded

Question: what did alexander i warn them when they arrived in the valley

the valley could be surrounded by a straight path

može zaobići sporednim putem , pa su se odlučili

The .

the valley could be surrounded by a straight path

what did alexander i warn them when they arrived in the valley

Question: the tempe valley is at the borders of which country

The .

the tempe valley is at the borders of which country

Question: where did the persian defend

The .

where it was decided that the penetration of the Persian will defend the narrow Tempe Valley at the borders of Thessaly . Holland , pp . 248–249 .

However , when they arrived in the valley Alexander I warned them that the valley could be surrounded by a straight path , so they decided to withdraw .

. gdje je odlučeno kako će prodor Perzijanaca braniti usku dolinu Tempe na granicama Tesalije.Holland, str. 248–249. Ipak, kada su došli do doline Aleksandar I. upozorio ih je kako se dolinu može zaobići sporednim putem, pa su se odlučili povući.Herodot, VII.

gdje je odlučeno kako će prodor Perzijanaca braniti usku dolinu Tempe na granicama Tesalije.Holland, str. 248–249.

Ipak, kada su došli do doline Aleksandar I. upozorio ih je kako se dolinu može zaobići sporednim putem, pa su se odlučili povući.Herodot, VII.

The . where it was decided that the penetration of the Persian will defend the narrow Tempe Valley at the borders of Thessaly.Holland, pp. 248–249. However, when they arrived in the valley Alexander I warned them that the valley could be surrounded by a straight path, so they decided to withdraw.

where it was decided that the penetration of the Persian will defend the narrow Tempe Valley at the borders of Thessaly.Holland, pp. 248–249.

However, when they arrived in the valley Alexander I warned them that the valley could be surrounded by a straight path, so they decided to withdraw.

Question: where is the tempe valley located on a map

where is the tempe valley located on a map

Question: what is the name of the valley at the borders of thessaly

what is the name of the valley at the borders of thessaly

Question: what is the number of pg in holland's book

what is the number of pg in holland's book

Question: what are the pp of holland's book on tempe valley

what are the pp of holland's book on tempe valley

Question: which european country has borders with persia, thessaly and thess

which european country has borders with persia, thessaly and thess

Question: what valley did the persian want to protect

what valley did the persian want to protect

Question: what did the persian defend at the borders of thessaly

what did the persian defend at the borders of thessaly

Kr . gdje je odlučeno kako će prodor Perzijanaca braniti usku dolinu Tempe na granicama Tesalije.Holland, str. 248–249.

Kr . gdje je odlučeno kako će prodor Perzijanaca braniti usku dolinu Tempe na granicama Tesalije.Holland, str. 248–249.

where it was decided that the penetration of the Persian will defend the narrow Tempe Valley at the borders of Thessaly.Holland, pp. 248–249.

During the battle, the passage to Thermopil was between the mountains and the coast of the Mali Bay, it was so far (14 m) that only one battle wheel could pass at the same time.

Question: what was the name of the battle that only one battle wheel could pass at the same

During the battle, the passage to Thermopil was between the mountains and the coast of the Mali Bay, it was so far (14 m) that only one battle wheel could pass at the same time.

what was the name of the battle that only one battle wheel could pass at the same

Question: the passage to thermopil was between the mountains and which bay

the passage to thermopil was between the mountains and which bay

Question: how many battle wheel could pass through thermopil at the same time

how many battle wheel could pass through thermopil at the same time

Question: how far is the passage to thermopil

During the battle , the passage to Thermopil was between the mountains and the coast of the Mali Bay , it was so far ( 14 m ) that only one battle wheel could pass at the same time .

U doba bitke, prolaz kod Termopila nalazio se između planine i obale Malijskog zaljeva, bio je toliko uzak (14 m) da su istovremeno mogla proći samo jedna bojna kola.

U doba bitke, prolaz kod Termopila nalazio se između planine i obale Malijskog zaljeva, bio je toliko uzak (14 m) da su istovremeno mogla proći samo jedna bojna kola.

During the battle, the passage to Thermopil was between the mountains and the coast of the Mali Bay, it was so far (14 m) that only one battle wheel could pass at the same time.

During the battle, the passage to Thermopil was between the mountains and the coast of the Mali Bay, it was so far (14 m) that only one battle wheel could pass at the same time.

According to one of the legends, after the end of the second day of the struggle the local Greek shepherd Ephilot crossed the Persian and told them for the second passage parallel to Thermopil, Herodot, VII. 213, which defended 1000 Greeks.

Question: according to legend, who crossed the persian at the end of the second day of

According to one of the legends, after the end of the second day of the struggle the local Greek shepherd Ephilot crossed the Persian and told them for the second passage parallel to Thermopil, Herodot, VII. 213, which defended 1000 Greeks.

according to legend, who crossed the persian at the end of the second day of

Question: according to legend, ephilot crossed which language parallel to thermopil

according to legend, ephilot crossed which language parallel to thermopil

Question: who defended 1000 greeks at the battle of thermopil

who defended 1000 greeks at the battle of thermopil

Question: according to legend, ephilot crossed which river to aid 1000 greeks

according to legend, ephilot crossed which river to aid 1000 greeks

Question: how many greeks did ephilot defend

Question: according to herodot, who defended 1000 greeks

according to herodot, who defended 1000 greeks

Question: who did ephilot defend at the end of the second passage

who did ephilot defend at the end of the second passage

Question: what nationality was ephilot

According to one of the legends , after the end of the second day of the struggle the local Greek shepherd Ephilot crossed the Persian and told them for the second passage parallel to Thermopil , Herodot , VII . 213 , which defended 1000 Greeks .

Prema jednoj od legenda, nakon kraja drugog dana borbi lokalni grčki pastir Efijalt je prebjegao Perzijancima i rekao im za drugi prolaz paralelan s Termopilom,Herodot, VII. 213. koji je branilo 1000 Grka.

Prema jednoj od legenda, nakon kraja drugog dana borbi lokalni grčki pastir Efijalt je prebjegao Perzijancima i rekao im za drugi prolaz paralelan s Termopilom,Herodot, VII. 213. koji je branilo 1000 Grka.

According to one of the legends, after the end of the second day of the struggle the local Greek shepherd Ephilot crossed the Persian and told them for the second passage parallel to Thermopil, Herodot, VII. 213, which defended 1000 Greeks.

According to one of the legends, after the end of the second day of the struggle the local Greek shepherd Ephilot crossed the Persian and told them for the second passage parallel to Thermopil, Herodot, VII. 213, which defended 1000 Greeks.

When the Persians attacked that part of the passage, the Greeks withdrew after a weak resistance, after which the Greeks remained captured at the passage.

He concluded that further defense was not possible and ordered withdrawal, but 700 Tespianans under the leadership of Demophil refused to withdraw with the rest of the Greek troops, but remained together with about 300 Spartanans, Leonid's personal bodyguards and about 400 Tebanans.

Battle of Thermopylae
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- Date:
- 480 BCE
- Location:
- Greece Thermopylae
- Participants:
- ancient Greek civilization Persia
- Context:
- Greco-Persian Wars
What was the Battle of Thermopylae?
Why is the Battle of Thermopylae famous?
When did the Battle of Thermopylae take place?
What was the result of the Battle of Thermopylae?
Is the movie 300 based on the Battle of Thermopylae?
Battle of Thermopylae, (480 bce), battle in central Greece at the mountain pass of Thermopylae during the Persian Wars. The Greek forces, mostly Spartan, were led by Leonidas. After three days of holding their own against the Persian king Xerxes I and his vast southward-advancing army, the Greeks were betrayed, and the Persians were able to outflank them. Sending the main army in retreat, Leonidas and a small contingent remained behind to resist the advance and were defeated.
The Battle of Thermopylae’s political origins can be traced back to Xerxes’ predecessor, Darius I (the Great), who sent heralds to Greek cities in 491 bce in the hopes of persuading them to accept Persian authority. This offended the proud Greeks greatly; the Athenians went so far as to toss the Persian heralds into a pit, while the Spartans followed suit and tossed them into a well. In 480 bce Xerxes invaded Greece as a continuation of Darius’s original plan. He began the same way his predecessor had: he sent heralds to Greek cities—but he skipped over Athens and Sparta because of their previous responses. Many Greek city-states either joined Xerxes or remained neutral, while Athens and Sparta led the resistance with a number of other city-states behind them. Before invading, Xerxes implored the Spartan king Leonidas to surrender his arms. Leonidas famously replied, “Come and take them” (“Molon labe”). Xerxes intended to do just that and thus moved toward Thermopylae.
Xerxes led a vast army overland from the Dardanelles, accompanied by a substantial fleet moving along the coast. His forces quickly seized northern Greece and began moving south. The Greek resistance tried to halt Persian progress on land at the narrow pass of Thermopylae and at sea nearby in the straits of Artemisium. The Greek army was led by Leonidas, who was estimated to have had around 7,000 men. Xerxes, on the other hand, had anywhere from 70,000 to 300,000. Despite the disparity in numbers, the Greeks were able to maintain their position. Their strategy involved holding a line only a few dozen yards long between a steep hillside and the sea. This constricted the battlefield and prevented the Persians from utilizing their vast numbers. For two days the Greeks defended against Persian attacks and suffered light losses as they imposed heavy casualties on the Persian army. Only when the Greeks were betrayed did the battle take a detrimental turn for them. Ephialtes, a Greek citizen desiring reward, informed Xerxes of a path that went around Thermopylae, thus rendering the Greeks’ line useless in preventing forward advancement of the Persian army.
Xerxes took advantage of this betrayal and sent part of his army along this path, led by Ephialtes himself. After reaching the other side, the Persians attacked and destroyed a portion of the Greek army. This forced Leonidas to call a war council, at which it was decided that retreating was the best option. However, as the majority of the Greek army retreated, Leonidas, his 300 bodyguards, some helots (people enslaved by the Spartans), and 1,100 Boeotians remained behind, supposedly because retreating would defy Spartan law and custom. They held their ground against the Persians but were quickly defeated by the vast enemy army, and many (if not all; sources differ) were killed, including Leonidas. News of this defeat reached the troops at Artemisium, and Greek forces there retreated as well. The Persian victory at Thermopylae allowed for Xerxes’ passage into southern Greece, which expanded the Persian empire even further.
Today the Battle of Thermopylae is celebrated as an example of heroic persistence against seemingly impossible odds. Soon after the battle, the Greeks built a stone lion in honour of those who had died and specifically for the fallen king Leonidas. In 1955 a statue of Leonidas was erected by King Paul of Greece in commemoration of his and his troops’ bravery. The Battle of Thermopylae also served as the inspiration for the film 300 (2006).

Question: who led 700 tespianans

When the Persians attacked that part of the passage, the Greeks withdrew after a weak resistance, after which the Greeks remained captured at the passage.

He concluded that further defense was not possible and ordered withdrawal, but 700 Tespianans under the leadership of Demophil refused to withdraw with the rest of the Greek troops, but remained together with about 300 Spartanans, Leonid's personal bodyguards and about 400 Tebanans.

Question: how many tespianans refused to withdraw

Question: how many tespianans refused to withdraw from the passage

how many tespianans refused to withdraw from the passage

Question: how many tebanans did leonid have

Question: how many spartans were in the tespianans

how many spartans were in the tespianans

Question: who attacked the part of the passage that the greeks withdrew to

who attacked the part of the passage that the greeks withdrew to

Question: how many tebanans were with leonid

When the Persians attacked that part of the passage , the Greeks withdrew after a weak resistance , after which the Greeks remained captured at the passage .

He concluded that further defense was not possible and ordered withdrawal , but 700 Tespianans under the leadership of Demophil refused to withdraw with the rest of the Greek troops , but remained together with about 300 Spartanans , Leonid 's personal bodyguards and about 400 Tebanans .

Kada su Perzijanci napali taj dio prolaza, Grci su se nakon slabog otpora povukli poslije čega su Grci ostali zarobljeni na prolazu.

Uoči opkoljavanja Leonida je zaključio kako daljnja obrana nije moguća pa je naredio povlačenje, međutim 700 Tespijanaca pod vodstvom Demofila odbilo se povući s ostatkom grčkih trupa, već su ostali zajedno s oko 300 Spartanaca, Leonidinih osobnih tjelohranitelja i oko 400 Tebanaca.

