Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Passage: Wallace, achitevera basa rapakuvamba raDe Candolle, Humboldt naDarwin, akaita mipiro mikuru kuzoogeography. Nemhaka yokufarira kwake pfungwa yokushanduka-shanduka kwezvinhu, akanyanya kufunga nezvokuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo kwemarudzi ane ukama hwepedyo mukati mebasa rake romumunda kutanga muSouth America uye ipapo muzvitsuwa zveMalay. Paaiva muzvitsuwa izvi akaona mutsetse unonzi Wallace Line, unopfuura nepakati peSpice Islands uchiparadzanisa mhuka dzezvitsuwa izvi pakati penzvimbo yeAsia nenzvimbo yeNew Guinea neAustralia. Mubvunzo wake unokosha, wokuti nei mhuka dzezvitsuwa zvine mamiriro okunze akafanana dzichifanira kuva dzakasiyana, waigona kupindurwa bedzi nokufunga nezvekwakabva. Muna 1876 akanyora bhuku rinonzi The Geographical Distribution of Animals, iro rakanga riri bhuku raishandiswa kwemakore anopfuura hafu yezana remakore, uye rakazotevera rinonzi Island Life, muna 1880 iro raitaura nezvenyaya yokugara kwezvipfuwo uye zvipfuwo pachitsuwa. Akaparadzira gadziriro yenzvimbo nhanhatu yakagadzirwa naPhilip Sclater nokuda kwokurondedzera kugoverwa kwenzvimbo kweshiri kumhuka dzamarudzi ose. Nzira yake yokunyora mashoko pamusoro pemapoka emhuka munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana yakaratidza kusawirirana kwacho; uye kuonga kwake kushanduka-shanduka kwakamubvumira kupa tsanangudzo dzine musoro, dzakanga dzisati dzamboitwa. Kudzidza kwesainzi nezvezvinhu zvinogarwa nhaka kwakakura nokukurumidza pashure peDarwin's Origin of Species nebasa raFrancis Galton nevanoongorora nezvezvinhu zvipenyu. Dzidziso yokuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvinobva kumhuka inonzi genetics yakatangwa muna 1866 nemufundisi ainzi Gregor Mendel, uyo akazozivikanwa semunhu akatanga dzidziso yokugara nhaka. Zvisinei, basa rake harina kuonekwa serinokosha kusvikira papfuura makore 35. Munguvayi, rondedzero dzakasiana-siana dzokugara nhaka (dzakavakirwa papangenesis, orthogenesis, kana kuti dzimwe nzira) dzakakurukurwa ndokunzverwa nesimba. Embryology uye ecology yakavawo minda mikuru yezvinhu zvipenyu, zvikurukuru sezvo yakabatanidzwa nekushanduka-shanduka uye yakakurumbira mubasa raErnst Haeckel. Zvisinei, basa guru rezana remakore rechi19 pamusoro penhaka, rakanga risiri munhau yezvakaitika kare, asi romuzivo womuviri wokuedza.  Mubvunzo: Ndiani aivawo nechikonzero chokuti embryology uye ecology zvive misoro mikuru yezvinhu zvipenyu?
Ernst Haeckel