In 1884, microbiologist Faransiis Charles Chamberland abuurtay filter ah (oo loo yaqaan maanta sida filter Chamberland ama filter Pasteur-Chamberland) la dalool yar ka badan bakteeriyada. Sidaas darteed, wuxuu mari karaa xal ay ku jiraan bakteeriyada iyada oo loo marayo shaandhada oo gebi ahaanba iyaga ka saaro. In 1892, biologist Ruush Dmitri Ivanovsky loo isticmaalo shaandhada this si ay u bartaan waxa hadda loo yaqaan fayraska mosaic sigaarka. tijaabooyin uu muujiyay in burburiyey laga soosaaray caleemo ka soo go'ay dhirta sigaarka cudurka qaba ka dib markii la sifeeyo.
Wendell Stanley waxaa