mini|120px|desno|Grčko slovo "psi", uobičajena oznaka koja predstavlja psihologiju općenito
Psihologija je društvena znanost koja se bavi moždanim procesima i njihovim izražavanjem u ponašanju. Psihologija nastoji sustavnim empirijskim istraživanjima steći znanje o uzrocima i načinu ponašanja pojedinca, te o tome na koji način ljudi doživljavaju svijet u kojem žive. Među psihičke procese ubrajamo osjete, percepciju, pažnju, pamćenje, mišljenje, emocije i motivaciju.Medical Definition of Psychology Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

Izraz "psihologija" je sastavnica koja potječe iz grčkog psiha  = duh, duša, život, um, dah i logos = govor, riječ, promišljanje, rasuđivanje. U doslovnom smislu, riječ psihologija znači promišljanje ili rasuđivanje o duhu ili duši. Pojam se, kao takav, prvi put spominje tijekom šesnaestog stoljeća, u djelima Philipa MelanchthonaEtimologija riječi psihologija Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021. i u naslovu izgubljenog rada Marka Marulića - Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae.Classics in the History of Psychology Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

Povijesno, psihologija je bila disciplina filozofije, iz koje se izdvojila 1879. godine osnivanjem prvog psihologijskog laboratorija u Leipzigu, pod vodstvom Wilhelma Wundta. Ovo je bio prvi laboratorij na svijetu koji se bavio originalnim istraživanjima i eksperimentima iz polja psihologije, iako je William James još 1875. održavao demonstracije i teorijska predavanja o psihologiji na Harvardovom sveučilištu.The First Experimental Psychology Lab Pristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

 Discipline

Pod jedinstvenim imenom psihologija možemo naći mnoštvo povezanih disciplina. Neke od njih su:What Are the Branches of Psychology? Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.What is psychology and what does it involve Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.
eksperimentalna psihologija – proučavanje reakcija čovjeka, u kontroliranim uvjetima, na namjerno inducirane podražaje, bilo fizičke, ili socijalne
psihometrija – bavi se metodologijom i statističkom osnovom mjerenja psihičkih osobina pojedinca i grupe, te izradom i validacijom psihologijskih testova i upitnika
socijalna psihologija – proučava ponašanje ljudi u grupama, ali i odnos pojedinca i grupe
klinička psihologija – bavi se dijagnostikom i terapijom patoloških oblika ponašanja
psihologija rada – jedna od grana u multidisciplinarnom pristupu ergonomije, proučava odnos pojedinca prema radu, te nastoji pronaći načine što boljeg prilagođavanja rada čovjeku
psihologija životinja – istražuje ponašanje životinja u laboratorijskim i prirodnim uvjetima života, te veze između ljudskog i životinjskog ponašanja
psihologija sporta – opisuje socijalne i emocionalne uvjete s kojima se susreću sportaši (najčešće profesionalni) prilikom obavljanja svojih aktivnosti, te pomaže u optimizaciji istih
biološka psihologija i neuropsihologija – grane multidisciplinarnog pristupa neuroznanosti koje istražuju organske osnove psihičkih procesa i ponašanja
organizacijska psihologija – istražuje procese povezane sa psihičkim životom u organizacijama
psihologija komunikacije – istraživanje utjecaja verbalne, paraverbalne i neverbalne komunikacije na ponašanje pojedinca i grupe
forenzička psihologija – proučava ponašanje i motivaciju pojedinaca koji su u procesu krivičnog ili prekršajnog pravnog postupka
vojna psihologija – bavi se specifičnim problemima vezanim uz ponašanje vojnika (npr. nošenje sa stresom u borbenoj situaciji, utjecaj zapovjedne strukture na pojedinca, itd.)
kognitivna psihologija – proučava spoznajne i intelektualne funkcije i njihovu vezu s čovjekovim ponašanjem
psihopovijest – znanost o psihološkim motivima povijesnih događanjaPhilip Pomper (1973.) Problems of a Naturalistic Psychohistory History and Theory, 12, 4, str. 367.-388. https://doi.org/10.2307/2504699 Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.
razvojna psihologija – opisuje utjecaj odrastanja (fizičkog i emocionalnog) i starenja na ponašanje
dječja psihologija – grana razvojne i kliničke psihologije usmjerena na razdoblje od rođenja do kraja adolescencije, uz dodatni naglasak na dijagnostiku i tretman poteškoća u razvoju
psihologija odgoja i obrazovanja – bavi se školskom problematikom i utjecajem odgojno-obrazovnog procesa na ponašanje učenika
psihologija prodaje – jedna od grana u multidisciplinarnom pristupu marketinga, opisuje ponašanje i sklonosti ljudi prilikom kupnje i prodaje
psihologija ličnosti – istraživanje karakteristika (tzv. crte ličnosti) kojima se može opisati cjelokupno djelovanje neke osobe

 Metode psihologije
Svaka znanost određena je metodama kojima se u istraživanju koristi. Kao empirijska znanost psihologija istražuje samo ono što se može opažati i provjeriti, a do spoznaja dolazi sustavnim istraživanjima. Glavne metode psihologijskog istraživanja su eksperiment te primjena testova i upitnika. Osim njih koriste se studija slučaja, samoopažanje, opažanje u prirodnim uvjetima i anketno ispitivanje.Methods of Psychology Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

1. Samoopažanje ili introspekcija
 sustavno opažanje vlastitih psihičkih procesa
 vrlo subjektivna metoda, ovisi o iskrenosti ispitanika
 ne možemo uvijek točno opisati što želimo zbog naše velike psihološke slojevitosti

2. Opažanje u prirodnim uvjetima
 opažanje isključivo ponašanja
 često se koristi u dječjoj psihologiji
 dugotrajna metoda koja je pod prevelikim utjecajem interpretacije promatrača

3. Anketa
 za ispitivanje javnog mnijenja i tržišta
 postupak kojim se prikupljaju i analiziraju izjave ljudi kako bismo dobili podatke o njihovim interesima, stavovima itd.
 uvijek je anonimna, s jasnim, kratkim i nedvosmislenim pitanjima
 važno je uzeti reprezentativni uzorak ispitanika
 intervju – vrsta ankete u kojoj se pitanja postavljaju usmenim putem

4. Studija slučaja
 može biti previše subjektivna
 dubinsko proučavanje pojedinca i njegovog slučaja

5. Eksperiment
 vrhunac znanstvene spoznaje
 postupak u kojem se u kontroliranim uvjetima namjerno izaziva neka pojava radi opažanja i mjerenja
 točno znamo uzrok i posljedicu
 dijelovi eksperimenta:
 problem – pitanje koje traži odgovor
 hipoteza – pretpostavljeni odgovor na problem, na kraju se ili potvrdi ili odbaci
 zavisna varijabla – predmet proučavanja i mjerenja
 nezavisna varijabla – varijabla koju namjerno unosimo u eksperiment i variramo da provjerimo utjecaj na zavisnu

6. Testovi i upitnici
 standardizirane mjere kojima se ispituju sposobnosti, karakteristike i vještine
 primjeri – Wechslerova skala inteligencije za odrasle (WAIS), Wechslerova skala inteligencije za djecu (WISC), Eysenckov upitnik ličnosti (EPQ), NEO-PI-R, itd.
 ovise o statističkim parametrima kako bi bili primjenjivi, prije svega o pouzdanosti i valjanosti

 Povijest psihologije

 Početak psihologije kao znanosti
mini|120px|lijevo|Wilhelm Wundt
Početkom psihologije se smatra osnivanje Wundtovog laboratorija u Leipzigu 1879. godine, iako je, četiri godine ranije, na Harvardu, William James održavao demonstracije i predavanja s temama iz psihologije. Wundtov pristup naziva se strukturalizam, jer je pokušao opisati pojedine dijelove svijesti, uglavnom kroz treniranje ispitanika u metodi samoopažanja. Jamesov pristup nazivamo funkcionalizam, s obzirom na to da je on ljudskom ponašanju i mentalnim procesima prišao s gledišta Darwinove teorije evolucije.History of PychologyPristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

 Psihoanaliza i gestalt
Početkom dvadesetog stoljeća, u Europi, Freud je postao jedan od prvih zagovaratelja kliničke psihologije i postavio osnovne ideje o utjecaju ranog djetinjstva na sveukupni razvoj čovjeka, kroz svoj pristup psihoanalize. Osim njega, psiholozi gestalt škole su također bili utjecajni na njemačkom govornom području, sve do dolaska nacizma na vlast, kad većina bježi u SAD. Ovaj pristup je bio važan na polju istraživanja percepcije, a osnovni princip glasi "cjelina je više od zbroja dijelova" (npr. pjesma je perceptivni doživljaj harmonije, melodije i ritma, više od zbroja individualnih nota).History of PychologyPristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

 Biheviorizam
Biheviorizam se, kao najutjecajnija psihologijska teorija prve polovice 20. stoljeća, razvija iz rada fiziologa Ivana Pavlova u Rusiji i, kasnije, kroz karijeru Johna B. Watsona i B.F. Skinnera u SAD-u. Ovo je pristup usmjeren isključivo na vidljiva i mjerljiva ponašanja, kojim se detaljno može opisati proces učenja. Centralne ideje u biheviorizmu su klasično i operantno uvjetovanje, kojima se opisuje povezivanje podražaja s određenim ponašanjima, te postepena promjena u tom ponašanju, koja je pokazatelj učenja.History of PychologyPristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

 Kognitivizam
mini|120px|desno|Noam Chomsky
Kognitivizam je odgovor na izrazitu usmjerenost biheviorizma na ponašanje i istovremeno ignoriranje mentalnih procesa. U ovom pristupu se osim veze između podražaja i ponašanja, naglašava obrada informacija, tj. kognicija. Jedan od glavnih predstavnika kognitivizma je Noam Chomsky. U Europi su Wundtov strukturalizam i gestalt teorija već bili usmjereni na mentalne procese, te je stoga prijelaz na kognitivizam bio lakši,History of PychologyPristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021. ali u SAD-u je utjecaj biheviorizma bio značajan i tek je ključno istraživanje Edward C. Tolmana, tijekom 1930.-ih i 40.-ih godina, pokrenulo taj prijelaz. Tolman je dokazao da štakori mogu naučiti put kroz kompliciran labirint bez potrebe da inicijalno dobiju hranu kao nagradu na kraju. Ovime je dokazan mentalni proces latentnog učenja, odnosno stvaranje kognitivne prostorne mape u pamćenju štakora.Tolman - Latent LearningPristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

 Humanizam
U SAD-u se, 1930.-ih i 40.-ih godina, također razvija humanizam, uglavnom na polju kliničke psihologije. On je bio odgovor na pesimističan pogled koji je na ljudsku vrstu imala Freudova psihoanaliza i redukcionizam kojeg je iskazivala bihevioristička psihologija. U radovima Abrahama Maslowa i Carla Rogersa naglašava se slobodna volja, izbor, usmjerenost ponašanja, samopoštovanje, itd. Oni smatraju da je ljudsko djelovanje više od jednostavnog reagiranja na podražaje ili robovanja nesvjesnom, te da ima cilj koji svatko za sebe može odabrati. Jedna popularna, iako istraživanjima slabo potvrđena, hipoteza koju promovira Maslow je tzv. hijerarhija potreba. Potrebe dijeli na fiziološke, sigurnosne, socijalne, potrebe za poštovanjem i samoaktualizaciju, koja predstavlja prije spomenuto individualno ostvarenje ciljeva i mogućnosti pojedinca.History of PychologyPristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

 Multikulturalna psihologija
Zbog izrazitog utjecaja američke i europskih kultura na razvoj psihologije, sustavno je došlo do određenih grešaka u pristupu ljudskom ponašanju, zbog čega se neke od psihologijskih teorija ne mogu primijeniti na sve ljude. Noviji pristupi (od 1990.-ih) pokušavaju to ispraviti, te je kulturalni utjecaj na ponašanje sve češća varijabla u istraživanjima, od jednostavnih reakcija do crta ličnosti. Ovaj pristup nazivamo multikulturalna psihologija i komplementaran je s prethodnima, tj. pokušava postojeća znanja proširiti i prilagoditi na što je moguće veću populaciju ljudi.History of PychologyPristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

 Povijest hrvatske psihologije
Ramiro Bujas je 1920. godine osnovao naš prvi laboratorij eksperimentalne psihologije pri Medicinskom Fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a 1929. Katedru za psihologiju, na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Radovi kojima je posvetio najviše pažnje odnose se na psihogalvanski fenomen, tj. elektrodermalnu reakciju tijekom emocionalnih doživljaja, proučavanje procesa ispitivanja i ocjenjivanja učenika (dokimologiju) i čitljivost tiskanih slova, riječi i teksta.Bujas, Ramiro Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.) Prilozi povijesti psihologije u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb: FF Press

Osam godina prije Bujasa, Elza Kučera provodila je prve eksperimente s područja psihologije u Hrvatskoj. Rad na ispitivanjima Fereovog efekta (vrsta elektrodermalne reakcije) obavljala je najvjerojatnije iz svog stana, u kojem je uspostavila jednostavan laboratorij 1912. godine. Dvije godine kasnije je u Nastavnom vjesniku objavila rad „Psihogalvanska refleksna pojava prema svome značenju za psihologiju čuvstava“, u kojem zaključno raspravlja o mogućoj upotrebi tog refleksa u kliničkoj praksi te kriminalistici.V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.) Prilozi povijesti psihologije u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb: FF Press

Nakon Ramira Bujasa, njegov sin Zoran Bujas je postao jedna od ključnih osoba psihologije u Hrvatskoj. Imao je plodnu istraživačku karijeru, a glavno područje interesa mu je bila psihofizika i psihofiziologija, pogotovo eksperimenti vezani uz osjet okusa. Čak 54 objavljena rada se bave okusom, a još dodatnih 22 drugim temama iz eksperimentalne psihologije. Bio je svjetski znan stručnjak na tom polju što je vidljivo iz više znanstvenih članaka objavljenih u međunarodnim časopisima i autorstvu poglavlja "Electrical Taste" u priručniku "Handbook of Sensory Physiology".V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.) Prilozi povijesti psihologije u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb: FF Press

 Psihoterapija

 Psihoanaliza
mini|120px|desno|Sigmund FreudTeorija i metode dubinske psihologije koju je početkom 20. st. utemeljio Sigmund Freud kako bi objasnio duševne procese, ali i nastajanje i liječenje psiholoških poremećaja.Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021. Predstavlja teorijski skup koji se temelji na dvije postavke:
 1. Psihoanalitička teorija ličnosti
Psiha čovjeka je prema Freudu podijeljena u tri područja (instance): Id, Ego i Superego. Id predstavlja iskonske biološke, animalističke nagone čovjeka koji nestaju poslije njihova zadovoljavanja. Superego predstavlja moralne, etičke vrijednosti i norme društva, odnosno ima funkciju savjesti osobnosti. Ego je posrednik između Ida i Superega. On je središnja instanca odlučivanja koja pokušava uskladiti potrebe Ida s preduvjetima Superega.

 2. Psihoanalitička razvojna psihologija
Osnova razvoja u psihoanalizi je razvoj libida (seksualnog nagona). Prema Freudovom konceptu, ovisno o dobnoj razini, libido obilježava različite regije tijela djeteta:
- oralna faza (prva godina života) – tijekom tog razdoblja usta su centar tjelesnog uzbuđenja ili napetosti,
- analna faza (druga do treća godina života)- izražava fiksaciju na analnu fazu i odnosi se prema svijetu putem želje za upravljanjem i moći,
- falusna faza (četvrta do šesta godina) – tijekom te faze postoji privlačnost prema roditelju suprotnoga spola, a uzbuđenja i napetosti su usredotočene na genitalije,
- latentna faza (sedma do deseta godina) – nastaje smanjenje seksualnih nagona i interesa,
- genitalna faza (od jedanaeste godine) – faza povezana s početkom puberteta.
Kao moguće krize ili problemi unutar psihoseksualnog razvoja, tzv. fiksacije, mogu se javiti Edipov kompleks, Elektrin kompleks ili zavist na penisu. Prema Sigmundu Freudu nesvjesni psihički procesi (prije svega oni koji potječu iz djetinjstva) mogu znatno utjecati na pojavu psihičkih poremećaja, kao što su neuroze. Procesi koji potječu iz djetinjstva podliježu mehanizmu potiskivanja i tjedno bi se tijekom trajanja psihoanalitičke terapije trebali izazvati i ponovno proživjeti, kako bi se u odrasloj dobi mogli svladati. Pacijent tijekom seanse treba izgovoriti sve što mu padne na pamet (slobodna asocijacija). Važni elementi psihoanalize su prenošenje i tumačenje snova. Klasično psihoanalitičko liječenje traje nekoliko godina. Psihoanalitičke škole koje i danas još postoje djelomično se, a ponekad i znatno, razlikuju jedna od druge. Tako postoje oblici liječenja kao što je skraćena psihoanalitička terapija ili fokalna terapija. Liječenju djece i mladih prilagođena su načela dječje analize Anne Freud i Melanie Klein. Dječja psihoanaliza primjenjuje se primjerice kod depresije i opsesivne neuroze.

 Kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija
Ovom se terapijom pokušava doći do misli koje su u osnovi ponašanja i navika, a učenjem konstruktivnijih oblika ponašanja postiže se promjena i poboljšanje situacije klijenta. Koristi se u terapiji širokog spektra kliničke problematike, a primjeri su: ovisnosti, fobije, anksioznost, depresija, bipolarni poremećaj, problemi sa stresom, panični napadi, itd. Kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija (engl. skraćenica: CBT) ima nekoliko pristupa:What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)? Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

 1. Kognitivna terapija pronalazi i pokušava ispraviti nekonstruktivne i intruzivne misli, ponašanja i emocionalne reakcije.
 2. Dijalektička bihevioralna terapija uključuje strategije emocionalne regulacije i osjetljivosti prilikom promjene ponašanja.
 3. Multimodalna terapija se bavi sa sedam modaliteta koje smatra ključnima u tretiranju psiholoških problema - ponašanje, afekt, osjeti, mašta, kognicija, međuljudski čimbenici i droge/biološki čimbenici.
 4. Racionalna i emotivna bihevioralna terapija (REBT) kojom se pokušavaju identificirati iracionalni uzorci mišljenja, navesti klijenta da im se aktivno suprotstavi, i naučiti ga kako ih prepoznati u budućnosti.

 Grupna terapija

Kako joj i samo ime govori, ovaj oblik terapije uključuje jednog ili više terapeuta koji istovremeno rade s dvoje ili više klijenata. Ponekad se koristi samostalno, ali je uglavnom u kombinaciji s nekim oblikom individualne terapije i/ili psihofarmakološkim liječenjem.An Overview of Group Therapy Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021. Irvin D. Yalom navodi sljedeće principe grupne terapije:
 unošenje nade u život klijenta
 univerzalnost - ljudi sa sličnim problemima sudjeluju u terapiji te tako vide da nisu sami
 informiranost - klijenti međusobno dijele podatke koji su primjenjivi na većinu ili sve njih
 altruizam - dijeljenje problema s drugima može dovesti do povećanja samopouzdanja
 korektivna vrijednost grupe - terapijska grupa je slična obiteljskoj
 razvoj tehnika socijalizacije
 imitativno ponašanje - modeliranje ponašanja prema drugim članovima grupe
 interpersonalno učenje - bolje razumijevanje sebe iz razgovora i povratnih informacija s drugima
 grupna kohezija
 katarza - grupni razgovor o emocijama i doživljajima umanjuje stres
 egzistencijalistički čimbenici - razvijanje odgovornosti za vlastite emocije, odabire, ponašanje, itd.

