Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Passage: The calculus of variations ine chokuita ne maxima kana kuti minima (pamwe chete inonzi extrema) yemabasa. A functional maps functions to scalars, saka functionals dzakarondedzerwa se "mabasa emabasa". Mafungiro ane extrema pamusoro pezvinhu y zvechinhu chakapiwa chinoshanda chinorondedzerwa pamusoro penzvimbo yakapiwa. Basa J [ y ] rinotaurwa kuva ne extremum pabasa f kana ΔJ = J [ y ] − J [ f] ine chiratidzo chakafanana nokuda kwavose y munharaunda duku yakasarudzika ya f. Basa f rinonzi basa rokugumisira kana kuti rokugumisira. Extremum J [ f ] inonzi local maximum kana ΔJ ≤ 0 kwose kwose munharaunda duku ye f, uye local minimum kana ΔJ ≥ 0 ikoko. Nokuda kwebasa nzvimbo yebasa rinopfuurira, extrema yebasa rinoenderana inonzi isina simba yakanyanyisa kana yakasimba yakanyanyisa, zvichienderana nokuti yekutanga inotorwa yebasa rinopfuurira iri yose inopfuurira kana kwete. Zvose zvakasimba uye zvisina simba zvakanyanyisa zvebasa zvinoshanda kune nzvimbo yebasa rinopfuurira asi zvisina simba zvakanyanyisa zvine chimwe chinhu chinoda kuti zvitsva zvekutanga zvemabasa munzvimbo yacho zvive zvisingagumi. Nokudaro rutivi rune simba runewo rutivi rusina simba, asi zvinopesana zvingasashanda. Kuwana kwakanyanyisa kwakasimba kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuura kuwana kwakanyanyisa kusimba. Muenzaniso wemamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa anoshandiswa pakuwana simba rakanyanyisa ndiyo Euler <unk> Lagrange equation.  Mubvunzo: Nderipi rimwe shoko rinoreva kuti maxima?
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