Rubuta ci gaba don wannan sakin layi - Kamar yadda Uthman ibn Affan ya tsufa sosai, Marwan I, dangin Muawiyah, ya shiga cikin ɓoye, ya zama sakatarensa kuma a hankali ya ɗauki ƙarin iko. Lokacin da aka kashe Uthman a shekara ta 656, Ali ibn Abi Talib, dan uwan da surukin Muhammad, ya dauki matsayin halifa kuma ya koma babban birnin zuwa Kufa a Iraki. Muawiyah I, gwamnan Siriya, da Marwan I sun bukaci a kama masu laifin. Marwan na sarrafa kowa kuma na haifar da rikici, wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa na farko
(Wannan ita ce fitina ta farko). An kashe Ali a hannun Kharijites a 661. Watanni shida bayan haka a cikin 661, a cikin sha'awar zaman lafiya, ɗan Ali, Hasan, ya yi yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Muawiyah I. A cikin yarjejeniyar Hasan <unk> Muawiya, Hasan ibn Ali ya ba da iko ga Muawiya a kan sharadin cewa zai yi adalci ga mutane kuma ba zai kafa daular ba bayan mutuwarsa. Daga baya Muawiyah ya karya sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar kuma ya kafa daular Umayyad, tare da babban birni a Damascus. Husayn ibn Ali, a lokacin shi kadai ne jikan Muhammadu da ke raye, ya ƙi yin rantsuwa da Umayyawa. An kashe shi a Yaƙin Karbala a wannan shekarar, a cikin wani taron da har yanzu Shia ke makoki a Ranar Ashura. Rikici, wanda ake kira Fitna ta biyu ya ci gaba, amma mulkin musulmi ya faɗaɗa a ƙarƙashin Muawiyah zuwa Rhodes, Crete, Kabul, Bukhara, da Samarkand, kuma ya faɗaɗa a Arewacin Afirka. A shekara ta 664, sojojin Larabawa sun ci Kabul, kuma a shekara ta 665 suka shiga cikin Maghreb.