Bitka kod Artemizija (480. pr. Kr.) je bila trodnevna pomorska bitka koja se odigrala 480. pr. Kr. kod rta Artemizij (uz otok Eubeju), a vođena je između udruženih grčkih polisa i Kserksovog Perzijskog Carstva tokom Grčko-perzijskih ratova. Istovremeno se odigravala i kopnena bitka kod Termopila.Bitka kod Artemizija (Mlahanas.de )

Udružena grčka flota iz većine polisa s juga krenula je u susret Perzijancima kod rta Artemizij. Predvodili su ih Atenjanin TemistokloHolland, str. 221. i Spartanac Euribijad.Holland, str. 258. Grčki plan je bio spriječiti perzijsku mornaricu u kretanju prema jugu, jer su Perzijanci istovremeno napredovali na kopnu i moru, a kopnena vojska ovisila je o zalihama na mornarici. Strategija koju je predložio Temistoklo bila je ratovanje u uskim morskim prolazima između Eubeje i kopna, jer u takvim „uskim grlima“ brojčana nadmoć perzijske flote ne bi došla do izražaja.

Perzijanci su poslali dio od oko 200 brodova južno od Eubeje. Time su htjeli zatvoriti Grcima prolaz i uhvatiti ih u klopku. Grci su pak od doušnika saznali za plan i poslali svoju flotu ususret perzijskoj. Iako su bili brojčano slabiji Grci su u prvom obračunu pobijedili, za što su glavni razlog bili pojačani kljunovi na grčkim brodovima. Grci su navodno uništili ili zarobili 30 perzijskih brodova,Herodot, 8.10.1 dok su se ostali povukli ali su nastavili kružiti oko Eubeje. Međutim, iste noći zahvatila ih je velika oluja i nanijela im velike gubitke.Herodot, 8.13.1

Sutradan je Grcima iz Atene stiglo pojačanje od još 53 broda pa su Grci na prepad uništili nekoliko perzijskih brodova u izviđanju. Trećeg dana, navodno 11. kolovoza, došlo je do velike i odlučujuće bitke. Prema Herodotu, grčke snage uoči 333 brodova, a perzijske oko 500 brodova. Perzijanci su pokušali iskoristiti brojčanu prednost u brodovima i napravili borbenu formaciju u obliku polukruga. Cilj je bio onemogućiti grke na povlačenje. Grci su zauzeli obrambeni formaciju, također polukrug. U bitci pobjeđuje Perzijsko Carstvo, a pola atenske mornarice je uništeno. Nakon toga Grci su saznali o porazu Leonide I. u bitci kod Termopila pa se grčka flota povukla na jug.Herodot, 8.20.1

Gubici iz ove trodnevne bitke nisu poznati. Ipak, Grci su trećeg dana imali poprilične gubitke, no s obzirom kako nisu imali toliku pričuvnu flotu kao Perzijanci, morali su se povući bez obzira na ishod bitke kod Termopila.

 Poveznice
 Grčko-perzijski ratovi
 Perzijsko Carstvo
 Atena (polis)
 Artemizija I.
 Temistoklo

 Izvori

 Vanjske poveznice
 Bitka kod Artemizija 480. pr. Kr. - arhiva fotografija (Livius.org)
 Reed Classics, extracts from Herodotus Book Eight
 Artemisium

Artemizij
Artemizij
Artemizij
Artemizij

Cr. at the mouth of Artemisia (with the island of Eube), and was led between the united Greek police and the Kserks Persian Empire during the Greco-Persian wars.

The Battle of Artemisium was a naval battle between an alliance of Greek city-states and the Persians in 480 BC. According to tradition it took place on the same day as the Battle of Thermopylae on August 11, 480, but it may have been a few days before or after.
Background
The Greek force, according to Herodotus, consisted of 127 triremes from Athens and Plataea, 20 from Athens and Chalcis, 40 from Corinth, 20 from Megara, 18 from Aegina, 12 from Sicyon, 10 from Sparta, 8 from Epidaurus, 7 from Eretria, 5 from Troezen, 2 from Styra, and 2 from Ceos. There were also 9 other ships (penteconters, fifty-oared ships). In order to preserve the unity of the force, the Athenians, the most skilled of the Greeks in naval matters, allowed the fleet to be led by Eurybiades of Sparta. The Greek fleet planned to meet the Persians off of Artemisium on Euboea, and had probably been planning a battle for approximately the same date as Thermopylae.
Battle
The Persians at first met the Greeks off the coast of Thessaly, at Aphetae, close to Thermopylae, as the Athenian commander Themistocles attempted to delay the Persians while the island of Euboea was being evacuated. The Persians sent 200 ships around the south of Euboea, hoping to trap the Greeks in the channel, but a Persian defector warned the Greeks of this plan. A Greek squadron set out to meet them, so the Persians sent out some ships of their own to capture them. The Greek triremes surrounded these ships, and although they were outnumbered, were able to defeat them with the rams on their bows, and captured thirty Persian ships. The Persian fleet retreated for the night, and all 200 Persian ships still sailing around Euboea were destroyed in a sudden violent storm that same night. The next day 53 more Athenian ships arrived, and a Greek raid destroyed some Persian scout ships.
The following day (August 11 if the tradition of the simultaneous battles is to be believed), the Persians sailed towards the Greek fleet, forming a semi-circle in an attempt to trap them off Artemisium. Here the size of the Persian fleet worked against them, as they could not manoeuvre in the strait, and much of the fleet was destroyed by the Greeks. Five Greek ships were captured by the Egyptian contingent, while the Athenian Cleinias, the father of Alcibiades, single-handedly sank a large number of Persian ships.
Aftermath
The two sides withdrew once more, and the Greeks learned of the defeat of Leonidas at Thermopylae. The Greeks began to retreat from Artemisium, heading south along the coast of Euboea, while Themistocles left messages for the Ionian contingents of the Persian fleet, urging them to defect to their fellow Greeks. Meanwhile, the Persians sacked Artemisium. The Athenians under Themistocles went to Salamis Island, where their fellow citizens had fled after Xerxes I captured their city following his victory at Thermopylae. Themistocles would lead the fleet at the Battle of Salamis the next month.
Herodotus, Battle of Artemisium
Retrieved partly from "http://en.wikipedia.org "

