A cikin 1920s, Michael Heidelberger da Oswald Avery sun lura cewa antigens za a iya zubar da su ta hanyar kwayoyin rigakafi kuma sun ci gaba da nuna cewa kwayoyin rigakafi sun samo asali ne daga furotin. A farkon shekarun 1960s John Marrack ya gano abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin rigakafi da kwayoyin rigakafi. Babban ci gaba na gaba ya kasance a cikin 1940s, lokacin da Linus Pauling ya tabbatar da ka'idar kulle-da-maɓalli da Ehrlich ya gabatar ta hanyar nuna cewa hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin rigakafi da kwayoyin rigakafi sun dogara ne akan siffar su fiye da abun da ke ciki. A 1948, Astrid Fagreaus ta gano cewa kwayoyin B, a cikin kwayoyin plasma, suna da alhakin samar da kwayoyin rigakafi. Ƙarin aikin da aka mayar da hankali kan nuna alamun sunadaran kwayoyin rigakafi.
wanda ke nuna tsarin sunadarai na antibody.