Bayanin: Tare da ci gaban mai saurin ƙwayar cuta a farkon rabin karni na ashirin, masana kimiyyar lissafi sun fara zurfafa zurfafawa cikin kaddarorin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin atomatik. Donald Kerst ne ya yi nasarar ƙoƙari na farko don hanzarta electrons ta amfani da shigarwar electromagnetic a shekarar 1942. Betatron na farko ya kai makamashi na 2.3 MeV, yayin da betatrons na gaba suka kai 300 MeV. A cikin 1947, an gano radiation na synchrotron tare da 70 MeV electron synchrotron a General Electric. Wannan radiation ya haifar da hanzartawar electrons ta hanyar filin magnetic yayin da suke motsawa kusa da saurin haske.Tare da katako na makamashi na 1.5 GeV, matakin makamashi na farko Tambaya: Menene Donald Kerst ya kai a cikin betatron?
2.3 MeV