When the Persians attacked that part of the passage, the Greeks withdrew after a weak resistance, after which the Greeks remained captured at the passage. He concluded that further defense was not possible and ordered withdrawal, but 700 Tespianans under the leadership of Demophil refused to withdraw with the rest of the Greek troops, but remained together with about 300 Spartanans, Leonid's personal bodyguards and about 400 Tebanans.

When the Persians attacked that part of the passage, the Greeks withdrew after a weak resistance, after which the Greeks remained captured at the passage.

He concluded that further defense was not possible and ordered withdrawal, but 700 Tespianans under the leadership of Demophil refused to withdraw with the rest of the Greek troops, but remained together with about 300 Spartanans, Leonid's personal bodyguards and about 400 Tebanans.

Parallel to the battle at Thermopil, the Greek Navy, composed of 271 triremes, defended the passage at the mouth of Artemis Herodot, VIII.

Question: how many triremes were in the greek navy

Parallel to the battle at Thermopil, the Greek Navy, composed of 271 triremes, defended the passage at the mouth of Artemis Herodot, VIII.

how many triremes were in the greek navy

Question: at which battle did the greek navy defend the passage at the mouth of artemis

at which battle did the greek navy defend the passage at the mouth of artemis

Question: who was at the mouth of the passage at thermopil

who was at the mouth of the passage at thermopil

Question: the greek navy defended the passage at the mouth of artemis herodot's

the greek navy defended the passage at the mouth of artemis herodot's

Question: how many troops were in the greek navy

Question: the passage at the mouth of artemis herodot was in which century

the passage at the mouth of artemis herodot was in which century

Question: who defended the passage at the mouth of artemis herodot

who defended the passage at the mouth of artemis herodot

Parallel to the battle at Thermopil , the Greek Navy , composed of 271 triremes , defended the passage at the mouth of Artemis Herodot , VIII .

Paralelno s bitkom kod Termopila grčka mornarica sastavljena od 271 trirema branila je prolaz kod rta ArtemizijHerodot, VIII.

Paralelno s bitkom kod Termopila grčka mornarica sastavljena od 271 trirema branila je prolaz kod rta ArtemizijHerodot, VIII.

Parallel to the battle at Thermopil, the Greek Navy, composed of 271 triremes, defended the passage at the mouth of Artemis Herodot, VIII.

Parallel to the battle at Thermopil, the Greek Navy, composed of 271 triremes, defended the passage at the mouth of Artemis Herodot, VIII.

1 where the battle took place for three days, after which they received the news of the land defeat of Leonid and the Greek allies.

Because the Greek fleet was severely damaged and there was no more need for the defense of the fortress, they decided to withdraw to the island of Salamine.Herodot, VIII.

Question: how long did the battle of salamine last

1 where the battle took place for three days, after which they received the news of the land defeat of Leonid and the Greek allies.

Because the Greek fleet was severely damaged and there was no more need for the defense of the fortress, they decided to withdraw to the island of Salamine.Herodot, VIII.

how long did the battle of salamine last

Question: who did the greeks defeat in the battle of salamine

who did the greeks defeat in the battle of salamine

Question: where did the greek fleet retreat to after the battle of leonid

where did the greek fleet retreat to after the battle of leonid

Question: why did they withdraw to salamine

grčka flota bila teško oštećena i kako više nije bilo potrebe za obranom tjesnaca , odlučili

Question: who was defeated in the battle of salamine

who was defeated in the battle of salamine

Question: what happened to the greek fleet in the battle of salamine

what happened to the greek fleet in the battle of salamine

1 where the battle took place for three days , after which they received the news of the land defeat of Leonid and the Greek allies .

Because the Greek fleet was severely damaged and there was no more need for the defense of the fortress , they decided to withdraw to the island of Salamine . Herodot , VIII .

1. gdje se bitka vodila tri dana, nakon čega su primili vijest o kopnenom porazu Leonide i grčkih saveznika. Budući kako je grčka flota bila teško oštećena i kako više nije bilo potrebe za obranom tjesnaca, odlučili su se povući do otoka Salamine.Herodot, VIII.

1. gdje se bitka vodila tri dana, nakon čega su primili vijest o kopnenom porazu Leonide i grčkih saveznika.

Budući kako je grčka flota bila teško oštećena i kako više nije bilo potrebe za obranom tjesnaca, odlučili su se povući do otoka Salamine.Herodot, VIII.

1 where the battle took place for three days, after which they received the news of the land defeat of Leonid and the Greek allies. Because the Greek fleet was severely damaged and there was no more need for the defense of the fortress, they decided to withdraw to the island of Salamine.Herodot, VIII.

1 where the battle took place for three days, after which they received the news of the land defeat of Leonid and the Greek allies.

Because the Greek fleet was severely damaged and there was no more need for the defense of the fortress, they decided to withdraw to the island of Salamine.Herodot, VIII.

The Persian victory at Thermopil meant the fall of all the Beothia under the Persian power, while the way to Athens was open.

Question: where did the persian take over the beothia

The Persian victory at Thermopil meant the fall of all the Beothia under the Persian power, while the way to Athens was open.

where did the persian take over the beothia

Question: which city was the capital of beothia at the time of the persian victory

which city was the capital of beothia at the time of the persian victory

Question: the persian victory at thermopil led to the fall of which region

the persian victory at thermopil led to the fall of which region

Question: who won the battle of thermopil

Question: what did the persian victory at thermopil mean

what did the persian victory at thermopil mean

Question: what was the only way to get to athens after the persian victory

what was the only way to get to athens after the persian victory

Question: what was open after the persian victory at thermopil

what was open after the persian victory at thermopil

The Persian victory at Thermopil meant the fall of all the Beothia under the Persian power , while the way to Athens was open .

Perzijska pobjeda kod Termopila značila je pad cijele Beotije pod perzijsku vlast, dok je put prema Atici bio otvoren.

Perzijska pobjeda kod Termopila značila je pad cijele Beotije pod perzijsku vlast, dok je put prema Atici bio otvoren.

The Persian victory at Thermopil meant the fall of all the Beothia under the Persian power, while the way to Athens was open.

The Persian victory at Thermopil meant the fall of all the Beothia under the Persian power, while the way to Athens was open.

If Kserkso defeated the Greek Navy, it would be in the appearance to bring the rest of the Greeks to surrender, Holland, pp. 308–309, while Temistoklo hoped that by the Persian marine defeat he would remove the Persian from further attacks on the rest of Greece.

The Allied Greek Navy was ready to wait for the arrival of the Persian fleet in front of the coast of Salamine, stationing in the narrow Saron Bay that divided the Peninsula of Pelopones from the remains of the Greek soil.

Question: how long did holland write about greece

If Kserkso defeated the Greek Navy, it would be in the appearance to bring the rest of the Greeks to surrender, Holland, pp. 308–309, while Temistoklo hoped that by the Persian marine defeat he would remove the Persian from further attacks on the rest of Greece.

The Allied Greek Navy was ready to wait for the arrival of the Persian fleet in front of the coast of Salamine, stationing in the narrow Saron Bay that divided the Peninsula of Pelopones from the remains of the Greek soil.

Question: what was holland's pp.

Question: when did the greeks surrender to the persians

when did the greeks surrender to the persians

Question: what bay separated the peninsula of pelopones from greek soil

what bay separated the peninsula of pelopones from greek soil

Question: who was the commander of the allied greek navy

who was the commander of the allied greek navy

Question: where did the persian fleet land

Question: who defeated the greek navy in the battle of salamine

who defeated the greek navy in the battle of salamine

Question: how long did holland write about the greek surrender

how long did holland write about the greek surrender

If Kserkso defeated the Greek Navy , it would be in the appearance to bring the rest of the Greeks to surrender , Holland , pp . 308–309 , while Temistoklo hoped that by the Persian marine defeat he would remove the Persian from further attacks on the rest of Greece .

The Allied Greek Navy was ready to wait for the arrival of the Persian fleet in front of the coast of Salamine , stationing in the narrow Saron Bay that divided the Peninsula of Pelopones from the remains of the Greek soil .

Da je Kserkso porazio grčku mornaricu, bio bi u izglednoj prilici natjerati ostale Grke na predaju,Holland, str. 308–309. dok se Temistoklo nadao kako će perzijskim pomorskim porazom odvratiti Perzijance od daljnjih napada na ostatak Grčke.Holland, str. 303.

Saveznička grčka mornarica spremno je čekala dolazak perzijske flote ispred obala Salamine, stacioniravši se u uskom Saronskom zaljevu koji je dijelio poluotok Peloponez od ostatka grčkog kopna.Herodot, VIII.

If Kserkso defeated the Greek Navy, it would be in the appearance to bring the rest of the Greeks to surrender, Holland, pp. 308–309, while Temistoklo hoped that by the Persian marine defeat he would remove the Persian from further attacks on the rest of Greece. The Allied Greek Navy was ready to wait for the arrival of the Persian fleet in front of the coast of Salamine, stationing in the narrow Saron Bay that divided the Peninsula of Pelopones from the remains of the Greek soil.

If Kserkso defeated the Greek Navy, it would be in the appearance to bring the rest of the Greeks to surrender, Holland, pp. 308–309, while Temistoklo hoped that by the Persian marine defeat he would remove the Persian from further attacks on the rest of Greece.

The Allied Greek Navy was ready to wait for the arrival of the Persian fleet in front of the coast of Salamine, stationing in the narrow Saron Bay that divided the Peninsula of Pelopones from the remains of the Greek soil.

63.Holland, pp. 309–315

Given the aforementioned geographical characteristics, the Persian numerously superior fleet could not<unk> power, as they could not maneuver or know the landscape.Herodot, VIII.

Question: when did the persian fleet become unable to maneuver

63.Holland, pp. 309–315

Given the aforementioned geographical characteristics, the Persian numerously superior fleet could not<unk> power, as they could not maneuver or know the landscape.Herodot, VIII.

when did the persian fleet become unable to maneuver

Question: when did the persian fleet stop being able to maneuver

63.Holland, pp. 309–315

when did the persian fleet stop being able to maneuver

Question: when did hilland write about the persian numerously superior fleet

. 309–315 Given the aforementioned geographical

63.Holland, pp. 309–315

. 309–315 Given the aforementioned geographical

when did hilland write about the persian numerously superior fleet

Question: who said the persian fleet could not maneuver and know the landscape

63.Holland, pp. 309–315

who said the persian fleet could not maneuver and know the landscape

Question: why did the persian fleet not have the ability to maneuver

could not maneuver or know the landscape

63.Holland, pp. 309–315

could not maneuver or know the landscape

why did the persian fleet not have the ability to maneuver

Question: why did the persian numerously superior fleet not have the ability to maneuver

they could not maneuver or know the landscape

63.Holland, pp. 309–315

they could not maneuver or know the landscape

why did the persian numerously superior fleet not have the ability to maneuver

Question: when did the persian fleet have the ability to maneuver

63.Holland, pp. 309–315

when did the persian fleet have the ability to maneuver

Given the aforementioned geographical characteristics , the Persian numerously superior fleet could not < unk > power , as they could not maneuver or know the landscape . Herodot , VIII .

63.Holland, str. 309–315. S obzirom na navedene geografske karakteristike, perzijska brojčano superiornija flota nije mogla ostvariti premoć, budući kako nisu mogli manevrirati niti su poznavali krajolik.Herodot, VIII.

S obzirom na navedene geografske karakteristike, perzijska brojčano superiornija flota nije mogla ostvariti premoć, budući kako nisu mogli manevrirati niti su poznavali krajolik.Herodot, VIII.

63.Holland, pp. 309–315 Given the aforementioned geographical characteristics, the Persian numerously superior fleet could not<unk> power, as they could not maneuver or know the landscape.Herodot, VIII.

Given the aforementioned geographical characteristics, the Persian numerously superior fleet could not<unk> power, as they could not maneuver or know the landscape.Herodot, VIII.

About 200 of the 1,200 Persian ships were immersed or captured.Holland, pp. 320–326.

