Si aad u ogaatid in culeyska iyo elektromagnetismku ay si nabadgelyo ah u wada noolaan karaan liiska ciidamada caadiga ah, laakiin sanado badan waxay u muuqatay in culeyska xitaa aan lagu dari karin qaab dhismeedka quantum, iskaba daa in la mideeyo ciidamada kale ee aasaasiga ah. Sababtaas awgeed, shaqada ku saabsan mideynta, inta badan qarnigii labaatanaad, waxay diiradda saareen fahamka saddexda ciidamada "quantum": elektromagnetism iyo ciidamada daciifka ah iyo kuwa xoogga leh. Labada koowaad waxaa isku daray 1967-1968 Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, iyo Abdus Salam oo ku jira "electroweak". Su'aal: Yaa mas'uul ka ahaa isku darka labada koowaad?
Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, iyo Abdus Salam