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Cr . at the mouth of Artemisia ( with the island of Eube ) , and was led between the united Greek police and the Kserks Persian Empire during the Greco - Persian wars .

Kr . kod rta Artemizij (uz otok Eubeju), a vođena je između udruženih grčkih polisa i Kserksovog Perzijskog Carstva tokom Grčko-perzijskih ratova.

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The Greeks then learned from the douchers about the plan and sent their fleet to the Persian .

Although they were numerously weaker , the Greeks won in the first calculation , the main reason for which were increased clowns on Greek ships .

The Greeks then learned from the douchers about the plan and sent their fleet to the Persian. Although they were numerously weaker, the Greeks won in the first calculation, the main reason for which were increased clowns on Greek ships.

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how many persian ships did the greeks destroy

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The Greeks allegedly destroyed or captured 30 Persian ships , Herodot , 8.10.1 while the rest withdrew but continued to circulate around Eube .

But that night a great storm took them and caused them great losses . — Herodot 8:13 - 1

The Greeks allegedly destroyed or captured 30 Persian ships, Herodot, 8.10.1 while the rest withdrew but continued to circulate around Eube. But that night a great storm took them and caused them great losses. —Herodot 8:13-1

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According to Herodotus , the Greek forces face 333 ships , and the Persian about 500 ships .

The Persians tried to take advantage of the numerous advantage in ships and made a battle formation in the form of a semi - circle .

According to Herodotus, the Greek forces face 333 ships, and the Persian about 500 ships. The Persians tried to take advantage of the numerous advantage in ships and made a battle formation in the form of a semi-circle.


Bitka kod Maratona (490. pr. Kr.) je sukob između Atene i Plateje sa satrapskom vojskom Perzijskog Carstva u doba Grčko-perzijskih ratova. Održana je kod ravnice Maraton u modernoj Grčkoj.

Nakon što je Eretrija bila razorena tijekom Datisove i Artafernove ekspedicije, perzijske snage okrenule su se konačnom preostalom cilju, gradu Ateni. Perzijska mornarica pristala je uz obalu Atike odnosno u Maratonskom zaljevu; oko 40 km od Atene.Herodot, VI. 102. Atenjani su bili pod zapovjedništvom Miltijada Mlađeg koji je imao najviše iskustva o borbama protiv Perzijanaca, a njegove snage zauzele su dva prolaza na Maratonskoj ravnici. Protivničke snage mirovale su pet dana, nakon čega je Artafern odlučio povesti cijelu konjicu i dio pješaštva u direktni napad na Atenu.Holland, str. 191.-193. Kada su Atenjani vidjeli da su Perzijanci raspolovili snage, kako nema opasnosti od konjice za hoplite i kako je Atena u opasnosti, odlučili su u praskozorje šestog dana napasti ostatke perzijskih snaga. Unatoč brojčanoj inferiornosti, teško oklopljeni atenski hopliti uspjeli su poraziti perzijsku vojsku napadajući ih s bokova. Perzijanci su potom brodovima napustili bojište.Holland, str. 195.-197. Herodot spominje kako su Perzijanci imali 6.400, Atenjani 192, a Platejci 11 gubitaka, no njegovi podaci ne smatraju se pouzdanima.

Nakon što su Perzijanci napustili bojište, Atenjani su marširali što je brže moguće prema Ateni da je spase od ostatka perzijske vojske.Herodot, VI. 115. Uz obalu pokraj Pireja stigli su na vrijeme i time spriječili iskrcavanje Perzijanaca pokraj Atene, nakon čega se Artafern odlučio povući u Malu Aziju.Herodot, VI. 116.

Bitka kod Maratona bila je prekretnica u grčko-perzijskim ratovima jer je pokazala kako Perzijanci nisu nepobjedivi. Također, učvrstila je položaj Atene u grčkom svijetu, te je istaknula sve prednosti teško oklopljenog grčkog pješaštva (hoplita). Bitka kod Maratona postala je inspiracija za trkačku atletsku disciplinu maraton, koja se temelji na priči o grčkom vojniku Filipidu koji je prema legendi trčao 42 kilometra da javi Atenjanima vijest o pobijedi nad Perzijancima. Prvi olimpijski maraton odigrao se na Olimpijskim igrama u Ateni 1896. godine, kada se trčalo od Maratona do moderne Atene.Holland, str. 198.

 Poveznice
 Grčko-perzijski ratovi
 Atena
 Perzijsko Carstvo
 Maraton (sport)

 Izvori

 Vanjske poveznice

Bitka kod Maratona - karta (Jonathan Webb)
Livius, Maratonska bitka (Jona Lendering)
Crno-bijeli foto-esej Maratona

Maraton
Maraton
Maraton

After Eretria was destroyed during the Datis and Artafern expeditions, the Persian forces turned to the final remaining destination, the city of Athens.

