Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Passage: Optics yakatanga nokugadzirwa kwemalenzi navaEgipita vakare navaMesopotamia. Magirazi ekutanga anozivikanwa, akagadzirwa nekristaro yakabwinyiswa, kazhinji quartz, anobva pakutanga kwe700 BC yemagirazi eAsiriya akadai seLayard / Nimrud lens. VaRoma vechiGiriki vakare vakazadza magirazi nemvura kuti vagadzire magirazi. Kufambira mberi uku kwakateverwa nokuvandudzwa kwedzidziso dzechiedza nokuona navazivi vechiGiriki nechiIndia vekare, uye kukura kwechiedza chemavara munyika yeGreco-Roman. Shoko rokuti optics rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rekare rokuti <unk>πτική (optikē), rinoreva kuti "chitarisiko, kutaridzika". Uzivi hwechiGiriki pamusoro peoptics hwakaparadzana kuva dzidziso mbiri dzinopesana pamusoro pokuti kuona kwaishanda sei, "dzidziso yokupindira" uye "dzidziso yokuparadzira". Nzira yokutanga nayo basa yakaona chiono sechinobva kuzvinhu zvinokanda makopi azvo (anonzi eidola) ayo akabatwa neziso. Vaparidzi vakawanda vanosanganisira Democritus, Epicurus, Aristotle nevateveri vavo, pfungwa iyi inoratidzika kuva ine chokuita nedzidziso dzazvino uno dzokuti chiono chii chaizvoizvo, asi yakaramba iri fungidziro bedzi isina hwaro hwokuedza.  Mubvunzo: Ndiani akaita kuti pave nemalensi okutanga?
vaIjipiti vekare nevaMesopotamiya