The battle was remembered and after the participation of probably the first admiral in history, Artemisia from the Caribbean who led a group of five Persian ships.

Question: who was the first admiral to lead a group of five persian ships

About 200 of the 1,200 Persian ships were immersed or captured.Holland, pp. 320–326.

The battle was remembered and after the participation of probably the first admiral in history, Artemisia from the Caribbean who led a group of five Persian ships.

who was the first admiral to lead a group of five persian ships

Question: how long did holland write about the battle

how long did holland write about the battle

Question: how many persian ships were involved in the battle of holland

how many persian ships were involved in the battle of holland

Question: where did artemisia come from

Question: who led a group of five persian ships

Question: how many persian ships did artemisia lead

how many persian ships did artemisia lead

About 200 of the 1,200 Persian ships were immersed or captured . Holland , pp . 320–326 .

The battle was remembered and after the participation of probably the first admiral in history , Artemisia from the Caribbean who led a group of five Persian ships .

Oko 200 od 1200 perzijskih brodova bilo je potopljeno ili zarobljeno.Holland, str. 320–326. Bitka je ostala upamćena i po sudjelovanju vjerojatno prve admiralice u povijesti, Artemizije iz Karije koja je predvodila skupinu od pet perzijskih brodova.

Oko 200 od 1200 perzijskih brodova bilo je potopljeno ili zarobljeno.Holland, str. 320–326.

Bitka je ostala upamćena i po sudjelovanju vjerojatno prve admiralice u povijesti, Artemizije iz Karije koja je predvodila skupinu od pet perzijskih brodova.

About 200 of the 1,200 Persian ships were immersed or captured.Holland, pp. 320–326. The battle was remembered and after the participation of probably the first admiral in history, Artemisia from the Caribbean who led a group of five Persian ships.

About 200 of the 1,200 Persian ships were immersed or captured.Holland, pp. 320–326.

The battle was remembered and after the participation of probably the first admiral in history, Artemisia from the Caribbean who led a group of five Persian ships.

According to Herodotus, Kserkso intended to build a bridge through the fortress to attack the Athenians evacuated at Salamin, but after defeat in the marine battle the project was abandoned.

Question: where did the athenians evacuate after the battle of salamin

According to Herodotus, Kserkso intended to build a bridge through the fortress to attack the Athenians evacuated at Salamin, but after defeat in the marine battle the project was abandoned.

where did the athenians evacuate after the battle of salamin

Question: who built the bridge through the athenian fortress

who built the bridge through the athenian fortress

Question: what did kserkso plan to build to attack the athenians

what did kserkso plan to build to attack the athenians

Question: who wrote about the construction of the greek fortress at salamin

who wrote about the construction of the greek fortress at salamin

Question: what was the name of the battle in which the athenians were defeated

what was the name of the battle in which the athenians were defeated

Question: what did kserkso build to attack the athenians

what did kserkso build to attack the athenians

Question: who did kserkso build a bridge to attack

who did kserkso build a bridge to attack

Question: when did kserkso abandon his bridge

According to Herodotus , Kserkso intended to build a bridge through the fortress to attack the Athenians evacuated at Salamin , but after defeat in the marine battle the project was abandoned .

Prema Herodotu, Kserkso je namjeravao izgraditi most preko tjesnaca da napadne Atenjane evakuirane na Salamini, no nakon poraza u pomorskoj bitci projekt je napušten.

Prema Herodotu, Kserkso je namjeravao izgraditi most preko tjesnaca da napadne Atenjane evakuirane na Salamini, no nakon poraza u pomorskoj bitci projekt je napušten.

According to Herodotus, Kserkso intended to build a bridge through the fortress to attack the Athenians evacuated at Salamin, but after defeat in the marine battle the project was abandoned.

According to Herodotus, Kserkso intended to build a bridge through the fortress to attack the Athenians evacuated at Salamin, but after defeat in the marine battle the project was abandoned.

After the breakdown of negotiations, the Athenians again evacuated the city, while the Persian army consisted mainly of their Greek allies advanced to the south to occupy abandoned positions.

Mardonia then again offered peace to Athens refugees on the island of Salamin, after which Athens, together with Megar and Plateau, sent negotiators to Sparta and threatened by accepting the Persian offer if it did not join them in the fight against the Persian.

Question: on which island did athens refugees receive peace

After the breakdown of negotiations, the Athenians again evacuated the city, while the Persian army consisted mainly of their Greek allies advanced to the south to occupy abandoned positions.

Mardonia then again offered peace to Athens refugees on the island of Salamin, after which Athens, together with Megar and Plateau, sent negotiators to Sparta and threatened by accepting the Persian offer if it did not join them in the fight against the Persian.

on which island did athens refugees receive peace

Question: who offered peace to athens refugees

Question: which city did athens send negotiators to

which city did athens send negotiators to

Question: who evacuated athens after the breakdown of negotiations

who evacuated athens after the breakdown of negotiations

Question: in which direction did the persian army advance after the evacuation of athens

in which direction did the persian army advance after the evacuation of athens

Question: who helped athens negotiate peace with the persians

who helped athens negotiate peace with the persians

Question: who did the persian army consist of

Question: who advanced to the south to occupy abandoned positions

vojska sastavljena uglavnom od njihovih grčkih saveznika napredovala prema jugu da zauzme napuštene položaje

who advanced to the south to occupy abandoned positions

After the breakdown of negotiations , the Athenians again evacuated the city , while the Persian army consisted mainly of their Greek allies advanced to the south to occupy abandoned positions .

Mardonia then again offered peace to Athens refugees on the island of Salamin , after which Athens , together with Megar and Plateau , sent negotiators to Sparta and threatened by accepting the Persian offer if it did not join them in the fight against the Persian .

Nakon propalih pregovora Atenjani su ponovo evakuirali grad, dok je perzijska vojska sastavljena uglavnom od njihovih grčkih saveznika napredovala prema jugu da zauzme napuštene položaje.

Mardonije je tada ponovo ponudio mir atenskim izbjeglicama na otoku Salamini, nakon čega je Atena zajedno s Megarom i Platejom poslala pregovarače u Spartu i zaprijetila prihvaćanjem perzijske ponude ako im se ne pridruže u borbi protiv Perzijanaca.Herodot, IX.

After the breakdown of negotiations, the Athenians again evacuated the city, while the Persian army consisted mainly of their Greek allies advanced to the south to occupy abandoned positions. Mardonia then again offered peace to Athens refugees on the island of Salamin, after which Athens, together with Megar and Plateau, sent negotiators to Sparta and threatened by accepting the Persian offer if it did not join them in the fight against the Persian.

After the breakdown of negotiations, the Athenians again evacuated the city, while the Persian army consisted mainly of their Greek allies advanced to the south to occupy abandoned positions.

Mardonia then again offered peace to Athens refugees on the island of Salamin, after which Athens, together with Megar and Plateau, sent negotiators to Sparta and threatened by accepting the Persian offer if it did not join them in the fight against the Persian.

7.A. After that, the Spartans gathered a large army of hoplites and sent it to the meeting of the Persians.Herodot, IX.11

The .

Question: on which island did athens offer peace to athens refugees

7.A. After that, the Spartans gathered a large army of hoplites and sent it to the meeting of the Persians.Herodot, IX.11

The .

on which island did athens offer peace to athens refugees

Question: who did the spartans gather to fight the persians

The .

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Question: who did the spartans send to sparta

The .

Question: which city did the spartans send negotiators to

The .

which city did the spartans send negotiators to

Question: where did the spartans send their large army to

The .

where did the spartans send their large army to

Question: what did the spartans gather to send to the meeting of the persians

The .

what did the spartans gather to send to the meeting of the persians

Question: what language did the spartans refuse to join in the fight against

The .

what language did the spartans refuse to join in the fight against

7.A. After that , the Spartans gathered a large army of hoplites and sent it to the meeting of the Persians . Herodot , IX.11

7.A. Nakon toga, Spartanci su okupili golemu vojsku hoplita i poslali je u susret Perzijancima.Herodot, IX. 11

Mardonia then again offered peace to Athens refugees on the island of Salamin, after which Athens, together with Megar and Plateau, sent negotiators to Sparta and threatened by accepting the Persian offer if it did not join them in the fight against the Persian. 7.A. After that, the Spartans gathered a large army of hoplites and sent it to the meeting of the Persians.Herodot, IX.11 The .

7.A. After that, the Spartans gathered a large army of hoplites and sent it to the meeting of the Persians.Herodot, IX.11

This maneuver was carried out uncomprehensibly so the Athenians, Spartans, and the Tegeans remained isolated on the individual bridges, while the remaining parts of the army were dispersed throughout the bridges.

Seeing that the Persians will not have a better chance to attack, Mardonia ordered his troops full attack on opponent positions.Herodot, IX.

The .

Question: who ordered the attack on the persians

This maneuver was carried out uncomprehensibly so the Athenians, Spartans, and the Tegeans remained isolated on the individual bridges, while the remaining parts of the army were dispersed throughout the bridges.

Seeing that the Persians will not have a better chance to attack, Mardonia ordered his troops full attack on opponent positions.Herodot, IX.

The .

Question: how was the maneuver of the athenians, spartans, and tege

The .

how was the maneuver of the athenians, spartans, and tege

Question: who is the author of the book of the greeks

The .

who is the author of the book of the greeks

Question: what did mardonia order his troops to attack

The .

what did mardonia order his troops to attack

Question: what did mardonia order his troops to do

The .

what did mardonia order his troops to do

Question: where did the athenians, spartans, and tegeans stay

The .

where did the athenians, spartans, and tegeans stay

This maneuver was carried out uncomprehensibly so the Athenians , Spartans , and the Tegeans remained isolated on the individual bridges , while the remaining parts of the army were dispersed throughout the bridges .

Seeing that the Persians will not have a better chance to attack , Mardonia ordered his troops full attack on opponent positions . Herodot , IX .

Ovaj manevar proveden je nespretno pa su Atenjani, Spartanci i Tegejci ostali izolirani na pojedinim brežuljcima, dok su ostali dijelovi vojske bili razbacani diljem visoravni. Uvidjevši kako Perzijanci neće imati bolju priliku za napad, Mardonije je naredio svojim trupama puni napad na protivničke položaje.Herodot, IX. 59.

Ovaj manevar proveden je nespretno pa su Atenjani, Spartanci i Tegejci ostali izolirani na pojedinim brežuljcima, dok su ostali dijelovi vojske bili razbacani diljem visoravni.

Uvidjevši kako Perzijanci neće imati bolju priliku za napad, Mardonije je naredio svojim trupama puni napad na protivničke položaje.Herodot, IX. 59

This maneuver was carried out uncomprehensibly so the Athenians, Spartans, and the Tegeans remained isolated on the individual bridges, while the remaining parts of the army were dispersed throughout the bridges. Seeing that the Persians will not have a better chance to attack, Mardonia ordered his troops full attack on opponent positions.Herodot, IX. The .

This maneuver was carried out uncomprehensibly so the Athenians, Spartans, and the Tegeans remained isolated on the individual bridges, while the remaining parts of the army were dispersed throughout the bridges.

Seeing that the Persians will not have a better chance to attack, Mardonia ordered his troops full attack on opponent positions.Herodot, IX.

The Greeks then, under the command of Pauzan, decided to station on the ground above the high-ranking Plateau to protect themselves from the mentioned Persian military tactics.Holland, pp. 342–349.

After a few days of rest and maneuvering the two troops, Pauzanije decided night withdrawal to the original positions.

Question: who led the greeks in the battle of greece

The Greeks then, under the command of Pauzan, decided to station on the ground above the high-ranking Plateau to protect themselves from the mentioned Persian military tactics.Holland, pp. 342–349.