 Psihologija i druge discipline

 Psihologija i psihijatrija
Najveća sličnost između psihologije i psihijatrije je na području kliničke psihologije. Ove dvije discipline nisu istovjetne, već komplementarne. Razlikuju se u obrazovanju, s obzirom na to da kliničkim psihologom postaje osoba koja se specijalizira nakon studija psihologije, dok psihijatrom postaje osoba koja tu specijalizaciju odabere nakon studija medicine. Klinički psiholozi rade u dijagnostici poremećaja i problema u ponašanju, uglavnom kroz upotrebu testova, upitnika i intervjua, a također i u terapiji kroz neke od metoda koje ne uključuju psihofarmake. Psihijatri, osim dijagnostike, rade na terapiji kroz metode koje mogu, iako ne uvijek, uključivati psihofarmake te su jedini koji ih mogu propisivati.Guide to Psychiatry and Counseling Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

 Psihologija i neurologija
Ove dvije znanosti su srodne, pogotovo unutar grana biološke i neuropsihologije. Zajedno rade na pronalaženju anatomskih i fizioloških osnova mentalnih procesa, pogotovo u polju organskih ozljeda mozga i tretmana istih. Dok je neurologija grana medicine i usmjerena na fiziološki opis psiholoških problema, neuropsihologija ima donekle obrnut, ali u potpunosti komplementaran pristup, koji polazi od ponašanja čije uzroke pronalazi u fiziologiji mozga. I jedna i druga grana su dio multidisciplinarnog pristupa neuroznanosti, koja je vrlo plodan spoj medicine, matematičkog modeliranja, informacijskih znanosti i psihologije, što je i vidljivo po velikom broju znanstvenih časopisa (i članaka objavljenih u njima) posvećenih neuroznanstvenoj tematici.Neurology and Psychology Journals Pristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

 Psihologija i filozofija
Filozofija je, tijekom povijesti, bila krovna disciplina za sve moderne znanosti. Neke su se od nje odvojile relativno rano, poput matematike, ali društvene znanosti su bile dio filozofskog diskursa sve do 19. stoljeća, uključujući psihologiju.The First Experimental Psychology Lab Pristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021. Utjecaj filozofije na psihologiju je još vidljiv, npr. stoicizam i Sokratički dijalog su slični osnovama mnogih terapeutskih pristupa, poput kognitivno-bihevioralne terapije. Ono što je zanimljivo je da su psiholozi ustanovili utjecaj ličnosti pojedinca prilikom rezoniranja o filozofskoj tematici, tj. postoje dokazi da je pristup tradicionalno filozofskim temama, poput pitanja slobodne volje, pod utjecajem individualnog temperamenta i ličnosti.PhilosophyPristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

 Psihologijski testovi i upitnici
Testovi i upitnici su mjerni instrumenti kojima se mjeri određena karakteristika, vještina ili sposobnost osobe. U psihologiji su to psihičke osobine - emocije, sklonosti, motivacija, inteligencija, itd. Najpoznatiji su testovi inteligencije, kojima pokušavamo odrediti razinu (izraženu opisno ili brojkom) naše mentalne efikasnosti. Ako je odredimo brojčano, dobit ćemo kvocijent inteligencije (IQ).IQ TestingPristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021. Inteligencija je u većem dijelu 20. stoljeća smatrana fiksnom i urođenom, ali novija istraživanja su pokazala da i mnogi okolinski faktori mogu utjecati na uspješnost rješavanja testova. Jedan od takvih faktora je upoznatost i izloženost stereotipima o vlastitoj grupi, tzv. stereotipna prijetnja.Steele, C.M. i Aronson J.M. (1995.) Stereotype Threat and The Intellectual Test-Performance of African-AmericansJournal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, 5, str. 797.-811. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

 Problemi u psihologiji

 Teorijski problemi
Kako je vidljivo iz navedenih teorijskih pristupa i mnogobrojnosti grana psihologije, ne postoji ujedinjena teorija ponašanja. Dileme između urođenosti ili naučenosti ponašanja te između biheviorizma i kognitivizma, okarakterizirale su prvu polovicu postojanja ove znanosti, a još uvijek nisu dorečene.Sultana (2019.) Behaviorism, Innatism, Cognitivism: Considering the Dominance to Provide Theoretical Underpinning of Language Acquisition Conjecture Global Journal of Human Social Science, 19, 10, str. 73.-79. Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021. Dio ovog problema je uočljiv i u samom načinu obrazovanja psihologa, s obzirom na to da kroz isti program prolaze studenti koji će kasnije raditi na fundamentalnim istraživanjima i oni koji će svoju karijeru odraditi unutar neke primijenjene grane psihologije. Ne postoji specijalizacija od početka, kakvu npr. fizika ima u odnosu na inženjerstvo.Getting Clear About the Problem of Psychology Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

 Primjenjivost rezultata
Također je tu i prije spomenuti problem primjenjivosti rezultata istraživanja na sveukupnu populaciju ljudske vrste, koji je u polju multikulturalne psihologije tek u početnim fazama rješavanja. Čak i jednostavne aktivnosti, poput fizioloških reakcija zjenice oka tijekom ronjenja, imaju različite rezultate ovisno o kulturi i navikama ljudi, tako da je ovo polje psihologije jedno od onih koje će značajno utjecati na univerzalnost primjene mnogih postojećih teorija i metoda. Gledano sa statističke strane, ovo je prije svega problem valjanosti.Psychology's WEIRD Problem Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

 Ponovljivost istraživanja
Ponovljivost, ili replikabilnost, nekog istraživanja znači da ćemo, bez obzira koliko puta ga provedemo, uvijek dobiti iste ili vrlo slične rezultate. Istraživanje provedeno 2015. godine, kojim se pokušalo ponoviti rezultate iz 100 različitih studija, dovelo je do replikacije tek nešto više od trećine. Ovo je dodatno dovelo u fokus problem poznat još od 1970.-ih godina zbog kojeg mnoga psihologijska istraživanja, nakon dobivanja statistički značajnog rezultata, ne bivaju ponavljana. Manjak statističke značajnosti se često uzima kao razlog nemogućnosti publikacije istraživanja, ili čak gubljenja financijske potpore za daljnji rad.Replication Problems in Psychology Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

 Etički problemi
Kroz intervjue, testiranja i istraživanja psiholozi mogu doći do privatnih i osjetljivih informacija o ispitanicima i klijentima. Zbog toga se moraju odnositi s posebnom odgovornošću prema osobnim podacima, vodeći računa kako će se koristiti, tko ima pristup podacima i sprječavanje neodgovorne uporabe istih. Svaka interakcija psihologa s drugim ljudima podliježe pravilima profesionalne etike, te je kažnjiva u slučaju zlouporabe. Osobe koje nisu kvalificirane za interpretaciju testova, osim što ugrožavaju privatnost testirane osobe, svojom nestručnošću mu mogu i naškoditi. Kulturalno ili socijalno pristrani testovi mogu neke osobe staviti u nepovoljniji položaj, stoga je bitna svjesnost i osjetljivost na takve probleme.Kodeks etike psihološke djelatnosti Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

 Unutarnje poveznice

suvremeni psiholozi

 Izvori

 Literatura

 Spencer A. Rathus, Temelji Psihologije, Naklada Slap, 2000,

 Vanjske poveznice
 Psihologija, hrvatska enciklopedija
 Znanstveni časopisi na hrvatskom jeziku u kojima izlaze članci psihologijske tematike

Kategorija:Društvene znanosti

The Greek word "psi", a common label that represents psychology in general Psychology is a social science that deals with brain processes and their expression in behavior.

Psychology strives through systematic empirical research to gain knowledge of the causes and methods of the individual’s behavior, and how people experience the world in which they live.

Psychology: The study of the mind and mental processes, especially in relation to behavior. There are a number of fields of psychology. Clinical psychology is concerned with diagnosing and treating disorders of the brain, emotional disturbances, and behavior problems. Child psychology is the study of the mental and emotional development of children and is part of developmental psychology, the study of changes in behavior that occur through the life span. Cognitive psychology deals with how the human mind receives and interprets impressions and ideas. Social psychology looks at how the actions of others influence the behavior of an individual.
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Question: what is the greek word for psychology

The Greek word "psi", a common label that represents psychology in general Psychology is a social science that deals with brain processes and their expression in behavior.

Psychology strives through systematic empirical research to gain knowledge of the causes and methods of the individual’s behavior, and how people experience the world in which they live.

Question: where does the word psihologija come from

where does the word psihologija come from

Question: what does psychology deal with

brain processes and their expression in behavior

moždanim procesima i njihovim izražavanjem u ponašanju

brain processes and their expression in behavior

Question: what type of science is psychology

Question: what does psihologija mean in psychology

what does psihologija mean in psychology

Question: what is the meaning of psihologija in psychology

what is the meaning of psihologija in psychology

Question: what type of research is p psihologija

sustavnim empirijskim istraživanjima steći znanje o uzrocima

The Greek word " psi " , a common label that represents psychology in general Psychology is a social science that deals with brain processes and their expression in behavior .

Psychology strives through systematic empirical research to gain knowledge of the causes and methods of the individual ’s behavior , and how people experience the world in which they live .

Grčko slovo "psi", uobičajena oznaka koja predstavlja psihologiju općenito Psihologija je društvena znanost koja se bavi moždanim procesima i njihovim izražavanjem u ponašanju.

Psihologija nastoji sustavnim empirijskim istraživanjima steći znanje o uzrocima i načinu ponašanja pojedinca, te o tome na koji način ljudi doživljavaju svijet u kojem žive.

The Greek word "psi", a common label that represents psychology in general Psychology is a social science that deals with brain processes and their expression in behavior. Psychology strives through systematic empirical research to gain knowledge of the causes and methods of the individual’s behavior, and how people experience the world in which they live.

The Greek word "psi", a common label that represents psychology in general Psychology is a social science that deals with brain processes and their expression in behavior.

Psychology strives through systematic empirical research to gain knowledge of the causes and methods of the individual’s behavior, and how people experience the world in which they live.

The term "psychology" is a component that comes from the Greek psyche = spirit, soul, life, mind, breath and logos = speech, word, thought, reasoning.

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psychology (n.)
1650s, "the study of the soul," from Modern Latin psychologia, probably coined mid-16c. in Germany by Melanchthon from Latinized form of Greek psykhē "breath, spirit, soul" (see psyche) + logia "study of" (see -logy). The meaning "science or study of the phenomena of the mind" is attested by 1748, in reference to Christian Wolff's "Psychologia empirica" (1732). The modern behavioral sciences sense is from the early 1890s.
updated on October 13, 2021
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Definitions of psychology from WordNet
Dictionary entries near psychology
psychohistory
psychokinesis
psychological
psychologist
psychologize
psychology
psychomancy
psychometrics
psychometry
psychomotor
psychopath

Question: what is the meaning of p psihologija in english

The term "psychology" is a component that comes from the Greek psyche = spirit, soul, life, mind, breath and logos = speech, word, thought, reasoning.

what is the meaning of p psihologija in english

Question: where does the term psihologija come from

where does the term psihologija come from

Question: what are the four components of psihologija

what are the four components of psihologija

Question: what are the components of the greek psyche

govor , riječ , promišljanje , rasuđivanje .

what are the components of the greek psyche

Question: what does the greek psyche consist of

duh , duša , život , um , dah i logos = govor , riječ ,

The term " psychology " is a component that comes from the Greek psyche = spirit , soul , life , mind , breath and logos = speech , word , thought , reasoning .

Izraz "psihologija" je sastavnica koja potječe iz grčkog psiha = duh, duša, život, um, dah i logos = govor, riječ, promišljanje, rasuđivanje.

Izraz "psihologija" je sastavnica koja potječe iz grčkog psiha = duh, duša, život, um, dah i logos = govor, riječ, promišljanje, rasuđivanje.

The term "psychology" is a component that comes from the Greek psyche = spirit, soul, life, mind, breath and logos = speech, word, thought, reasoning.

The term "psychology" is a component that comes from the Greek psyche = spirit, soul, life, mind, breath and logos = speech, word, thought, reasoning.

In the literal sense, the word psychology means thinking or discouraging about the spirit or soul.

Classics in the History of Psychology
An internet resource developed by
Christopher D. Green
York University, Toronto, Ontario
ISSN 1492-3713
(Return to Classics index)
K. Krstic (1964)
First published in Acta Instituti Psychologici Universitatis Zagrabiensis, no. 36, pp. 7-13.
© 1964 Facultas Philosophica Universitatis Studiorum Zagrabiensis.
[Classics Editor's note: Because of the limitations of the current version of HTML, several names are missing accents they should rightly bear. Krstic, Marulic, and others ending in "c" should properly have acute accents over the final letter. Bozicevic should, in addition, have haceks over the "z" and the first "c". Bolsaja should have a hacek over the "s", and Necujam a hacek over the "c". In addition, for similar reasons, angled quotation marks have been replaced with inverted commas throughout. Thanks to Dr. Vladimir Kolesaric for making this article available to Classics, and to the Institute for Psychology in Zagreb for permission to republish it.]
In technical and encyclopaedic literature one can find somewhat different information about when the word "psychology" was formed and who was the first to use it. In the main psychological and philosophical dictionaries, textbooks, and leading world encyclopaedias there are for the most part three different opinions of the origin of this term which, as the word denoting scientific or philosophic dealing with the phenomena of psychic (subjective, conscious) life, has now come into very wide use. All the three names connected with the formation of the term "psychology" are the names of the people of German origin from the 16th century. Two of them are of little significance: Rudolf Göckel and Otto Casmann, while the third is very famous and generally known: Filip Melanchton
Rudolf Göcke1(1547-1628), in philosophic literature more known under his latinized name Goclenius, was professor of physics, mathematics, logic, and ethics at the university of his native town Marburg on Lahn. By his philosophic attitude he belonged to the so-called "Semiramists", i.e. the group of the Aristotelians who were half-way between those advocating dialectic interpretation of Aristotle's learning, like Melanchton, and those advocating its averroistic exposition, Like Pierre de la Ramée (Petrus Ramus, 1515-1572) and his followers ("Ramists"). In addition to several treatises from the field of logic and a philosophic dictionary ("Lexicon philosophicum"), Göckel published a tractate, in Marburg in 1590, entitled "yucologia hoc est de hominis perfectione, anima, ortu". This work, as far as is known today, is indeed the first preserved printed book to contain the word "psychology" and in its Greek form and written in Greek letters at that.
Otto Casmann (1562-1607) belongs to the liberal Protestant philosophers from the close of the 16th century. He was a priest and rector in Stade. Among his numerous works from the field of philosophy, theology, and natural sciences, the one, having the word "psychology" in its title is the most important; this is "Psychologia anthropologica" printed in Hanau in 1594. The second part of the book, under the title "Anthropologiae pars II", was published in the same town in 1596. [p. 8]
Although the first edition of Göckel's book was published four years before Casmann's, Casmann is even today sometimes quoted as the author of the term "psychology", either because the informants do not know Göckel's work or are careless in comparing the dates of the publication of the first editions of Casmann's and Göckel's book. Surprisingly enough, the latest edition of Larousse Encyclopedia (6 tomes) also ascribes priority in the use of the word "psychology" to Casmann. On p. 27, tome II, under the name Casmann Othon, we can read as follows:
"He is the first writer to use the word psychology for the science of the soul which, however, he considers only a part of somatology (the science of the body). His main work is entitled 'Psychologia anthropologica sive Animae humanae doctrina'["].
This quotation is all the more surprising because in a large, much older dictionary of the same publishing firm (Grand dictionnaire universal Larousse) we can find a more correct piece of information. In the 13th tome of this imposing dictionary, p. 376, we can read as follows:
"Although psychologic science is as old as philosophy itself, the word denoting it is new and goes back not further than the 16th century when Goclenius, today a quite unknown German philosopher, used it in his work entitled yucologia, hoc est de hominis perfectione, anima, ortu etc (Marbourg, 1590, in 80)."
Priority in the term "psychology" is also recognized to Göckel by Überweg's large manual of the history of philosophy. When giving data on Rudolf Goclenius it is said:
"…in addition to numerous treatises on logic … he is also the author of yucologia, h. e.de hominis perfectione, anima, etc , Marburg 159o (the first written document using the word psychology in its title)". (F. Überweg, Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie; Part III, Berlin 1924, p.110).
Almost the same quotati can be found in the big "Lexicon of Philosophers" published in Berlin in 1949. Quoting the already mentioned work yucologia among Goclenius's works, the authors add in brackets: "the first written document using the term psychology" (W. Ziegenfuss -- G. Jung, Philosophen-Lexicon, Berlin 1949, tome·I, p. 394). Schmidt's (nazified) philosophical dictionary from 1943 also says:
"Goclenius Rudolf... by his work "Psychologia" (1590) has given the first, first written document containing the word psychology in its title..." (H. Schmidt, Philosophisches Wörterbuch, Tenth Edition, Stuttgart l943, p. 200).
The same is stated in Kirchner-Michaëlis's dictionary of philosophic notions (rewritten by J. Hoffmeister):
The term "psychology… as the title of a book was used first by R. Goclenius (Psychologia, 1590) and then enlarged by Chr. Wolff..." (F. Kirchner-Michaëlis·-- J. Hoffmeister, Wörterbuch der philosophischen Begiiffe, Leipzg 1944, p. 561-2).
However, most books I have succeeded in consulting, although they quote Göckel's "Psychology", state categorically or quote it as probable [p. 9] that even before Göckel the word "psychology" was used by Filip Melanchton, and usually add that Melanchton used this new term in his "lectures".· Thus, for instance, the largest dictionary of philosophic notions, Eisler's .Wörterbuch der philosophischen Begriffe", tome II (4th edition, Berlin 1929, p. 533) says:
"The term psychology became common only with Christian Wolff. Before, instead of it, the term peri yuchV , de anima, and the like, and later 'pneumatology' had been used. "Psychologia" first in Melanchton (in his lectures), Goclen (as the title of a book from 1590), and Casmann (Psych. anthropol., 1594)."
Here there are some more quotations:
"The term 'psychology'... seems to have been coined by Melanchton (in its Latin form psychologia); its use was particularly enlarged by Rudolf Goclenius who in 1590 gave the title yucologia to one of his treatises De hominis perfectione, anima. Coming definitely into use with Leibnitz and Wolff's school, the term became common..." (Enciclopedia italiana, tome 28, Rome 1935, p. 457; almost the same quotation is contained in the large new Italian encyclopaedia "Dizionario" enciclopedico italiano", tome 9, p. 899, rome 1958).
"The term was first used in lectures by Melanchton (about 1550) and in print by Goclen (about 1600)" (H. C. Warren, Dictionary of Psychology, Cambridge 1934, p. 217).
"...the word psychology... derives from Rudolf Göckel who, in 1590, published the book 'Psychologia hoc est de hominis perfectione, anima, ortu'. The term was put to use by Melanchton" (Ottuv Slovnik naucny, tome 20, Prague 1903, p. 922).
"Melanchton is claimed to have used this term (i.e. the term 'psychology') about 40 years before it appeared in the title of a printed work (Goeckel's, 1590)". (Ph. L. Hariman, The New Dictionary of Psychology, New York 1947, p. 274).
Strangely enough, none of the standard informative works I have consulted and which ascribe the authorship of the term "psychology" to Melanchton, give either a title or quotation from his "lectures" in which this word could be found, although all Melanchton's written documents are printed. Nowhere can we find the name of someone attending Melanchton's lectures and putting down where Melanchton used this term, at least orally. This lack of documentation concerning Melanchton as the creator of the term "psychology" was noted as early as 1930 by A. Lalande, one of the distinguished collaborators in the largest French textbook on psychology edited by G. Dumas. This is what Lalande says:
"The word psychology was used by Goclenius, professor at Marburg, as the title of a work of his (1590), but the word does not appear in Lexicon Philosophicum, the work of the same author (1613). His disciple, theologian Casmann, also published a Psychologia anthropologica, sive animae humanae doctrina (Hanau 1594); he thinks that psychology and anatomy (somatotomy) make the whole of anthropology. [p. 10] Melanchton is also claimed to have used this word 'als Vorlesungstitel' (Eucken, Geschichte der philosophischen Terminologie, p. 75; according to Volkmann, who gives no more particulars.). I myself could not find this title in any of the 25 tomes of his collected works, Corpus Reformatorum, edition Bretschneider· In it, tome 13, p. 4, in a preface giving successive titles of the treatise De Anima, one can only find, the following remark made by the editor: 'Melanchtonus primus inter Germanos quos scimus, psychologiam in hoc libro tractavit' (in this work Melanchton, the first among the Germans we know, deals with psychology).· Is this perhaps the origin of the quoted claim?" (G. Dumas, Nouveau traité de Psychologie, tome I, Paris 1930, p. 367).
Lalande has drawn attention to his opinion also in the latest extensive "Technical-Critical Dictionary of Philosophy" edited by himself and published by the French Philosophical Society.. There, in an article on psychology, we can read: "The word psychology goes back to the 16th century (see A. Lalande, .introduction to Traité de Psychologie of G. Dumas or Nouveau Traité; edited by the same author, tome I, p.367) but came into common use only in the 18th century through Wolff's works Psychologia empirica and Psychologia rationalis (1732-1734). The word became widely used in France thanks to Maine de Biran and the eclectic school which took it as the name of the one of the four main sections of its learning." (A. Lalande, Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie, 6th edit., Paris 1951, p. 854).
In connection with the origin of the word "psychology" I have only quoted a few standard or more widely known works in which this kind of information is usually looked for. I want to add, however, that a series of similar works consulted do not say a single word about the matter we are interested in. Thus, for example, Encyclopaedia Britannica (from 1961), the Soviet Bolsaja enciclopedija (1955), the large Brockhaus containing 12 tomes (1956), the Meyer Lexicon in 21 tomes (1909), Herder's Lexicon in 12 tomes (1934), and Mauthner's Philosophical Dictionary (München 1910) say either nothing or something very vague about the origin of the term "psychologia".
To examine the matter as thoroughly as possible, I also looked up in a few dictionaries containing Latin and Greek words used by the writers of the Middle Ages or the beginning of Modern History, but in none of them could I find the word "psychology". or, to be more exact, a word composed of the. Greek elements yuch and -- logia.
The results of all these investigations could be summarized as follows: According to the present state of terminological-historical studies the word "psychology", in its Greek form and in Greek letters, appeared for the first time in the work of Rudolf Göckel "yucologia, hoc est de hominis perfectione, anima, etc." in 1590. No evidence has so far been found for Melanchton's authorship of this word, but even if it were, if would originate from about 1530 when the first edition of Melanchton's lectures "on the soul" ("De anima", Wittenberg 1530) appeared. [p. 11]
However, in a document known for years there is a detail which has unfortunately remained unnoticed until now and which fully entitles us to a complete revision of the established opinion on the first appearance of the word "psychology" in the scientific language of Europe. At least 66 years before Gockel (and also a few years before the publication of Melanchton's lectures "on the soul"), the term "psychology" was used by our great humanist, the poet of "Judita", Marko Marulic (1450-1524) in one of his Latin treatises not as yet found but whose title "Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae" is preserved in a list of Marulic's works given by the poet's fellow-citizen, contemporary, and friend Bozicevic-Natalis in his "Life of Marko Marulic from Split" (Vita Marci Maruli Spalatensis).
About Franjo Bozicevic himself there are very few biographic data: even the years of his birth and death have not as yet been ascertained. F. Fancev considers him to have been 20-30 years younger than Marulic (Croatian Encyclopaedia, tome III, p. 200); the chronological analysis of his poems fixes his death "not before" 1536. In a section of the biography dealing with Marulic's friends, Bozicevic describes his personal relations with the great Split humanist with the following words: ".... nor I, Franjo, though in mind and by education the youngest, by any means content to be put in the second place in my love for him..." ("...ego itidem Franciscus, licet ingenio et doctrina novissimus, in amore tamen ipsius secundis honoribus minime contentus..."). Some poetical epistles exchanged between Marulic and Bozicevic have been preserved; one of Marulic's most beautiful poems is addressed to Bozicevic: an invitation to his friends to come to see him at Necujam Although in Bozicevic description of Marulic's life and personality there are some stereotyped, superlative, and quasi-hagiographic elements typical of the time, a close, friendly relation between Marulic and his biographer can make us sure that Bozicevic was very well informed about the details of Marulic's literary work The accuracy of Bozicevic information can be checked by comparing it with the data from other sources, in the first place with those from Marulic's will dictated by Marulic himself to his notary before his death (P. Kdendic, Marulic's will, Split 1924).
The manuscript of Marulic's biography is in the City Library at Split, in a codex also containing Bozicevic's poems. So far it has been published several times: in Farlati's "Illyricum sacrum" (tome 3, Venice, 1765, pp. 433-5), in a jubilee booklet of V. Milic "On the Occasion of the Quatercentenary of Croatian Art Poetry" (second edition, Split 1902), in the work of M. Markovc "Poetae Latini Dalmatiae inediti. 1. Franjo Bozicevic (Living antiquity, 2nd year, tome 2, Skopje 1952, pp. 291-296) etc. The manuscript is written in a humanistic cursive way, typical of the beginning of the 16th century, so that the hand-writing itself, as well as all other circumstances, indicate that the manuscript is Bozicevic's autograph (it is considered as such, among others, also by the two most distinguished investigators of Bozicevic's works, by P. Kolendic and M. Markovic).
The title of the work containing the term "psychology" (Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae liber I) appears in the fifth section of the [p. 12] biography, in the List of Marulic's works, between the titles of two manuscripts: a treatise "On the Kings of Dalmatia" (Dalmatiae regum liber I) and the epic "Davidias". (Davidiados carmen libri XIV). By, enumerating Marulic·'s works "briefly", as he says himself ("paucis comprehensa") Bozicevic sets forth 18 titles of either printed works or manuscripts. Although it is quite obvious that Bozicevic quotes the titles for the most part by heart and somewhat superficially (thus, for example, the already mentioned title "Dalmstiae regum" conceals a translation of Dukljanin's chronicle), 17 works on the list can easily be identified with Marulic's printed works, preserved manuscripts, or the works that Marulic himself mentioned as his own in his will (the manuscript of the epic "Davidias" was discovered only a few years ago, containing exactly as many -- 14 -- cantos as are quoted by Bozicevic ). The work "Psichiologia" is known so far only from Bozicevic's list but the possibility of its being found in manuscript or even in printed form some day cannot be excluded.
In the title of the treatise on "the human soul", as is quoted by Bozicevic, the term "psychology" is recorded as "psichiologia". Although the difference between the form "psichiologia" and "psychologia" is insignificant (like that one between the doublet stoichiologia and stoicheiologia), I do not think it likely that Marulic, an outstanding [p. 13] connoisseur of both the Greek and Latin language, gave the term the very form recorded by his biographer. I think that Bozicevic, not very good at orthography (of which let his manuscripts be the proof), somehow modified Marulic's original term, at least changing y in i, and perhaps treating the first part of the compound word as compounds with "physis" (physiologia, physiognomia). In any case Marulic's term is the oldest case known so far of compounding the noun yuch and the suffix -logia to form a term denoting the science of mental life -- the term "psychology".