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Eretrija bila razorena tijekom Datisove i Artafernove ekspedicije , perzijske snage okrenule su se konačnom preostalom cilju

After Eretria was destroyed during the Datis and Artafern expeditions , the Persian forces turned to the final remaining destination , the city of Athens .

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što su Perzijanci napustili bojište , Atenjani su marširali što je brže moguće

Question: why did the athenians march to athens

to save from the remainder of the Persian army

to save from the remainder of the Persian army

After the Persians left the battlefield , the Athenians marched as soon as possible to Athens to save from the remainder of the Persian army .

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By the coast along the Pyrenees they arrived in time and thus prevented the Persian excursion along Athens , after which Artafern decided to withdraw to Little Asia .

After the Persians left the battlefield, the Athenians marched as soon as possible to Athens to save from the remainder of the Persian army. By the coast along the Pyrenees they arrived in time and thus prevented the Persian excursion along Athens, after which Artafern decided to withdraw to Little Asia.

External links Battle at the Marathon - map (Jonathan Webb) Livius, Marathon Battle (Jona Lendering) Black-White photo-session of the Marathon

Battle of Marathon
The tomb of the 192 Athenians at Marathon
|Battle of
Marathon: famous clash between a Persian invasion force
and
an army
of Athenians in 490 BCE.
|
In 492 BCE, the Persian king Darius I the Great decided to extend the power of his empire across the Aegean Sea, where the Yaunâ (Greeks) had been a source of trouble for some time already. General Mardonius annexed Macedonia and two years later, Datis and Artaphernes were sent out on a naval expedition to conquer the Aegean islands. After finishing this campaign, they were supposed to bring back Hippias, the former tyrant of Athens, who would set up a pro-Persian regime.
Marathon Beach today, seen from the place where the Persian fleet landed.
The campaign started without serious problems and soon, the islands of the Aegean Sea were subdued. To celebrate this success, the Persians sacrificed at Delos, maybe because they identified the god Apollo with their own Ahuramazda. After this, the Persian navy continued to the isle of Euboea, where the expeditionary force attacked Eretria, one of the Greek cities that had supported Greek rebels in Asia Minor. Fighting continued for six days, but the town was betrayed on the seventh day. Its inhabitants were carried off as prisoners.
The part of Athenian territory opposite Euboea -and also the best
ground for cavalry to maneuver upon- was at Marathon, and it was to this
village that Hippias directed Datis, Artaphernes, and the 25,000 Persians.
There was a symbolic reason as well: Hippias' father Peisistratus had once
landed at
Immediately, the Athenians sent out a force of some 10,000 heavily armored infantrymen (hoplites), which blocked the road to Athens. At the same time, they sent a messenger named Pheidippides to Sparta, who returned three days later (after covering some 450 kilometer!) with the message that the Spartans would send reinforcements as soon as possible. Unfortunately, a religious law forbade any military operation until full moon, which was still six days ahead. (This full moon allows us to date the battle to 10 September or 12 August 490.)
While the Athenians postponed the engagement, they received reinforcements from their ally Plataea. The main problem for the Greeks was the superior Persian cavalry; no infantry line could cross the open plain, because its rear would be exposed to attacks by Persian mounted archers.
Bust of Miltiades (©!!!)
Among the Athenian commanders was a general named Miltiades, who had a grudge against the Persians, who had forced him out of his personal kingdom at the entrance of the Hellespont. On the day on which he was to command the Greek army, he received favorable omens and moved his army into position, allowing the center to be weak, but strengthening the wings. At dawn, he ordered his heavy armored men to run towards their enemies, about two kilometers away. The Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus, whose Histories are our main source for the events, remarks that the Persians considered this charge 'suicidal madness'.
On the wings the Athenians, fighting with better armor and longer spears than their enemies, routed the invaders, and after this first victorious engagement, the wings attacked the Persian center from the rear. According to Herodotus, the Athenians lost 192 men in the ensuing mêlée, their opponents 6,400.
The plain of Marathon, seen from the southwest
This is exaggerated (6,400 = 192 × 100/3), but no doubt the invaders suffered heaby losses. A German officer, Hauptmann Eschenburg, who visited the site in 1884/1885, discovered huge masses of human bones, which seemed to belong to hundreds of people. The absence of a funeral monument suggests that this mass burial was done in a hurry. (That the Athenians buried the Persians was a pious act, but the Persians must have been shocked when they heard about it: it was their practice to expose the dead.)
One mystery remains: how could the Athenians cross the plain without fear for a cavalry attack? Herodotus suggests that their charge was too swift, but contradicts this when he says that the struggle was long drawn out (which means: more than two hours).
A Persian nobleman: small bust from Persepolis (National Archaeological Museum, Tehran)
There is, however, another story about the battle of Marathon, which can be found in the biography of Miltiades by the Roman author Cornelius Nepos (first century BCE) and in the Suda, a tenth century Byzantine lexicon. According to these sources, deserters from the Persian army had come to the Athenian camp, telling that the cavalry were away.
But why? A possible explanation is that Datis and Artaphernes had become uneasy with the stalemate, had decided to leave the plain to attack the Athenian port of Phaleron, and had ordered the cavalry to embark on the transports. If this speculation is correct, the Athenians merely attacked a Persian rearguard.
Whatever the truth, it is certain that cavalry took part in the final stages of the battle, because in the Athenian building known as Stoa Poikilê was a painting of the battle that included a Persian horseman. This painting was already lost in 396 CE (Synesius, Epistle 54), but in the Italian town Brescia, a relief can be seen that is based on it.
Arrowheads, found at the battlefield of Marathon (British Museum)
Although the battle had been won by the Athenians, this was not the end of the campaign. Most Persian soldiers were able to retreat to their ships, which brought them to Phaleron. Here, however, they saw that the Athenian army had in the meantime left Marathon and was prepared to oppose a second invasion. Understanding that it was impossible to take Athens by surprise, Datis and Artaphernes ordered the fleet to return to Asia. The captive Eretrians were deported to Mesopotamia, Hippias never returned to Athens, and the Spartans arrived too late to take part in the battle.
The tomb of the Plataeans
The Athenians and Plataeans received special tombs. The tumulus of the Athenians has been discovered in the middle of the plain, and the tomb of the Plataeans can be seen near the small museum of Vrana (and on this satellite photo). It was unusual that Greek warriors were buried on the battlefield; the example must have been Homer's famous poem the Iliad, where we read how the heroes of the Trojan war received burials on the field. As it happened, there were ancient, Mycenaean tumuli near the battlefield, so the idea was not far-fetched.
One of the Mycenaean tombs at Marathon.
The well-known romantic story about the runner who came from Marathon to say that the Athenians had been victorious and died from exhaustion, is a late invention. It originates in a combination of two stories: Pheidippides' athletic achievement and the swift Athenian march from Marathon to the harbor. The legend can be found in Plutarch of Chaeronea, The glory of Athens, 347c and is also told by Lucian.
Among the Greeks who fought at Marathon was the playwright Aeschylus, who thought that the fact that he had been there was more important than all his famous tragedies, and wanted to be commemorated as Marathonomachos, not as poet. His brother was killed in action. Rumor has it that throughout the night, one can still hear horses whinnying and men fighting.
|©
Jona Lendering for
|
Livius.Org, 2003
Revision: 11 August 2007