After a few days of rest and maneuvering the two troops, Pauzanije decided night withdrawal to the original positions.

who led the greeks in the battle of greece

Question: what did the greeks want to protect themselves from

what did the greeks want to protect themselves from

Question: who led the greeks in the night withdrawal

who led the greeks in the night withdrawal

Question: who moved to the ground to protect themselves from persian attacks

who moved to the ground to protect themselves from persian attacks

Question: what type of military tactics did the greeks use

what type of military tactics did the greeks use

Question: who was the first european country to establish a military base at the plateau

who was the first european country to establish a military base at the plateau

Question: what did pauzanije do to the original positions

what did pauzanije do to the original positions

Question: who wrote the book on the greeks and persians

who wrote the book on the greeks and persians

The Greeks then , under the command of Pauzan , decided to station on the ground above the high - ranking Plateau to protect themselves from the mentioned Persian military tactics . Holland , pp . 342–349 .

After a few days of rest and maneuvering the two troops , Pauzanije decided night withdrawal to the original positions .

Grci su se pak pod zapovjedništvom Pauzanija odlučili stacionirati na terenu iznad visoravni Plateje kako bi se zaštitili od navedene perzijske vojne taktike.Holland, str. 342–349. Nakon nekoliko dana mirovanja i manevriranja dviju vojski, Pauzanije je odlučio noćno povlačenje na prvotne položaje.

Grci su se pak pod zapovjedništvom Pauzanija odlučili stacionirati na terenu iznad visoravni Plateje kako bi se zaštitili od navedene perzijske vojne taktike.Holland, str. 342–349.

Nakon nekoliko dana mirovanja i manevriranja dviju vojski, Pauzanije je odlučio noćno povlačenje na prvotne položaje.

The Greeks then, under the command of Pauzan, decided to station on the ground above the high-ranking Plateau to protect themselves from the mentioned Persian military tactics.Holland, pp. 342–349. After a few days of rest and maneuvering the two troops, Pauzanije decided night withdrawal to the original positions.

The Greeks then, under the command of Pauzan, decided to station on the ground above the high-ranking Plateau to protect themselves from the mentioned Persian military tactics.Holland, pp. 342–349.

After a few days of rest and maneuvering the two troops, Pauzanije decided night withdrawal to the original positions.

However, the Persian pedestrian and their Greek allies were not hardly surrounded as their opponents (hopliti), Herodot, IX. 62. so spartan troops broke the drawings of Mardoni's personal guard and killed him.

After that the Persian troops were disorganized so the rest of 40,000 troops decided to withdraw to Thessaly, Herodot, IX.66 while the rest were completely defeated.

Question: where did the persian troops retreat to after the battle of mardoni

However, the Persian pedestrian and their Greek allies were not hardly surrounded as their opponents (hopliti), Herodot, IX. 62. so spartan troops broke the drawings of Mardoni's personal guard and killed him.

After that the Persian troops were disorganized so the rest of 40,000 troops decided to withdraw to Thessaly, Herodot, IX.66 while the rest were completely defeated.

where did the persian troops retreat to after the battle of mardoni

Question: who were the opponents of the persian pedestrian

who were the opponents of the persian pedestrian

Question: how many troops were in the persian army at the time

how many troops were in the persian army at the time

Question: who was killed by the spartan troops

Question: who broke the drawings of mardoni's guard

who broke the drawings of mardoni's guard

Question: how did the persian troops respond to the attack on them

how did the persian troops respond to the attack on them

However , the Persian pedestrian and their Greek allies were not hardly surrounded as their opponents ( hopliti ) , Herodot , IX . 62 . so spartan troops broke the drawings of Mardoni 's personal guard and killed him .

After that the Persian troops were disorganized so the rest of 40,000 troops decided to withdraw to Thessaly , Herodot , IX.66 while the rest were completely defeated .

Međutim, perzijsko pješaštvo i njihovi grčki saveznici nisu bili teško oklopljeni kao njihovi protivnici (hopliti),Herodot, IX. 62. pa su spartanske trupe probile crte Mardonijeve osobne straže i ubile ga.Herodot, IX. 63.

Nakon toga perzijske trupe bile su dezorganizirane pa se ostatak od 40.000 trupa odlučio na povlačenje u Tesaliju,Herodot, IX. 66. dok su ostali bili potpuno poraženi.

However, the Persian pedestrian and their Greek allies were not hardly surrounded as their opponents (hopliti), Herodot, IX. 62. so spartan troops broke the drawings of Mardoni's personal guard and killed him. After that the Persian troops were disorganized so the rest of 40,000 troops decided to withdraw to Thessaly, Herodot, IX.66 while the rest were completely defeated.

However, the Persian pedestrian and their Greek allies were not hardly surrounded as their opponents (hopliti), Herodot, IX. 62. so spartan troops broke the drawings of Mardoni's personal guard and killed him.

After that the Persian troops were disorganized so the rest of 40,000 troops decided to withdraw to Thessaly, Herodot, IX.66 while the rest were completely defeated.

During the afternoon after the battle at Plateau, Herodot claims that the rumors of the Greek victory reached the Allied Navy that was at that time on the coast of the Mount Mikale in Jonia.

The .

Question: what mountain in jonia was rumored to have been the site of the greek

During the afternoon after the battle at Plateau, Herodot claims that the rumors of the Greek victory reached the Allied Navy that was at that time on the coast of the Mount Mikale in Jonia.

The .

what mountain in jonia was rumored to have been the site of the greek

Question: who said the rumors of the greek victory reached the allied navy

The .

who said the rumors of the greek victory reached the allied navy

Question: where did the rumors of the greek victory reach

The .

where did the rumors of the greek victory reach

Question: who did the rumors of the greek victory reach

The .

who did the rumors of the greek victory reach

Question: who did the rumors of greek victory reach

The .

who did the rumors of greek victory reach

Question: at which battle did the greeks win the battle of jonia

The .

at which battle did the greeks win the battle of jonia

Question: when did the rumors of the greek victory reach the allied navy

The .

when did the rumors of the greek victory reach the allied navy

During the afternoon after the battle at Plateau , Herodot claims that the rumors of the Greek victory reached the Allied Navy that was at that time on the coast of the Mount Mikale in Jonia .

Tijekom popodneva nakon bitke kod Plateje, Herodot tvrdi kako su glasine o grčkoj pobjedi dosegle savezničku mornaricu koja je u to vrijeme boravila uz obale planine Mikale u Joniji.Herodot, IX. 99.

Tijekom popodneva nakon bitke kod Plateje, Herodot tvrdi kako su glasine o grčkoj pobjedi dosegle savezničku mornaricu koja je u to vrijeme boravila uz obale planine Mikale u Joniji.Herodot, IX. 99

During the afternoon after the battle at Plateau, Herodot claims that the rumors of the Greek victory reached the Allied Navy that was at that time on the coast of the Mount Mikale in Jonia. The .

During the afternoon after the battle at Plateau, Herodot claims that the rumors of the Greek victory reached the Allied Navy that was at that time on the coast of the Mount Mikale in Jonia.

Mikala in many ways was the beginning of a new phase in the Greek-Persian conflict, which will mark the Greek offensive against the Little Asian Satrapias of the Persian Empire.

Immediately after the Greek victory at Mikale, a new uprising against the Persians was raised in the Greek cities of Asia.Tukidid: Peloponese War, I. 89.

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89. Now the manner how the Athenians came to the administration of those affairs by which they so raised themselves was this. [2] After that the Medes, overcome by sea and land, were departed, and such of them as had escaped by sea to Mycale were there also utterly overthrown, Leotychides, king of the Lacedaemonians, then commander of the Grecians at Mycale, with their confederates of Peloponnesus went home. But the Athenians with their confederates of Ionia and the Hellespont, as many as were already revolted from the king, stayed behind and besieged Sestus, holden then by the Medes; and when they had lain before it all the winter, they took it abandoned by the barbarians. And after this they set sail from the Hellespont, everyone to his own city. [3] And the body of the Athenians, as soon as their territory was clear of the barbarians, went home also and fetched thither their wives and children and such goods as they had from the places where they had been put out to keep, and went about the reparation of their city and walls. For there were yet standing some pieces of the circuit of their wall, and likewise a few houses (though the most were down) which the principal of the Persians had reserved for their own lodgings.
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Question: where did the greek revolt against persians take place

Mikala in many ways was the beginning of a new phase in the Greek-Persian conflict, which will mark the Greek offensive against the Little Asian Satrapias of the Persian Empire.

Immediately after the Greek victory at Mikale, a new uprising against the Persians was raised in the Greek cities of Asia.Tukidid: Peloponese War, I. 89.

where did the greek revolt against persians take place

Question: where did the new uprising against the persians occur

where did the new uprising against the persians occur

Question: the battle of mikale marked the beginning of a new phase in the greek

the battle of mikale marked the beginning of a new phase in the greek

Question: what did the greek-persian conflict mark

Little Asian Satrapias of the Persian Empire

maloazijskih satrapija Perzijskog Carstva

Little Asian Satrapias of the Persian Empire

what did the greek-persian conflict mark

Question: which greek city marked the beginning of a new phase in the persian-ger

which greek city marked the beginning of a new phase in the persian-ger

Question: who did the greek revolt against in the persian empire

who did the greek revolt against in the persian empire

Question: what was the name of the war that took place after the greek victory at m

what was the name of the war that took place after the greek victory at m

Question: the battle of mikala marked the beginning of what conflict

the battle of mikala marked the beginning of what conflict

Mikala in many ways was the beginning of a new phase in the Greek - Persian conflict , which will mark the Greek offensive against the Little Asian Satrapias of the Persian Empire .

Immediately after the Greek victory at Mikale , a new uprising against the Persians was raised in the Greek cities of Asia . Tukidid : Peloponese War , I. 89 .

Mikala je na mnogo načina bila početak nove faze u grčko-perzijskom sukobu, koja će označiti ofanzivu Grka protiv maloazijskih satrapija Perzijskog Carstva.Lazenby, str. 247. Odmah nakon grčke pobjede kod Mikale podignut je novi ustanak protiv Perzijanaca u grčkim gradovima Male Azije.Tukidid: Peloponeski rat, I. 89.

Mikala je na mnogo načina bila početak nove faze u grčko-perzijskom sukobu, koja će označiti ofanzivu Grka protiv maloazijskih satrapija Perzijskog Carstva.Lazenby, str. 247.

Odmah nakon grčke pobjede kod Mikale podignut je novi ustanak protiv Perzijanaca u grčkim gradovima Male Azije.Tukidid: Peloponeski rat, I. 89.

Mikala in many ways was the beginning of a new phase in the Greek-Persian conflict, which will mark the Greek offensive against the Little Asian Satrapias of the Persian Empire. Immediately after the Greek victory at Mikale, a new uprising against the Persians was raised in the Greek cities of Asia.Tukidid: Peloponese War, I. 89.

Mikala in many ways was the beginning of a new phase in the Greek-Persian conflict, which will mark the Greek offensive against the Little Asian Satrapias of the Persian Empire.

Immediately after the Greek victory at Mikale, a new uprising against the Persians was raised in the Greek cities of Asia.Tukidid: Peloponese War, I. 89.

Shortly after the battle at Mikala, the Allied Greek fleet went toward the Dardanels to destroy the Persian ponton bridges, but they were no longer there.

Question: where did the greek fleet go to destroy the persian ponton bridges

Shortly after the battle at Mikala, the Allied Greek fleet went toward the Dardanels to destroy the Persian ponton bridges, but they were no longer there.

where did the greek fleet go to destroy the persian ponton bridges

Question: who did the greek fleet go to to destroy the persian pontons

who did the greek fleet go to to destroy the persian pontons

Question: what did the greek fleet destroy after the battle of mikala

perzijske pontonske mostove , no njih tamo više nije bilo . Herodot , IX . 115 .

what did the greek fleet destroy after the battle of mikala

Question: where did the greek fleet destroy the persian ponton bridges

where did the greek fleet destroy the persian ponton bridges

Question: what did the greek fleet destroy at mikala

pontonske mostove , no njih tamo više nije bilo . Herodot , IX . 115 .

what did the greek fleet destroy at mikala

Question: when did the greek fleet destroy the persian ponton bridges

when did the greek fleet destroy the persian ponton bridges

Shortly after the battle at Mikala , the Allied Greek fleet went toward the Dardanels to destroy the Persian ponton bridges , but they were no longer there .

Nedugo nakon bitke kod Mikale saveznička grčka flota krenula je prema Dardanelima da unište perzijske pontonske mostove, no njih tamo više nije bilo.Herodot, IX. 115.

