to the passage below and then answer the question afterwards in the same language as the passage: Passage: The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years. The city began as two separate burghs: Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don; and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, where the Denburn waterway entered the river Dee estuary. The earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I. In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning and financially independent community. Granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the city's Common Good Fund benefits which still Aberdonians. During the Scottish Independence Wars, Aberdeen was under English rule, so Robert laid the siege to Bruce Castle destroying Aberdeen before it in 1308, followed by the garrison of the English city preventing the Dee estuary. The earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I. In 1319, the Great Charter of
1308 ì ì