Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Kupfuura: Louis Pasteur akakundikana kuwana chinokonzera rabies uye akafungidzira pamusoro pechinokonzera chirwere chiduku zvikuru kuti chionekwe pachishandiswa maikorosikopu. Muna 1884, nyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu zviduku yokuFrance Charles Chamberland akagadzira firita (inozivikanwa nhasi sefirita reChamberland kana kuti firita yaPasteur-Chamberland) ine makomba maduku kupfuura utachiona. Nokudaro, aigona kupfuudza mushonga une mabhakitiriya nomufirita ndokuabvisa chose chose. Muna 1892, nyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu yokuRussia Dmitri Ivanovsky akashandisa firita iyi kuti adzidze zvinozivikanwa seutachiona hwefodya. Kuedza kwake kwakaratidza kuti mashizha akapwanywa anobva muzvirimwa zvefodya zvine utachiona anoramba aine utachiona pashure pokunge asvinwa. Ivanovsky akataura kuti utachiona hwacho hungakonzerwa nechepfu inogadzirwa nemabhakitiriya, asi haana kutevera pfungwa yacho. Panguva iyoyo zvaifungidzirwa kuti utachiona hwose hwaigona kuchengetwa nemasefa uye kukura pane zvinovaka muviri - ichi chaiva chikamu chedzidziso yeutachiona hwehosha. Muna 1898, nyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu zviduku yechiDutch Martinus Beijerinck akadzokorora kuedza kwacho uye akava nechokwadi chokuti mushonga wacho wakanga wacheneswa waiva nemhando itsva yechinhu chinokonzera zvirwere. Akacherechedza kuti mushonga wacho waingowanda chete mumasero akanga achiparadzana, asi sezvo kuedza kwake kwakanga kusingaratidzi kuti wakanga wakaumbwa nezvimedu, akautumidza kuti contagium vivum fluidum (utachiona hunorarama hunogadziriswa) uye akadzokororazve shoko rokuti utachiona. Beijerinck akaramba achiti mavairasi akanga ari mvura, pfungwa yakazozvidzwa naWendell Stanley, uyo akaratidza kuti aiva nezvimedu. Mugore rimwe chetero Friedrich Loeffler naPaul Frosch vakapfuudza hutachiona hwekutanga hwemhuka - mumiririri we foot-and-mouth disease (aphthovirus) - kuburikidza nefirita yakafanana. Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, nyanzvi yebhakitiriya yeChirungu Frederick Twort akawana boka rehutachiona hunotapukira mabhakitiriya, ava kunzi bacteriophages (kana kuti zvinowanzozivikanwa kuti phages), uye nyanzvi yeFrance-Canada microbiologist Félix d'Herelle yakatsanangura mavairasi ayo, kana akawedzerwa kumabhakitiriya pane agar ndiro, aizogadzira nzvimbo dzehutachiona hwakafa. Akanyatsosanganisa mavirusi aya akawana kuti akanyanya kusanganiswa...  Mubvunzo: Zita romunhu akaratidza kuti Beijerinck akanga asina kururama rainzi ani?
Wendell Stanley