Rubuta ci gaba don wannan sakin layi - Guangxu (an haife shi a 1871, ya yi sarauta 1875<unk>1908) ya ba da umarnin jerin gyare-gyare da nufin yin canje-canje na zamantakewa da na al'umma. Ya yi wannan ne don mayar da martani ga raunin da ya faru a lokacin da kasar Sin ta ci nasara a Japan a yakin farko na kasar Sin a 1894-1895, ba da daɗewa ba bayan Farko (1839-1842) da na biyu
(1856<unk>1860) Yaƙe-yaƙe na Opium; wannan harin na soja ya zama babban abin firgita ga Sinawa, saboda ana ɗaukar Japan a matsayin ƙasa mai ba da gudummawa, ya fi China ƙanƙanta, kuma ana ɗaukarsa ƙasa da ƙasa. China kuma ta yi yaƙi da Faransa a cikin Yaƙin Sino-Faransa daga 1884 zuwa 1885. Bugu da ƙari, cin nasarar da Japan ta yi wa China ya haifar da gwagwarmaya don " gata " a China ta sauran ƙasashen waje, musamman ta Daular Jamus da Rasha, wanda ya ƙara farkawa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.