Question: what is the meaning of the word psychology

thinking or discouraging about the spirit or soul

promišljanje ili rasuđivanje o duhu ili duši

In the literal sense, the word psychology means thinking or discouraging about the spirit or soul.

thinking or discouraging about the spirit or soul

what is the meaning of the word psychology

In the literal sense , the word psychology means thinking or discouraging about the spirit or soul .

Izraz "psihologija" je sastavnica koja potječe iz grčkog psiha = duh, duša, život, um, dah i logos = govor, riječ, promišljanje, rasuđivanje. U doslovnom smislu, riječ psihologija znači promišljanje ili rasuđivanje o duhu ili duši.

U doslovnom smislu, riječ psihologija znači promišljanje ili rasuđivanje o duhu ili duši.

The term "psychology" is a component that comes from the Greek psyche = spirit, soul, life, mind, breath and logos = speech, word, thought, reasoning. In the literal sense, the word psychology means thinking or discouraging about the spirit or soul.

In the literal sense, the word psychology means thinking or discouraging about the spirit or soul.

Historically, psychology was a discipline of philosophy, from which it emerged in 1879 by the establishment of the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, under the leadership of Wilhelm Wundt.

History and Biographies The First Experimental Psychology Lab By Kendra Cherry Kendra Cherry Facebook Twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial process Updated on April 13, 2020 Fact checked Verywell Mind content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. Learn more. by James Lacy Fact checked by James Lacy LinkedIn James Lacy, MLS, is a fact-checker and researcher. Learn about our editorial process Print Image from the Wikimedia Commons While the study of the mind and behavior may be a subject as old as time, psychology has not always existed as it does today. Most experts actually consider psychology itself a relatively young discipline. So when did psychology really start to emerge as a science? Psychology originally had its earliest roots in philosophy and physiology. According to most psychology historians, it was the establishment of the very first experimental psychology lab that officially marked psychology's beginnings as a separate and distinct discipline. When exactly was the first psychology lab formed and who was responsible for this important event in psychology history? The question of which lab was first really depends on whether we look at experimental labs or teaching labs. It might seem like a minor distinction, but it was the formation of the first lab devoted to the experimental study of the mind that truly set psychology off on its own path as an academic and scientific discipline. The World's First Psychology Lab Wilhelm Wundt, a German doctor, and psychologist (seated in photo) was responsible for creating the world's first experimental psychology lab. This lab was established in 1879 at the University of Leipzig in Germany. By creating an academic laboratory devoted to the study of experimental psychology, Wundt officially took psychology from a sub-discipline of philosophy and biology to a unique scientific discipline. Because of the important role that Wundt played in psychology history, he is often regarded as the "father of psychology." Wundt had a significant influence on early psychology and left his mark on some of his most famous students including James McKeen Cattell, while greatly influencing other students at the time such as G. Stanley Hall. In addition to being an important figure in the history of psychology, many students were trained in his lab and went on to make their own important contributions to the field of psychology. The First Psychology Lab in the U.S. In 1883, Wundt's student G. Stanley Hall created the first experimental psychology lab in the United States at John Hopkins University. This helped mark the establishment of psychology in the U.S. and contributed to the further growth of the field. Wundt, James, and Hall: Who Was First? It may surprise many to learn that neither Wundt nor Hall can exclusively lay claim to having the world's first lab or the first American lab. In 1875, a full four years before Wundt established his lab and eight years before Hall established his, Williams James formed a psychology lab at Harvard University. So why is James not credited with creating the world's first laboratory, or at the very least, America's first lab? Because his lab was used for teaching demonstrations rather than experimentation and original research. For this reason, Wundt and Hall are generally credited with creating the first and second experimental psychology labs. The establishment of the world's first psychology lab is so significant because prior to this time, psychology was still in its infancy and not yet viewed as a distinct discipline in its own right. By forming an experimental lab devoted to the scientific study of the human mind and behavior, Wundt was able to formally establish psychology as a separate field of study. A Word From Verywell Modern psychology is quite different from its rather modest beginnings in Wundt's lab. While this first psychology lab likely bears little resemblance to the labs of today, this early experimental setting helped pave the way for the future of psychology. By taking a scientific approach to the study of the human mind and behavior, Wundt's lab formally established psychology as a science separate and distinct from the fields of philosophy and biology. Wundt's lab was also used to help train other psychologists who went on to help spread psychology throughout the world. Soon, other labs began appearing outside of Germany and the United States, including psych labs in Russia, China, France, and Canada. 3 Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Boring EG. A History of Experimental Psychology. 2nd Ed. Englewood-Cliffs: Prentice Hall; 1960. Balance W, Evans R, Evans R. Wilhelm Wundt 1832–1920: A brief biographical sketch. J Hist Behav Sci. 1975;11(3):287-297. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(197507)11:3<287::aid-jhbs2300110309>3.0.co;2-l Shiraev E. A History Of Psychology: A Global Perspective. Los Angeles: SAGE; 2015. By Kendra Cherry Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Review Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! 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Question: when was the first psychology laboratory established in leipzig

Historically, psychology was a discipline of philosophy, from which it emerged in 1879 by the establishment of the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, under the leadership of Wilhelm Wundt.

when was the first psychology laboratory established in leipzig

Question: who was the founder of psihologija in leipzig

who was the founder of psihologija in leipzig

Question: where was the first psihologija laboratory established

where was the first psihologija laboratory established

Question: what is the main discipline of psihologija

what is the main discipline of psihologija

Question: what is the meaning of psihologija in english

what is the meaning of psihologija in english

Historically , psychology was a discipline of philosophy , from which it emerged in 1879 by the establishment of the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig , under the leadership of Wilhelm Wundt .

Povijesno, psihologija je bila disciplina filozofije, iz koje se izdvojila 1879. godine osnivanjem prvog psihologijskog laboratorija u Leipzigu, pod vodstvom Wilhelma Wundta.

Povijesno, psihologija je bila disciplina filozofije, iz koje se izdvojila 1879. godine osnivanjem prvog psihologijskog laboratorija u Leipzigu, pod vodstvom Wilhelma Wundta.

Historically, psychology was a discipline of philosophy, from which it emerged in 1879 by the establishment of the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, under the leadership of Wilhelm Wundt.

Historically, psychology was a discipline of philosophy, from which it emerged in 1879 by the establishment of the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, under the leadership of Wilhelm Wundt.

Under the unique name of psychology we can find a multitude of related disciplines.

Choosing to pursue a career in psychology means you get to select from a number of different options. These career paths are generally organized into ten branches of psychology.
- Clinical Psychology: This branch of psychology is concerned with the treatment of psychological issues through prevention and intervention. Professionals in this area work with individuals with mental and behavioral issues to provide the care that they need, as well as with communities to educate them about mental health.
- Experimental Psychology: This field is all about finding answers to questions about psychology. Experimental psychologists mostly focus on research instead of the application. In fact, many of them spend most of their career researching just one topic.
- Biopsychology: Closely related to neuroscience, this branch of psychology examines the ways in which the brain and the body interact, and how our minds influence our behaviors. This area is very research heavy. Psychologists in this field may deal heavily with brain disorders and research about addiction.
- Cognitive Psychology: Cognitive psychologists study the ways that our brains deal with information, including how we obtain it, what we do with it once we have it, and how we store it. This branch of psychology interacts closely with professionals in many other fields, from education to public health to graphic design, and works to solve issues such as Alzheimer’s disease, speech issues, and memory loss.
- Educational Psychology: This area focuses on our behaviors in educational settings, and how they are affected by the brain. Professionals in this branch study learning disorders, psychological development in children and teenagers, and different educational approaches and methods. They also work to improve the educational environments for students.
- Developmental Psychology: This branch of psychology studies the development of the human brain, from when and how it is formed to what happens when people die. It also examines how the psychology of people and cultures form and develop over time. Developmental psychologists conduct research into the different stages of human life, and then apply the research in practical situations.
- Forensic Psychology: When you hear the term “forensic psychology” you may think of crime scenes or police investigations. This branch of psychology, however, is actually involved in almost every aspect of the legal world. Forensic psychologists are consulted in areas such as law creation, assessing witnesses, or how criminals are treated. Because of the close ties with legal issues, a career in this branch requires a thorough knowledge of the law.
- Industrial Psychology: Also known as organizational psychology, this branch is concerned with psychological issues that are related to the workplace. Companies hire these psychologists to measure employee aptitudes and solve issues related to career development, consumer behavior, and human performance.
- Social Psychology: This area of psychology examines how we are affected by our interactions with other people and different social environments. This area is also called community or critical psychology since it deals with issues such as social justice, prejudice, and diplomacy.
- Health Psychology: This area of psychology covers the ways our minds impact our bodies, and especially how biological and social factors can influence us. This includes topics such as addiction or how we motivate ourselves to stay healthy and in shape. Health psychologists work closely with healthcare professionals to help people overcome illnesses or chronic conditions.
Since there are so many different areas of psychology to study, it can be a bit overwhelming deciding on which one to pursue as a career path. Organizing psychological fields into these ten branches will help you to better define each branch of psychology, so you can see which one is the right fit for you.
Sources
- American Psychological Association
- Encyclopedia Britannica
- Canyons.edu – What is Biopsychology? The Origins of Biopsychology Nature and Nurture
- UCSB Career Services – Biopsychology
- The South African College of Applied Psychology – The Main Branches of Psychology and What They Entail

Question: what is the scientific name for psihologija

Under the unique name of psychology we can find a multitude of related disciplines.

what is the scientific name for psihologija

Question: what does p psihologija mean in psychology

what does p psihologija mean in psychology

Question: what is the unique name of psychology

Question: what are the different types of psihologija

what are the different types of psihologija

Under the unique name of psychology we can find a multitude of related disciplines .

Pod jedinstvenim imenom psihologija možemo naći mnoštvo povezanih disciplina.

Pod jedinstvenim imenom psihologija možemo naći mnoštvo povezanih disciplina.

Under the unique name of psychology we can find a multitude of related disciplines.

Under the unique name of psychology we can find a multitude of related disciplines.

Some of them are:What Are the Branches of Psychology?

Neke od njih su:What Are the Branches of Psychology?

Some of them are:What Are the Branches of Psychology? Approached 19 March 2021.What is psychology and what does it involve military connections Approached 19 March 2021. experimental psychology – study of human reactions, in controlled conditions, on the diagnosis and therapy of specific functional stimuli, whether physical, or social psychometry of the person – dealing with the methodology and statistical basis of the process of measuring the psychological characteristics of the individual and group, and the development and validation of the psychological behavior and behavior of the person on the link of the psychological tests and what does it involve the scientific motivation of the person on the link of the person on the link of the person on the link of the person on the link of the person on the link of the person on the link of the person on the link of the person on the link of the person on the link of the person on the link

Some of them are:What Are the Branches of Psychology?

The beginning of psychology was considered the founding of Wund's Laboratory in Leipzig in 1879, although, four years earlier, at Harvard, William James held demonstrations and lectures with topics from psychology.