Nedugo nakon bitke kod Mikale saveznička grčka flota krenula je prema Dardanelima da unište perzijske pontonske mostove, no njih tamo više nije bilo.Herodot, IX. 115.

Shortly after the battle at Mikala, the Allied Greek fleet went toward the Dardanels to destroy the Persian ponton bridges, but they were no longer there.

Shortly after the battle at Mikala, the Allied Greek fleet went toward the Dardanels to destroy the Persian ponton bridges, but they were no longer there.

The Peloponegans then flew to the house, but the Athenians continued the march against Herson, who was still under Persian control.Herodot, IX.

Question: where did the greek fleet go after the battle of mikala

The Peloponegans then flew to the house, but the Athenians continued the march against Herson, who was still under Persian control.Herodot, IX.

where did the greek fleet go after the battle of mikala

Question: who was under persian control at the time of the battle of mikala

who was under persian control at the time of the battle of mikala

Question: who flew to the house after the battle at mikala

su tada otplovili kući , no Atenjani su nastavili pohod protiv Hersona koji je još bio pod perzijskom kontrolom

who flew to the house after the battle at mikala

Question: who flew to the house after the battle of mikala

who flew to the house after the battle of mikala

Question: who is the author of the greek ratovi

The Peloponegans then flew to the house , but the Athenians continued the march against Herson , who was still under Persian control . Herodot , IX .

Nedugo nakon bitke kod Mikale saveznička grčka flota krenula je prema Dardanelima da unište perzijske pontonske mostove, no njih tamo više nije bilo.Herodot, IX. 115. Peloponežani su tada otplovili kući, no Atenjani su nastavili pohod protiv Hersona koji je još bio pod perzijskom kontrolom.Herodot, IX. 114.

Peloponežani su tada otplovili kući, no Atenjani su nastavili pohod protiv Hersona koji je još bio pod perzijskom kontrolom.Herodot, IX. 114.

Shortly after the battle at Mikala, the Allied Greek fleet went toward the Dardanels to destroy the Persian ponton bridges, but they were no longer there. The Peloponegans then flew to the house, but the Athenians continued the march against Herson, who was still under Persian control.Herodot, IX.

The Peloponegans then flew to the house, but the Athenians continued the march against Herson, who was still under Persian control.Herodot, IX.

Encouraged by Greek success at Plateau and Struma, Macedonian king Alexander I decided to extend his power over the Greek tribes that lived east of the Pine.

The .

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99. Being all together at Doberus, they made ready to fall in from the hill's side into the lower Macedonia, the dominion of Perdiccas. [2] For there are in Macedonia the Lyncestians and the Elimeiotae and other highland nations, who, though they be confederates and in subjection to the other, yet have their several kingdoms by themselves. [3] But of that part of the now Macedonia which lieth toward the sea, Alexander, the father of this Perdiccas, and his ancestors the Temenidae, who came out of Argos, were the first possessors and reigned in the same, having first driven out of Pieria the Pierians, which afterwards seated themselves in Phagres and other towns beyond Strymon at the foot of Pangaeum (from which cause that country is called the Gulf of Pieria to this day which lieth at the foot of Pangaeum and bendeth toward the sea), and out of that which is called Bottia, the Bottiaeans, that now border upon the Chalcideans. [4] They possessed besides a certain narrow portion of Paeonia near unto the river Axius reaching from above down to Pella and to the sea. Beyond Axius they possess the country called Mygdonia as far as to Strymon, from whence they have driven out the Edonians. [5] Furthermore, they drave the Eordians out of the territory now called Eordia (of whom the greatest part perished, but there dwell a few of them yet about Physca) and the Almopians out of Almopia. [6] The same Macedonians subdued also other nations and hold them yet, as Anthemus, Crestonia, and Bisaltia, and a great part of the Macedonians themselves. But the whole is called Macedonia and was the kingdom of Perdiccas the son of Alexander when Sitalces came to invade it.
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Question: which macedonian king extended his power to the greek tribes east of the pine

Encouraged by Greek success at Plateau and Struma, Macedonian king Alexander I decided to extend his power over the Greek tribes that lived east of the Pine.

The .

which macedonian king extended his power to the greek tribes east of the pine

Question: what was the ethnicity of the greek king alexander i

The .

what was the ethnicity of the greek king alexander i

Question: where did the macedonian king alexander i find greek success

The .

where did the macedonian king alexander i find greek success

Question: where did the macedonian king alexander i extend his power

The .

where did the macedonian king alexander i extend his power

Question: what language did alexander i speak

The .

Question: what type of tree did alexander i want to extend his power over

The .

what type of tree did alexander i want to extend his power over

Question: who were the greek tribes that lived east of the pine

The .

who were the greek tribes that lived east of the pine

Encouraged by Greek success at Plateau and Struma , Macedonian king Alexander I decided to extend his power over the Greek tribes that lived east of the Pine .

Potaknut grčkim uspjehom kod Plateje i Strume, makedonski kralj Aleksandar I. odlučio je proširiti svoju vlast nad grčkim plemenima koji su živjeli istočno od Pindskog gorja.Tukidid, II. 99.

Potaknut grčkim uspjehom kod Plateje i Strume, makedonski kralj Aleksandar I. odlučio je proširiti svoju vlast nad grčkim plemenima koji su živjeli istočno od Pindskog gorja.Tukidid, II. 99

Encouraged by Greek success at Plateau and Struma, Macedonian king Alexander I decided to extend his power over the Greek tribes that lived east of the Pine. The .

Encouraged by Greek success at Plateau and Struma, Macedonian king Alexander I decided to extend his power over the Greek tribes that lived east of the Pine.

The fleet consisting of 20 Peloponnese and 30 Athens ships (under Aristotle) together with the other allies was placed under the command of Pauzania, and shipped to Cyprus.

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THE FOURTH BOOK
THE FIFTH BOOK
THE SIXTH BOOK
THE SEVENTH BOOK
THE EIGHTH BOOK
94. In the meantime was Pausanias, the son of Cleombrotus, sent from Lacedaemon commander of the Grecians with twenty galleys out of Peloponnesus, with which went also thirty sail of Athens, besides a multitude of other confederates, and making war on Cyprus subdued the greatest part of the same; [2] and afterwards, under the same commander, came before Byzantium, which they besieged and won.
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Question: who was the commander of the athens fleet

The fleet consisting of 20 Peloponnese and 30 Athens ships (under Aristotle) together with the other allies was placed under the command of Pauzania, and shipped to Cyprus.

who was the commander of the athens fleet

Question: where did the pauzania fleet go after it was shipped to

where did the pauzania fleet go after it was shipped to

Question: how many athens ships were in the athens fleet

how many athens ships were in the athens fleet

Question: who commanded the athens fleet

Question: how many peloponnese ships were in the athens fleet

how many peloponnese ships were in the athens fleet

Question: who was in charge of the peloponnese

atenskih brodova ( pod Aristidom ) zajedno s

Question: how many ships were in the greek fleet

30 atenskih brodova ( pod Aristidom ) zajedno s

The fleet consisting of 20 Peloponnese and 30 Athens ships ( under Aristotle ) together with the other allies was placed under the command of Pauzania , and shipped to Cyprus .

Kr . flota sastavljena od 20 peloponeskih i 30 atenskih brodova (pod Aristidom) zajedno s ostalim saveznicima stavljena je pod zapovjedništvo Pauzanija, te otplovila prema Cipru.

Kr . flota sastavljena od 20 peloponeskih i 30 atenskih brodova (pod Aristidom) zajedno s ostalim saveznicima stavljena je pod zapovjedništvo Pauzanija, te otplovila prema Cipru.

The fleet consisting of 20 Peloponnese and 30 Athens ships (under Aristotle) together with the other allies was placed under the command of Pauzania, and shipped to Cyprus.

The fleet consisting of 20 Peloponnese and 30 Athens ships (under Aristotle) together with the other allies was placed under the command of Pauzania, and shipped to Cyprus.

He then closed himself in the nearby temple where he died of hunger after a few days.

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THE SIXTH BOOK
THE SEVENTH BOOK
THE EIGHTH BOOK
95. But Pausanias, being now grown insolent, both the rest of the Grecians and especially the Ionians who had newly recovered their liberty from the king, offended with him, came to the Athenians and requested them for consanguinity's sake to become their leaders and to protect them from the violence of Pausanias. [2] The Athenians, accepting the motion, applied themselves both to the defence of these and also to the ordering of the rest of the affairs there in such sort as it should seem best to themselves. [3] In the meantime the Lacedaemonians sent for Pausanias home to examine him of such things as they had heard against him. For great crimes had been laid to his charge by the Grecians that came from thence; [4] and his government was rather an imitation of tyranny than a command in war. And it was his hap to be called home at the same time that the confederates, all but the soldiers of Peloponnesus, out of hatred to him had turned to the Athenians. [5] When he came to Lacedaemon, though he were censured for some wrongs done to private men, yet of the greatest matters he was acquit, especially of Medising, the which seemed to be the most evident of all. [6] Him therefore they sent general no more, but Dorcis, and some others with him, with no great army, whose command the confederates refused; [7] and they, finding that, went their ways likewise. And after that the Lacedaemonians sent no more, because they feared lest such as went out would prove the worse for the state, as they had seen by Pausanias, and also because they desired to be rid of the Persian war, conceiving the Athenians to be sufficient leaders and at that time their friends.
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Question: what caused pauzanie to pass away

He then closed himself in the nearby temple where he died of hunger after a few days.

Question: how many times did pauzanie voluntarily return to sparta

how many times did pauzanie voluntarily return to sparta

Question: when did pauzanie die

Question: where did pauzanie die of hunger

Question: who did pauzanie cooperate with

Question: where did pauzanie go after he was condemned

dvaput odlučio dobrovoljno vratiti u Spartu

where did pauzanie go after Grčko-perzijski ratovi was condemned

Question: who did pauzanie ask forgiveness for

He then closed himself in the nearby temple where he died of hunger after a few days .

Some modern historians believe that Pauzanie really did not cooperate with the Persians , on the basis of the fact that he was never condemned and that he decided to voluntarily return to Sparta twice , and that forgiveness against him was the imagination of political enemies . Ecdotics Athinon : “ History of the Greek Nation ” ( Istoria de Ελληνικού Έθνους ) , association B , Athens ( 1971 . )

Pauzanije se tada zatvorio u obližnjem hramu gdje je umro od gladi nakon nekoliko dana.

He then closed himself in the nearby temple where he died of hunger after a few days. Some modern historians believe that Pauzanie really did not cooperate with the Persians, on the basis of the fact that he was never condemned and that he decided to voluntarily return to Sparta twice, and that forgiveness against him was the imagination of political enemies.Ecdotics Athinon: “History of the Greek Nation” (Istoria de Ελληνικού Έθνους), association B, Athens (1971.)

He then closed himself in the nearby temple where he died of hunger after a few days.

However, he was released from all accusations, except for abuse of individuals during their private business, and he was prohibited from conducting any pleasures outside the territory of Sparte.Tukidid, I. 95.

Unhappy with this decision, Pauzania flew by a war ship from Hermione back to Byzantine, where he was no longer welcomed.

