Passage: The Holy Roman Empire (mutsivi mamiriro East Francia uye ipapo Lotharingia) akatonga zvakawanda Low Countries muzana remakore rechi10 uye rechi11, asi akanga asingakwanisi kuchengeta kubatana enyika. simba omunharaunda nemachinda akatendeuka maguta avo, counties uye duchies kupinda voga umambo, kuti akanzwa zvishoma pfungwa mutoro mambo. Holland, Hainaut, Flanders, Gelre, Brabant, uye Utrecht vaiva mumamiriro hondo inenge kuramba kana paradoxically akaumba pachake mibatanidzwa. Mutauro uye tsika dzakawanda Frisian vanhu vaigara County of Holland pakutanga. Sezvo Frankish ugari mberi kubva Flanders uye Brabant, nzvimbo yakakurumidza kuva Old Franconian (kana Old Dutch Low).
vanhu vakakurumbira vomunzvimbo yacho