Crookes akavaka mapaipi aCrookes, achitsvaga mwaranzi ye cathode. Akabudisa mapepa akawanda pamusoro pe spectroscopy uye akaita tsvakurudzo pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvidzidzo zviduku. Mukutsvakurudza kwake kwekutungamirirwa kwemagetsi mumagetsi mashoma, akawana kuti sezvo kumanikidzwa kwakaderedzwa, electrode yakaipa (cathode) yakaonekwa ichibudisa rays (inonzi "cathode rays", zvino inozivikanwa kuva rwizi rwema electron akasununguka, uye inoshandiswa mumashandisirwo ekuratidzira cathode rays). Sezvinoratidzwa nemienzaniso iyi, aive piyona mukuvakwa nekushandiswa kwe vacuum tubes yekudzidza kwezvinhu zvepanyama.
spinthariscope