Dee ihe na-aga n'ihu maka paragraf a - Mahadum Ochie nke Leuven, nke e guzobere na 1425, mechiri n'oge ọrụ nke Low Countries na 1797 mgbe ndị French na-eme mgbanwe weghaara mba ahụ. Mgbe ndị nnupụisi meriri na nnwere onwe Belgium
site na Netherlands, Mahadum Katọlik nke Louvain hiwere na 1834 ma nwee ike ịdọta ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Katọlik si Germany, Austria na Switzerland ndị na-agba ọsọ na Kulturkampf.