Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Passage: Rudzi rwezvinhu zvinorarama mumapuraneti ruchiri kuchinja. Zvikamu zvitsva zvinoedza kupa mapoka e monophyletic akavakirwa pamashoko e morphological (kunyanya ultra-structural), biochemical (chemotaxonomy) uye DNA sequence (molecular research). Zvisinei, pane dzimwe nguva kusanzwisisana pakati pemamorphological uye molecular kuongorora; izvi zvinogona kuiswa mumhando mbiri: (i) imwe morphology, mitsara yakawanda (semuenzaniso, morphological convergence, cryptic species) uye (ii) imwe mutsara, yakawanda morphologies (semuenzaniso, phenotypic plasticity, multiple life-cycle stages).Nekuti maprotists sehuwandu ari paraphyletic, masisitimu matsva anowanzo kupatsanuka kana kusiya humambo, pachinzvimbo chekubata mapoka eprotist semitsara yakasarudzika ye eukaryotes. Hurongwa hwazvino hwaAdl et al. (2005) hahuzivi zvikamu zvepamutemo (phylum, kirasi, nezvimwewo) uye panzvimbo pezvo hunobata mapoka semapoka ezvisikwa zvine hukama ne phylogenetically. Ikoku kunoda kuita kuti kuronga kuve kwakagadzikana zvikuru munguva refu uye kuve nyore kuvandudza. Mamwe mapoka makuru eprotists, ayo anogona kurapwa se phyla, akanyorwa mubhokisi remitero, kumusoro kurudyi. Vakawanda vanofungidzirwa kuva monophyletic, kunyange zvazvo kuchine kusava nechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, Excavata ingangove isiri monophyletic uye chromalveolates ingangove iri monophyletic kana haptophytes uye cryptomonads zvisingabatanidzwi.  Mubvunzo: Ndechipi chimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa neExcavata?
kwete monophyletic