to the passage below and then answer the question afterwards in the same language as the passage: Passage: By the 11th century, particularly during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus' displayed an economy and achievements in architecture and literature superior to those that then existed in the western part of the continent. Compared with the languages of European Christendom, the Russian language was little influenced by the Greek and Latin of early Christian writings. This was because Church Slavonic was used directly in liturgy instead. A nomadic Turkic people, the Kipchaks (also known as the Cumans), replaced the earlier Pechenegs as the dominant force in the south steppe regions neighboring to Rus' at the end of the 11th century and founded a nomadic state in the steppes along the Black Sea (Desht-e-Kipchak). Repelling their attacks, especially on Kiev, which was regular Christian's just one day's ride from the steppe, was a heavy burden to those then existing in the western part of the continent. Compared to the languages of European Christendom, the Russian language was little influ
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