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Battle at the Marathon - map (Jonathan Webb

Bitka kod Maratona - karta ( Jonathan Webb

Battle at the Marathon - map ( Jonathan Webb

where did the battle of maratona take place

External links Battle at the Marathon - map ( Jonathan Webb ) Livius , Marathon Battle ( Jona Lendering ) Black - White photo - session of the Marathon


Kajkavsko narječje (kajkavština, kajkavica) jedno je od triju glavnih narječja hrvatskoga jezika, uz čakavsko i štokavsko.

Naziv potječe od odnosno-upitne zamjenice kaj, koja je nastala od arhaičnih zamjenica kъ i jь (ъ i ь oznake su za poluglase). Kasnije se drugi poluglas izgubio, a prvi prešao u a te je nastalo kaj (a javljaju se i druge kombinacije kej, ke, ka...).

 Rasprostranjenost
mini|desno|300px|Pregled karakteristika kajkavskih poddijalekata
mini|250px|Rasprostranjenost čakavskog narječja, kajkavskog narječja i zapadnoštokavskog narječja u današnjoj Hrvatskoj i BiH prije velikih migracija.

Kajkavsko narječje obuhvaća sjeverozapadni dio hrvatskoga jezičnog prostora i Gorski kotar. Izvan granica Republike Hrvatske kajkavskih govora ima u Mađarskoj (kod Nežiderskog jezera, u Pomurju i Podravini) te u Rumunjskoj.

 Povijesna rasprostranjenost

U radu Đakovštinska toponimija, hrvatski jezikoslovac Mate Šimundić skrenuo je pozornost na moguća kajkavska podrijetla toponima u Đakovačkom kraju, odnosno na to da je Đakovština u doba predturskih migracija bila područjem gdje se govorilo kajkavsko narječje hrvatskog jezika.Mate Šimundić: Đakovštinska toponimija, vlastita naklada, Đakovo, 1995., 172 str.

 Razvoj

mini|250px|Povijesne veze kajkavskog i razvoj ostalih narječja
Kajkavski se razvio iz iste osnove iz koje su se razvili čakavsko narječje, zapadnoštokavsko narječje i slovenski dijalekti,Ranko Matasović: Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskog jezika  opisane u zapadni južni slavenski jezici.
Riječ je o najsjevernijem hrvatskom narječju, a prije dolaska Mađara, srodni govori su zauzimali veće područje, a postojala je veza i s govorima iz kojih se danas razvilo srednje slovačko narječje. Narječje je dosta srodno sa sjevernim šćakavskim koji je najduže zadržao neizmijenjeni refleks jata (zatvoreno e), kao i sa sjevernočakavskim dijalektima te panonskom narječju slovenskog jezika. U kontaktima su nastali i mnogi prijelazni dijalekti poput donjesutlanskog (kajkavizirani čakavski ikavski), prigorskog (prijelazni čakavsko-kajkavski), goranski (čakavsko-kajkavsko-donjekranjski prijelaz), kao i mnogi govori slovenskog panonskog narječja (prleški, prekmurski i originalni belokrajinski govori).
Većinu kajkavskih govora (osim goranskog), kao i podosta istočnoslovenskih (većinu govora panonskog narječja i dio govora štajerskog narječja) prožimaju općekajkavske jezične izoglose;
jednačenje jata (zatvoreno e) i poluglasa (schwa)
jednačenje stražnjeg nazala (nazalno o) i samoglasnog l

Narječje se ukupno malo promijenilo od polaznog stanja, zbog čega se smatra arhaičnim. Na primjer, u velikom broju govora su očuvani stari naglasci[9]:

kratki silazni ȁ ("akut")
dugi silazni â ("cirkumfleks")
metatonijski kratki uzlazni akut ã ("neoakut")
(Neki od ovih simbola će se ispravno prikazati samo ako imate podešen preglednik (browser) i instalirane ispravne fontove.)

