Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Passage: Vazivi vepamberi paSocrates vakabvunza mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro poupenyu asi vakabudisa zivo shomanene yakarongeka yefariro chaiyo yezvoupenyu - kunyange zvazvo kuedza kwevatongi veatomu kutsanangura upenyu mumashoko chaiwo enyama kwaizodzokorora nguva nenguva munhau yezvoupenyu. Zvisinei, dzidziso dzokurapa dzaHippocrates nevateveri vake, zvikurukuru kusetsa, dzakava nomuuyo unogara kwenguva refu. Muzivi Aristotle akanga ari nyanzvi ine pesvedzero zvikurusa yenyika mhenyu kubva panguva yekare yekare. Kunyange zvazvo basa rake rokutanga rouzivi hwezvinhu zvakasikwa rakanga riri rokufungidzira, magwaro aAristotle akazotevera ezvezvinhu zvipenyu akanga ari echokwadi zvikuru, achinyanya kutaura nezvezvinokonzera zvinhu zvipenyu uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu. Akacherechedza zvisingaverengeki zvakasikwa, zvikurukuru miitiro nezviratidzo zvezvirimwa nemhuka munyika yakamupoteredza, izvo akapa ngwariro huru kukuisa mumapoka. Pamwe chete, Aristotle akarondedzera marudzi 540 emhuka, uye akacheka-cheka anenge 50. Aidavira kuti zvinangwa zvouchenjeri, zvikonzero zvapamutemo, zvaitungamirira muitiro wose womusikirwo. Aristotle, uye inodokuva nyanzvi dzose dzokuMadokero dzakamutevera kusvikira muzana ramakore rechi 18, dzaidavira kuti zvisikwa zvakarongwa muchikero chakarongwa chokukwana chinobva pazvirimwa zvichienda kuvanhu: scala naturae kana kuti Chain Huru Yokuva. Muteveri waAristotle paLyceum, Theophrastus, akanyora nhevedzano yamabhuku pamusoro pemiti - History of Plants - iyo yakapukunyuka somupiro unokosha zvikurusa wekare kumiti, kunyange muMiddle Ages. Mazita mazhinji aTheophrastus akapukunyuka kusvikira kunguva dzazvino uno, akadai sa carpos nokuda kwechibereko, uye pericarpion nokuda kwegadziriro yembeu. Dioscorides akanyora De Materia Medica, enisaikoropidhiya yairondedzera mishonga, yaisanganisira tsanangudzo dzemiti inenge 600 nemashandisirwo ayo mukurapa. Pliny Mukuru, mubhuku rake rinonzi Natural History, akaunganidza rondedzero yakafanana yebhuku remabhuku yezvinhu zvakasikwa, kusanganisira nyaya dzemiti nemhuka dzakawanda. Nyanzvi shomanana dzomunguva yevaGiriki dzaitongwa naPtolemy - zvikurukuru Herophilus weChalcedon naErasistratus weChios - dzakagadziridza basa raAristotle rokudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu, dzichitotsanangura...  Mubvunzo: Ndiani akatsiva Aristotle?
Theophrastus