3 History of Psychology
[latexpage]
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Understand the importance of Wundt and James in the development of psychology
- Appreciate Freud’s influence on psychology
- Understand the basic tenets of Gestalt psychology
- Appreciate the important role that behaviorism played in psychology’s history
- Understand basic tenets of humanism
- Understand how the cognitive revolution shifted psychology’s focus back to the mind
Psychology is a relatively young science with its experimental roots in the 19th century, compared, for example, to human physiology, which dates much earlier. As mentioned, anyone interested in exploring issues related to the mind generally did so in a philosophical context prior to the 19th century. Two men, working in the 19th century, are generally credited as being the founders of psychology as a science and academic discipline that was distinct from philosophy. Their names were Wilhelm Wundt and William James. This section will provide an overview of the shifts in paradigms that have influenced psychology from Wundt and James through today.
WUNDT AND STRUCTURALISM
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist. His famous book entitled Principles of Physiological Psychology was published in 1873. Wundt viewed psychology as a scientific study of conscious experience, and he believed that the goal of psychology was to identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experience. Wundt used introspection (he called it “internal perception”), a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed. Wundt’s version of introspection used only very specific experimental conditions in which an external stimulus was designed to produce a scientifically observable (repeatable) experience of the mind (Danziger, 1980). The first stringent requirement was the use of “trained” or practiced observers, who could immediately observe and report a reaction. The second requirement was the use of repeatable stimuli that always produced the same experience in the subject and allowed the subject to expect and thus be fully attentive to the inner reaction. These experimental requirements were put in place to eliminate “interpretation” in the reporting of internal experiences and to counter the argument that there is no way to know that an individual is observing their mind or consciousness accurately, since it cannot be seen by any other person. This attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind was known as structuralism. Wundt established his psychology laboratory at the University at Leipzig in 1879 ([link]). In this laboratory, Wundt and his students conducted experiments on, for example, reaction times. A subject, sometimes in a room isolated from the scientist, would receive a stimulus such as a light, image, or sound. The subject’s reaction to the stimulus would be to push a button, and an apparatus would record the time to reaction. Wundt could measure reaction time to one-thousandth of a second (Nicolas & Ferrand, 1999).
However, despite his efforts to train individuals in the process of introspection, this process remained highly subjective, and there was very little agreement between individuals. As a result, structuralism fell out of favor with the passing of Wundt’s student, Edward Titchener, in 1927 (Gordon, 1995).
JAMES AND FUNCTIONALISM
William James (1842–1910) was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate ([link]). James was introduced to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection and accepted it as an explanation of an organism’s characteristics. Key to that theory is the idea that natural selection leads to organisms that are adapted to their environment, including their behavior. Adaptation means that a trait of an organism has a function for the survival and reproduction of the individual, because it has been naturally selected. As James saw it, psychology’s purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as functionalism. Functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. Functionalism has a second, more subtle meaning in that functionalists were more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts, which were the focus of structuralism. Like Wundt, James believed that introspection could serve as one means by which someone might study mental activities, but James also relied on more objective measures, including the use of various recording devices, and examinations of concrete products of mental activities and of anatomy and physiology (Gordon, 1995).
FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Perhaps one of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology’s history was Sigmund Freud ([link]). Freud (1856–1939) was an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis. Hysteria was an ancient diagnosis for disorders, primarily of women with a wide variety of symptoms, including physical symptoms and emotional disturbances, none of which had an apparent physical cause. Freud theorized that many of his patients’ problems arose from the unconscious mind. In Freud’s view, the unconscious mind was a repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness. Gaining access to the unconscious, then, was crucial to the successful resolution of the patient’s problems. According to Freud, the unconscious mind could be accessed through dream analysis, by examinations of the first words that came to people’s minds, and through seemingly innocent slips of the tongue. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades (Thorne & Henley, 2005).
Freud’s ideas were influential, and you will learn more about them when you study lifespan development, personality, and therapy. For instance, many therapists believe strongly in the unconscious and the impact of early childhood experiences on the rest of a person’s life. The method of psychoanalysis, which involves the patient talking about their experiences and selves, while not invented by Freud, was certainly popularized by him and is still used today. Many of Freud’s other ideas, however, are controversial. Drew Westen (1998) argues that many of the criticisms of Freud’s ideas are misplaced, in that they attack his older ideas without taking into account later writings. Westen also argues that critics fail to consider the success of the broad ideas that Freud introduced or developed, such as the importance of childhood experiences in adult motivations, the role of unconscious versus conscious motivations in driving our behavior, the fact that motivations can cause conflicts that affect behavior, the effects of mental representations of ourselves and others in guiding our interactions, and the development of personality over time. Westen identifies subsequent research support for all of these ideas.
More modern iterations of Freud’s clinical approach have been empirically demonstrated to be effective (Knekt et al., 2008; Shedler, 2010). Some current practices in psychotherapy involve examining unconscious aspects of the self and relationships, often through the relationship between the therapist and the client. Freud’s historical significance and contributions to clinical practice merit his inclusion in a discussion of the historical movements within psychology.
WERTHEIMER, KOFFKA, KÖHLER, AND GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), Kurt Koffka (1886–1941), and Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967) were three German psychologists who immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century to escape Nazi Germany. These men are credited with introducing psychologists in the United States to various Gestalt principles. The word Gestalt roughly translates to “whole;” a major emphasis of Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception. For example, a song may be made up of individual notes played by different instruments, but the real nature of the song is perceived in the combinations of these notes as they form the melody, rhythm, and harmony. In many ways, this particular perspective would have directly contradicted Wundt’s ideas of structuralism (Thorne & Henley, 2005).
Unfortunately, in moving to the United States, these men were forced to abandon much of their work and were unable to continue to conduct research on a large scale. These factors along with the rise of behaviorism (described next) in the United States prevented principles of Gestalt psychology from being as influential in the United States as they had been in their native Germany (Thorne & Henley, 2005). Despite these issues, several Gestalt principles are still very influential today. Considering the human individual as a whole rather than as a sum of individually measured parts became an important foundation in humanistic theory late in the century. The ideas of Gestalt have continued to influence research on sensation and perception.
Structuralism, Freud, and the Gestalt psychologists were all concerned in one way or another with describing and understanding inner experience. But other researchers had concerns that inner experience could be a legitimate subject of scientific inquiry and chose instead to exclusively study behavior, the objectively observable outcome of mental processes.
PAVLOV, WATSON, SKINNER, AND BEHAVIORISM
Early work in the field of behavior was conducted by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936). Pavlov studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus. The reflex Pavlov worked with was salivation in response to the presence of food. The salivation reflex could be elicited using a second stimulus, such as a specific sound, that was presented in association with the initial food stimulus several times. Once the response to the second stimulus was “learned,” the food stimulus could be omitted. Pavlov’s “classical conditioning” is only one form of learning behavior studied by behaviorists.
John B. Watson (1878–1958) was an influential American psychologist whose most famous work occurred during the early 20th century at Johns Hopkins University ([link]). While Wundt and James were concerned with understanding conscious experience, Watson thought that the study of consciousness was flawed. Because he believed that objective analysis of the mind was impossible, Watson preferred to focus directly on observable behavior and try to bring that behavior under control. Watson was a major proponent of shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior, and this approach of observing and controlling behavior came to be known as behaviorism. A major object of study by behaviorists was learned behavior and its interaction with inborn qualities of the organism. Behaviorism commonly used animals in experiments under the assumption that what was learned using animal models could, to some degree, be applied to human behavior. Indeed, Tolman (1938) stated, “I believe that everything important in psychology (except … such matters as involve society and words) can be investigated in essence through the continued experimental and theoretical analysis of the determiners of rat behavior at a choice-point in a maze.”
Behaviorism dominated experimental psychology for several decades, and its influence can still be felt today (Thorne & Henley, 2005). Behaviorism is largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through its objective methods and especially experimentation. In addition, it is used in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Behavior modification is commonly used in classroom settings. Behaviorism has also led to research on environmental influences on human behavior.
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) was an American psychologist ([link]). Like Watson, Skinner was a behaviorist, and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences. Therefore, Skinner spoke of reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior. As a part of his research, Skinner developed a chamber that allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment. This device, known as an operant conditioning chamber (or more familiarly, a Skinner box), has remained a crucial resource for researchers studying behavior (Thorne & Henley, 2005).
The Skinner box is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment and has a behavior indicator such as a lever or a button. When the animal pushes the button or lever, the box is able to deliver a positive reinforcement of the behavior (such as food) or a punishment (such as a noise) or a token conditioner (such as a light) that is correlated with either the positive reinforcement or punishment.
Skinner’s focus on positive and negative reinforcement of learned behaviors had a lasting influence in psychology that has waned somewhat since the growth of research in cognitive psychology. Despite this, conditioned learning is still used in human behavioral modification. Skinner’s two widely read and controversial popular science books about the value of operant conditioning for creating happier lives remain as thought-provoking arguments for his approach (Greengrass, 2004).
MASLOW, ROGERS, AND HUMANISM
During the early 20th century, American psychology was dominated by behaviorism and psychoanalysis. However, some psychologists were uncomfortable with what they viewed as limited perspectives being so influential to the field. They objected to the pessimism and determinism (all actions driven by the unconscious) of Freud. They also disliked the reductionism, or simplifying nature, of behaviorism. Behaviorism is also deterministic at its core, because it sees human behavior as entirely determined by a combination of genetics and environment. Some psychologists began to form their own ideas that emphasized personal control, intentionality, and a true predisposition for “good” as important for our self-concept and our behavior. Thus, humanism emerged. Humanism is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. Two of the most well-known proponents of humanistic psychology are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers (O’Hara, n.d.).
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) was an American psychologist who is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior ([link]). Although this concept will be discussed in more detail in a later chapter, a brief overview will be provided here. Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior. According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to self-actualization, a process by which we achieve our full potential. Obviously, the focus on the positive aspects of human nature that are characteristic of the humanistic perspective is evident (Thorne & Henley, 2005). Humanistic psychologists rejected, on principle, the research approach based on reductionist experimentation in the tradition of the physical and biological sciences, because it missed the “whole” human being. Beginning with Maslow and Rogers, there was an insistence on a humanistic research program. This program has been largely qualitative (not measurement-based), but there exist a number of quantitative research strains within humanistic psychology, including research on happiness, self-concept, meditation, and the outcomes of humanistic psychotherapy (Friedman, 2008).
Carl Rogers (1902–1987) was also an American psychologist who, like Maslow, emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people ([link]). Rogers used a therapeutic technique known as client-centered therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy. Unlike a psychoanalytic approach in which the therapist plays an important role in interpreting what conscious behavior reveals about the unconscious mind, client-centered therapy involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session. Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the effectiveness of this particular approach: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy. Unconditional positive regard refers to the fact that the therapist accepts their client for who they are, no matter what he or she might say. Provided these factors, Rogers believed that people were more than capable of dealing with and working through their own issues (Thorne & Henley, 2005).
Humanism has been influential to psychology as a whole. Both Maslow and Rogers are well-known names among students of psychology (you will read more about both men later in this text), and their ideas have influenced many scholars. Furthermore, Rogers’ client-centered approach to therapy is still commonly used in psychotherapeutic settings today (O’hara, n.d.)
THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION
Behaviorism’s emphasis on objectivity and focus on external behavior had pulled psychologists’ attention away from the mind for a prolonged period of time. The early work of the humanistic psychologists redirected attention to the individual human as a whole, and as a conscious and self-aware being. By the 1950s, new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science were emerging, and these areas revived interest in the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry. This particular perspective has come to be known as the cognitive revolution (Miller, 2003). By 1967, Ulric Neisser published the first textbook entitled Cognitive Psychology, which served as a core text in cognitive psychology courses around the country (Thorne & Henley, 2005).
Although no one person is entirely responsible for starting the cognitive revolution, Noam Chomsky was very influential in the early days of this movement ([link]). Chomsky (1928–), an American linguist, was dissatisfied with the influence that behaviorism had had on psychology. He believed that psychology’s focus on behavior was short-sighted and that the field had to re-incorporate mental functioning into its purview if it were to offer any meaningful contributions to understanding behavior (Miller, 2003).
European psychology had never really been as influenced by behaviorism as had American psychology; and thus, the cognitive revolution helped reestablish lines of communication between European psychologists and their American counterparts. Furthermore, psychologists began to cooperate with scientists in other fields, like anthropology, linguistics, computer science, and neuroscience, among others. This interdisciplinary approach often was referred to as the cognitive sciences, and the influence and prominence of this particular perspective resonates in modern-day psychology (Miller, 2003).
The science of psychology has had an impact on human wellbeing, both positive and negative. The dominant influence of Western, white, and male academics in the early history of psychology meant that psychology developed with the biases inherent in those individuals, which often had negative consequences for members of society that were not white or male. Women, members of ethnic minorities in both the United States and other countries, and individuals with sexual orientations other than heterosexual had difficulties entering the field of psychology and therefore influencing its development. They also suffered from the attitudes of white, male psychologists, who were not immune to the nonscientific attitudes prevalent in the society in which they developed and worked. Until the 1960s, the science of psychology was largely a “womanless” psychology (Crawford & Marecek, 1989), meaning that few women were able to practice psychology, so they had little influence on what was studied. In addition, the experimental subjects of psychology were mostly men, which resulted from underlying assumptions that gender had no influence on psychology and that women were not of sufficient interest to study.
An article by Naomi Weisstein, first published in 1968 (Weisstein, 1993), stimulated a feminist revolution in psychology by presenting a critique of psychology as a science. She also specifically criticized male psychologists for constructing the psychology of women entirely out of their own cultural biases and without careful experimental tests to verify any of their characterizations of women. Weisstein used, as examples, statements by prominent psychologists in the 1960s, such as this quote by Bruno Bettleheim: “. . . we must start with the realization that, as much as women want to be good scientists or engineers, they want first and foremost to be womanly companions of men and to be mothers.” Weisstein’s critique formed the foundation for the subsequent development of a feminist psychology that attempted to be free of the influence of male cultural biases on our knowledge of the psychology of women and, indeed, of both genders.
Crawford & Marecek (1989) identify several feminist approaches to psychology that can be described as feminist psychology. These include re-evaluating and discovering the contributions of women to the history of psychology, studying psychological gender differences, and questioning the male bias present across the practice of the scientific approach to knowledge.
MULTICULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
Culture has important impacts on individuals and social psychology, yet the effects of culture on psychology are under-studied. There is a risk that psychological theories and data derived from white, American settings could be assumed to apply to individuals and social groups from other cultures and this is unlikely to be true (Betancourt & López, 1993). One weakness in the field of cross-cultural psychology is that in looking for differences in psychological attributes across cultures, there remains a need to go beyond simple descriptive statistics (Betancourt & López, 1993). In this sense, it has remained a descriptive science, rather than one seeking to determine cause and effect. For example, a study of characteristics of individuals seeking treatment for a binge eating disorder in Hispanic American, African American, and Caucasian American individuals found significant differences between groups (Franko et al., 2012). The study concluded that results from studying any one of the groups could not be extended to the other groups, and yet potential causes of the differences were not measured.
This history of multicultural psychology in the United States is a long one. The role of African American psychologists in researching the cultural differences between African American individual and social psychology is but one example. In 1920, Cecil Sumner was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States. Sumner established a psychology degree program at Howard University, leading to the education of a new generation of African American psychologists (Black, Spence, and Omari, 2004). Much of the work of early African American psychologists (and a general focus of much work in first half of the 20th century in psychology in the United States) was dedicated to testing and intelligence testing in particular (Black et al., 2004). That emphasis has continued, particularly because of the importance of testing in determining opportunities for children, but other areas of exploration in African-American psychology research include learning style, sense of community and belonging, and spiritualism (Black et al., 2004).
The American Psychological Association has several ethnically based organizations for professional psychologists that facilitate interactions among members. Since psychologists belonging to specific ethnic groups or cultures have the most interest in studying the psychology of their communities, these organizations provide an opportunity for the growth of research on the impact of culture on individual and social psychology.
Read a news story about the influence of an African American’s psychology research on the historic Brown v. Board of Education civil rights case.
Summary
Before the time of Wundt and James, questions about the mind were considered by philosophers. However, both Wundt and James helped create psychology as a distinct scientific discipline. Wundt was a structuralist, which meant he believed that our cognitive experience was best understood by breaking that experience into its component parts. He thought this was best accomplished by introspection.
William James was the first American psychologist, and he was a proponent of functionalism. This particular perspective focused on how mental activities served as adaptive responses to an organism’s environment. Like Wundt, James also relied on introspection; however, his research approach also incorporated more objective measures as well.
Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was absolutely critical to understand conscious behavior. This was especially true for individuals that he saw who suffered from various hysterias and neuroses. Freud relied on dream analysis, slips of the tongue, and free association as means to access the unconscious. Psychoanalytic theory remained a dominant force in clinical psychology for several decades.
Gestalt psychology was very influential in Europe. Gestalt psychology takes a holistic view of an individual and his experiences. As the Nazis came to power in Germany, Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler immigrated to the United States. Although they left their laboratories and their research behind, they did introduce America to Gestalt ideas. Some of the principles of Gestalt psychology are still very influential in the study of sensation and perception.
One of the most influential schools of thought within psychology’s history was behaviorism. Behaviorism focused on making psychology an objective science by studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes. John Watson is often considered the father of behaviorism, and B. F. Skinner’s contributions to our understanding of principles of operant conditioning cannot be underestimated.
As behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory took hold of so many aspects of psychology, some began to become dissatisfied with psychology’s picture of human nature. Thus, a humanistic movement within psychology began to take hold. Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for good. Both Maslow and Rogers were influential in shaping humanistic psychology.
During the 1950s, the landscape of psychology began to change. A science of behavior began to shift back to its roots of focus on mental processes. The emergence of neuroscience and computer science aided this transition. Ultimately, the cognitive revolution took hold, and people came to realize that cognition was crucial to a true appreciation and understanding of behavior.
Review Questions
Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components.
- William James
- Max Wertheimer
- Carl Rogers
- Noam Chomsky
B
________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.
- Noam Chomsky
- Carl Rogers
- Abraham Maslow
- Sigmund Freud
C
Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.
- structuralism
- functionalism
- Gestalt
- unconditional positive regard
D
The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.
- Skinner
- Watson
- James
- Koffka
A
Critical Thinking Questions
How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?
In its early days, psychology could be defined as the scientific study of mind or mental processes. Over time, psychology began to shift more towards the scientific study of behavior. However, as the cognitive revolution took hold, psychology once again began to focus on mental processes as necessary to the understanding of behavior.
In part, what aspect of psychology was the behaviorist approach to psychology a reaction to?
Behaviorists studied objectively observable behavior partly in reaction to the psychologists of the mind who were studying things that were not directly observable.
Personal Application Questions
Freud is probably one of the most well-known historical figures in psychology. Where have you encountered references to Freud or his ideas about the role that the unconscious mind plays in determining conscious behavior?
Glossary
- behaviorism
- focus on observing and controlling behavior
- functionalism
- focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
- humanism
- perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
- introspection
- process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts
- psychoanalytic theory
- focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior
- structuralism
- understanding the conscious experience through introspection

Question: when was wund's laboratory founded

The beginning of psychology was considered the founding of Wund's Laboratory in Leipzig in 1879, although, four years earlier, at Harvard, William James held demonstrations and lectures with topics from psychology.

Question: who was the founder of psihologija in 1879

who was the founder of psihologija in 1879

Question: where was wund's laboratory located

Question: where was the first psihologija conference held

where was the first psihologija conference held

Question: what was the name of the first laboratory in the field of psihologija

what was the name of the first laboratory in the field of psihologija

Question: p psihologija is the study of

Question: where did the beginning of psychology take place

where did the beginning of psychology take place

The beginning of psychology was considered the founding of Wund 's Laboratory in Leipzig in 1879 , although , four years earlier , at Harvard , William James held demonstrations and lectures with topics from psychology .

Početak psihologije kao znanosti Wilhelm Wundt Početkom psihologije se smatra osnivanje Wundtovog laboratorija u Leipzigu 1879. godine, iako je, četiri godine ranije, na Harvardu, William James održavao demonstracije i predavanja s temama iz psihologije.

Početak psihologije kao znanosti Wilhelm Wundt Početkom psihologije se smatra osnivanje Wundtovog laboratorija u Leipzigu 1879. godine, iako je, četiri godine ranije, na Harvardu, William James održavao demonstracije i predavanja s temama iz psihologije.

The beginning of psychology was considered the founding of Wund's Laboratory in Leipzig in 1879, although, four years earlier, at Harvard, William James held demonstrations and lectures with topics from psychology.

The beginning of psychology was considered the founding of Wund's Laboratory in Leipzig in 1879, although, four years earlier, at Harvard, William James held demonstrations and lectures with topics from psychology.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, in Europe, Freud became one of the first defenders of clinical psychology and set the basic ideas on the impact of early childhood on the overall development of man, through his approach to psychoanalysis.

Question: who wrote the book psihologija about early childhood

At the beginning of the twentieth century, in Europe, Freud became one of the first defenders of clinical psychology and set the basic ideas on the impact of early childhood on the overall development of man, through his approach to psychoanalysis.

who wrote the book psihologija about early childhood

Question: psihologija is the study of what

psihologije i postavio osnovne ideje o utjecaju ranog

Question: psihologija is an example of which field of study

psihologija is an example of which field of study

Question: where was sigmund freud born and raised

Question: psihologija is the study of the impact of

psihologija is the study of the impact of

Question: when was psihologija first used in psychology

stoljeća , u Europi , Freud je postao jedan od prvih zagovaratelja kliničke psihologije i postavio osnovne ideje o utjecaju ranog

when was psihologija first used in psychology

At the beginning of the twentieth century , in Europe , Freud became one of the first defenders of clinical psychology and set the basic ideas on the impact of early childhood on the overall development of man , through his approach to psychoanalysis .

Psihoanaliza i gestalt Početkom dvadesetog stoljeća, u Europi, Freud je postao jedan od prvih zagovaratelja kliničke psihologije i postavio osnovne ideje o utjecaju ranog djetinjstva na sveukupni razvoj čovjeka, kroz svoj pristup psihoanalize.

Psihoanaliza i gestalt Početkom dvadesetog stoljeća, u Europi, Freud je postao jedan od prvih zagovaratelja kliničke psihologije i postavio osnovne ideje o utjecaju ranog djetinjstva na sveukupni razvoj čovjeka, kroz svoj pristup psihoanalize.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, in Europe, Freud became one of the first defenders of clinical psychology and set the basic ideas on the impact of early childhood on the overall development of man, through his approach to psychoanalysis.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, in Europe, Freud became one of the first defenders of clinical psychology and set the basic ideas on the impact of early childhood on the overall development of man, through his approach to psychoanalysis.

Biheviorism Biheviorism, as the most influential psychological theory of the first half of the 20th century, develops from the work of the physiologist Ivan Paul in Russia and, later, through the career of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner in the US.

Question: who is the founder of psihologija theory of psychological science

Biheviorism Biheviorism, as the most influential psychological theory of the first half of the 20th century, develops from the work of the physiologist Ivan Paul in Russia and, later, through the career of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner in the US.

who is the founder of psihologija theory of psychological science

Question: what is the most influential psychological theory of the 20th century

what is the most influential psychological theory of the 20th century

Question: where did psihologija come from in the 20th century

where did psihologija come from in the 20th century

Question: what is the most influential psychological theory of the first half of the 20th century

what is the most influential psychological theory of the first half of the 20th century

Question: what is the name of the psychological theory of psihologija

what is the name of the psychological theory of psihologija

Question: who developed the theory of psihologija in the us

who developed the theory of psihologija in the us

Question: what type of theory is psihologija

teorija prve polovice 20 . stoljeća , razvija iz rada fiziologa Ivana Pavlova u Rusiji i , kasnije , kroz karijeru Johna B. Watsona

Question: who came up with the psihologija theory of psychotherapy

who came up with the psihologija theory of psychotherapy

Biheviorism Biheviorism , as the most influential psychological theory of the first half of the 20th century , develops from the work of the physiologist Ivan Paul in Russia and , later , through the career of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner in the US .

Biheviorizam Biheviorizam se, kao najutjecajnija psihologijska teorija prve polovice 20. stoljeća, razvija iz rada fiziologa Ivana Pavlova u Rusiji i, kasnije, kroz karijeru Johna B. Watsona i B.F. Skinnera u SAD-u.

Biheviorizam Biheviorizam se, kao najutjecajnija psihologijska teorija prve polovice 20. stoljeća, razvija iz rada fiziologa Ivana Pavlova u Rusiji i, kasnije, kroz karijeru Johna B. Watsona i B.F. Skinnera u SAD-u.

Biheviorism Biheviorism, as the most influential psychological theory of the first half of the 20th century, develops from the work of the physiologist Ivan Paul in Russia and, later, through the career of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner in the US.

Biheviorism Biheviorism, as the most influential psychological theory of the first half of the 20th century, develops from the work of the physiologist Ivan Paul in Russia and, later, through the career of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner in the US.

One of the main representatives of cognitivism is Noam Chomsky.

Question: who is one of the main representatives of cognitivism

One of the main representatives of cognitivism is Noam Chomsky.

who is one of the main representatives of cognitivism

Question: who is credited with starting the transition to cognitivism

who is credited with starting the transition to cognitivism

Question: when will psihologija be available in the united states

when will psihologija be available in the united states

Question: what did wundtov's structuralism and gestalt theory focus on

what did wundtov's structuralism and gestalt theory focus on

Question: when did edward c. tolman work on biheviorism

when did edward c. tolman work on biheviorism

Question: what was the major impact of cognitivism in the united states

what was the major impact of cognitivism in the united states

Question: what was already focused on mental processes in europe

Wundtov's structuralism and gestalt theory

Wundtov strukturalizam i gestalt teorija već bili usmjereni na mentalne procese , te je stoga prijelaz na kognitivizam bio lakši , History of PychologyPristupljeno 18 . ožujka 2021 . ali u SAD - u je utjecaj biheviorizma bio značajan i tek je ključno istraživanje Edward C. Tolmana , tijekom 1930.-ih i 40.-ih godina , pokrenulo taj prijelaz .

Wundtov 's structuralism and gestalt theory

what was already focused on mental processes in europe

Question: noam chomsky is one of the main representatives of what movement

noam chomsky is one of the main representatives of what movement

One of the main representatives of cognitivism is Noam Chomsky .

In Europe , Wundtov 's structuralism and gestalt theory were already focused on mental processes , and therefore the transition to cognitivism was easier , History of PsychologyAccessed on 18 March 2021 , but in the US the impact of biheviorism was significant and only the key research of Edward C. Tolman , during the 1930s and 40s , launched that transition .