Samo narječje je nastalo poopćenjem sjevernočakavske metatonije (zamjene naglasaka, na nekim pozicijama)
Kao što se vidi, svaki naglasak može biti na bilo kojem mjestu u riječi, a samoglasnik prije i poslije može biti dug. U mnogim dijalektima kajkavskog je ovo stanje donekle promijenjeno; po naglasnome sustavu razlikuju se sljedeće skupine kajkavskih govora:

s "klasičnim" kajkavskim sustavom s tri naglaska
s dvonaglasnim sustavom (dva duga naglaska su svedena na jedan)
s četveronaglasnim sustavom nalik štokavskom
s četveronaglasnim štokavskim sustavom
u kojima se prepliću naglasne značajke 1. i 2. skupine.

Osobine
thumb|right|250px|Kajkavski natpis na grobu Štefana Kralla u Svetom Martinu na Muri (Međimurje).
Glasovi

Glavnina dijalekata kajkavskog ima sljedeći sustav suglasnika (pisan standardnim pisanjem hrvatskog, u zapisu MFA se npr. koristi x umjesto h; gdje znakovi stoje u paru, lijevi predstavlja bezvučni a desni zvučni suglasnik):

 Mjesto tvorbe ► labijalni koronalni dorsalni ▼ Način tvorbe bilabijalni labiodent. alveolarni postalv. palatalni velarni <small>nazali      m       n       (nj)   plozivi p   b  t   d   k   g frikativi   f   v s   z š   ž   h      afrikate   c       č          aproksimanti           j   vibranti       r    lateralni aproks.    l      (lj)

Kajkavski sustav u osnovi posjeduje 7 samoglasnika, uz 5 "standardnih" sadrži još u pravilu i zatvoreno e i zatvoreno o.
Za njegov razvitak je karakteristično izjednačavanje starohrvatskih samoglasnika i slogotvornog l; e i nazalno e su prešli u e, jerovi su se ujednačili u poluglasu, jat je prešao u zatvoreno e, a samoglasno l u zatvoreno o (u nekim govorima je još došlo do izjednačavanja zatvorenog o s u ili o).

Gramatika

 Prozodija

Prozodija podrazumijeva brzinu izgovora kao i naglašavanje riječi.
Dosad su u kajkavskom narječju pronađena 22 različita tipa prozodijskih sustava, a

krajnji zvučni suglasnici su obezvučeni (mraz → mras; grob → grop)
u goranskom je dijalektu završno m prešlo u n (mislim → mislin )

 Morfologija
vokativ se ne koristi u pravilnom obliku
imenice ženskog i srednjeg roda u genitivu množine imaju nulti nastavak  (krave → kraf; sela → sel)
kod imenica muškog roda pojavljuju se nastavci –of i –ef (dečkof, ocef)
kod imenica muškog roda u množini i kod imenica ženskog roda u jednini nema alternacije glasova k, g, h (vuk → vuki, vrag → vragi; noga → nogi)
nastavak u komparativu je š (veliki → vekši)

 Glagoli

od glagolskih se vremena uz prezent koriste perfekt i pluskvamperfekt (nosil je, bil je nosil) te futur II. (nosil bum)
nastavak u trećem licu množine prezenta je –jo ili –ju, a ponekad se koristi i nastavak –du (kopaju, kopajo, kopadu)
u kondicionalu I. i II. se za sva lica koristi pomoćni oblik bi (kopal bi, bil bi kopal)
jednako se koriste enklitike i proklitike (ga poznaš, poznaš ga)
buduće vrijeme se tvori od prezenta svršenog glagola biti i glagolskog pridjeva radnog (došel bum)
za glagole kretanja se koristi supin (idem spat)

 Dijalekti

Dijalektološka proučavanja kajkavštine započela su potkraj 19. stoljeća. Prvu monografiju napisao je na ruskom jeziku ukrajinski jezikoslovac A. M. Lukjanenko (Kajkavskoe narječie, Kijev, 1905.). Kajkavske su govore dijalektolozi dosada razvrstavali po različitim kriterijima. Uglavnom na osnovi do tada objavljenih radova, godine 1927. u Narodnoj enciklopediji srpsko-hrvatsko-slovenačkoj, svoju podjelu kajkavskoga narječja iznio je srpski jezikoslovac Aleksandar Belić. Po refleksima praslavenskih glasova /tj/ i /dj/ Belić je kajkavštinu podijelio u tri dijalekta Aleksandar Belić: Kajkavski dijalekt Narodna enciklopedija srpsko-hrvatsko-slovenačka, Zagreb, [1926]-1929.:
 istočni u kojemu je /tj/ dalo /ć/ a /dj/ /ž/
 sjeverozapadni koji prema /tj/ i /dj/ ima /č/ i  /j/
 jugozapadni koji za /tj/ i /dj/ ima /ć/ i /j/
Kasnija proučavanja nisu potvrdila ovakvo rasprostiranje refleksa /tj/ i /dj/.
thumb|250px|
Kajkavski dijalekti u RH i BiH, prema podjeli A. Belića, granični dijalekti spadaju u jugozapadne
thumb|250px|Kajkavski dijalekti u RH i BiH, prema podjeli M. Lončarić (zapadni i istočni goranski poddijalekti su samo goranski po Lončariću)
Belićeva ideja je bila jednostavna, objasniti kajkavsko narječje kao miješano, pri čemu bi istočni govori bili porijeklom starošćakavski, jugozapadni čakavski, a sjeverozapadni slovenski, odnosno mješavine govora s dominacijom jednog porijekla. Njegov način razmišljanja je kasnije opovrgnuo Ivšić, dokazavši da kajkavsko narječje nije prijelaz, niti mješavina.

