na-agafe n'okpuru na mgbe ahụ zaa ajụjụ mgbe e mesịrị n'otu asụsụ dị ka agafe: Passage: bụ spacetime metric. Isotropic na homogeneous ngwọta nke ndị a enwekwukwa akụkụ, na 1980 Friedmann<unk>Lemaître<unk>Robertson<unk>Walker ngwọta, ekwe ka ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ ka nlereanya a eluigwe na ala na-mepụtara n'elu gara aga 14 ijeri afọ si a na-ekpo ọkụ, n'oge Big Bang na-adọ. Ozugbo a obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke parameters (n'ihi na eluigwe na ala nke pụtara ihe njupụta) e ofu site na mbara igwe chọpụtara, ọzọ observational data nwere ike ji mee ka ụdị ule. Amụma, niile ịga nke ọma, na-agụnye mbụ njupụta nke chemical ọcha kpụrụ na a oge nke primordial nucleosynthesis, na nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ Ọdịdị nke eluigwe na ala, na ịdị adị na àgwà nke a "thermal ikwughachi" site na mmalite cosmos, na mbara igwe chọpụtara. A radionomical chọpụtara nke ngụkọta cosmological ndabere ngwọta ekwe ka
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