Muzana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, Thomas Young naAugust Fresnel vakaratidza zvakajeka kupindirana uye kupatsanurwa kwechiedza uye muna 1850 modhi yemafungu yakagamuchirwa. Muna 1865, kufungidzira kwaJames Clerk Maxwell kwekuti mwenje yaive electromagnetic wave, iyo yakasimbiswa nekuedza muna 1888 nekutsvaga kwaHeinrich Hertz kwemafungu eredhiyo ekupedzisira, yaive modhi yemhepo.
nemhaka yokufurira kwaIsaac Newton