Utvrdivši da temeljna kajkavska akcentuacija ima tri naglaska u svojoj raspravi Jezik Hrvata kajkavaca (1936.) Stjepan Ivšić kajkavske je govore po naglasnim značajkama podijelio u četiri skupine. Na osnovi Belićeve i Ivšićeve podjele te na osnovi nekih glasovnih značajki Dalibor Brozović je kajkavsko narječje (1965. – 1988.) podijelio u šest dijalekata:
thumb|right|300px|Kajkavska molitva iz 1651. godine u knjizi Szveti evangeliomi. Autor je Nikola Krajačević.
 zagorsko-međimurski
 turopoljsko-posavski
 križevačko-podravski
 prigorski
 donjosutlanski
 goranski
thumb|250px|Kajkavski dijalekti u RH i BiH, prema podjeli S. Ivšić

S obzirom na kajkavski cirkumfleks te na temelju razvoja vokalizma, podjelu kajkavskih dijalekata na subdijalekte dao je Mijo Lončarić koji u monografiji Kajkavsko narječje (Zagreb, 1996.) razlikuje od šest dijalekata petnaest poddijalekata:

 plješivičkoprigorski
 samoborski
 gornjosutlanski
 bednjansko-zagorski
 varaždinsko-ludbreški
 međimurski
 podravski
 sjevernomoslavački
 glogovničko-bilogorski
 gornjolonjski
 donjolonjski
 turopoljski
 vukomeričko-pokupski
 donjosutlanski
 goranski

Ta razdioba zorno svjedoči o dijelom velikim razlikama što postoje između pojedinih kajkavskih govora u akcentuaciji, fonologiji i morfologiji.

Kajkavsko se narječje nekad prostiralo mnogo istočnije, prema nekim dokazima obuhvaćalo je prostor od Drave preko Našica i Požeške doline uz Brod pa preko Save zaokružujuči ozemlje srednjovjekovne Zagrebačke biskupije s tim da se je u sjeverozapadnoj Bosni mješalo s elementima čakavštine prema jugu i štokavštine prema istoku. Zbog seoba nastalih zbog turskih osvajanja, danas mnoga istočnokajkavska kajkavska područja uopće ne postoje u Hrvatskoj, nego postoje elementi istočnokajkavskih narječja u Mađarskoj, Austriji, Sloveniji, Rumunjskoj (Karašova-Karaševo (podrijetlo iz pokupske Banovine-Klokoča pod Petrovom Gorom). Tako je i
s govorima sela gradišćanskih Hrvata Umoka i Vedešina (koja je izučavao Ivan Brabec), srodnih u jednoj mjeri turopoljsko-posavskom i križevačko-podravskom dijalektu kajkavskoga narječja, od kojih se po drugim osobinama dosta razlikuju. Stoga se su njihovi govori klasificirani kao istočnokajkavski dijalekt.Podravina.net Sanja Vulić: Kajkavski govori Umoka i Vedešina u zapadnoj Mađarskoj

 Kajkavska književnost
thumb|250px|Hrvatski dijalekti u RH i BiH
thumb|right|250px|Danicza zagrebechka 1848. godine, kajkavski kalendar.

Od polovice 16. stoljeća do preporoda, na kajkavskom književnom jeziku, latiničkim slovopisom oblikovanim po mađarskom uzoru (na primjer cs za /č/, cz za /c/, dy, gy za /ž/, ly za /lj/, ny za /nj/), napisana su mnoga djela:

 pravna (Ivanuš Pergošić: Decretum, Nedelišće, 1574.), kroničarska (Antun Vramec)
 vjerska (Nikola Krajačević, Juraj Ratkaj Velikotaborski, Juraj Habdelić, Ivan Belostenec, Juraj Mulih)
 pjesnička (Ana Katarina Frankopan-Zrinska) i dramska (Tituš Brezovački).

Među književnicima koji su pisali na kajkavskom književnom jeziku nakon 1836. ističu se Pavao Štoos, Tomaš Mikloušić i Ignac Kristijanović. Početkom 20. stoljeća dolazi do druge faze kajkavskoga književnoga jezika, čiji su glavni predstavnici književnici Antun Gustav Matoš, Fran Galović, Dragutin Domjanić, Miroslav Krleža te Ivan Goran Kovačić. Suprotivno u javnosti uvriježenom mišljenju oni nisu pisali na kajkavskim dijalektima, nego upravo na kajkavskom književnom jeziku, dok je pjesnik Nikola Pavić razvio izrazito jaki stil na međimurskom dijalektu kajkavskoga jezika.

thumb|right|250px|kajkavski dijalekti u Republici Hrvatskoj

 Primjeri kajkavske poezije

 Zanimljivosti
Franjo Cimerman iz Nedelišća u Međimurju objavio je knjigu ironičnoga naziva "Grdi jezik" 2022. godine, u kojoj tvrdi da Međimurci trpe jezičnu diskriminaciju dok govore kajkavskim narječjem: "Svi koji se izvan svojih domova koriste kajkavštinom, drži se primitivnima, zaostalima, predmet su izrugivanja, a s takvim govorom i pismom nemaju pristup društvenim i političkim strukturama", a knjigom poručuje: "Naš kajkavski jezik i naš materinji govor su naše blago, naše bogatstvo i najvrijedniji dio našeg međimurskog identiteta kojim se ponosimo i zato javno osuđujemo svaki oblik ove stalne govorne diskriminacije koja teži uništenju našeg rodnog govora i vrijeđa naše značajno kulturno blago!”https://nedelist.hr/kako-dugo-trpimo-diskriminaciju-po-govoru/ Preuzeto 30. ožujka 2022.

