In 1848 James B. Francis, isagoo ka shaqeeya injineer madaxa shirkadda Locks and Canals ee magaalada Lowell, Massachusetts ee warshadda dharka ee biyaha ku shaqeeya, wuxuu hagaajiyay naqshadahaas si loo abuuro marawaxado aad u hufan. Wuxuu adeegsaday mabaadi'da sayniska iyo hababka tijaabada si loo soo saaro naqshad marawaxad aad u hufan. Waxaa taas ka sii muhiimsan, hababkiisa xisaabinta xisaabinta xisaabta iyo garaafka ayaa hagaajiyay naqshadda marawaxadda iyo injineernimada. Hababkiisa falanqaynta waxay u oggolaadeen naqshadda marawaxadaha waxtarka sare inay si sax ah ula jaan qaadaan socodka biyaha iyo cadaadiska goobta (madaxa biyaha). Su'aal: Muxuu James Francis u hagaajiyay?
Naqshadeynta iyo injineernimada