Kuenzanisa pakati pezvakawanda zveproton uye izvo zve electron ndeye 1836. Kuenzanisa kweastronomical kunoratidza kuti proton-to-electron mass ratio yakabata kukosha kwakafanana, sezvinotarisirwa ne Standard Model, kwehafu yezera rechisiko. Electron ine magetsi emagetsi e-1.602×10−19 coombs, iyo inoshandiswa seyakajairwa yuniti ye subatomic particles, uye inonziwo elementary elementary. Izvi zvine chiyero chisingazivikanwe chechimiro chechimiro che 2.210−8. Mukati memiganhu ye mass<unk>energy equivalency, iyi mass inoenderana nesimba rekuzorora re 0.511 MeV. Chiyero pakati pezvakawanda zve proton uye izvo zve electron chiri nezve 1836. Kuenzanisa pakati pezvakawanda zve proton uye izvo zve electron kuri nezve 1836. Kuenzanisa kweastronomical kunoratidza kuti proton-to-electron mass ratio yakabata kukosha kwakafanana, sekufungidzirwa ne Standard Model, kweinenge hafu yezera rechisiko.
10−22 mamita