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THE FIRST BOOK
THE SECOND BOOK
THE THIRD BOOK
THE FOURTH BOOK
THE FIFTH BOOK
THE SIXTH BOOK
THE SEVENTH BOOK
THE EIGHTH BOOK
128. Contrariwise, the Athenians required the Lacedaemonians to banish such as were guilty of breach of sanctuary at Taenarus. For the Lacedaemonians, when they had caused their Helots, suppliants in the temple of Neptune at Taenarus, to forsake sanctuary, slew them: for which cause they themselves think it was that the great earthquake happened afterwards at Sparta. [2] Also they required them to purge their city of the pollution of sanctuary in the temple of Pallas Chalcioeca, which was thus. [3] After that Pausanias the Lacedaemonian was recalled by the Spartans from his charge in Hellespont, and having been called in question by them was absolved though he was no more sent abroad by the state, yet he went again into Hellespont in a galley of Hermione as a private man, without leave of the Lacedaemonians, to the Grecian war, as he gave out, but in truth to negotiate with the king, as he had before begun, aspiring to the principality of Greece. [4] Now the benefit that he had laid up with the king, and the beginning of the whole business, was at first from this. [5] When after his return from Cyprus he had taken Byzantium when he was there the first time (which, being holden by the Medes, there were taken in it some near to the king and of his kindred), unknown to the rest of the confederates he sent unto the king those near ones of his which he had taken and gave out they were run away. [6] This he practised with one Gongylus, an Eretrian, to whose charge he had committed both the town of Byzantium and the prisoners. Also he sent letters unto him which Gongylus carried wherein, as was afterwards known, was thus written: [7] ‘Pausanias, General of the Spartans, being desirous to do thee a courtesy, sendeth back unto thee these men whom he hath by arms taken prisoners. And I have a purpose, if the same seem also good unto thee, to take thy daughter in marriage and to bring Sparta and the rest of Greece into thy subjection. These things I account myself able to bring to pass if I may communicate my counsels with thee. If, therefore, any of these things do like thee, send some trusty man to the seaside by whose mediation we may confer together.’
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Question: who flew back to the byzantine war ship

However, he was released from all accusations, except for abuse of individuals during their private business, and he was prohibited from conducting any pleasures outside the territory of Sparte.Tukidid, I. 95.

Unhappy with this decision, Pauzania flew by a war ship from Hermione back to Byzantine, where he was no longer welcomed.

Question: who was the emperor of rome when pauzania flew back to byz

who was the emperor of rome when pauzania flew back to byz

Question: in which city was pauzania banished from

in which city was pauzania banished from

Question: where did pauzania go after he was released from prison

where did pauzania go after Grčko-perzijski ratovi was released from prison

Question: what was the punishment for pauzania

Question: why was pauzania released from all accusations

abuse of individuals during their private business

maltretiranje pojedinaca prilikom njihovog privatnog poslovanja

abuse of individuals during their private business

why was pauzania released from all accusations

Question: where did pauzania go back to byzantine

Question: what was pauzania forbidden from doing

conducting any pleasures outside the territory of Sparte

conducting any pleasures outside the territory of Sparte

However , he was released from all accusations , except for abuse of individuals during their private business , and he was prohibited from conducting any pleasures outside the territory of Sparte . Tukidid , I. 95 .

Unhappy with this decision , Pauzania flew by a war ship from Hermione back to Byzantine , where he was no longer welcomed .

Ipak, oslobođen je svih optužbi, osim za maltretiranje pojedinaca prilikom njihovog privatnog poslovanja, te mu je zabranjeno vođenje ikakvih pohoda izvan teritorija Sparte.Tukidid, I. 95. Nezadovoljan tom odlukom Pauzanije je otplovio ratnim brodom od Hermiona natrag u Bizantij, gdje više nije bio dobrodošao.

Ipak, oslobođen je svih optužbi, osim za maltretiranje pojedinaca prilikom njihovog privatnog poslovanja, te mu je zabranjeno vođenje ikakvih pohoda izvan teritorija Sparte.Tukidid, I. 95.

Nezadovoljan tom odlukom Pauzanije je otplovio ratnim brodom od Hermiona natrag u Bizantij, gdje više nije bio dobrodošao.

However, he was released from all accusations, except for abuse of individuals during their private business, and he was prohibited from conducting any pleasures outside the territory of Sparte.Tukidid, I. 95. Unhappy with this decision, Pauzania flew by a war ship from Hermione back to Byzantine, where he was no longer welcomed.

However, he was released from all accusations, except for abuse of individuals during their private business, and he was prohibited from conducting any pleasures outside the territory of Sparte.Tukidid, I. 95.

Unhappy with this decision, Pauzania flew by a war ship from Hermione back to Byzantine, where he was no longer welcomed.

The coalition of the Greek police that fought against the Kserks expedition was dominated by the Sparta or the Peloponese alliance.

With the withdrawal of these countries, a new congress was called on on the holy island of Delos, where a new alliance was to be established in the fight against the Persians.

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book intro
THE FIRST BOOK
THE SECOND BOOK
THE THIRD BOOK
THE FOURTH BOOK
THE FIFTH BOOK
THE SIXTH BOOK
THE SEVENTH BOOK
THE EIGHTH BOOK
96. When the Athenians had thus gotten the command by the confederates' own accord for the hatred they bare to Pausanias, they then set down an order which cities should contribute money for this war against the barbarians, and which galleys. For they pretended to repair the injuries they had suffered by laying waste the territories of the king. [2] And then first came up amongst the Athenians the office of treasurers of Greece, who were receivers of the tribute, for so they called this money contributed. And the first tribute that was taxed came to four hundred and sixty talents. The treasury was at Delos, and their meetings were kept there in the temple.
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Question: on which holy island was a new congress called on after the withdrawal of the sparta

The coalition of the Greek police that fought against the Kserks expedition was dominated by the Sparta or the Peloponese alliance.

With the withdrawal of these countries, a new congress was called on on the holy island of Delos, where a new alliance was to be established in the fight against the Persians.

on which holy island was a new congress called on after the withdrawal of the sparta

Question: who did the greeks form a new alliance against

who did the greeks form a new alliance against

Question: who dominated the peloponese alliance

Question: who fought against the kserks

Question: where was a new congress called after the withdrawal of sparta

where was a new congress called after the withdrawal of sparta

Question: who dominated the greek police that fought against the kserks expedition

who dominated the greek police that fought against the kserks expedition

Question: who did the greeks fight on delos

Question: where was a new congress called after the withdrawal of sparta and peloponese

where was a new congress called after the withdrawal of sparta and peloponese

The coalition of the Greek police that fought against the Kserks expedition was dominated by the Sparta or the Peloponese alliance .

With the withdrawal of these countries , a new congress was called on on the holy island of Delos , where a new alliance was to be established in the fight against the Persians .

Labavim savezom grčkih polisa koji se borio protiv Kserksove ekspedicije dominirala je Sparta odnosno Peloponeski savez. Odstupanjem tih zemalja, sazvan je novi kongres na svetom otoku Delosu gdje je trebao biti uspostavljen novi savez u borbi protiv Perzijanaca.

Labavim savezom grčkih polisa koji se borio protiv Kserksove ekspedicije dominirala je Sparta odnosno Peloponeski savez.

Odstupanjem tih zemalja, sazvan je novi kongres na svetom otoku Delosu gdje je trebao biti uspostavljen novi savez u borbi protiv Perzijanaca.

The coalition of the Greek police that fought against the Kserks expedition was dominated by the Sparta or the Peloponese alliance. With the withdrawal of these countries, a new congress was called on on the holy island of Delos, where a new alliance was to be established in the fight against the Persians.

The coalition of the Greek police that fought against the Kserks expedition was dominated by the Sparta or the Peloponese alliance.

With the withdrawal of these countries, a new congress was called on on the holy island of Delos, where a new alliance was to be established in the fight against the Persians.

The allies had to swear that they had the same friends and enemies, and throwing steel ingot into the sea symbolized the seal of their alliance.

According to Plutarh, the Athenian politician Aristid dedicated his whole life to engaging in internal relations between the allies, and died in Ponta during the determination of taxes to new members of the alliance.Plutarh: Aristid, XXVI.

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As touching the death of Aristides, some say he died in Pontus, on an expedition in the public service; others at Athens, of old age, honored and admired by his countrymen. But Craterus the Macedonian tells something like this about the death of the man. After the exile of Themistocles, he says, the people waxed wanton, as it were, and produced a great crop of sycophants, who hounded down the noblest and most influential men, and subjected them to the malice of the multitude, now exalted with its prosperity and power.
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Question: which athenian politician died in ponta during the determination of taxes to new members

The allies had to swear that they had the same friends and enemies, and throwing steel ingot into the sea symbolized the seal of their alliance.

According to Plutarh, the Athenian politician Aristid dedicated his whole life to engaging in internal relations between the allies, and died in Ponta during the determination of taxes to new members of the alliance.Plutarh: Aristid, XXVI.

which athenian politician died in ponta during the determination of taxes to new members

Question: aristid, the athenian politician, died in which city

aristid, the athenian politician, died in which city

Question: what symbolized the seal of an alliance

Question: what was thrown into the sea to seal the alliance

what was thrown into the sea to seal the alliance

Question: the allies had to swear that they had the same what

prijatelje i neprijatelje , a bacanje čeličnih ingota u more simboliziralo je pečaćenje njihovog

the allies had to swear that they had the same what

Question: who said aristid dedicated his whole life to engaging in internal relations between the allies

who said aristid dedicated his whole life to engaging in internal relations between the allies

Question: what did the allies have to swear about their alliance

imaju iste prijatelje i neprijatelje , a bacanje čeličnih ingota u more simboliziralo je pečaćenje njihovog

what did the allies have to swear about their alliance

Question: what did the allies have to do to seal their alliance

swear that they had the same friends and enemies

kako imaju iste prijatelje i neprijatelje , a bacanje čeličnih ingota u more simboliziralo je pečaćenje njihovog

swear that they had the same friends and enemies

what did the allies have to do to seal their alliance

The allies had to swear that they had the same friends and enemies , and throwing steel ingot into the sea symbolized the seal of their alliance .

According to Plutarh , the Athenian politician Aristid dedicated his whole life to engaging in internal relations between the allies , and died in Ponta during the determination of taxes to new members of the alliance . Plutarh : Aristid , XXVI .

Saveznici su se morali zakleti kako imaju iste prijatelje i neprijatelje, a bacanje čeličnih ingota u more simboliziralo je pečaćenje njihovog savezništva.

Prema Plutarhu, atenski političar Aristid posvetio je cijeli svoj život baveći se unutrašnjim odnosima među saveznicima, te je umro u Pontu za vrijeme određivanja poreza novim članicama saveza.Plutarh: Aristid, XXVI.

The allies had to swear that they had the same friends and enemies, and throwing steel ingot into the sea symbolized the seal of their alliance. According to Plutarh, the Athenian politician Aristid dedicated his whole life to engaging in internal relations between the allies, and died in Ponta during the determination of taxes to new members of the alliance.Plutarh: Aristid, XXVI.

The allies had to swear that they had the same friends and enemies, and throwing steel ingot into the sea symbolized the seal of their alliance.

According to Plutarh, the Athenian politician Aristid dedicated his whole life to engaging in internal relations between the allies, and died in Ponta during the determination of taxes to new members of the alliance.Plutarh: Aristid, XXVI.

The Athens and their allies were led by the Athenian politician Kimon.Sealey, page 250.

At the beginning of the next decade, Kimon led a military expedition to Little Asia where he wanted to strengthen the Greek presence.Plutarh: Kimon, XII.

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And surely there was no one who humbled the Great King himself, and reduced his haughty spirit, more than Cimon. For he did not let him go quietly away from Hellas, but followed right at his heels, as it were, and before the Barbarians had come to a halt and taken breath, he sacked and overthrew here, or subverted and annexed to the Hellenes there, until Asia from Ionia to Pamphylia was entirely cleared of Persian arms.
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Question: who led the athens and athens allies

The Athens and their allies were led by the Athenian politician Kimon.Sealey, page 250.

At the beginning of the next decade, Kimon led a military expedition to Little Asia where he wanted to strengthen the Greek presence.Plutarh: Kimon, XII.

Question: where did kimon lead his military expedition

where did kimon lead his military expedition

Question: the athensians were led by which politician

the athensians were led by which politician

Question: who led the athens and their allies

Question: how many pages are there of the athens ratovi

how many pages are there of the athens ratovi

Question: why did kimon lead a military expedition to little asia

why did kimon lead a military expedition to little asia

Question: which city was the capital of the greek empire

which city was the capital of the greek empire

The Athens and their allies were led by the Athenian politician Kimon . Sealey , page 250 .

At the beginning of the next decade , Kimon led a military expedition to Little Asia where he wanted to strengthen the Greek presence . Plutarh : Kimon , XII .

Atenjane i njihove saveznike predvodio je atenski političar Kimon.Sealey, str. 250. Početkom sljedećeg desetljeća, Kimon je vodio vojne ekspediciju u Maloj Aziji gdje je želio učvrstiti grčku prisutnost.Plutarh: Kimon, XII.

