Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Kupfuura: Kuberekwazve kweEurope kwakaunza fariro yakawedzerwa mune zvose zviri zviviri nhoroondo yezvisikwa uye physiology. Muna 1543, Andreas Vesalius akazarura nguva yemazuva ano yokurapa kwokuMadokero nebhuku rake rinokosha rinonzi De humani corporis fabrica, iro raiva nechokuita nokuongorora zvitunha. Vesalius akanga ari wokutanga munhevedzano yevaongorori vemuviri uyo zvishoma nezvishoma akatsiva scholasticism ne empiricism mu physiology nemishonga, achivimba neruzivo rwokutanga pane chiremera uye kufunga kusinganzwisisiki. Kuburikidza nemishonga yemakwenzi, mushonga wakanga uriwo nenzira isina kunanga manyuko ezvakaratidzwazve mukudzidza kwezvirimwa. Otto Brunfels, Hieronymus Bock naLeonhart Fuchs vakanyora zvakawanda pamusoro pemiti yemusango, kutanga kwenzira yakasikwa-yakavakirwa kune yakazara hupenyu hwehupenyu hwemiti. Bestiaries - rudzi runobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri zivo yechisikigo neyokufananidzira yemhuka - yakavawo yakaoma zvikuru, zvikurukuru nebasa raWilliam Turner, Pierre Belon, Guillaume Rondelet, Conrad Gessner, naUlisse Aldrovandi. Vanyori vemifananidzo vakadai saAlbrecht Dürer naLeonardo da Vinci, avo vaiwanzoshanda nevanyori vezvisikwa, vaifarirawo miviri yemhuka nevanhu, vachidzidza physiology zvakadzama uye vachibatsira mukukura kwezivo yeanatomical. Tsika dzechienzi uye mashiripiti omuzvarirwo, zvikurukuru mubasa raParacelsus, dzakataurawo kuti dzaiva nezivo yenyika mhenyu. Nyanzvi dzemakemikari dzaiongorora makemikari ezvinhu zvinenge zvichirarama uye dzaiedza kushandisa makemikari nemaminerari. Ichi chaiva chikamu chekuchinja kukuru mumaonero enyika (kumuka kwouzivi hwemichina) kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi kusvikira muzana remakore rechi17, sezvo chimiro chetsika chemasikirwo sechisikwa chakatsiviwa nemasikirwo semashini emashini.  Mubvunzo: Chii chakanga chiri musoro mukuru mufundo yaLeonhart Fuchs?
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