Akabva adzingwa paKazan Imperial University pamusana pekupikisa hurumende yeCzarist yeRussia. Akadzokera kuSaint Petersburg muna 1893 uye akava mukuru weMarxist activist. Muna 1897, akasungwa nekuda kwekupandukira uye akaendeswa kuShushenskoye kwemakore matatu, kwaakaroora Nadezhda Krupskaya. Mushure mekudzingwa kwake, akatamira kuWestern Europe, kwaakazova nyanzvi yakakurumbira muMarxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (PDL). Muna 1903, akatora chinzvimbo chakakosha muRSDLP, Bolshevik faction yakaparadzana nepfungwa.
February 1917