Kammala wannan jumla: Gardner ya yi tafiya tare da James Madison zuwa Philadelphia a 1780, inda Madison ke aiki a cikin
Majalisar Tarayyar Turai. Madison ba shi da kuɗi a 1782, amma yana so ya sami littattafan falsafa, ciki har da Thomas Hobbes "Leviathan". A ƙoƙarin samun waɗannan littattafan, ya yi tunanin sayar da Gardner don ya biya su. Dokoki a Pennsylvania sun sa wannan ba zai yiwu ba. A wannan shekarar, Gardner ya kuma yi ƙoƙarin tserewa amma daga baya aka kama shi.