Jedan od glavnih predstavnika kognitivizma je Noam Chomsky.

One of the main representatives of cognitivism is Noam Chomsky. In Europe, Wundtov's structuralism and gestalt theory were already focused on mental processes, and therefore the transition to cognitivism was easier,History of PsychologyAccessed on 18 March 2021, but in the US the impact of biheviorism was significant and only the key research of Edward C. Tolman, during the 1930s and 40s, launched that transition.

One of the main representatives of cognitivism is Noam Chomsky.

Tolman demonstrated that steakers can learn the way through a complicated labyrinth without the need to initially get food as a reward at the end.

By Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2018
Latent learning is a type of learning which is not apparent in the learner's behavior at the time of learning, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear. This shows that learning can occur without any reinforcement of a behavior. .
The idea of latent learning was not original to Tolman, but he developed it further. Edward Tolman argued that humans engage in this type of learning everyday as we drive or walk the same route daily and learn the locations of various buildings and objects. Only when we need to find a building or object does learning become obvious
Tolman conducted experiments with rats and mazes to examine the role that reinforcement plays in the way that rats learn their way through complex mazes. These experiments eventually led to the theory of latent learning
Tolman coined the term cognitive map, which is an internal representation (or image) of external environmental feature or landmark. He thought that individuals acquire large numbers of cues (i.e. signals) from the environment and could use these to build a mental image of an environment (i.e. a cognitive map).
By using this internal representation of a physical space they could get to the goal by knowing where it is in a complex of environmental features. Short cuts and changeable routes are possible with this model.
In their famous experiments Tolman and Honzik (1930) built a maze to investigate latent learning in rats. The study also shows that rats actively process information rather than operating on a stimulus response relationship.
In their study 3 groups of rats had to find their way around a complex maze. At the end of the maze there was a food box. Some groups of rats got to eat the food, some did not, and for some rats the food was only available after 10 days.
Group 1: Rewarded
Group 2: Delayed Reward
Group 3: No reward
The delayed reward group learned the route on days 1 to 10 and formed a cognitive map of the maze. They took longer to reach the end of the maze because there was no motivation for them to perform.
From day 11 onwards they had a motivation to perform (i.e. food) and reached the end before the reward group.
This shows that between stimulus (the maze) and response (reaching the end of the maze) a mediational process was occurring the rats were actively processing information in their brains by mentally using their cognitive map (which they had latently learned).
The behaviorists stated that psychology should study actual observable behavior, and that nothing happens between stimulus and response (i.e. no cognitive processes take place).
Edward Tolman (1948) challenged these assumptions by proposing that people and animals are active information processes and not passive learners as Behaviorism had suggested. Tolman developed a cognitive view of learning that has become popular in modern psychology.
Tolman believed individuals do more than merely respond to stimuli; they act on beliefs, attitudes, changing conditions, and they strive toward goals. Tolman is virtually the only behaviorists who found the stimulus-response theory unacceptable, because reinforcement was not necessary for learning to occur. He felt behavior was mainly cognitive.
Tolman, E. C., & Honzik, C. H. (1930). Introduction and removal of reward, and maze performance in rats. University of California Publications in Psychology.
Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological review, 55(4), 189.
McLeod, S. A. (2018, October, 31). Tolman - latent learning. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/tolman.html
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Question: who is credited with starting the transition to psihologija

Tolman demonstrated that steakers can learn the way through a complicated labyrinth without the need to initially get food as a reward at the end.

who is credited with starting the transition to psihologija

Question: when will the history of psychology be available

when will the history of psychology be available

Question: what type of philosophy is psihologija based on

what type of philosophy is psihologija based on

Question: what is the main theory of psihologija in the us

what is the main theory of psihologija in the us

Question: what two theories were already focused on mental processes in europe

what two theories were already focused on mental processes in europe

Question: when did edward c. tolman work on psihologija

when did edward c. tolman work on psihologija

Question: what are the different types of psihologians

what are the different types of psihologians

Tolman demonstrated that steakers can learn the way through a complicated labyrinth without the need to initially get food as a reward at the end .

Tolman je dokazao da štakori mogu naučiti put kroz kompliciran labirint bez potrebe da inicijalno dobiju hranu kao nagradu na kraju.

In Europe, Wundtov's structuralism and gestalt theory were already focused on mental processes, and therefore the transition to cognitivism was easier,History of PsychologyAccessed on 18 March 2021, but in the US the impact of biheviorism was significant and only the key research of Edward C. Tolman, during the 1930s and 40s, launched that transition. Tolman demonstrated that steakers can learn the way through a complicated labyrinth without the need to initially get food as a reward at the end.

Tolman demonstrated that steakers can learn the way through a complicated labyrinth without the need to initially get food as a reward at the end.

Humanism In the US, in the 1930s and the 1940s, humanism is also developing, mainly in the field of clinical psychology.

He was a response to the pessimistic view that on the human kind had Freud’s psychoanalysis and the reductionism that was demonstrated by the biheviorist psychology.

Question: what field of study is humanism in the us

Humanism In the US, in the 1930s and the 1940s, humanism is also developing, mainly in the field of clinical psychology.

He was a response to the pessimistic view that on the human kind had Freud’s psychoanalysis and the reductionism that was demonstrated by the biheviorist psychology.

what field of study is humanism in the us

Question: when did humanism begin in the us

Question: psihologija is a term for what type of philosophy

psihologija is a term for what type of philosophy

Question: what type of psychology showed reductionism

what type of psychology showed reductionism

Question: what type of psychology is psychoanalytic

what type of psychology is psychoanalytic

Question: where did the term psihologija come from

where did the term psihologija come from

Question: psihologija was a counterpoint to sigmund's

psihologija was a counterpoint to sigmund's

Humanism In the US , in the 1930s and the 1940s , humanism is also developing , mainly in the field of clinical psychology .

He was a response to the pessimistic view that on the human kind had Freud ’s psychoanalysis and the reductionism that was demonstrated by the biheviorist psychology .

Humanizam U SAD-u se, 1930.-ih i 40.-ih godina, također razvija humanizam, uglavnom na polju kliničke psihologije. On je bio odgovor na pesimističan pogled koji je na ljudsku vrstu imala Freudova psihoanaliza i redukcionizam kojeg je iskazivala bihevioristička psihologija.

Humanizam U SAD-u se, 1930.-ih i 40.-ih godina, također razvija humanizam, uglavnom na polju kliničke psihologije.

On je bio odgovor na pesimističan pogled koji je na ljudsku vrstu imala Freudova psihoanaliza i redukcionizam kojeg je iskazivala bihevioristička psihologija.

Humanism In the US, in the 1930s and the 1940s, humanism is also developing, mainly in the field of clinical psychology. He was a response to the pessimistic view that on the human kind had Freud’s psychoanalysis and the reductionism that was demonstrated by the biheviorist psychology.

Humanism In the US, in the 1930s and the 1940s, humanism is also developing, mainly in the field of clinical psychology.

He was a response to the pessimistic view that on the human kind had Freud’s psychoanalysis and the reductionism that was demonstrated by the biheviorist psychology.

Multicultural psychology Due to the express influence of American and European cultures on the development of psychology, there have been systematically certain errors in the approach to human behavior, which is why some of the psychological theories cannot be applied to all people.

Question: who influenced the development of psihologija

Multicultural psychology Due to the express influence of American and European cultures on the development of psychology, there have been systematically certain errors in the approach to human behavior, which is why some of the psychological theories cannot be applied to all people.

who influenced the development of psihologija

Question: what type of psychology is psihologija

Question: what cultures influence the development of psihologija

what cultures influence the development of psihologija

Question: what is the main problem with multicultural psychology

what is the main problem with multicultural psychology

Question: who are some of the theories of psihologija not applicable to

who are some of the theories of psihologija not applicable to

Question: who has influenced the development of psihologija

who has influenced the development of psihologija

Question: why are there certain errors in the approach to human behavior

some of the psychological theories cannot be applied to all people

some of the psychological theories can not be applied to all people

why are there certain errors in the approach to human behavior

Multicultural psychology Due to the express influence of American and European cultures on the development of psychology , there have been systematically certain errors in the approach to human behavior , which is why some of the psychological theories can not be applied to all people .

Multikulturalna psihologija Zbog izrazitog utjecaja američke i europskih kultura na razvoj psihologije, sustavno je došlo do određenih grešaka u pristupu ljudskom ponašanju, zbog čega se neke od psihologijskih teorija ne mogu primijeniti na sve ljude.

Multikulturalna psihologija Zbog izrazitog utjecaja američke i europskih kultura na razvoj psihologije, sustavno je došlo do određenih grešaka u pristupu ljudskom ponašanju, zbog čega se neke od psihologijskih teorija ne mogu primijeniti na sve ljude.

Multicultural psychology Due to the express influence of American and European cultures on the development of psychology, there have been systematically certain errors in the approach to human behavior, which is why some of the psychological theories cannot be applied to all people.

Multicultural psychology Due to the express influence of American and European cultures on the development of psychology, there have been systematically certain errors in the approach to human behavior, which is why some of the psychological theories cannot be applied to all people.

Department of Psychology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb.

Bujas, Ramiro, hrvatski psiholog (Budva, 23. VIII. 1879 – Zagreb, 3. X. 1959). Studirao u Grazu kod A. Meinonga, doktorirao 1906. God. 1920. u okviru Fiziološkog instituta Medicinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu osnovao Laboratorij eksperimentalne psihologije. Na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu 1922. habilitirao se za privatnoga docenta, a 1929. osnovao Katedru za psihologiju te tako institucionalizirao psihologiju kao samostalnu akademsku disciplinu. Njegova predavanja u Pučkom sveučilištu prije II. svjetskog rata učinila su psihologiju poznatom u javnosti. God. 1932. pokrenuo je časopis Acta Instituti psyhologici Universitatis zagrabiensis i sve do smrti bio njegov glavni urednik. Bujas je utemeljitelj hrvatske znanstvene i primijenjene psihologije; postavio je psihologiju kao samostalnu empirijsku znanost na temeljima eksperimentalne psihologije. Istraživao je fizikalne uvjete tzv. psihogalvanskoga refleksa Tarhanovljeva tipa, vidne, slušne, taktilne osjete, tjelesni i mentalni umor, čitljivost različitih pisama, školsko ocjenjivanje, težinu nastavne osnovice, dječju inteligenciju i dr. Utemeljio je osjetnu teoriju prema kojoj osjet uvjetuju poremećaji dinamičke ravnoteže između organskih i okolinskih čimbenika, proširio tipove mišljenja koje je odredila Meinongova škola. Poticao primijenjenu psihologiju u školi (konstruirao psihografski list učenika, poticao praktična dokimološka istraživanja) i u medicini (metoda sugestivne analgezije pri porođaju). Njemu u počast u Hrvatskoj se održava bijenalni znanstveni skup Dani Ramira Bujasa. Objavio je veći broj rasprava iz slavistike, povijesti, arheologije, povijesti umjetnosti i speleologije; crtao je, pisao pjesme, pripovijetke, putopise, drame, eseje. Glavna djela: Dobivanje psihologijskih podataka i njihovo računsko obrađivanje (sa Z. Bujasom, 1942), Psihologija sugestije i hipnoze (1954), Iz psihologije životinja (1957).
Citiranje:
Bujas, Ramiro. Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje.
Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2021. Pristupljeno 11. 10. 2022. <http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=10049>.

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Department of Psychology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb.

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psihogalvanski fenomen , tj . elektrodermalnu reakciju tijekom emocionalnih doživljaja , proučavanje procesa ispitivanja i ocjenjivanja učenika ( dokimologiju ) i čitljivost tiskanih slova , riječi i teksta . Bujas , Ramiro Pristupljeno 19 . ožujka 2021.V. Kolesarić ( ur . ) ( 2019 .

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Department of Psychology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb .

The works to which he focused most attention relate to the psychogalvanic phenomenon , i.e. electrodermal reaction during emotional experiences , the study of the process of examination and evaluation of students ( dokimology ) and the readability of printed letters , words and texts . Bujas , Ramiro Accessed March 19 , 2021.V. Kolesarić ( ur . ) ( 2019 . )

Katedru za psihologiju, na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu.

Department of Psychology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb. The works to which he focused most attention relate to the psychogalvanic phenomenon, i.e. electrodermal reaction during emotional experiences, the study of the process of examination and evaluation of students (dokimology) and the readability of printed letters, words and texts.Bujas, Ramiro Accessed March 19, 2021.V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

Department of Psychology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb.

Work on the tests of the Phereos effect (the type of electrodermal reaction) was most likely from her home, in which she established a simple laboratory in 1912.

Two years later, she published the work “Psychogalvanska refleksna fenomena prema svému znaczeniu za psychologi čuvosti”, in which she concluded discussing the possible use of that refleks in clinical practice and criminalists.V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

Question: when did psihologija establish her laboratory

Work on the tests of the Phereos effect (the type of electrodermal reaction) was most likely from her home, in which she established a simple laboratory in 1912.

Two years later, she published the work “Psychogalvanska refleksna fenomena prema svému znaczeniu za psychologi čuvosti”, in which she concluded discussing the possible use of that refleks in clinical practice and criminalists.V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

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vrsta elektrodermalne reakcije ) obavljala je najvjerojatnije iz svog stana

Question: what is the phereos effect

reakcije ) obavljala je najvjerojatnije iz svog stana

Work on the tests of the Phereos effect ( the type of electrodermal reaction ) was most likely from her home , in which she established a simple laboratory in 1912 .

Two years later , she published the work “ Psychogalvanska refleksna fenomena prema svému znaczeniu za psychologi čuvosti ” , in which she concluded discussing the possible use of that refleks in clinical practice and criminalists . V. Kolesarić ( ur . ) ( 2019 . )

Rad na ispitivanjima Fereovog efekta (vrsta elektrodermalne reakcije) obavljala je najvjerojatnije iz svog stana, u kojem je uspostavila jednostavan laboratorij 1912. godine.

Dvije godine kasnije je u Nastavnom vjesniku objavila rad „Psihogalvanska refleksna pojava prema svome značenju za psihologiju čuvstava“, u kojem zaključno raspravlja o mogućoj upotrebi tog refleksa u kliničkoj praksi te kriminalistici.V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

Work on the tests of the Phereos effect (the type of electrodermal reaction) was most likely from her home, in which she established a simple laboratory in 1912. Two years later, she published the work “Psychogalvanska refleksna fenomena prema svému znaczeniu za psychologi čuvosti”, in which she concluded discussing the possible use of that refleks in clinical practice and criminalists.V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

Work on the tests of the Phereos effect (the type of electrodermal reaction) was most likely from her home, in which she established a simple laboratory in 1912.

Two years later, she published the work “Psychogalvanska refleksna fenomena prema svému znaczeniu za psychologi čuvosti”, in which she concluded discussing the possible use of that refleks in clinical practice and criminalists.V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

Even 54 published works deal with taste, and 22 more subjects from experimental psychology.

He was a world-famous expert in the field that is visible from several scientific articles published in international magazines and the author of the chapter "Electrical Taste" in the manual "Handbook of Sensory Physiology".V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

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Even 54 published works deal with taste, and 22 more subjects from experimental psychology.

He was a world-famous expert in the field that is visible from several scientific articles published in international magazines and the author of the chapter "Electrical Taste" in the manual "Handbook of Sensory Physiology".V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

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Even 54 published works deal with taste , and 22 more subjects from experimental psychology .

He was a world - famous expert in the field that is visible from several scientific articles published in international magazines and the author of the chapter " Electrical Taste " in the manual " Handbook of Sensory Physiology" . V. Kolesarić ( ur . ) ( 2019 . )

Čak 54 objavljena rada se bave okusom, a još dodatnih 22 drugim temama iz eksperimentalne psihologije.

Bio je svjetski znan stručnjak na tom polju što je vidljivo iz više znanstvenih članaka objavljenih u međunarodnim časopisima i autorstvu poglavlja "Electrical Taste" u priručniku "Handbook of Sensory Physiology".V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

Even 54 published works deal with taste, and 22 more subjects from experimental psychology. He was a world-famous expert in the field that is visible from several scientific articles published in international magazines and the author of the chapter "Electrical Taste" in the manual "Handbook of Sensory Physiology".V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

Even 54 published works deal with taste, and 22 more subjects from experimental psychology.

He was a world-famous expert in the field that is visible from several scientific articles published in international magazines and the author of the chapter "Electrical Taste" in the manual "Handbook of Sensory Physiology".V. Kolesarić (ur.) (2019.)

Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Theory and methods of deep psychology founded by Sigmund Freud at the beginning of the 20th century to explain the mental processes, but also the formation and treatment of psychological disorders.Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis Accessed on March 19, 2021.

Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis
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The term psychoanalysis was not indexed in the Encyclopædia Britannica until well into the 20th century. It occurs in the 12th edition (1922) in such articles as “Behaviorism” and “Psychotherapy.” The first treatment of psychoanalysis as a subject unto itself appeared in the 13th edition (1926), and for that article Britannica went to the best possible authority, Sigmund Freud. He described the subject as he understood it at that time but also as he wished it to be understood later. “The future will probably attribute far greater importance to psychoanalysis as the science of the unconscious,” Freud wrote, “than as a therapeutic procedure.” Freud also chafed at what he seemed to think was the too-small space allotted to his article. “It is enough to say,” Freud declared, “that psychoanalysis, in its character of the psychology of the deepest, unconscious mental acts, promises to become the link between Psychiatry and all of these other fields of study,” among them medicine, anthropology, and literary history. As a unique piece of anthology, this article provides a remarkably clear exposition of psychoanalytic theory interlaced with Freud’s reflections upon his own scientific legacy.
PSYCHOANALYSIS: FREUDIAN SCHOOL
In the years 1880–2 a Viennese physician, Dr. Josef Breuer (1842–1925), discovered a new procedure by means of which he relieved a girl, who was suffering from severe hysteria, of her various symptoms. The idea occurred to him that the symptoms were connected with impressions which she had received during a period of excitement while she was nursing her sick father. He therefore induced her, while she was in a state of hypnotic somnambulism, to search for these connections in her memory and to live through the “pathogenic” scenes once again without inhibiting the affects that arose in the process. He found that when she had done this the symptom in question disappeared for good.
This was at a date before the investigations of Charcot and Pierre Janet into the origin of hysterical symptoms, and Breuer’s discovery was thus entirely uninfluenced by them. But he did not pursue the matter any further at the time, and it was not until some 10 years later that he took it up again in collaboration with Sigmund Freud. In 1895 they published a book, Studien über Hysterie, in which Breuer’s discoveries were described and an attempt was made to explain them by the theory of Catharsis. According to that hypothesis, hysterical symptoms originate through the energy of a mental process being withheld from conscious influence and being diverted into bodily innervation (“Conversion”). A hysterical symptom would thus be a substitute for an omitted mental act and a reminiscence of the occasion which should have given rise to that act. And, on this view, recovery would be a result of the liberation of the affect that had gone astray and of its discharge along a normal path (“Abreaction”). Cathartic treatment gave excellent therapeutic results, but it was found that they were not permanent and that they were dependent on the personal relation between the patient and the physician. Freud, who later proceeded with these investigations by himself, made an alteration in their technique, by replacing hypnosis by the method of free association. He invented the term “psychoanalysis,” which in the course of time came to have two meanings: (1) a particular method of treating nervous disorders and (2) the science of unconscious mental processes, which has also been appropriately described as “depth-psychology.”
Subject Matter of Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis finds a constantly increasing amount of support as a therapeutic procedure, owing to the fact that it can do more for certain classes of patients than any other method of treatment. The principal field of its application is in the milder neuroses—hysteria, phobias and obsessional states, but in malformations of character and in sexual inhibitions or abnormalities it can also bring about marked improvements or even recoveries. Its influence upon dementia praecox and paranoia is doubtful; on the other hand, in favourable circumstances it can cope with depressive states, even if they are of a severe type.
In every instance the treatment makes heavy claims upon both the physician and the patient: the former requires a special training, and must devote a long period of time to exploring the mind of each patient, while the latter must make considerable sacrifices, both material and mental. Nevertheless, all the trouble involved is as a rule rewarded by the results. Psychoanalysis does not act as a convenient panacea (“cito, tute, jucunde”) upon all psychological disorders. On the contrary, its application has been instrumental in making clear for the first time the difficulties and limitations in the treatment of such affections.
The therapeutic results of psychoanalysis depend upon the replacement of unconscious mental acts by conscious ones and are operative in so far as that process has significance in relation to the disorder under treatment. The replacement is effected by overcoming internal resistances in the patient’s mind. The future will probably attribute far greater importance to psychoanalysis as the science of the unconscious than as a therapeutic procedure.
Depth-Psychology
Psychoanalysis, in its character of depth-psychology, considers mental life from three points of view: the dynamic, the economic and the topographical.
From the first of these standpoints, the dynamic one, psychoanalysis derives all mental processes (apart from the reception of external stimuli) from the interplay of forces, which assist or inhibit one another, combine with one another, enter into compromises with one another, etc. All of these forces are originally in the nature of instincts; that is to say, they have an organic origin. They are characterised by possessing an immense (somatic) persistence and reserve of power (“repetition-compulsion”); and they are represented mentally as images or ideas with an affective charge (“cathexis”). In psychoanalysis, no less than in other sciences, the theory of instincts is an obscure subject. An empirical analysis leads to the formation of two groups of instincts: the so-called “ego-instincts,” which are directed towards self-preservation and the “object-instincts,” which are concerned with relations to an external object. The social instincts are not regarded as elementary or irreducible. Theoretical speculation leads to the suspicion that there are two fundamental instincts which lie concealed behind the manifest ego-instincts and object-instincts: namely (a) Eros, the instinct which strives for ever closer union, and (b) the instinct of destruction, which leads toward the dissolution of what is living. In psychoanalysis the manifestation of the force of Eros is given the name “libido.”
Pleasure-Pain Principle
From the economic standpoint psychoanalysis supposes that the mental representations of the instincts have a cathexis of definite quantities of energy, and that it is the purpose of the mental apparatus to hinder any damming-up of these energies and to keep as low as possible the total amount of the excitations to which it is subject. The course of mental processes is automatically regulated by the “pleasure-pain principle”; and pain is thus in some way related to an increase of excitation and pleasure to a decrease. In the course of development the original pleasure principle undergoes a modification with reference to the external world, giving place to the “reality-principle,” whereby the mental apparatus learns to postpone the pleasure of satisfaction and to tolerate temporarily feelings of pain.
Mental Topography
Topographically, psychoanalysis regards the mental apparatus as a composite instrument, and endeavours to determine at what points in it the various mental processes take place. According to the most recent psychoanalytic views, the mental apparatus is composed of an “id,” which is the reservoir of the instinctive impulses, of an “ego,” which is the most superficial portion of the id and one which is modified by the influence of the external world, and of a “super-ego,” which develops out of the id, dominates the ego and represents the inhibitions of instinct characteristic of man. Further, the property of consciousness has a topographical reference; for processes in the id are entirely unconscious, while consciousness is the function of the ego’s outermost layer, which is concerned with the perception of the external world.
At this point two observations may be in place. It must not be supposed that these very general ideas are presuppositions upon which the work of psychoanalysis depends. On the contrary, they are its latest conclusions and are in every respect open to revision. Psychoanalysis is founded securely upon the observation of the facts of mental life; and for that very reason its theoretical superstructure is still incomplete and subject to constant alteration. Secondly, there is no reason for astonishment that psychoanalysis, which was originally no more than an attempt at explaining pathological mental phenomena, should have developed into a psychology of normal mental life. The justification for this arose with the discovery that the dreams and mistakes (“parapraxes,” such as slips of the tongue, etc.) of normal men have the same mechanism as neurotic symptoms.
Theoretical Basis
The first task of psychoanalysis was the elucidation of nervous disorders. The analytical theory of the neuroses is based upon three ground-pillars: the recognition of (1) “repression,” of (2) the importance of the sexual instincts and of (3) “transference.”
Censorship
There is a force in the mind which exercises the functions of a censorship, and which excludes from consciousness and from any influence upon action all tendencies which displease it. Such tendencies are described as “repressed.” They remain unconscious; and if the physician attempts to bring them into the patient’s consciousness he provokes a “resistance.” These repressed instinctual impulses, however, are not always made powerless by this process. In many cases they succeed in making their influence felt by circuitous paths, and the indirect or substitutive gratification of repressed impulses is what constitutes neurotic symptoms.
Sexual Instincts
For cultural reasons the most intensive repression falls upon the sexual instincts; but it is precisely in connection with them that repression most easily miscarries, so that neurotic symptoms are found to be substitutive gratifications of repressed sexuality. The belief that in man sexual life begins only at puberty is incorrect. On the contrary, signs of it can be detected from the beginning of extra-uterine existence; it reaches a first culminating point at or before the fifth year (“early period”), after which it is inhibited or interrupted (“latency period”) until the age of puberty, which is the second climax of its development. This double onset of sexual development seems to be distinctive of the genus Homo. All experiences during the first period of childhood are of the greatest importance to the individual, and in combination with his inherited sexual constitution, form the dispositions for the subsequent development of character or disease. It is a mistaken belief that sexuality coincides with “genitality.” The sexual instincts pass through a complicated course of development, and it is only at the end of it that the “primacy of the genital zone” is attained. Before this there are a number of “pre-genital organisations” of the libido—points at which it may become “fixated” and to which, in the event of subsequent repression, it will return (“regression”). The infantile fixations of the libido are what determine the form of neurosis which sets in later. Thus the neuroses are to be regarded as inhibitions in the development of the libido.
The Oedipus Complex
There are no specific causes of nervous disorders; the question whether a conflict finds a healthy solution or leads to a neurotic inhibition of function depends upon quantitative considerations, that is, upon the relative strength of the forces concerned. The most important conflict with which a small child is faced is his relation to his parents, the “Oedipus complex”; it is in attempting to grapple with this problem that persons destined to suffer from a neurosis habitually fail. The reactions against the instinctual demands of the Oedipus complex are the source of the most precious and socially important achievements of the human mind; and this probably holds true not only in the life of individuals but also in the history of the human species as a whole. The super-ego, the moral factor which dominates the ego, also has its origin in the process of overcoming the Oedipus complex.
Transference
By “transference” is meant a striking peculiarity of neurotics. They develop toward their physician emotional relations, both of an affectionate and hostile character, which are not based upon the actual situation but are derived from their relations toward their parents (the Oedipus complex). Transference is a proof of the fact that adults have not overcome their former childish dependence; it coincides with the force which has been named “suggestion”; and it is only by learning to make use of it that the physician is enabled to induce the patient to overcome his internal resistances and do away with his repressions. Thus psychoanalytic treatment acts as a second education of the adult, as a corrective to his education as a child.
Within this narrow compass it has not been possible to mention many matters of the greatest interest, such as the “sublimation” of instincts, the part played by symbolism, the problem of “ambivalence,” etc. Nor has there been space to allude to the applications of psychoanalysis, which originated, as we have seen, in the sphere of medicine, to other departments of knowledge (such as Anthropology, the Study of Religion, Literary History and Education) where its influence is constantly increasing. It is enough to say that psychoanalysis, in its character of the psychology of the deepest, unconscious mental acts, promises to become the link between Psychiatry and all of these other fields of study.
The Psychoanalytic Movement
The beginnings of psychoanalysis may be marked by two dates: 1895, which saw the publication of Breuer and Freud’s Studien über Hysterie, and 1900, which saw that of Freud’s Traumdeutung. At first the new discoveries aroused no interest either in the medical profession or among the general public. In 1907 the Swiss psychiatrists, under the leadership of E. Bleuler and C.G. Jung, began to concern themselves in the subject; and in 1908 there took place at Salzburg a first meeting of adherents from a number of different countries. In 1909 Freud and Jung were invited to America by G. Stanley Hall to deliver a series of lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University, Worcester, Mass. From that time forward interest in Europe grew rapidly; it showed itself, however, in a forcible rejection of the new teachings, characterised by an emotional colouring which sometimes bordered upon the unscientific.
The reasons for this hostility are to be found, from the medical point of view, in the fact that psychoanalysis lays stress upon psychical factors, and from the philosophical point of view, in its assuming as an underlying postulate the concept of unconscious mental activity; but the strongest reason was undoubtedly the general disinclination of mankind to concede to the factor of sexuality such importance as is assigned to it by psychoanalysis. In spite of this widespread opposition, however, the movement in favour of psychoanalysis was not to be checked. Its adherents formed themselves into an International Association, which passed successfully through the ordeal of the World War, and at the present time comprises local groups in Vienna, Berlin, Budapest, London, Switzerland, Holland, Moscow and Calcutta, as well as two in the United States. There are three journals representing the views of these societies: the Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, Imago (which is concerned with the application of psychoanalysis to non-medical fields of knowledge), and the International Journal of Psycho-Analysis.
During the years 1911–3 two former adherents, Alfred Adler, of Vienna, and C.G. Jung, of Zürich, seceded from the psychoanalytic movement and founded schools of thought of their own. In 1921 Dr. M. Eitingon founded in Berlin the first public psychoanalytic clinic and training-school, and this was soon followed by a second in Vienna. For the moment these are the only institutions on the continent of Europe which make psychoanalytic treatment accessible to the wage-earning classes.
Bibliography
Breuer and Freud, Studien über Hysterie (1895); Freud, Traumdeutung (1900); Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens (1904); Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie (1905); Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse (1916). Freud’s complete works have been published in Spanish (Obras completas) (1924), and German (Gesammelte Schriften) (1925); the greater part of them has been translated into English and other languages. Short accounts of the subject-matter and history of psychoanalysis will be found in: Freud, Ueber Psychoanalyse (the lectures delivered at Worcester, U.S.A.) (1909); Zur Geschichte der psychoanalytischen Bewegung (1914); Selbstdarstellung (in Grote’s collection Die Medizin der Gegenwart) (1925). Particularly accessible to English readers are: A.A. Brill, Psycho-Analysis (1922); Ernest Jones, Papers on Psycho-Analysis (1923).Sigmund Freud

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Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Theory and methods of deep psychology founded by Sigmund Freud at the beginning of the 20th century to explain the mental processes, but also the formation and treatment of psychological disorders.Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis Accessed on March 19, 2021.

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Sigmund Freud Theory and methods of deep psychology

Sigmund FreudTeorija i metode dubinske psihologije

Sigmund Freud Theory and methods of deep psychology

what was sigmund freud's theory of psychoanalysis

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when was sigmund freud's theory of psychoanalysis founded

Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Theory and methods of deep psychology founded by Sigmund Freud at the beginning of the 20th century to explain the mental processes , but also the formation and treatment of psychological disorders . Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis Accessed on March 19 , 2021 .

Psihoanaliza Sigmund FreudTeorija i metode dubinske psihologije koju je početkom 20. st. utemeljio Sigmund Freud kako bi objasnio duševne procese, ali i nastajanje i liječenje psiholoških poremećaja.Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

Psihoanaliza Sigmund FreudTeorija i metode dubinske psihologije koju je početkom 20. st. utemeljio Sigmund Freud kako bi objasnio duševne procese, ali i nastajanje i liječenje psiholoških poremećaja.Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Theory and methods of deep psychology founded by Sigmund Freud at the beginning of the 20th century to explain the mental processes, but also the formation and treatment of psychological disorders.Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis Accessed on March 19, 2021.

Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Theory and methods of deep psychology founded by Sigmund Freud at the beginning of the 20th century to explain the mental processes, but also the formation and treatment of psychological disorders.Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis Accessed on March 19, 2021.

Cognitive-bihevioral therapy This therapy tries to get to the thoughts that are the basis of behavior and habits, and learning more constructive forms of behavior achieves a change and improvement in the situation of the client.

It is used in the therapy of a wide spectrum of clinical problems, and examples include: addiction, phobia, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, stress problems, panic attacks, etc.

Psychotherapy What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)? By Kendra Cherry Kendra Cherry Facebook Twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial process Updated on August 10, 2022 Medically reviewed Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS Medically reviewed by Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS Facebook LinkedIn Twitter Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS, is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in eating behaviors, stress management, and health behavior change. Learn about our Medical Review Board Print Verywell / Daniel Fishel Table of Contents View All Table of Contents Definition Types Techniques Uses Benefits Effectiveness Considerations Getting Started What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy? Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps people learn how to identify and change the destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on their behavior and emotions. CBT Definition Cognitive behavioral therapy is defined as "psychotherapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy by identifying faulty or maladaptive patterns of thinking, emotional response, or behavior and substituting them with desirable patterns of thinking, emotional response, or behavior." Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on changing the automatic negative thoughts that can contribute to and worsen our emotional difficulties, depression, and anxiety. These spontaneous negative thoughts also have a detrimental influence on our mood. Through CBT, faulty thoughts are identified, challenged, and replaced with more objective, realistic thoughts. 1:31 Everything You Need to Know About CBT This video has been medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD. Types of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT encompasses a range of techniques and approaches that address our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. These can range from structured psychotherapies to self-help practices. Some of the specific types of therapeutic approaches that involve cognitive behavioral therapy include: Cognitive therapy centers on identifying and changing inaccurate or distorted thought patterns, emotional responses, and behaviors. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) addresses destructive or disturbing thoughts and behaviors while incorporating treatment strategies such as emotional regulation and mindfulness. Multimodal therapy suggests that psychological issues must be treated by addressing seven different but interconnected modalities: behavior, affect, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal factors, and drug/biological considerations. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) involves identifying irrational beliefs, actively challenging these beliefs, and finally learning to recognize and change these thought patterns. While each type of cognitive behavioral therapy takes a different approach, all work to address the underlying thought patterns that contribute to psychological distress. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Techniques CBT is about more than identifying thought patterns. It uses a wide range of strategies to help people overcome these patterns. Here are just a few examples of techniques used in cognitive behavioral therapy. Identifying Negative Thoughts It is important to learn what thoughts, feelings, and situations are contributing to maladaptive behaviors. This process can be difficult, however, especially for people who struggle with introspection. But taking the time to identify these thoughts can also lead to self-discovery and provide insights that are essential to the treatment process. Practicing New Skills In cognitive behavioral therapy, people are often taught new skills that can be used in real-world situations. For example, someone with a substance use disorder might practice new coping skills and rehearse ways to avoid or deal with social situations that could potentially trigger a relapse. Goal-Setting Goal setting can be an important step in recovery from mental illness, helping you to make changes to improve your health and life. During cognitive behavioral therapy, a therapist can help you build and strengthen your goal-setting skills. This might involve teaching you how to identify your goal or how to distinguish between short- and long-term goals. It may also include helping you set SMART goals (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-based), with a focus on the process as much as the end outcome. Problem-Solving Learning problem-solving skills during cognitive behavioral therapy can help you learn how to identify and solve problems that may arise from life stressors, both big and small. It can also help reduce the negative impact of psychological and physical illness. Problem-solving in CBT often involves five steps: Identify the problemGenerate a list of potential solutionsEvaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each potential solutionChoose a solution to implementImplement the solution Self-Monitoring Also known as diary work, self-monitoring is an important cognitive behavioral therapy technique. It involves tracking behaviors, symptoms, or experiences over time and sharing them with your therapist. Self-monitoring can provide your therapist with the information they need to provide the best treatment. For example, for people with eating disorders, self-monitoring may involve keeping track of eating habits, as well as any thoughts or feelings that went along with consuming a meal or snack. Additional cognitive behavioral therapy techniques may include journaling, role-playing, engaging in relaxation strategies, and using mental distractions. What Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Can Help With Cognitive behavioral therapy can be used as a short-term treatment to help individuals learn to focus on present thoughts and beliefs. CBT is used to treat a wide range of conditions, including: Addiction Anger issues Anxiety Bipolar disorder Depression Eating disorders Panic attacks Personality disorders Phobias In addition to mental health conditions, cognitive behavioral therapy has also been found to help people cope with: Chronic pain or serious illnesses Divorce or break-ups Grief or loss Insomnia Low self-esteem Relationship problems Stress management Benefits of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy The underlying concept behind CBT is that thoughts and feelings play a fundamental role in behavior. For example, a person who spends a lot of time thinking about plane crashes, runway accidents, and other air disasters may avoid air travel as a result. The goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to teach people that while they cannot control every aspect of the world around them, they can take control of how they interpret and deal with things in their environment. CBT is known for providing the following key benefits: It helps you develop healthier thought patterns by becoming aware of the negative and often unrealistic thoughts that dampen your feelings and moods. It is an effective short-term treatment option as improvements can often be seen in five to 20 sessions. It is effective for a wide variety of maladaptive behaviors. It is often more affordable than some other types of therapy. It is effective whether therapy occurs online or face-to-face. It can be used for those who don't require psychotropic medication. One of the greatest benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy is that it helps clients develop coping skills that can be useful both now and in the future. Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT emerged during the 1960s and originated in the work of psychiatrist Aaron Beck, who noted that certain types of thinking contributed to emotional problems. Beck labeled these "automatic negative thoughts" and developed the process of cognitive therapy. Where earlier behavior therapies had focused almost exclusively on associations, reinforcements, and punishments to modify behavior, the cognitive approach addresses how thoughts and feelings affect behaviors. Today, cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most well-studied forms of treatment. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of a range of mental conditions, including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, insomnia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorder. Research indicates that cognitive behavioral therapy is the leading evidence-based treatment for eating disorders. CBT has been proven helpful in those with insomnia, as well as those who have a medical condition that interferes with sleep, including those with pain or mood disorders such as depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been scientifically proven to be effective in treating symptoms of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. A 2018 meta-analysis of 41 studies found that CBT helped improve symptoms in people with anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy has a high level of empirical support for the treatment of substance use disorders, helping people with these disorders improve self-control, avoid triggers, and develop coping mechanisms for daily stressors. CBT is one of the most researched types of therapy, in part, because treatment is focused on very specific goals and results can be measured relatively easily. Verywell Mind's Cost of Therapy Survey, which sought to learn more about how Americans deal with the financial burdens associated with therapy, found that Americans overwhelmingly feel the benefits of therapy: 80% say therapy is a good investment 91% are satisfied with the quality of therapy they receive 84% are satisfied with their progress toward mental health goals Things to Consider With Cognitive Behavioral Therapy There are several challenges that people may face when engaging in cognitive behavioral therapy. Here are a few to consider. Change Can Be Difficult Initially, some patients suggest that while they recognize that certain thoughts are not rational or healthy, simply becoming aware of these thoughts does not make it easy to alter them. CBT Is Very Structured Cognitive behavioral therapy doesn't focus on underlying, unconscious resistance to change as much as other approaches such as psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Instead, it tends to be more structured, so it may not be suitable for people who may find structure difficult. You Must Be Willing to Change For cognitive behavioral therapy to be effective, you must be ready and willing to spend time and effort analyzing your thoughts and feelings. This self-analysis can be difficult, but it is a great way to learn more about how our internal states impact our outward behavior. Progress Is Often Gradual In most cases, CBT is a gradual process that helps you take incremental steps toward behavior change. For example, someone with social anxiety might start by simply imagining anxiety-provoking social situations. Next, they may practice conversations with friends, family, and acquaintances. By progressively working toward a larger goal, the process seems less daunting and the goals easier to achieve. How to Get Started With Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy can be an effective treatment choice for a range of psychological issues. If you or someone you love might benefit from this form of therapy, consider the following steps: Consult with your physician and/or check out the directory of certified therapists offered by the National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists to locate a licensed professional in your area. You can also do a search for "cognitive behavioral therapy near me" to find local therapists who specialize in this type of therapy. Consider your personal preferences, including whether face-to-face or online therapy will work best for you. Contact your health insurance to see if it covers cognitive behavioral therapy and, if so, how many sessions are covered per year. Make an appointment with the therapist you've chosen, noting it on your calendar so you don't forget it or accidentally schedule something else during that time. Show up to your first session with an open mind and positive attitude. Be ready to begin to identify the thoughts and behaviors that may be holding you back, and commit to learning the strategies that can propel you forward instead. What to Expect With Cognitive Behavioral Therapy If you're new to cognitive behavioral therapy, you may have uncertainties or fears of what to expect. In many ways, the first session begins much like your first appointment with any new healthcare provider. During the first session, you'll likely spend some time filling out paperwork such as HIPAA forms (privacy forms), insurance information, medical history, current medications, and a therapist-patient service agreement. If you're participating in online therapy, you'll likely fill out these forms online. Also be prepared to answer questions about what brought you to therapy, your symptoms, and your history—including your childhood, education, career, relationships (family, romantic, friends), and current living situation. Once the therapist has a better idea of who you are, the challenges you face, and your goals for cognitive behavioral therapy, they can help you increase your awareness of the thoughts and beliefs you have that are unhelpful or unrealistic. Next, strategies are implemented to help you develop healthier thoughts and behavior patterns. During later sessions, you will discuss how your strategies are working and change the ones that aren't. Your therapist may also suggest cognitive behavioral therapy techniques you can do yourself between sessions, such as journaling to identify negative thoughts or practicing new skills to overcome your anxiety. What to Expect During Your First Therapy Session 15 Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Hofmann SG, Asnaani A, Vonk IJ, Sawyer AT, Fang A. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognit Ther Res. 2012;36(5):427-440. doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1 Merriam-Webster. Cognitive behavioral therapy. Rnic K, Dozois DJ, Martin RA. Cognitive distortions, humor styles, and depression. Eur J Psychol. 2016;12(3):348-62. doi:10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1118 Lazarus AA, Abramovitz A. A multimodal behavioral approach to performance anxiety. J Clin Psychol. 2004;60(8):831-40. doi:10.1002/jclp.20041 Lincoln TM, Riehle M, Pillny M, et al. Using functional analysis as a framework to guide individualized treatment for negative symptoms. Front Psychol. 2017;8:2108. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02108 Ugueto AM, Santucci LC, Krumholz LS, Weisz JR. Problem-solving skills training. Evidence-Based CBT for Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Competencies-Based Approach. 2014. doi:10.1002/9781118500576.ch17 Lindgreen P, Lomborg K, Clausen L. Patient experiences using a self-monitoring app in eating disorder treatment: Qualitative study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018;6(6):e10253. doi:10.2196/10253 Tsitsas GD, Paschali AA. A cognitive-behavior therapy applied to a social anxiety disorder and a specific phobia, case study. Health Psychol Res. 2014;2(3):1603. doi:10.4081/hpr.2014.1603 Kumar V, Sattar Y, Bseiso A, Khan S, Rutkofsky IH. The effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy in treatment of psychiatric disorders. Cureus. 2017;9(8):e1626. Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, Rajaratnam SMW, Cunnington D. Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(3):191. doi:10.7326/M14-2841 Agras WS, Fitzsimmons-craft EE, Wilfley DE. Evolution of cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2017;88:26-36. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.09.004 Oud M, De winter L, Vermeulen-smit E, et al. Effectiveness of CBT for children and adolescents with depression: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2019;57:33-45. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.12.008 Carpenter J, Andrews L, Witcraft S, Powers M, Smits J, Hofmann S. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta‐analysis of randomized placebo‐controlled trials. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(6):502–14. doi:10.1002/da.22728 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Cognitive-behavioral therapy (alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine). Gaudiano BA. Cognitive-behavioural therapies: Achievements and challenges. Evid Based Ment Health. 2008;11(1):5-7. doi:10.1136/ebmh.11.1.5 Additional Reading Beck JS. Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond. Coull G, Morris PG. The clinical effectiveness of CBT-based guided self-help interventions for anxiety and depressive disorders: A systematic review. Psycholog Med. 2011;41(11):2239-2252. doi:10.1017/S0033291711000900 By Kendra Cherry Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Review Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Other Helpful Report an Error Submit Speak to a Therapist Online Advertiser Disclosure × The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation.

