Kwayoyin sunadarai suna da jerin amino acid na musamman wanda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar jerin nucleotide na kwayar halittar da ke ƙunshe da wannan furotin. Ana karanta lambar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar RNA wanda ya ƙunshi tarin nau'ikan nucleotide guda uku da ake kira codons kuma kowane haɗin nucleotide guda uku yana sanya amino acid, misali AUG (adenine-uracil-guanine) shine lambar don methionine. Saboda DNA yana ƙunshe da nucleotides huɗu, jimlar adadin codons mai yiwuwa shine 64; Saboda haka, akwai wasu redundancy a cikin lambar kwayoyin halitta, tare da wasu amino acid da aka ƙayyade ta fiye da ɗaya codon. Genes da aka ƙunshe a cikin DNA an fara canzawa zuwa RNA na farko (mRNA) ta hanyar bayanan da aka ƙayyade a cikin kwayoyin halitta kamar RNA prokarotase.
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