Pasika: Sezvo mahwendefa e tectonic anotama, gungwa rinowira pasi pemakona ekutanga emaplate pamiganhu inosangana. Panguva imwecheteyo, kusimuka kwechinyorwa chemantle pamiganhu yakasiyana kunogadzira mid-ocean ridges. Iko kusanganiswa kwemaitiro aya kunodzokorora gungwa regungwa kudzokera mukati memantle. Nekuda kwekudzokorora uku, chikamu chikuru chepasi pegungwa chiri pasi pe 100 Ma. Gungwa rekare kwazvo riri muWestern Pacific uye rinofungidzirwa kunge riri 200 Ma. Kuenzanisa, gungwa rekare kwazvo rakanyorwa makore ari 4,030 Ma. Iwo mahwendefa manomwe makuru ari Pacific, North American, Eurasian, African, Antarctic, Indo-Australian, uye South American. Mamwe mahwendefa anozivikanwa anosanganisira Caribbean Plate, Nazca Plate, Plate yeIndia uye Plate yeAustralia pamiganhu yakasiyana inogadzira mid-ocean ridges.
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