Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu:  Passage: Immunology isayenzi inoongorora chimiro nebasa resimba rinorwisa zvirwere. Inobva mukurapa uye kunzvero dzapakuvamba pamusoro pezvikonzero zvokurwisa hosha. Mashoko okutanga anozivikanwa nezvokudzivirira chirwere akanga ari panguva yechirwere cheAtene muna 430 B.C.E. Thucydides akataura kuti vanhu vakanga vapora pakurwara kwavakanga vamboita kare vaigona kutarisira varwere vasina kurwara zvakare. Muzana remakore rechi18, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis akaedza muchetura wescorpion ndokucherechedza kuti dzimwe imbwa namakonzo zvakanga zvisingagoni kurwisa muchetura uyu. Muzana ramakore rechi 10, chiremba wePersia al-Razi (anozivikanwawo saRhazes) akanyora rondedzero yokutanga yakanyorwa yokudzivirirwa kwakagamuchirwa, achinongedzera kuti denda redenda rinodzivirira vapukunyuki varo kutapukirwa kwamunguva yemberi. Kunyange zvazvo akatsanangura kudzivirirwa maererano ne"kunyanya kunyorova" kuchidzingwa muropa - nokudaro kuchidzivirira chirwere kuitika kechipiri - iyi dzidziso yakatsanangura zvizhinji zvekucherechedza pamusoro pechirwere chinozivikanwa panguva ino. Izvi nezvimwe zvicherechedzo zvekuchengetedzwa kwakagamuchirwa zvakazoshandiswa naLouis Pasteur mukukudziridza kwake kubaya nhomba uye pfungwa yake yechirwere chechirwere chechirwere. Dzidziso yaPasteur yakanga ichipesana zvakananga nedzidziso dzechirwere dzomunguva iyoyo, dzakadai sedzidziso yechienzi. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira ku 1891 apo Robert Koch akaratidzira, nokuda kwaakapiwa Mubayiro weNobel muna 1905, kuti utachiona hwakasimbiswa sechikonzero chehosha dzinotapukira. Utachiona hwakasimbiswa sehutachiona hwevanhu muna 1901, nekuwanikwa kweutachiona hweyellow fever naWalter Reed. Immunology yakafambira mberi zvikuru mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19, kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa nekukurumidza, mukudzidza kwekudzivirira kwehumoral uye kusadzivirirwa kwemasero. Basa raPaul Ehrlich raive rakakosha, uyo akakurudzira dzidziso ye side-chain kuti atsanangure hunhu hweantigen-antibody reaction; mipiro yake mukunzwisisa kwekudzivirirwa kwehumoral kwakazivikanwa nekupihwa mubairo weNobel Prize muna 1908, iyo yakapihwa pamwe chete nemuvambi we cellular immunology, Elie Metchnikoff.  Mubvunzo: Ndirini pakanyorwa nezvokudzivirirwa?
430 B.C.E.