In 1986 akawana antiparallel kuchinjana coupling pakati ferromagnetic akaturikidzana akaparadzaniswa mutete asiri ferromagnetic rukoko, uye muna 1988 akawana hofori magnetoresistive kushanda (GMR). GMR akanga panguva imwe chete uye vakazvimiririra yakawanikwa Albert Fert kubva Université de Paris Sud. Rave kushandiswa zvikuru kuverenga misoro ano zvakaoma Zvifambiso.
1988 Kuwana