Atenjane i njihove saveznike predvodio je atenski političar Kimon.Sealey, str. 250.

Početkom sljedećeg desetljeća, Kimon je vodio vojne ekspediciju u Maloj Aziji gdje je želio učvrstiti grčku prisutnost.Plutarh: Kimon, XII.

The Athens and their allies were led by the Athenian politician Kimon.Sealey, page 250. At the beginning of the next decade, Kimon led a military expedition to Little Asia where he wanted to strengthen the Greek presence.Plutarh: Kimon, XII.

The Athens and their allies were led by the Athenian politician Kimon.Sealey, page 250.

At the beginning of the next decade, Kimon led a military expedition to Little Asia where he wanted to strengthen the Greek presence.Plutarh: Kimon, XII.

The Athenians decided on an ambitious movement of support for the rise in the Persian Satrapion of Egypt.

Although the Greek forces initially succeeded, they failed to occupy the Persian garnizon in Memfis even after three years of the city's occupation.

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book intro
THE FIRST BOOK
THE SECOND BOOK
THE THIRD BOOK
THE FOURTH BOOK
THE FIFTH BOOK
THE SIXTH BOOK
THE SEVENTH BOOK
THE EIGHTH BOOK
104. Moreover Inarus, the son of Psammetticus, an African, king of the Africans that confine on Egypt, making war from Mareia above Pharus, caused the greatest part of Egypt to rebel against the king Artaxerxes; [2] and when he had taken the government of them upon himself, he brought in the Athenians to assist him, who chancing to be then warring on Cyprus with two hundred galleys, part their own and part their confederates, left Cyprus and went to him. And going from the sea up the river of Nilus after they had made themselves masters of the river and of two parts of the city of Memphis, assaulted the third part called the White Wall. Within were of the Medes and Persians, such as had escaped, and of the Egyptians, such as had not revolted amongst the rest.
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Question: the athenians supported the rise of what persian civilization

The Athenians decided on an ambitious movement of support for the rise in the Persian Satrapion of Egypt.

Although the Greek forces initially succeeded, they failed to occupy the Persian garnizon in Memfis even after three years of the city's occupation.

the athenians supported the rise of what persian civilization

Question: where did the athenians fail to occupy the persian garnizon

where did the athenians fail to occupy the persian garnizon

Question: in which country did the athenians support the persian satrapion

in which country did the athenians support the persian satrapion

Question: how long did it take the greeks to occupy memfis

how long did it take the greeks to occupy memfis

Question: the athenians decided on an ambitious movement of support for the rise of what

the athenians decided on an ambitious movement of support for the rise of what

Question: what did the greeks fail to occupy in memfis

what did the greeks fail to occupy in memfis

Question: what movement did the athenians support in egypt

what movement did the athenians support in egypt

Question: who started the movement of support for the rise of the persian satrapion

who started the movement of support for the rise of the persian satrapion

The Athenians decided on an ambitious movement of support for the rise in the Persian Satrapion of Egypt .

Although the Greek forces initially succeeded , they failed to occupy the Persian garnizon in Memfis even after three years of the city 's occupation .

Atenjani su se odlučili na ambiciozan potez podrške ustanku u perzijskoj satrapiji Egiptu. Iako su grčke snage u početku nizale uspjehe, nisu uspjeli zauzeti perzijski garnizon u Memfisu ni nakon tri godine opsade grada.Tukidid, I. 104.

Atenjani su se odlučili na ambiciozan potez podrške ustanku u perzijskoj satrapiji Egiptu.

Iako su grčke snage u početku nizale uspjehe, nisu uspjeli zauzeti perzijski garnizon u Memfisu ni nakon tri godine opsade grada.Tukidid, I. 104.

The Athenians decided on an ambitious movement of support for the rise in the Persian Satrapion of Egypt. Although the Greek forces initially succeeded, they failed to occupy the Persian garnizon in Memfis even after three years of the city's occupation.

The Athenians decided on an ambitious movement of support for the rise in the Persian Satrapion of Egypt.

Although the Greek forces initially succeeded, they failed to occupy the Persian garnizon in Memfis even after three years of the city's occupation.

The Persians then moved to the protunapad so the Athenian army was found under occupation for 18 months, after which it was completely destroyed.

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book intro
THE FIRST BOOK
THE SECOND BOOK
THE THIRD BOOK
THE FOURTH BOOK
THE FIFTH BOOK
THE SIXTH BOOK
THE SEVENTH BOOK
THE EIGHTH BOOK
109. All this while the Athenians stayed still in Egypt and saw much variety of war. First the Athenians were masters of Egypt; [2] and the king of Persia sent one Megabazus, a Persian, with money to Lacedaemon to procure the Peloponnesians to invade Attica, and by that means to draw the Athenians out of Egypt. [3] But when this took no effect, and money was spent to no purpose, Megabazus returned with the money he had left into Asia. [4] And then was Megabazus the son of Zopyrus, a Persian, sent into Egypt with great forces, and coming in by land overthrew the Egyptians and their confederates in a battle, drave the Grecians out of Memphis, and finally inclosed them in the isle of Prosopis. There he besieged them a year and a half, till such time as having drained the channel and turned the water another way, he made their galleys lie aground and the island for the most part continent, and so came over and won the island with land soldiers.
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Question: how long was the athenian army under occupation

The Persians then moved to the protunapad so the Athenian army was found under occupation for 18 months, after which it was completely destroyed.

how long was the athenian army under occupation

Question: where did the persians move to after the athenian siege

where did the persians move to after the athenian siege

Question: where did the greek forces fail to occupy the persian garnizon

where did the greek forces fail to occupy the persian garnizon

Question: what was the name of the persian garnizon that the greeks failed to

what was the name of the persian garnizon that the greeks failed to

Question: where did the persians move after the athenian siege

where did the persians move after the athenian siege

Question: how long did it take the persians to occupy memfis

how long did it take the persians to occupy memfis

Question: how many months did the athenian army remain under occupation

how many months did the athenian army remain under occupation

The Persians then moved to the protunapad so the Athenian army was found under occupation for 18 months , after which it was completely destroyed .

Iako su grčke snage u početku nizale uspjehe, nisu uspjeli zauzeti perzijski garnizon u Memfisu ni nakon tri godine opsade grada.Tukidid, I. 104. Perzijanci su tada krenuli u protunapad pa se atenska vojska našla pod opsadom 18 mjeseci, nakon čega je potpuno uništena.Tukidid, I. 109.

Perzijanci su tada krenuli u protunapad pa se atenska vojska našla pod opsadom 18 mjeseci, nakon čega je potpuno uništena.Tukidid, I. 109.

Although the Greek forces initially succeeded, they failed to occupy the Persian garnizon in Memfis even after three years of the city's occupation. The Persians then moved to the protunapad so the Athenian army was found under occupation for 18 months, after which it was completely destroyed.

The Persians then moved to the protunapad so the Athenian army was found under occupation for 18 months, after which it was completely destroyed.

A reconciliation agreed in Greece, so Kimon could unhappyly launch a new military expedition to Cyprus.

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book intro
THE FIRST BOOK
THE SECOND BOOK
THE THIRD BOOK
THE FOURTH BOOK
THE FIFTH BOOK
THE SIXTH BOOK
THE SEVENTH BOOK
THE EIGHTH BOOK
113. Some space of time after this, the outlaws of Boeotia being seized of Orchomenus and Chaeroneia and certain other places of Boeotia, the Athenians made war upon those places, being their enemies, with a thousand men of arms of their own and as many of their confederates as severally came in, under the conduct of Tolmidas the son of Tolmaeus. [2] And when they had taken Chaeroneia, they carried away the inhabitants captives and, leaving a garrison in the city, departed. In their return, those outlaws that were in Orchomenus, together with the Locrians of Opus and the Euboean outlaws and others of the same faction, set upon them at Coroneia; [3] and overcoming the Athenians in battle, some they slew and some they took alive. [4] Whereupon the Athenians relinquished all Boeotia and made peace with condition to have their prisoners released. So the outlaws and the rest returned, and lived again under their own laws.
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Question: where did kimon launch a new military expedition

A reconciliation agreed in Greece, so Kimon could unhappyly launch a new military expedition to Cyprus.

where did kimon launch a new military expedition

Question: in which country did kimon launch a new military expedition to cyprus

in which country did kimon launch a new military expedition to cyprus

Question: who launched a new military expedition to cyprus

who launched a new military expedition to cyprus

Question: what type of agreement is needed to launch a new military expedition to cyprus

what type of agreement is needed to launch a new military expedition to cyprus

Question: what did greece need in order to launch a new military expedition to cyprus

what did greece need in order to launch a new military expedition to cyprus

Question: what caused kimon to launch a new military expedition to cyprus

what caused kimon to launch a new military expedition to cyprus

Question: where did kimon launch his new military expedition

where did kimon launch his new military expedition

Question: what did kimon want to do with cyprus

A reconciliation agreed in Greece , so Kimon could unhappyly launch a new military expedition to Cyprus .

Kr . u Grčkoj je dogovoreno primirje pa je Kimon nesmetano mogao pokrenuti novu vojnu ekspediciju na Cipru.

Kr . u Grčkoj je dogovoreno primirje pa je Kimon nesmetano mogao pokrenuti novu vojnu ekspediciju na Cipru.

A reconciliation agreed in Greece, so Kimon could unhappyly launch a new military expedition to Cyprus.

A reconciliation agreed in Greece, so Kimon could unhappyly launch a new military expedition to Cyprus.

The .

which attempted to prevent them from withdrawal.Tukidid, I. 113.

This unsuccessful Athenian march marked the end of the enemy between the Delhi Alliance and the Persian Empire, i.e. the end of the military operations of the Greco-Persian wars.Plutarch: Kimon, XIX.

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He died while besieging Citium, of sickness, as most say.1 But some say it was of a wound which he got while fighting the Barbarians. As he was dying he bade those about him to sail away at once and to conceal his death. And so it came to pass that neither the enemy nor the allies understood what had happened, and the force was brought back in safety ‘under the command of Cimon,’ as Phanodemus says, ‘who had been dead for thirty days.’
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Question: who led the unsuccessful athenian march

The .

which attempted to prevent them from withdrawal.Tukidid, I. 113.

This unsuccessful Athenian march marked the end of the enemy between the Delhi Alliance and the Persian Empire, i.e. the end of the military operations of the Greco-Persian wars.Plutarch: Kimon, XIX.

Question: the athenian march marked the end of the conflict between which two empires

The .

the athenian march marked the end of the conflict between which two empires

Question: what marked the end of the enemy between the delhi alliance and the persian empire

The .

what marked the end of the enemy between the delhi alliance and the persian empire

Question: the athenian march marked the end of what wars

The .

the athenian march marked the end of what wars

Question: which empire did the delhi alliance defeat

The .

which empire did the delhi alliance defeat

Question: in what year did the athenian march end

The .

Question: who did the delhi alliance fight in the greco-persian wars

The .

who did the delhi alliance fight in the greco-persian wars

which attempted to prevent them from withdrawal . Tukidid , I. 113 .

This unsuccessful Athenian march marked the end of the enemy between the Delhi Alliance and the Persian Empire , i.e. the end of the military operations of the Greco - Persian wars . Plutarch : Kimon , XIX .

. koja ih je pokušala spriječiti u povlačenju.Tukidid, I. 113. Ovaj neuspješni atenski pohod označio je kraj neprijateljstva između Delskog saveza i Perzijskog Carstva, odnosno prestanak vojnih operacija grčko-perzijskih ratova.Plutarh: Kimon, XIX.

koja ih je pokušala spriječiti u povlačenju.Tukidid, I. 113.

Ovaj neuspješni atenski pohod označio je kraj neprijateljstva između Delskog saveza i Perzijskog Carstva, odnosno prestanak vojnih operacija grčko-perzijskih ratova.Plutarh: Kimon, XIX.

The . which attempted to prevent them from withdrawal.Tukidid, I. 113. This unsuccessful Athenian march marked the end of the enemy between the Delhi Alliance and the Persian Empire, i.e. the end of the military operations of the Greco-Persian wars.Plutarch: Kimon, XIX.

which attempted to prevent them from withdrawal.Tukidid, I. 113.

