Pedzisa mutsara unotevera: Richangobva kukunda muHondo yechipiri yePunic, Republic yeRoma yakaramba ichipararira kumadokero kweMediterranean, ichiita hondo muIberian peninsula muzana rose ramakore uye ichibatanidza mhenderekedzo yegungwa yokuNorth Africa pashure pokuparadzwa kweguta reCarthage pakupera kwezana remakore rechitatu
Hondo yechitatu yePunic. Vakava simba guru muAegean nekuparadza Antigonid Makedhonia muMakedhonia Hondo neKorinde muAchaean Hondo. Umambo hwechiHellenistic hwePtolemaic Egypt neAttalid Pergamon hwakapinda muhukama hwehukama nevaRoma <unk> Pergamon yakazopedzisira yabatanidzwa. Mugumo wezana ramakore akapupurira gadziridzo yeuto reRoma kubva muuto ravagari kuva simba rounyanzvi rokuzvidira, munhungamiro yomukuru mukuru akakurumbira uye murume wehurumende Gaius Marius (Marian Reforms).