Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Passage: Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzave dzichitarira chiedza chezuva kubvira apo Isaac Newton akatanga kushandisa prism yakapfava kuti aone zvinhu zvinoputsa chiedza. Mukutanga kwema1800, Joseph von Fraunhofer akashandisa unyanzvi hwake hwokugadzira magirazi kuti agadzire maprism akachena zvikuru, izvo zvakamubvumira kucherechedza mitsetse yakasviba 574 iri mumutsetse unoratidzika kuva unoramba uripo. Nokukurumidza pashure peizvi, akabatanidza teresikopu neprism kuti aongorore spectrum yeVenus, Mwedzi, Mars, uye nyeredzi dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai seBetelgeuse; kambani yake yakaramba ichigadzira uye kutengesa materesikopu epamusoro-soro akavakirwa pamagadzirirwo ayo epakutanga kusvikira kuvharwa kwayo muna 1884. Kugadziriswa kwe prism kunogumira nehukuru hwayo; prism yakakura ichapa tsanangudzo yakajeka, asi kuwedzera kwehuwandu kunoita kuti isakodzere basa rakanyatsotsanangurwa. Nyaya iyi yakagadziriswa mukutanga kwema1900 nekugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro yekuratidzira grates naJ.S. Plaskett kuDominion Observatory muOttawa, Canada. Chiedza chinorova girazi chicharatidzira pakona imwe cheteyo, zvisinei chikamu chiduku chechiedza chichaputswa pakona yakasiana; ikoku kunotsamira pazviratidzo zvokuputsika kwezvinhu uye urefu hwamafungu echiedza. Kupfurikidza nokugadzira grating "yakapiswa" iyo inoshandisa chiverengero chikuru chezviratidziro zvakafanana, rutivi ruduku rwechiedza runogona kunangidzirwa ndokuonwa. Aya ma spectroscopes matsva aive akazara kupfuura prism, aida mwenje mushoma, uye aigona kutariswa pane imwe nzvimbo yeiyo spectrum nekuregedza grating. Muganho kune grating yakavhenekerwa hupamhi hwezvioni, izvo zvinogona kungogadziriswa huwandu hwakapera pamberi pekutarisa kwakarasika; iyo yakanyanya ingangoita 1000 mitsara / mm. Kuti vakurire ichi chinogumira holographic grates yakagadzirwa. Volume phase holographic gratings anoshandisa firimu rakatetepa re dichromated gelatin pamusoro pegirazi, iro rinozofumurwa kumumvuri wemafungu wakagadzirwa ne interferometer. Iyi miitiro yemafungu inogadzira miitiro yokuratidzira yakafanana nemigwagwa yakatsva asi ichishandisa Bragg diffraction, muitiro umo kona yokuratidzira inotsamira...  Mubvunzo: Ndiani akasika maprism akachena negirazi
Joseph von Fraunhofer