Question: what type of therapy is psihologija used for

- bihevioralna terapija Ovom se terapijom pokušava doći do misli koje su u osnovi ponašanja i navika ,

Cognitive-bihevioral therapy This therapy tries to get to the thoughts that are the basis of behavior and habits, and learning more constructive forms of behavior achieves a change and improvement in the situation of the client.

It is used in the therapy of a wide spectrum of clinical problems, and examples include: addiction, phobia, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, stress problems, panic attacks, etc.

what type of therapy is psihologija used for

Question: what type of problems can psihologija be used for

what type of problems can psihologija be used for

Question: what are the different types of psihologija therapy

what are the different types of psihologija therapy

Question: what does cognitive-bihevioral therapy aim to get to

thoughts that are the basis of behavior and habits

misli koje su u osnovi ponašanja i navika , a učenjem konstruktivnijih oblika ponašanja postiže se promjena i poboljšanje

thoughts that are the basis of behavior and habits

what does cognitive-bihevioral therapy aim to get to

Question: what are the main components of psihologija

ponašanja i navika , a učenjem konstruktivnijih oblika ponašanja postiže se promjena i poboljšanje

what are the main components of psihologija

Question: what is the benefit of using cognitive-bihevioral therapy

a change and improvement in the situation of the client

promjena i poboljšanje situacije klijenta

a change and improvement in the situation of the client

what is the benefit of using cognitive-bihevioral therapy

Question: what does psihologija do to change a person

improvement in the situation of the client

improvement in the situation of the client

what does psihologija do to change a person

Cognitive - bihevioral therapy This therapy tries to get to the thoughts that are the basis of behavior and habits , and learning more constructive forms of behavior achieves a change and improvement in the situation of the client .

It is used in the therapy of a wide spectrum of clinical problems , and examples include : addiction , phobia , anxiety , depression , bipolar disorder , stress problems , panic attacks , etc .

Kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija Ovom se terapijom pokušava doći do misli koje su u osnovi ponašanja i navika, a učenjem konstruktivnijih oblika ponašanja postiže se promjena i poboljšanje situacije klijenta.

Koristi se u terapiji širokog spektra kliničke problematike, a primjeri su: ovisnosti, fobije, anksioznost, depresija, bipolarni poremećaj, problemi sa stresom, panični napadi, itd.

Cognitive-bihevioral therapy This therapy tries to get to the thoughts that are the basis of behavior and habits, and learning more constructive forms of behavior achieves a change and improvement in the situation of the client. It is used in the therapy of a wide spectrum of clinical problems, and examples include: addiction, phobia, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, stress problems, panic attacks, etc.

Cognitive-bihevioral therapy This therapy tries to get to the thoughts that are the basis of behavior and habits, and learning more constructive forms of behavior achieves a change and improvement in the situation of the client.

It is used in the therapy of a wide spectrum of clinical problems, and examples include: addiction, phobia, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, stress problems, panic attacks, etc.

As her name says, this form of therapy involves one or more therapists who work with two or more clients at the same time.

Psychotherapy What Is Group Therapy? By Kendra Cherry Kendra Cherry Facebook Twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial process Updated on June 23, 2022 Medically reviewed Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Steven Gans, MD Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Print SDI Productions / Getty Images Table of Contents View All Table of Contents Definition Types Techniques Uses Benefits Effectiveness Making the Decision How to Get Started What Is Group Therapy? Group therapy is a form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working with several people at the same time. This type of therapy is widely available at a variety of locations including private therapeutic practices, hospitals, mental health clinics, and community centers. Group therapy is sometimes used alone, but it is also commonly integrated into a comprehensive treatment plan that also includes individual therapy. Types of Group Therapy Group therapy can be categorized into different types depending on the mental health condition it is intended to treat as well as the clinical method used during the therapy. The most common types of group therapy include: Cognitive behavioral groups, which center on identifying and changing inaccurate or distorted thinking patterns, emotional responses, and behaviors Interpersonal groups, which focus on interpersonal relationships and social interactions, including how much support you have from others and the impact these relationships have on mental health Psychoeducational groups, which focus on educating clients about their disorders and ways of coping; often based on the principles of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) Skills development groups, which focus on improving social skills in people with mental disorders or developmental disabilities Support groups, which provide a wide range of benefits for people with a variety of mental health conditions as well as their loved ones Groups can be as small as three or four, but group therapy sessions often involve around eight to 12 people (although it is possible to have more participants). The group typically meets once or twice each week, or more, for an hour or two. Group therapy meetings may either be open or closed. New participants are welcome to join open sessions at any time. Only a core group of members are invited to participate in closed sessions. Group Therapy Techniques What does a typical group therapy session look like? In many cases, the group will meet in a room where the chairs are arranged in a large circle so that members can see every other person in the group. A session might begin with members of the group introducing themselves and sharing why they are in group therapy. Members might also share their experiences and progress since the last meeting. The precise manner in which the session is conducted, and any group therapy activities, depend largely on the goals of the group and the therapist's style. Some therapists might encourage a more free-form style of dialogue, where each member participates as they see fit. Other therapists have a specific plan for each session that might include having participants practice new skills with other members of the group. Group Therapy Activities Common group therapy activities can include:Icebreaker activities that help group members get to know one another Gratitude activities, such as mapping different aspects of their life that they are thankful forSharing activities, where group members ask one another questionsExpressive writing activities to explore experiences and emotions connected to those eventsGoal visualization activities to help people set goals and make a plan to accomplish them What Group Therapy Can Help With Group therapy is used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)DepressionEating disordersGeneralized anxiety disorderPanic disorderPhobiasPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Substance use disorder In addition to mental health conditions, CBT-based group therapy has been found to help people cope with: Anger managementChronic painChronic illnessChronic stressDivorceDomestic violenceGrief and lossWeight management After analyzing self-reports from people who have been involved in the process, Irvin D. Yalom outlines the key therapeutic principles of group therapy in "The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy." Altruism: Group members can share their strengths and help others in the group, which can boost self-esteem and confidence. Catharsis: Sharing feelings and experiences with a group of people can help relieve pain, guilt, or stress. The corrective recapitulation of the primary family group: The therapy group is much like a family in some ways. Within the group, each member can explore how childhood experiences contributed to personality and behaviors. They can also learn to avoid behaviors that are destructive or unhelpful in real life. Development of socialization techniques: The group setting is a great place to practice new behaviors. The setting is safe and supportive, allowing group members to experiment without the fear of failure. Existential factors: While working within a group offers support and guidance, group therapy helps members realize that they are responsible for their own lives, actions, and choices. Group cohesiveness: Because the group is united in a common goal, members gain a sense of belonging and acceptance. Imparting information: Group members can help each other by sharing information. Imitative behavior: Individuals can model the behavior of other members of the group or observe and imitate the behavior of the therapist. Instills hope: The group contains members at different stages of the treatment process. Seeing people who are coping or recovering gives hope to those at the beginning of the process. Interpersonal learning: By interacting with other people and receiving feedback from the group and the therapist, members of the group can gain a greater understanding of themselves. Universality: Being part of a group of people who have the same experiences helps people see that what they are going through is universal and that they are not alone. Benefits of Group Therapy There are several advantages of group therapy. Support, Safety and Encouragement Group therapy allows people to receive the support and encouragement of the other members of the group. People participating in the group can see that others are going through the same thing, which can help them feel less alone. The setting allows people to practice behaviors and actions within the safety and security of the group. Role Modeling Group members can serve as role models for other members of the group. By observing someone successfully coping with a problem, other members of the group can see that there is hope for recovery. As each person progresses, they can, in turn, serve as a role model and support figure for others. This can help foster feelings of success and accomplishment. Insight on Social Skills By working with a group, the therapist can see first-hand how each person responds to other people and behaves in social situations. Using this information, the therapist can provide valuable feedback to each client. Affordability Group therapy is often very affordable. Instead of focusing on just one client at a time, the therapist can devote their time to a much larger group of people, which reduces the cost for participants. While costs vary depending on a variety of factors, estimates suggest that group therapy costs, on average, one-half to one-third less than individual therapy. Effectiveness of Group Therapy Group therapy can be effective for depression. In a study published in 2014, researchers analyzed what happened when individuals with depression received group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). They found that 44% of the patients reported significant improvements. The dropout rate for group treatment was high, however, as almost one in five patients quit treatment. An article published in the American Psychological Association's Monitor on Psychology suggests that group therapy also meets efficacy standards established by the Society of Clinical Psychology (Division 12 of the APA) for the following conditions: Bipolar disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Panic disorder Social phobia Substance use disorder Is Group Therapy for You? If you or someone you love is thinking about group therapy, there are several things you should consider. You Need to Be Willing to Share Especially if you struggle with social anxiety or phobias, sharing in a group might not be right for you. In addition, some types of group therapy involve exercises like role-playing and intense personal discussion, which can be overwhelming for people who are extremely private or uncomfortable around strangers. You May Need to Try a Few Groups Just like you might need to shop around to find the right therapist, you may also need to try a few groups before you find the one that fits you best. Think a little about what you want and need, and consider what might be most comfortable or the best match for you. It’s Not Meant for Crisis There are limitations to group therapy and not all people are good candidates. If you or someone you love is in crisis or having suicidal thoughts, individual therapy is a better choice than group therapy. In general, group settings are best for individuals who are not currently in crisis. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 988 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. How to Get Started If you feel that you or someone you love might benefit from group therapy, begin with the following steps: Consult with a physician for a recommendation of the best type of group therapy for your condition. Consider your personal preferences, including whether an open or closed group therapy session is right for you. You may also choose to explore group therapy online. Contact your health insurance to see if they cover group therapy, and if so, how many sessions they cover per year. Before joining, think about whether you want to participate in an open or closed group. If you would prefer an open group, you can likely join in at any time. For closed groups, you will likely have to wait until a new session begins. It is also important to consider whether group therapy will be sufficient on its own or if you need additional assistance in the form of individual and/or medication. Talk to your doctor or therapist to decide what treatment approach is right for your needs. Here's How to Find the Right Therapist for You 10 Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Ezhumalai S, Muralidhar D, Dhanasekarapandian R, Nikketha BS. Group interventions. Indian J Psychiatry. 2018;60(Suppl 4):S514–S521. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_42_18 McDermut W, Miller IW, Brown RA. The efficacy of group psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis and review of the empirical research. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2001;8(1):98-116. doi:10.1093/clipsy.8.1.98 Castillo DT, C’de Baca J, Qualls C, Bornovalova MA. Group exposure therapy treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder in female veterans. Mil Med. 2012;177(12):1486-1491. doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00186 Lo Coco G, Melchiori F, Oieni V, et al. Group treatment for substance use disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. J Substance Abuse Treat. 2019;99:104-116. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2019.01.016 Kanas N. Group therapy for patients with chronic trauma–related stress disorders. Int J Group Psychother. 2005;55(1):161-165. doi:10.1521/ijgp.55.1.161.56551 Yalom ID, Leszcz M. Inpatient Group Psychotherapy. Basic Books. Hartgrove Behavioral Health System. When should you consider group therapy? The answer might surprise you. Thimm JC, Antonsen L. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy for depression in routine practice. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:292. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0292-x Paturel A. Power in numbers. Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association. Psychotherapy: Understanding group therapy. By Kendra Cherry Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Review Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Other Helpful Report an Error Submit Speak to a Therapist Online Advertiser Disclosure × The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation.

Question: who are the main people involved in psihologija

As her name says, this form of therapy involves one or more therapists who work with two or more clients at the same time.

who are the main people involved in psihologija

Question: who is involved in psihologija therapy with each client

jednog ili više terapeuta koji istovremeno rade s dvoje

who is involved in psihologija therapy with each client

Question: how many therapists are there in psihologija therapy

više terapeuta koji istovremeno rade s dvoje ili više klijenata

how many therapists are there in psihologija therapy

Question: what does psihologija mean in english

ovaj oblik terapije uključuje jednog ili više terapeuta koji istovremeno rade s dvoje ili više klijenata .

Question: how many therapists are involved in psihologija therapy

jednog ili više terapeuta koji istovremeno rade s dvoje

how many therapists are involved in psihologija therapy

As her name says , this form of therapy involves one or more therapists who work with two or more clients at the same time .

Kako joj i samo ime govori, ovaj oblik terapije uključuje jednog ili više terapeuta koji istovremeno rade s dvoje ili više klijenata.

Kako joj i samo ime govori, ovaj oblik terapije uključuje jednog ili više terapeuta koji istovremeno rade s dvoje ili više klijenata.

As her name says, this form of therapy involves one or more therapists who work with two or more clients at the same time.

As her name says, this form of therapy involves one or more therapists who work with two or more clients at the same time.

These two disciplines are not equal, but complementary.

They differ in education, given that the clinical psychologist becomes the person who specializes after the study of psychology, while the psychiatrist becomes the person who chooses that specialization after the study of medicine.

Question: what are the different disciplines of psihologija

These two disciplines are not equal, but complementary.

They differ in education, given that the clinical psychologist becomes the person who specializes after the study of psychology, while the psychiatrist becomes the person who chooses that specialization after the study of medicine.

what are the different disciplines of psihologija

Question: what is the difference between psychology and psihologija

what is the difference between psychology and psihologija

Question: who chooses to specialize in the field of psihologija

who chooses to specialize in the field of psihologija

Question: what is the relationship between psychology and psihologija

what is the relationship between psychology and psihologija

Question: who is the person who specializes in psychology

who is the person who specializes in psychology

These two disciplines are not equal , but complementary .

They differ in education , given that the clinical psychologist becomes the person who specializes after the study of psychology , while the psychiatrist becomes the person who chooses that specialization after the study of medicine .

Ove dvije discipline nisu istovjetne, već komplementarne. Razlikuju se u obrazovanju, s obzirom na to da kliničkim psihologom postaje osoba koja se specijalizira nakon studija psihologije, dok psihijatrom postaje osoba koja tu specijalizaciju odabere nakon studija medicine.

Ove dvije discipline nisu istovjetne, već komplementarne.

Razlikuju se u obrazovanju, s obzirom na to da kliničkim psihologom postaje osoba koja se specijalizira nakon studija psihologije, dok psihijatrom postaje osoba koja tu specijalizaciju odabere nakon studija medicine.

These two disciplines are not equal, but complementary. They differ in education, given that the clinical psychologist becomes the person who specializes after the study of psychology, while the psychiatrist becomes the person who chooses that specialization after the study of medicine.

These two disciplines are not equal, but complementary.

They differ in education, given that the clinical psychologist becomes the person who specializes after the study of psychology, while the psychiatrist becomes the person who chooses that specialization after the study of medicine.

While neurology is the branch of medicine and focused on the physiological description of psychological problems, neuropsychology has a rather reverse, but completely complementary approach, which runs from behavior whose causes finds in brain physiology.

Neurology and Psychology Journals
Neurology deals with the brain and central nervous system, detailing the way they control the functioning of the body; psychology deals with the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of the living organisms; in particular, humans. Neurology and neuropsychology are closely interlinked, and there is a lot of overlap between the two. Therefore, neurological disorders give rise to psychological problems, and psychological problems might also be indirectly responsible for neurological disorders. Neurology & Psychology is the study of how the brain structure and function relate to the psychological processes, especially behavior and cognition. This field of science aims to identify brain-based disorders associated with memory, personality, cognition, attention, self-awareness, and emotional expression.
Integrative Neuroscience Research
Integrative neuroscience showcases the research data generated from neurological research, neurophysiology, cognitive neurological research, genetic disorders and neuroinfectious diseases, molecular, behavioral, developmental, mathematical and computational research pertaining to neuroscience.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
Journal Clinical Psychiatry and Cognitive Psychology
The Journal features articles on a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders such as mental disorders, neurocognitive disorders, hyperactivity disorders, depressive disorders, dementia, stress etc., with special focus on diagnostic and treatment strategies like neuro imaging, psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, and psychopharmacology.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
Journal of Brain and Neurology
The Journal accepts articles from neurobiological disciplines including brain informatics, brain injury, clinical neuroscience, neurological disorders, neurochemistry, neuro-endocrinology, neuroepidemiology, neuro-genetics, neuroimaging, neuropathology, neuropharmacology, neuropsychology, neuroradiology, neurorehabilitation etc.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neurology
The journal scope covers the disciplines related to neurology and its subfields like stroke, dementia, movement disorders, neurointensive care, headaches, epilepsy, sleep disorders, ischemia, chronic pain management, multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular diseases and many more.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
Journal of Juvenile Psychology and Behavioural Sciences
The scope of the journal includes juvenile behavior, child psychology, social neuroscience, cognitive science, mental health, human psychiatric disorders, autism, psychobiology, cognitive psychology, depression, trauma, juvenile law, juvenile criminology and related studies.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
Journal of Mental Health and Aging
The Journal of Mental Health and Aging accepts articles across the disciplines including mental health treatment, psychology, mental disorders, geriatric psychiatry, post-traumatic stress disorder, hyperactivity disorder, cognitive disorder, mental health facilities, psychiatric emergencies.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
Journal of Neuroinformatics and Neuroimaging
The scope of the Journal encompasses broad spectrum of themes including neuromedicine, neuroscience, neuroradiology, brain imaging, brain computer interfaces, neurosurgery, functional integration of neurobiology, medical image computing, neuroscience databases, computational neuroscience, systems neuroscience, brain reading and neuroethology.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
Journal of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Research
The scope of the journal includes molecular neuroscience, neural regeneration and plasticity, neuropharmacology, neuroradiology, neurochemistry, endovascular neurosurgery, traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, and cognitive rehabilitation.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
Journal of Psychology and Cognition
The Journal publishes articles related to memory and learning, problem solving, decision making, thinking, psycholinguistics, conceptual processes, and skilled performance, including relevant studies in information processing, computer simulation, mathematical psychology, developmental psychology, and experimental social psychology.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
Neurophysiology Research
The scope of the Neurophysiology Research journal encompasses different branches of neurology and physiology viz. neurobiology, psychology, neuro-anatomy, cognitive science, clinical and behavioral neurophysiology, electrophysiology, biophysics and mathematical biology.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
Sensory Research: Neuroscience and Modelling
Neuroscience and Modelling aims to publishes scientific articles related to sensory and extrasensory perceptions in both living (i.e., animal and human) and artificial (Robots, Softwares) systems. The journal emphasizes integration of ideas, theories, models and techniques from multiple platforms, in analyzing the structure and functional dynamics of sensory systems.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper
The Cognitive Neuroscience Journal
The journal publishes articles in the field of cognitive neuroscience such as attention, memory, action, perception, language, social cognition, and executive function. The journal showcases findings based on a variety of diagnostic techniques such as MEG, TMS, fMRI, ERPs, and focal lesion studies.Current Issue Editorial Board Submit Paper

Question: when will psihologija be available to the public

While neurology is the branch of medicine and focused on the physiological description of psychological problems, neuropsychology has a rather reverse, but completely complementary approach, which runs from behavior whose causes finds in brain physiology.

when will psihologija be available to the public

Question: what branch of medicine deals with psychological problems

what branch of medicine deals with psychological problems

Question: what branch of medicine is psihologija a multidisciplinary approach to

what branch of medicine is psihologija a multidisciplinary approach to

Question: what type of approach does psihologija take

multidisciplinary approach to neuroscience

pristupa neuroznanosti , koja je vrlo plodan spoj medicine , matematičkog modeliranja , informacijskih znanosti i psihologije , što je i vidljivo po velikom broju znanstvenih časopisa ( i članaka objavljenih u

multidisciplinary approach to neuroscience

what type of approach does psihologija take

Question: what is the main focus of neurology

physiological description of psychological problems

opis psiholoških problema , neuropsihologija ima donekle obrnut , ali u potpunosti komplementaran pristup , koji polazi

physiological description of psychological problems

Question: which branch of medicine is focused on the description of psychological problems

which branch of medicine is focused on the description of psychological problems

While neurology is the branch of medicine and focused on the physiological description of psychological problems , neuropsychology has a rather reverse , but completely complementary approach , which runs from behavior whose causes finds in brain physiology .

