Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Kupfuura: MuEurope, kutsigira pfungwa dzokuti hakuna Mwari kwakanga kusingawanzoitiki mukati meMiddle Ages uye Middle Ages (ona Medieval Inquisition); metaphysics uye dzidziso yechitendero ndizvo zvainyanya kufarirwa nechitendero. Zvisinei, kwakanga kune masangano mukati meiyi nhambo ayo akasimudzira mirangariro isina kururama yamwari wechiKristu, kubatanidza mirangariro yakasiana yemasikirwo, kupfuurira mberi, uye kuziva kwaMwari. Vanhu nemapoka akadai saJohannes Scotus Eriugena, David weDinant, Amalric weBena, neBrethren of the Free Spirit vakaramba vaine maonero echiKristu aiva nepfungwa dzokuda kunamata vanamwari vose. Nicholas weCusa akaomerera pakutenda kwakasiyana-siyana kwaakatumidza kuti docta ignorantia ("kusaziva kwakadzidziswa"), achisimbisa kuti Mwari haagoni kuiswa mumapoka nevanhu, uye nokudaro zivo yedu pamusoro pake inongofungidzirwa. William weOckham akafuridzira mafungiro anopesana ne-metaphysical nemuganhu wake wezita reruzivo rwevanhu kuzvinhu zvakasarudzika, uye akasimbisa kuti hunhu hwamwari haugone kunzwisiswa nepfungwa kana nepfungwa nepfungwa dzevanhu. Vateveri vaOckham, vakadai saJohn weMirecourt naNicholas weAutrecourt vakatsigira maonero aya. Kuparadzaniswa kwakavapo pakati pokutenda nokurangarira kwakapesvedzera vafundisi vakatevera vakashinga navagadziridzi vakadai saJohn Wycliffe, Jan Hus, naMartin Luther. Nguva yeRenaissance yakaita zvakawanda kukudziridza nzvimbo yokufunga kwakasununguka neyokubvunza kusina chokwadi. Vanhu vakadai saLeonardo da Vinci vakatsvaka kuedza senzira yokutsanangura, uye vakaramba nharo dzinobva kuzviremera zvorudzidziso. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vorudzidziso neChechi mukati menguva ino vaisanganisira Niccolò Machiavelli, Bonaventure des Périers, Michel de Montaigne, uye François Rabelais.  Mubvunzo: Vateveri vaOckham ndivanaani?
John weMirecourt naNicholas weAutrecourt