Dee ihe na-aga n'ihu maka paragraf a - ndị injinia eletrik na-eji akụkọ SER eme ihe iji nyochaa nnukwu ọkụ eletrik na obere ọkụ eletrik. Mgbe Northeast blackout nke 2003
, ụlọ ọrụ North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) kwuru na data sistemụ eletriki ga-abụrịrị oge-akara na millisecond kacha nso.