Zvezda waxay dhibaatada ka soo gaadhay xaglo ka duwan Raduga, iyada oo ay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan gantaallo hawada-hawada fudud. Si kastaba ha noqotee, bartamihii 1970-yadii waxay soo saareen guusha Kh-25 ee gantaallada hawada-daboolka gaagaaban, oo ay ku jiraan Kh-25MP (AS-12 'Kegler') oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka ka-hortagga raadaarka. Zvezda waxay bilowday inay ka shaqeyso ARM-ka fog iyo bilowgii ugu horreeyay ee ARM-31 wuxuu ahaa 1982. Waxay adeegga gashay 1988 waxaana markii ugu horreysay lagu muujiyey dadweynaha 1991, Kh-31P ee Dubai iyo KhA-31 ee Minsk. Bishii Diseembar 1997 waxaa la sheegay in tiro yar oo Kh-31 ah ay u oggolaadeen in la keeno wax soo saar ka wanaagsan ARMs.
Kh-25MP