Both branches are part of a multidisciplinary approach to neuroscience , which is a very fruitful combination of medicine , mathematical modeling , information science and psychology , which is also visible through a large number of scientific journals ( and articles published in them ) dedicated to neuroscience . Neurology and Psychology Journals Accessed on March 18 , 2021 .

Dok je neurologija grana medicine i usmjerena na fiziološki opis psiholoških problema, neuropsihologija ima donekle obrnut, ali u potpunosti komplementaran pristup, koji polazi od ponašanja čije uzroke pronalazi u fiziologiji mozga.

While neurology is the branch of medicine and focused on the physiological description of psychological problems, neuropsychology has a rather reverse, but completely complementary approach, which runs from behavior whose causes finds in brain physiology. Both branches are part of a multidisciplinary approach to neuroscience, which is a very fruitful combination of medicine, mathematical modeling, information science and psychology, which is also visible through a large number of scientific journals (and articles published in them) dedicated to neuroscience.Neurology and Psychology Journals Accessed on March 18, 2021.

While neurology is the branch of medicine and focused on the physiological description of psychological problems, neuropsychology has a rather reverse, but completely complementary approach, which runs from behavior whose causes finds in brain physiology.

Psychology and philosophy Philosophy has, throughout history, been the threshold discipline for all modern sciences.

Some separated from it relatively early, such as mathematics, but social sciences were part of a philosophical discourse until the 19th century, including psychology.The First Experimental Psychology Lab Accessed on March 18, 2021.

Question: when is the first experimental psychology lab coming out

Psychology and philosophy Philosophy has, throughout history, been the threshold discipline for all modern sciences.

Some separated from it relatively early, such as mathematics, but social sciences were part of a philosophical discourse until the 19th century, including psychology.The First Experimental Psychology Lab Accessed on March 18, 2021.

when is the first experimental psychology lab coming out

Question: what is the first discipline of psihologija

what is the first discipline of psihologija

Question: what are the two main branches of psihologija

"Psihologija i filozofija Filozofija je ,

what are the two main branches of psihologija

Question: what is the most important science in psihologija

what is the most important science in psihologija

Question: when did psychology become part of a philosophical discourse

when did psychology become part of a philosophical discourse

Question: when did psychology become a subject of a philosophical discourse

when did psychology become a subject of a philosophical discourse

Psychology and philosophy Philosophy has , throughout history , been the threshold discipline for all modern sciences .

Some separated from it relatively early , such as mathematics , but social sciences were part of a philosophical discourse until the 19th century , including psychology . The First Experimental Psychology Lab Accessed on March 18 , 2021 .

Psihologija i filozofija Filozofija je, tijekom povijesti, bila krovna disciplina za sve moderne znanosti.

Neke su se od nje odvojile relativno rano, poput matematike, ali društvene znanosti su bile dio filozofskog diskursa sve do 19. stoljeća, uključujući psihologiju.The First Experimental Psychology Lab Pristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

Psychology and philosophy Philosophy has, throughout history, been the threshold discipline for all modern sciences. Some separated from it relatively early, such as mathematics, but social sciences were part of a philosophical discourse until the 19th century, including psychology.The First Experimental Psychology Lab Accessed on March 18, 2021.

Psychology and philosophy Philosophy has, throughout history, been the threshold discipline for all modern sciences.

Some separated from it relatively early, such as mathematics, but social sciences were part of a philosophical discourse until the 19th century, including psychology.The First Experimental Psychology Lab Accessed on March 18, 2021.

The influence of philosophy on psychology is still visible, for example, Stoicism and Socratic Dialogue are similar to the foundations of many therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive-bihevioral therapy.

Question: stoicism andocratic dialogue are similar to what type of therapy

The influence of philosophy on psychology is still visible, for example, Stoicism and Socratic Dialogue are similar to the foundations of many therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive-bihevioral therapy.

stoicism andocratic dialogue are similar to what type of therapy

Question: when will philosophy be available on psihologija

when will philosophy be available on psihologija

Question: stoicism andocratic dialogue are examples of approaches to what subject

stoicism andocratic dialogue are examples of approaches to what subject

Question: what is the influence of personality on a philosophical topic

what is the influence of personality on a philosophical topic

Question: what are the foundations of many therapeutic approaches

what are the foundations of many therapeutic approaches

Question: what is the most influential philosophy in psychology

what is the most influential philosophy in psychology

Question: what is an example of a traditional philosophical topic influenced by personality

what is an example of a traditional philosophical topic influenced by personality

The influence of philosophy on psychology is still visible , for example , Stoicism and Socratic Dialogue are similar to the foundations of many therapeutic approaches , such as cognitive - bihevioral therapy .

What ’s interesting is that psychologists have established the influence of the individual ’s personality when resonating on a philosophical topic , i.e. there are evidence that the approach to traditional philosophical topics , such as the question of free will , is under the influence of individual temperament and personality . PhilosophyAccessed March 18 , 2021 .

Utjecaj filozofije na psihologiju je još vidljiv, npr. stoicizam i Sokratički dijalog su slični osnovama mnogih terapeutskih pristupa, poput kognitivno-bihevioralne terapije.

Ono što je zanimljivo je da su psiholozi ustanovili utjecaj ličnosti pojedinca prilikom rezoniranja o filozofskoj tematici, tj. postoje dokazi da je pristup tradicionalno filozofskim temama, poput pitanja slobodne volje, pod utjecajem individualnog temperamenta i ličnosti.PhilosophyPristupljeno 18. ožujka 2021.

The influence of philosophy on psychology is still visible, for example, Stoicism and Socratic Dialogue are similar to the foundations of many therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive-bihevioral therapy. What’s interesting is that psychologists have established the influence of the individual’s personality when resonating on a philosophical topic, i.e. there are evidence that the approach to traditional philosophical topics, such as the question of free will, is under the influence of individual temperament and personality.PhilosophyAccessed March 18, 2021.

The influence of philosophy on psychology is still visible, for example, Stoicism and Socratic Dialogue are similar to the foundations of many therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive-bihevioral therapy.

In psychology, these are psychic characteristics - emotions, inclinations, motivation, intelligence, etc.

The most well-known are intelligence tests, which we try to determine the level (expressed in description or in numbers) of our mental effectiveness.

IQ Testing
Formally referred to as “intellectual quotient” tests, IQ tests come in many forms. They can help diagnose intellectual disabilities or measure someone’s intellectual potential. If you’re considering IQ testing, your doctor should be your first point of contact.
French psychologist Alfred Binet created the first intelligence test in the early 1900s. However, modern IQ testing in the United States stems from the work of Henry Herbert Goddard. Goddard was a psychologist who earned his doctorate in psychology from Clark University in 1899. He translated the Binet test from French to English. This test was used to test basic intellectual functions in U.S. school children and to support mental health diagnoses.
Goddard remains a controversial figure in the history of psychology. This is due to his argument that adults with low IQs shouldn’t procreate. Thankfully, society has largely moved on from such viewpoints. Today, there are numerous IQ tests that are used for different purposes, but most are used to help diagnose learning disabilities.
Since Goddard’s controversial Binet tests, psychologists have worked to develop numerous other tests. Most are intended for elementary school-aged children, but some may be used for adults.
The most common types of IQ tests are:
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
- Universal Nonverbal Intelligence
- Differential Ability Scales
- Peabody Individual Achievement Test
- Wechsler Individual Achievement Test
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
- Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Disabilities
According to the
High Scores
A high IQ score, over 100, is typically associated with high intelligence. Extreme intelligence is 130 or above. Still, these outcomes are stereotypical. A high score usually means the person has a lot of potential, not that they’re particularly “smart.”
Low Scores
Someone who scores below 100 is considered to have “below average” intelligence. Extremely low scores, below 70, are usually a cause for concern. They may indicate an underlying learning disability.
An IQ test may be the first step in diagnosing intellectual issues. If your child has a particularly low score, their doctor may also order:
- adaptive skills screening
- blood tests
- brain ultrasound
- full mental health screening
Prenatal screenings may help detect potential intellectual disabilities before babies are born. This is especially the case for mothers who are 35 or older, or those who have used drugs or alcohol during pregnancy. If potential issues are detected at this time, your pediatrician may follow up with an IQ test in early childhood.
IQ scores are just one piece of the puzzle. These tests still remain inaccessible to many families. Not all public schools use them. Some families may not have access to a doctor or psychologist who can administer the test. This can lead to missed opportunities for crucial testing — especially during a child’s early years when treatment is vital.
Online IQ tests are available, but you shouldn’t rely on them for a medical diagnosis. If you suspect an intellectual disability in a loved one, don’t wait for your doctor to offer a test. Seek out your options for early testing.
IQ testing is just one way to measure someone’s intelligence. When diagnosing an intellectual disability, your doctor will rely on additional tests and observations. IQ tests should certainly not be discounted, but it’s important not to rely on them as the sole measure of intelligence.

Question: what is the most common type of psihologija

testovi inteligencije , kojima pokušavamo odrediti razinu ( izraženu opisno ili brojkom ) naše mentalne efikasnosti .

In psychology, these are psychic characteristics - emotions, inclinations, motivation, intelligence, etc.

The most well-known are intelligence tests, which we try to determine the level (expressed in description or in numbers) of our mental effectiveness.

what is the most common type of psihologija

Question: what type of tests do we use to measure our mental effectiveness

what type of tests do we use to measure our mental effectiveness

Question: what are the different types of psihologija in psychology

what are the different types of psihologija in psychology

Question: what are the characteristics of psihologija in psychology

emotions, inclinations, motivation, intelligence

, sklonosti , motivacija , inteligencija , itd .

emotions , inclinations , motivation , intelligence

what are the characteristics of psihologija in psychology

In psychology , these are psychic characteristics - emotions , inclinations , motivation , intelligence , etc .

The most well - known are intelligence tests , which we try to determine the level ( expressed in description or in numbers ) of our mental effectiveness .

U psihologiji su to psihičke osobine - emocije, sklonosti, motivacija, inteligencija, itd. Najpoznatiji su testovi inteligencije, kojima pokušavamo odrediti razinu (izraženu opisno ili brojkom) naše mentalne efikasnosti.

U psihologiji su to psihičke osobine - emocije, sklonosti, motivacija, inteligencija, itd.

Najpoznatiji su testovi inteligencije, kojima pokušavamo odrediti razinu (izraženu opisno ili brojkom) naše mentalne efikasnosti.

In psychology, these are psychic characteristics - emotions, inclinations, motivation, intelligence, etc. The most well-known are intelligence tests, which we try to determine the level (expressed in description or in numbers) of our mental effectiveness.

In psychology, these are psychic characteristics - emotions, inclinations, motivation, intelligence, etc.

The most well-known are intelligence tests, which we try to determine the level (expressed in description or in numbers) of our mental effectiveness.

If we determine it numerically, we will get the Intelligence Quota (IQ).IQ TestingAccessed on March 19, 2021.

In much of the 20th century, intelligence was considered fixed and born, but new research has shown that many environmental factors can affect the success of testing.

Question: when is the qq coming out in 2021

If we determine it numerically, we will get the Intelligence Quota (IQ).IQ TestingAccessed on March 19, 2021.

In much of the 20th century, intelligence was considered fixed and born, but new research has shown that many environmental factors can affect the success of testing.

Question: what does iq stand for in psihologija

Question: what can affect the success of qi testing

what can affect the success of qi testing

Question: in the 20th century, intelligence was considered what

in the 20th century, intelligence was considered what

Question: what type of factors can affect the success of qi testing

what type of factors can affect the success of qi testing

Question: when is the next qi test coming out

If we determine it numerically , we will get the Intelligence Quota ( IQ).IQ TestingAccessed on March 19 , 2021 .

In much of the 20th century , intelligence was considered fixed and born , but new research has shown that many environmental factors can affect the success of testing .

Ako je odredimo brojčano, dobit ćemo kvocijent inteligencije (IQ).IQ TestingPristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021. Inteligencija je u većem dijelu 20. stoljeća smatrana fiksnom i urođenom, ali novija istraživanja su pokazala da i mnogi okolinski faktori mogu utjecati na uspješnost rješavanja testova.

Ako je odredimo brojčano, dobit ćemo kvocijent inteligencije (IQ).IQ TestingPristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021.

Inteligencija je u većem dijelu 20. stoljeća smatrana fiksnom i urođenom, ali novija istraživanja su pokazala da i mnogi okolinski faktori mogu utjecati na uspješnost rješavanja testova.

If we determine it numerically, we will get the Intelligence Quota (IQ).IQ TestingAccessed on March 19, 2021. In much of the 20th century, intelligence was considered fixed and born, but new research has shown that many environmental factors can affect the success of testing.

If we determine it numerically, we will get the Intelligence Quota (IQ).IQ TestingAccessed on March 19, 2021.

In much of the 20th century, intelligence was considered fixed and born, but new research has shown that many environmental factors can affect the success of testing.

Accessed on March 19, 2021.

Part of this problem is noticeable and in the way of education of psychologists, considering that through the same program pass students who will later work on fundamental research and those who will carry out their career within some applied branch of psychology.

Question: when is psihologija coming out in stores

Accessed on March 19, 2021.

Part of this problem is noticeable and in the way of education of psychologists, considering that through the same program pass students who will later work on fundamental research and those who will carry out their career within some applied branch of psychology.

when is psihologija coming out in stores

Question: p psihologija is used in the education of what profession

Accessed on March 19, 2021.

p psihologija is used in the education of what profession

Question: what is the biggest problem with psihologija

Accessed on March 19, 2021.

what is the biggest problem with psihologija

Question: what type of research is p psihologija meant to do

Accessed on March 19, 2021.

what type of research is p psihologija meant to do

Question: when is p psihologija coming out in stores

Accessed on March 19, 2021.

when is p psihologija coming out in stores

Question: what branch of psychology is psihologija a part of

odraditi unutar neke primijenjene grane psihologije

Accessed on March 19, 2021.

what branch of psychology is psihologija a part of

Question: what branch of psychology is p psihologija a part of

odraditi unutar neke primijenjene grane psihologije

Accessed on March 19, 2021.

what branch of psychology is p psihologija a part of

Question: where does the psihologija program affect psychology

Accessed on March 19, 2021.

where does the psihologija program affect psychology

Part of this problem is noticeable and in the way of education of psychologists , considering that through the same program pass students who will later work on fundamental research and those who will carry out their career within some applied branch of psychology .

Pristupljeno 19. ožujka 2021. Dio ovog problema je uočljiv i u samom načinu obrazovanja psihologa, s obzirom na to da kroz isti program prolaze studenti koji će kasnije raditi na fundamentalnim istraživanjima i oni koji će svoju karijeru odraditi unutar neke primijenjene grane psihologije.

Dio ovog problema je uočljiv i u samom načinu obrazovanja psihologa, s obzirom na to da kroz isti program prolaze studenti koji će kasnije raditi na fundamentalnim istraživanjima i oni koji će svoju karijeru odraditi unutar neke primijenjene grane psihologije.

Accessed on March 19, 2021. Part of this problem is noticeable and in the way of education of psychologists, considering that through the same program pass students who will later work on fundamental research and those who will carry out their career within some applied branch of psychology.

Part of this problem is noticeable and in the way of education of psychologists, considering that through the same program pass students who will later work on fundamental research and those who will carry out their career within some applied branch of psychology.

The applicability of the results is also here and before mentioned the problem of the applicability of the results of the research to the overall population of the human species, which is in the field of multicultural psychology only in the early stages of solving.

Even simple activities, such as the physiological reactions of the spine of the eye during mining, have different results depending on the culture and habits of people, so this field of psychology is one of those that will significantly affect the universality of the application of many existing theories and methods.

Question: what field of psychology is psihologija in

The applicability of the results is also here and before mentioned the problem of the applicability of the results of the research to the overall population of the human species, which is in the field of multicultural psychology only in the early stages of solving.

Even simple activities, such as the physiological reactions of the spine of the eye during mining, have different results depending on the culture and habits of people, so this field of psychology is one of those that will significantly affect the universality of the application of many existing theories and methods.

what field of psychology is psihologija in

Question: the physiological reactions of the spine of the eye during what activity are known as

the physiological reactions of the spine of the eye during what activity are known as

Question: what influences the results of psihologija

what influences the results of psihologija

Question: what is the problem of the applicability of the results of psihologija research

the overall population of the human species

sveukupnu populaciju ljudske vrste , koji je u polju multikulturalne psihologije tek u početnim

the overall population of the human species

what is the problem of the applicability of the results of psihologija research

Question: what is the main problem in psihologija

"Primjenjivost rezultata Također je tu i prije spomenuti problem primjenjivosti rezultata istraživanja na sveukupnu populaciju ljudske vrste , koji je u polju multikulturalne psihologije tek u početnim

Question: what is the problem of the applicability of psihologija research to

sveukupnu populaciju ljudske vrste , koji je u polju multikulturalne psihologije tek u početnim

what is the problem of the applicability of psihologija research to

Question: what type of psychology is psihologija in

what type of psychology is psihologija in

The applicability of the results is also here and before mentioned the problem of the applicability of the results of the research to the overall population of the human species , which is in the field of multicultural psychology only in the early stages of solving .

Even simple activities , such as the physiological reactions of the spine of the eye during mining , have different results depending on the culture and habits of people , so this field of psychology is one of those that will significantly affect the universality of the application of many existing theories and methods .

Primjenjivost rezultata Također je tu i prije spomenuti problem primjenjivosti rezultata istraživanja na sveukupnu populaciju ljudske vrste, koji je u polju multikulturalne psihologije tek u početnim fazama rješavanja.

Čak i jednostavne aktivnosti, poput fizioloških reakcija zjenice oka tijekom ronjenja, imaju različite rezultate ovisno o kulturi i navikama ljudi, tako da je ovo polje psihologije jedno od onih koje će značajno utjecati na univerzalnost primjene mnogih postojećih teorija i metoda.

The applicability of the results is also here and before mentioned the problem of the applicability of the results of the research to the overall population of the human species, which is in the field of multicultural psychology only in the early stages of solving. Even simple activities, such as the physiological reactions of the spine of the eye during mining, have different results depending on the culture and habits of people, so this field of psychology is one of those that will significantly affect the universality of the application of many existing theories and methods.

The applicability of the results is also here and before mentioned the problem of the applicability of the results of the research to the overall population of the human species, which is in the field of multicultural psychology only in the early stages of solving.

Even simple activities, such as the physiological reactions of the spine of the eye during mining, have different results depending on the culture and habits of people, so this field of psychology is one of those that will significantly affect the universality of the application of many existing theories and methods.

The 2015 survey, which attempted to repeat the results of 100 different studies, led to a little more than a third of the replications.

This further led to the focus of the problem known since the 1970s, because of which many psychological research, after obtaining statistically significant results, were not repeated.

Question: when was the first psihologija survey done

The 2015 survey, which attempted to repeat the results of 100 different studies, led to a little more than a third of the replications.

This further led to the focus of the problem known since the 1970s, because of which many psychological research, after obtaining statistically significant results, were not repeated.

when was the first psihologija survey done

Question: how many studies are there in psihologija

how many studies are there in psihologija

Question: how much of the replications did the 2015 study have

how much of the replications did the 2015 study have

Question: when did psihologija become a problem

Question: when did the psihologija study start and end

when did the psihologija study start and end

Question: how many replications did the 2015 study have

how many replications did the 2015 study have

Question: what type of research is not repeated in psihologija

what type of research is not repeated in psihologija

The 2015 survey , which attempted to repeat the results of 100 different studies , led to a little more than a third of the replications .

This further led to the focus of the problem known since the 1970s , because of which many psychological research , after obtaining statistically significant results , were not repeated .

Istraživanje provedeno 2015. godine, kojim se pokušalo ponoviti rezultate iz 100 različitih studija, dovelo je do replikacije tek nešto više od trećine.

Ovo je dodatno dovelo u fokus problem poznat još od 1970.-ih godina zbog kojeg mnoga psihologijska istraživanja, nakon dobivanja statistički značajnog rezultata, ne bivaju ponavljana.

The 2015 survey, which attempted to repeat the results of 100 different studies, led to a little more than a third of the replications. This further led to the focus of the problem known since the 1970s, because of which many psychological research, after obtaining statistically significant results, were not repeated.

The 2015 survey, which attempted to repeat the results of 100 different studies, led to a little more than a third of the replications.

This further led to the focus of the problem known since the 1970s, because of which many psychological research, after obtaining statistically significant results, were not repeated.