Izvori

 Vidite još:
 hrvatski jezik
 kajkavski književni jezik
 čakavsko narječje
 zapadnoštokavsko narječje
 štokavsko narječje
 južnoslavenski jezici
 slavenski jezici
 indoeuropski jezici
 Hrvatsko zagorje
 Turopolje
 Međimurje
 Podravina
 Prigorje
 Moslavina

 Vanjske poveznice
 Aleksandar Belić: Kajkavski dijalekt Narodna enciklopedija srpsko-hrvatsko-slovenačka, Zagreb, [1926]-1929.
 Kajkavsko spravišče

 Literatura
 A. Šojat: Kratki navuk jezičnice horvatske (Jezik stare kajkavske književnosti). Kaj 1969: 3-4, 5, 7-8, 10, 12; Kaj 1970: 2, 3-4, 10; Kaj 1971: 10, 11. Kajkavsko spravišče, Zagreb 1969-1971.
 Mijo Lončarić: Kaj jučer i danas : ogledi o dijalektologiji i hrvatskoj kajkavštini (s kartom narječja i bibliografijom). Čakovec : Zrinski 1990.
 D. Feletar, G. Ledić, A. Šir: Kajkaviana Croatica (Hrvatska kajkavska riječ). Muzej Međimurja, 37 str., Čakovec 1997.
 A. Šojat, V. Barac-Grum, I. Kalinski, M. Lončarić, V. Zečević: Zagrebački kaj, govor grada i prigradskih naselja. Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, Zagreb 1998.
 JAZU / HAZU: Rječnik hrvatskoga kajkavskog književnog jezika (A – P), I – X. Zavod za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 2500 str, Zagreb 1984-2005.
 Mijo Lončarić: Kajkaviana & alia, Ogledi o kajkavskim i drugim hrvatskim govorima.  Čakovec, Zagreb: Zrinski, Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, 2005.

 Vanjske poveznice

Question: what is the most northern croatian narcissus

what is the most northern croatian narcissus

Question: kajkavsko narječje is the name for which narcissus

kajkavsko narječje is the name for which narcissus

Question: kajkavsko narječje is the latin name for which

kajkavsko narječje is the latin name for which

Question: the most northern croatian narcissus is about which people

Question: what is the name of the narcissus in croatian

what is the name of the narcissus in croatian

Question: what is the most northern croatian narcissus related to

Question: what is the meaning of jata in croatian

Question: when did the northern croatian narcissus begin to develop

prije dolaska Mađara , srodni govori su zauzimali veće područje , a postojala je veza i s govorima iz kojih se danas razvilo

It is about the most northern Croatian narcissus , and before the arrival of the Hungarians , the neighboring speakers occupied larger areas , and there was a connection with the speakers from which the middle Slovak narcissus was developed today .

The narcissus is relatively related to the northern Scakavian which lasted the unchanged reflection of the jata ( closed e ) , as well as the northern Chakavian dialects and the panonic narcissus of the Slovak language .

It is about the most northern Croatian narcissus, and before the arrival of the Hungarians, the neighboring speakers occupied larger areas, and there was a connection with the speakers from which the middle Slovak narcissus was developed today. The narcissus is relatively related to the northern Scakavian which lasted the unchanged reflection of the jata (closed e), as well as the northern Chakavian dialects and the panonic narcissus of the Slovak language.

Question: who is the author of the serbian national encyclopedia

who is the author of the serbian national encyclopedia

Question: when was the kajkovic narrative first published

when was the kajkovic narrative first published

Question: who classified kajkovic speeches according to different criteria

Question: where was the kajkovic narrative first published

Narodnoj enciklopediji srpsko - hrvatsko - slovenačkoj , svoju podjelu kajkavskoga narječja

Serbian - Croatian - Slovenian National Encyclopedia

where was the kajkovic narrative first published

Question: what language is aleksandar belić

Question: who expressed the kajkovic narrative in the national encyclopedia

Question: what is aleksandar belić's profession

Kajkovic speeches have so far been classified by dialectologists according to different criteria .

Mainly on the basis of the works published until then , in 1927 , in the Serbian - Croatian - Slovenian National Encyclopedia , his part of the Kajkovic narrative was expressed by the Serbian linguist Aleksandar Belić .

Kajkovic speeches have so far been classified by dialectologists according to different criteria. Mainly on the basis of the works published until then, in 1927, in the Serbian-Croatian-Slovenian National Encyclopedia, his part of the Kajkovic narrative was expressed by the Serbian linguist Aleksandar Belić.

Transmitted on March 30, 2022.

