Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Kupfuura: Muchiedza chinonzi free-electron laser (FEL), chiedza chemaelectron chinopfuura nepamusoro pezviviri zvinokonzera mafungu zvinenge zviine micheka yemagineti ane dipole ane minda inonongedzera kumativi akasiyana-siyana. Maerekitironi anobudisa mwaranzi ye synchrotron iyo inoshanda pamwe chete nemaerekitironi mamwe chete kuti iwedzere zvikuru munda wemwaranzi pahunhu hwekuridza. FEL inogona kubudisa mwaranzi yemagetsi ine simba guru ine mafambiro akasiyana-siyana, kubva kuma microwave kusvika kumwaranzi yeX-ray ine simba duku. Zvinhu izvi zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu, pakukurukurirana, uye pakurapa, zvakadai sokuvhiya tsandanyama dzakapfava. Maerekitironi anokosha mumatubhu e cathode ray, ayo ave achishandiswa zvikuru sezvinhu zvinoratidza mumidziyo yemumabhoritari, makombiyuta uye terevhizheni. Muchubu chinowedzera mwaranzi, fotoni imwe neimwe inorova photocathode inotanga mvura zhinji yemagetsi inobudisa mwaranzi yemagetsi inooneka. Mabhubhu emuchina anoshandisa kuyerera kwemagetsi kuti aite zviratidzo zvemagetsi, uye akaita basa rinokosha mukusimudzirwa kwemichina yemagetsi. Zvisinei, dzave dzichitsiviwa zvikurukuru nemidziyo yechimiro chakasimba yakadai se transistor.  Mubvunzo: FEL inobudisa chii?
kupenya kwakasimba kwemagetsi emagetsi