Duba wurin da ke ƙasa sannan ka amsa tambayar daga baya a cikin harshe ɗaya kamar yadda wurin yake:  Passage: A Turai, karɓar ra'ayoyin rashin yarda da wanzuwar Allah ba safai ba ne a lokacin farkon Zamanin Tsakiya da Zamanin Tsakiya (duba Inquisition na Zamanin Tsakiya); ilimin lissafi da ilimin tauhidi sune manyan abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Akwai, duk da haka, ƙungiyoyi a cikin wannan lokacin waɗanda suka inganta ra'ayoyi daban-daban na allahn Kirista, gami da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da yanayin, wuce gona da iri, da kuma sanin Allah. Mutane da ƙungiyoyi kamar su Johannes Scotus Eriugena, David na Dinant, Amalric na Bena, da Brethren na Free Spirit sun riƙe ra'ayoyin Kirista tare da halayen pantheistic. Nicholas na Cusa ya bi wani irin imani da ya kira docta ignorantia ("jahilci da aka koya"), yana da'awar cewa Allah ya fi yadda 'yan Adam za su iya rarrabe shi, saboda haka saninmu game da shi ba shi da iyaka. William na Ockham ya yi wahayi zuwa ga halayen anti-metaphysical tare da iyakancewar ilimin ɗan adam ga abubuwa na musamman, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa ainihin allahntaka ba za a iya fahimta ta hanyar hankali ko hankali ba. Mabiyan Ockham, kamar John na Mirecourt da Nicholas na Autrecourt sun ci gaba da wannan ra'ayi. Sakamakon rarrabuwa tsakanin bangaskiya da hankali ya rinjayi masu ilimin tauhidi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu gyara kamar John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, da Martin Luther. Renaissance ya yi yawa don fadada ikon yin tunani kyauta da bincike na shakku. Mutane kamar Leonardo da Vinci sun nemi gwaji a matsayin hanyar bayani, kuma sun yi adawa da hujjoji daga ikon addini. Sauran masu sukar addini da Ikilisiya a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Niccolò Machiavelli, Bonaventure des Périers, Michel de Montaigne, da François Rabelais.  Tambaya: Su wanene mabiyan Occam?
John na Mirecourt da Nicholas na Autrecourt