Ndiani, pakati paMuhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi naAbu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, akafa 915? Tichifunga nezvemubvunzo wapfuura, nyora mashoko akapoteredza mhinduro yacho. Inogona kuva mitsara 1 - 20. Mashoko akapoteredza:
Kufambira mberi kwakaitwa kuMiddle East mune botany uye kemisitiri kwakatungamirira mushonga muIslam yepakati nepakati zvikuru kukudziridza pharmacology. Somuenzaniso, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865<unk>915), akaita kuti mishonga yemakemikari ishandiswe pakurapa. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936<unk>1013) ndiye akatanga kugadzira mishonga achishandisa nzira dzokunyungudutsa uye dzokugaya. Bhuku rake rinonzi Liber servitoris rinonyanya kufarirwa, sezvo richigovera muverengi nzira dzokubheka nadzo uye richitsanangura nzira yokugadzira nayo mishonga yakaoma kunzwisisa yaishandiswa zvikuru panguva iyoyo. Sabur Ibn Sahl (akafa muna 869), akanga ari, zvisinei, chiremba wokutanga kutanga pharmacopoedia, achirondedzera mishonga yakasiyana-siyana nemishonga yezvirwere. Al-Biruni (973<unk>1050) akanyora rimwe remabasa echiIslam anokosha zvikuru pamusoro pezvokurapa, rakanzi Kitab al-Saydalah (Bhuku reMishonga), umo akatsanangura zvinhu zvemishonga uye akarondedzera basa remishonga uye mabasa nemabasa emushonga. Avicenna,wo, akarondedzera mishonga isingasviki 700, zvinhu zvayo, nzira dzokuita nadzo, uye zviratidzo zvayo. Iye akatsaurira chaizvoizvo vhoriyamu yose kumishonga yakapfava muThe Canon of Medicine. Zvaivawo nesimba zvikuru mabasa aal-Maridini weBaghdad neCairo, naIbn al-Wafid (1008<unk>1074), ayo ose akadhindwa muchiLatin kanopfuura makumi mashanu, achioneka seDe Medicinis universalibus et particularibus na'Mesue' muduku, uye Medicamentis simplicibus na'Abenguefit'. Peter weAbano (1250<unk>1316) akashandura ndokuwedzera bhuku rokupedzisa kubasa raal-Maridini rine musoro unoti De Veneris. Mipiro yaAl-Muwaffaq mundima yacho inotangawo. Achirarama muzana remakore rechi10, akanyora The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, pakati pevamwe achirondedzera arsenic oxide, uye achiziva silicic acid. Akasiyanisa zvakajeka pakati pesodium carbonate nepotassium carbonate, uye akacherechedza kuti mhangura ine muchetura, kunyanya vitriol yemhangura, uyewo mhangura ine mutobvu. Anorondedzerawo kunatswa kwemvura yegungwa...