Druga promocija “Grde knjige” Franje Cimermana, koja je u četvrtak 24. ožujka ove godine održana u dvorani Vatrogasnog doma u Dunjkovcu, isto je kao i ona održana prije pet dana u Nedelišću, ispunila dvoranu do posljednjeg mjesta.
Na tribini su o novoj Cimermanovoj knjizi govorili, recenzent i urednik prof. dr. Đuro Blažeka, sveučilišni profesor iz Zagreba, Iva Gavez, mag. prim. educ. iz Dunjkovca, korektorica knjige te mr. Vladimir Mesarić, autor studije o povijesti kajkavštine objavljenoj u istoj knjizi, a nekoliko zanimljivih pasusa iz ove kajkavske knjige čitao je poznati publicist i novinar Marijan Belčić.
Na kraju promocije okupljenima se obratio autor knjige i naglasio:
“- Gotovo stotinu godina naš kajkavski govor se računato i otvoreno, od dječje do najstarije dobi, našim sumještanima prikazuje kao “izražavanje koje nije lijepo” nego – grdo, isključen je iz kulturne i medijske upotrebe (osim u komedijama i izrugivanju) i nepoželjan je u svakoj službenoj i društvenoj komunikaciji.
Nesprono je da na ovim prostorima, Međimurci ne znaju za spolnu ili nacionalnu diskriminaciju, ali već gotovo sto godina trpe grubu govornu diskriminaciju. Svi koji se izvan svojih domova koriste kajkavštinom, drže se primitivnima, zaostalima, predmet su izrugivanja, a s takvim govorom i pismom nemaju pristup društvenim i političkim strukturama.
Naš kajkavski jezik i naš materinji govor su naše blago, naše bogatstvo i najvrijedniji dio našeg međimurskog identiteta kojim se ponosimo i zato javno osuđujemo svaki oblik ove stalne govorne diskriminacije koja teži uništenju našeg rodnog govora i vrijeđa naše značajno kulturno blago!”
Autor zahvaljuje sudionicima promocije u Dunjkovcu a osobito “Međimurskoj grudi” Dunjkovec, na svesrdnoj pomoći u organizaciji ove promocije.

Question: when is grid language coming to medjugorje

Transmitted on March 30, 2022.

when is grid language coming to medjugorje

Question: who is the author of grid language

Transmitted on March 30, 2022.

Question: what is the ironic title of the book published by franjo cimerman in

Transmitted on March 30, 2022.

Question: what does grid language mean in medjugorje

Transmitted on March 30, 2022.

what does grid language mean in medjugorje

Question: what is the name of the language spoken in medjugorje

Transmitted on March 30, 2022.

what is the name of the language spoken in medjugorje

Interesting Franjo Cimerman from Sunday in Medjugorje published a book of the ironic title " Grid language " in 2022 , in which he claims that the Medjugorje suffer linguistic discrimination while speaking with the Kajkavian narrative : " Everyone who is using Kajkavian outside of their homes , holds himself primitive , behind , is subject to eradication , and with such a speech and letter they have no access to social and political structures , " and the book reports : " Our Kajkavian language and our mother 's speech are our wealth , our wealth and the most valuable part of our inter - Murish identity by which we are proud and therefore publicly condemn each of these forms of discourse that destroys our discourse and our cultural discourse . "

Zanimljivosti Franjo Cimerman iz Nedelišća u Međimurju objavio je knjigu ironičnoga naziva "Grdi jezik" 2022. godine, u kojoj tvrdi da Međimurci trpe jezičnu diskriminaciju dok govore kajkavskim narječjem: "Svi koji se izvan svojih domova koriste kajkavštinom, drži se primitivnima, zaostalima, predmet su izrugivanja, a s takvim govorom i pismom nemaju pristup društvenim i političkim strukturama", a knjigom poručuje: "Naš kajkavski jezik i naš materinji govor su naše blago, naše bogatstvo i najvrijedniji dio našeg međimurskog identiteta kojim se ponosimo i zato javno osuđujemo svaki oblik ove stalne govorne diskriminacije koja teži uništenju našeg rodnog govora i vrijeđa naše značajno kulturno blago!” Preuzeto 30. ožujka 2022.

Interesting Franjo Cimerman from Sunday in Medjugorje published a book of the ironic title "Grid language" in 2022, in which he claims that the Medjugorje suffer linguistic discrimination while speaking with the Kajkavian narrative: "Everyone who is using Kajkavian outside of their homes, holds himself primitive, behind, is subject to eradication, and with such a speech and letter they have no access to social and political structures," and the book reports: "Our Kajkavian language and our mother's speech are our wealth, our wealth and the most valuable part of our inter-Murish identity by which we are proud and therefore publicly condemn each of these forms of discourse that destroys our discourse and our cultural discourse." Transmitted on March 30, 2022.

The Cayman Resurrection

Question: what is the name of the historical event that took place on cayman

The Cayman Resurrection

Question: when did the cayman resurrection take place

The Cayman Resurrection

when did the cayman resurrection take place

Question: who is the author of the national encyclopedia serbo-croatian-slo

The Cayman Resurrection

Question: when was the national encyclopedia serbo-croatian-slovenian published

The Cayman Resurrection

Question: where does the link between kajkavsko narječje and the

The Cayman Resurrection

where does the link between kajkavsko narječje and the

Question: what is the name of the famous event that took place on cayman island in

The Cayman Resurrection

Question: what is the national encyclopedia serbo-croatian-slovenian,

The Cayman Resurrection

External links Aleksandar Belić : Kajkovski dijalekt National Encyclopedia Serbo - Croatian - Slovenian , Zagreb , [ 1926]-1929 .

External links Aleksandar Belić: Kajkovski dijalekt National Encyclopedia Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian, Zagreb, [1926]-1929. The Cayman Resurrection