Izvi zvikamu zviviri zve spin zvinoenderana nemafungiro ekare echokwadi uye kuruboshwe-ruoko rwakapoteredzwa nechiedza. Zvisinei, mafotoni chaiwo anopfuura e quantum electrodynamics anogonawo kutora zvisiri zvepanyama polarization states.MuMhando yepamutemo yefizikisi, photon ndeimwe yezvina gauge bosons mu electroweak interaction; mamwe matatu anoratidzwa W +, W- uye Z0 uye anokonzera kusabatana kusingaiti. Kusiyana ne photon, idzi gauge bosons dzine huwandu, nekuda kwegadziriro inoputsa yavo SU ((2) gauge symmetry. Kubatanidzwa kwephoton neW uye Z gauge bosons mu electroweak interaction kwakaitwa naSheldon, Abdus Salam uye Steven Weinberg, avo vakapiwa mubayiro weNobel Prize mu 1979 Physicists vanoramba vachibatanidza proton gauge nemasereji masere; zvisinei, vanhu vatatu vakadaro havana kugamuchira kuongororwa kukuru kwe quantum gauge; mubvunzo: Vanhu vatatu vakadai vanoramba vachibatanidza proton gauge nemasoni; zvisinei
Mubayiro weNobel wa1979