This unsuccessful Athenian march marked the end of the enemy between the Delhi Alliance and the Persian Empire, i.e. the end of the military operations of the Greco-Persian wars.Plutarch: Kimon, XIX.

After the battle at the Cyprus Salamine, the historian Tukidid no longer mentioned the conflicts with the Persians, i.e. says that the Greeks have returned home.

On the other hand, Diodor from Sicily claims that after Salamine was signed the Calais peace; a peace agreement between the Greek police and the Persian Empire.Diodor from Sicily: “Library”, XII.

Question: who said that the greeks returned home after the battle of cyprus salamine

After the battle at the Cyprus Salamine, the historian Tukidid no longer mentioned the conflicts with the Persians, i.e. says that the Greeks have returned home.

On the other hand, Diodor from Sicily claims that after Salamine was signed the Calais peace; a peace agreement between the Greek police and the Persian Empire.Diodor from Sicily: “Library”, XII.

who said that the greeks returned home after the battle of cyprus salamine

Question: who is the sicilian historian who claims that salamine was a peace agreement between

who is the sicilian historian who claims that salamine was a peace agreement between

Question: who claims that salamine was signed by the greek police and the persian empire

who claims that salamine was signed by the greek police and the persian empire

Question: what peace agreement between the greek police and the persian empire was signed after sal

what peace agreement between the greek police and the persian empire was signed after sal

Question: what peace agreement between the greeks and the persians was signed after salamine

what peace agreement between the greeks and the persians was signed after salamine

Question: who did tukidid say the greeks returned home to after the battle

who did tukidid say the greeks returned home to after the battle

Question: who signed the calais peace agreement

After the battle at the Cyprus Salamine , the historian Tukidid no longer mentioned the conflicts with the Persians , i.e. says that the Greeks have returned home .

On the other hand , Diodor from Sicily claims that after Salamine was signed the Calais peace ; a peace agreement between the Greek police and the Persian Empire . Diodor from Sicily : “ Library ” , XII .

Kr. Nakon bitke kod ciparske Salamine, povjesničar Tukidid više ne spominje sukobe s Perzijancima, odnosno govori kako su se Grci vratili kući. S druge strane, Diodor sa Sicilije tvrdi kako je nakon Salamine potpisan Kalijin mir; mirovni sporazum između grčkih polisa i Perzijskog Carstva.Diodor sa Sicilije: „Knjižnica“, XII.

Kr. Nakon bitke kod ciparske Salamine, povjesničar Tukidid više ne spominje sukobe s Perzijancima, odnosno govori kako su se Grci vratili kući.

S druge strane, Diodor sa Sicilije tvrdi kako je nakon Salamine potpisan Kalijin mir; mirovni sporazum između grčkih polisa i Perzijskog Carstva.Diodor sa Sicilije: „Knjižnica“, XII.

After the battle at the Cyprus Salamine, the historian Tukidid no longer mentioned the conflicts with the Persians, i.e. says that the Greeks have returned home. On the other hand, Diodor from Sicily claims that after Salamine was signed the Calais peace; a peace agreement between the Greek police and the Persian Empire.Diodor from Sicily: “Library”, XII.

After the battle at the Cyprus Salamine, the historian Tukidid no longer mentioned the conflicts with the Persians, i.e. says that the Greeks have returned home.

On the other hand, Diodor from Sicily claims that after Salamine was signed the Calais peace; a peace agreement between the Greek police and the Persian Empire.Diodor from Sicily: “Library”, XII.

There is a possibility that the Athenians have previously tried to negotiate with the Persians.

Plutarh notes that after the battle at Eurimedon, the Persian king Artakserkso I agreed to a peace agreement with the Greek police, and cites Kalia as the Athens ambassador to the negotiations.

Question: who was the athens ambassador to the persians

There is a possibility that the Athenians have previously tried to negotiate with the Persians.

Plutarh notes that after the battle at Eurimedon, the Persian king Artakserkso I agreed to a peace agreement with the Greek police, and cites Kalia as the Athens ambassador to the negotiations.

who was the athens ambassador to the persians

Question: which persian king agreed to a peace agreement with the greek police

which persian king agreed to a peace agreement with the greek police

Question: who did the athenians try to negotiate with

who did the athenians try to negotiate with

Question: at which battle did the persian king artakserkso i agree to a

at which battle did the persian king artakserkso i agree to a

Question: who said that the athenians tried to negotiate with the persians

who said that the athenians tried to negotiate with the persians

Question: who did artakserkso i negotiate with after the battle at eurim

who did artakserkso i negotiate with after the battle at eurim

Question: at what battle did artakserkso i agree to a peace agreement with the

at what battle did artakserkso i agree to a peace agreement with the

There is a possibility that the Athenians have previously tried to negotiate with the Persians .

Plutarh notes that after the battle at Eurimedon , the Persian king Artakserkso I agreed to a peace agreement with the Greek police , and cites Kalia as the Athens ambassador to the negotiations .

Postoji mogućnost kako su prethodno Atenjani pokušali pregovarati s Perzijancima. Plutarh spominje kako je nakon bitke kod Eurimedona perzijski kralj Artakserkso I. pristao na mirovni sporazum s grčkim polisima, te spominje Kaliju kao atenskog veleposlanika koji je vodio pregovore.

Postoji mogućnost kako su prethodno Atenjani pokušali pregovarati s Perzijancima.

Plutarh spominje kako je nakon bitke kod Eurimedona perzijski kralj Artakserkso I. pristao na mirovni sporazum s grčkim polisima, te spominje Kaliju kao atenskog veleposlanika koji je vodio pregovore.

There is a possibility that the Athenians have previously tried to negotiate with the Persians. Plutarh notes that after the battle at Eurimedon, the Persian king Artakserkso I agreed to a peace agreement with the Greek police, and cites Kalia as the Athens ambassador to the negotiations.

There is a possibility that the Athenians have previously tried to negotiate with the Persians.

Plutarh notes that after the battle at Eurimedon, the Persian king Artakserkso I agreed to a peace agreement with the Greek police, and cites Kalia as the Athens ambassador to the negotiations.

The Greek-Persian conflict continued in the wider context of the confrontation between the European and Asian forces, which dates back to the time of the Trojan War.

After falling under the Roman rule, Greece, despite all-priced cultural hellenism, completely lost its military-political strength in the benefit of the Republic of Rome, which established itself as the only European superpower.

Question: greece lost its military-political strength in the benefit of which republic

Rimske Republike koja se nametnula kao jedina europska

The Greek-Persian conflict continued in the wider context of the confrontation between the European and Asian forces, which dates back to the time of the Trojan War.

After falling under the Roman rule, Greece, despite all-priced cultural hellenism, completely lost its military-political strength in the benefit of the Republic of Rome, which established itself as the only European superpower.

greece lost its military-political strength in the benefit of which republic

Question: the greek-persian conflict dates back to which war

the greek-persian conflict dates back to which war

Question: what was the name of the conflict between european and asian forces

what was the name of the conflict between european and asian forces

Question: greece fell under which rule

Question: who helped greece regain its military power

Rimske Republike koja se nametnula kao jedina europska

who helped greece regain its military power

Question: which conflict dates back to the time of the trojan war

which conflict dates back to the time of the trojan war

Question: who was involved in the greek-persian conflict

who was involved in the greek-persian conflict

The Greek - Persian conflict continued in the wider context of the confrontation between the European and Asian forces , which dates back to the time of the Trojan War .

After falling under the Roman rule , Greece , despite all - priced cultural hellenism , completely lost its military - political strength in the benefit of the Republic of Rome , which established itself as the only European superpower .

Kr., grčko-perzijski sukob nastavio se u širem kontekstu konfrontacije između europskih i azijskih sila, koji datira još od doba Trojanskog rata. Nakon pada pod rimsku vlast Grčka je unatoč sveprisutnom kulturnom helenizmu potpuno izgubila svoju vojno-političku snagu u korist Rimske Republike koja se nametnula kao jedina europska supersila.

Kr., grčko-perzijski sukob nastavio se u širem kontekstu konfrontacije između europskih i azijskih sila, koji datira još od doba Trojanskog rata.

Nakon pada pod rimsku vlast Grčka je unatoč sveprisutnom kulturnom helenizmu potpuno izgubila svoju vojno-političku snagu u korist Rimske Republike koja se nametnula kao jedina europska supersila.

The Greek-Persian conflict continued in the wider context of the confrontation between the European and Asian forces, which dates back to the time of the Trojan War. After falling under the Roman rule, Greece, despite all-priced cultural hellenism, completely lost its military-political strength in the benefit of the Republic of Rome, which established itself as the only European superpower.

The Greek-Persian conflict continued in the wider context of the confrontation between the European and Asian forces, which dates back to the time of the Trojan War.

After falling under the Roman rule, Greece, despite all-priced cultural hellenism, completely lost its military-political strength in the benefit of the Republic of Rome, which established itself as the only European superpower.

On the other hand, the former Ahemenid Persian Empire has restored the former power by the rise of the Iranian dynasties Party, Party (Iran Chamber) and later Sasanida.

The attempt of the Roman army leader Mark Krass to conquer the Party Kingdom in 53 B.C.

by Kr

The battle at Haran (Unrv.com) began a centuries-old Roman-Persian conflict that lasted until the Islamic conquest.

Question: who was the roman army leader who tried to conquer the party kingdom in 53 bc

On the other hand, the former Ahemenid Persian Empire has restored the former power by the rise of the Iranian dynasties Party, Party (Iran Chamber) and later Sasanida.

The attempt of the Roman army leader Mark Krass to conquer the Party Kingdom in 53 B.C.

by Kr

The battle at Haran (Unrv.com) began a centuries-old Roman-Persian conflict that lasted until the Islamic conquest.

who was the roman army leader who tried to conquer the party kingdom in 53 bc

Question: which empire was overthrown by the rise of the sasanida

by Kr

which empire was overthrown by the rise of the sasanida

Question: what was the former name of the persian empire

by Kr

what was the former name of the persian empire

Question: what two dynasties restored power in the former ahemenid persia

by Kr

what two dynasties restored power in the former ahemenid persia

Question: what ended the roman-persian conflict

by Kr

Question: when did mark krass try to conquer the party kingdom

by Kr

when did mark krass try to conquer the party kingdom

Question: who was the leader of the party kingdom

by Kr

Question: what was the name of the dynasties that came after the roman empire

by Kr

what was the name of the dynasties that came after the roman empire

On the other hand , the former Ahemenid Persian Empire has restored the former power by the rise of the Iranian dynasties Party , Party ( Iran Chamber ) and later Sasanida .

The attempt of the Roman army leader Mark Krass to conquer the Party Kingdom in 53 B.C.

The battle at Haran ( Unrv.com ) began a centuries - old Roman - Persian conflict that lasted until the Islamic conquest .

S druge strane, nekadašnje Ahemenidsko Perzijsko Carstvo obnovilo je nekadašnju snagu usponom iranskih dinastija Parta,Parti (Iran Chamber) te kasnije Sasanida.Sasanidi (Iran Chamber)

Pokušajem rimskog vojskovođe Marka Krasa da osvoji Partsko kraljevstvo 53. pr.

.Bitka kod Harana (Unrv.com) započeo je višestoljetni rimsko-perzijski sukob koji je trajao sve do islamskog osvajanja.

On the other hand, the former Ahemenid Persian Empire has restored the former power by the rise of the Iranian dynasties Party, Party (Iran Chamber) and later Sasanida. The attempt of the Roman army leader Mark Krass to conquer the Party Kingdom in 53 B.C. by Kr The battle at Haran (Unrv.com) began a centuries-old Roman-Persian conflict that lasted until the Islamic conquest.

On the other hand, the former Ahemenid Persian Empire has restored the former power by the rise of the Iranian dynasties Party, Party (Iran Chamber) and later Sasanida.

The attempt of the Roman army leader Mark Krass to conquer the Party Kingdom in 53 B.C.

The battle at Haran (Unrv.com) began a centuries-old Roman-Persian conflict that lasted until the Islamic conquest.

by Kr