He aha te mea e kore e taea te tautuhi i ngā huaketo whaiaro? I runga i te pātai o mua, tuhia he horopaki kei roto te whakautu. Ka taea te 1 - 20 rerenga kōrero. Te horopaki:
He uaua ake ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana hei karo i te pūnaha ārai mate. Ko te huarahi tino māmā ko te whakarerekē tere i ngā epitope kāore i te mea nui (ngā waikawa amino, me ngā huka rānei) i runga i te mata o te pathogen, i te pupuri i ngā epitope nui e huna ana. Ka kīia tēnei ko te rerekētanga antigenic. Hei tauira, ko te HIV, e tere ana te hurihanga, nō reira ko ngā pūmua i runga i tōna kiripuaki huaketo e tika ana mō te urunga atu ki roto i tōna pūtau whāinga kaihautū kei te huri haere tonu. Ko ēnei huringa auau i roto i ngā antigen pea ka whakamārama i ngā hapa o ngā kano ārai mate e hāngai ana ki tēnei huaketo. Ka whakamahia e te parahi Trypanosoma brucei tētahi rautaki ōrite, e huri haere ana i tētahi momo pūmua mata ki tētahi atu, e taea ai e ia te noho i tētahi taahiraa i mua i te urupare antibody. Ko te whakakapi i nga antigen me nga ngota kaihauturu tetahi atu rautaki noa hei karo i te kitenga e te punaha aukati. I roto i te HIV, ko te taupoki e hipoki ana i te virion ka hangaia mai i te membrane o waho o te pūtau kaihautū; ko enei huaketo "whaiaro-a-tinana" he uaua ki te punaha aukati ki te tautuhi i a raatau hei hanganga "kore-whaiaro".