Yahweh

Yahweh (‬𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄 theo chính tả tiếng Hebrew cổ; được phục nguyên là יַהְוֶה *Yahwe, jahˈwe) là một vị thần chiến tranh được thờ phụng ở Levant cổ đại, ban đầu được liên kết với các địa danh như Seir, Edom, Paran và Teman, rồi sau được liên hệ với vùng Canaan. Ông được coi là vị thần dân tộc của người Isreal và người Judah cổ đại. Tục thờ Yahweh dường như bắt nguồn vào thời đại đồ sắt hoặc thời đại đồ đồng muộn, hoặc thậm chí lâu đời hơn thế. Trong các thư tịch thánh kinh cổ, Yahweh được miêu tả là sở hữu năng lực giống nhiều vị thần gió mưa và chiến tranh khác, với khả năng làm các vùng đất đâm hoa kết trái và dẫn dắt đội quân thánh chống lại kẻ thù của người Israel. Dân tộc Israel thuở xưa thờ phụng Yahweh cùng rất nhiều nam thần và nữ thần Canaan khác, trong đó bao gồm El, Asherah và Baal. Càng về sau, El và Yahweh hỗn dung thành một, và các danh hiệu trước đây dành cho El như El Shaddai lại được quy cho Yahweh thay thế. Các vị thần như Baal và Asherah cũng dần bị hấp thụ hoàn toàn vào Yahwah giáo. ^ Trotter 2002, tr. 153. ^ Stavrakopoulou 2021, tr. 411–412, 742. ^ Smith 2017, tr. 42. ^ Miller & Hayes 1986, tr. 110. ^ Miller 2000, tr. 1. ^ Hackett 2001, tr. 158–59. ^ Smith 2002, tr. 7. ^ Smith 2002, tr. 8, 33–34. ^ Smith 2002, tr. 8, 135. Ackerman, Susan (2003). “Goddesses”. Trong Richard, Suzanne (biên tập). Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5. Ahlström, Gösta Werner (1991). “The Role of Archaeological and Literary Remains in Reconstructing Israel's History”. Trong Edelman, Diana Vikander (biên tập). The Fabric of History: Text, Artifact and Israel's Past. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-49110-7. Ahlström, Gösta Werner (1993). The History of Ancient Palestine. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2770-6. Albertz, Rainer (1994). A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 978-0-664-22719-7. Albertz, Rainer (2003). Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. Studies in Biblical Literature. 3. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-055-4. Allen, Spencer L. (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-5015-0022-0. Anderson, James S. (2015). Monotheism and Yahweh's Appropriation of Baal. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-567-66396-2. Alter, Robert (2018). The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary (Volume 3). W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393292503. Arnold, Clinton E. (1996). The Colossian Syncretism: The Interface Between Christianity and Folk Belief at Colossae. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-1-4982-1757-6. Barker, Margaret (1992). The Great Angel: A Study of Israel's Second God. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25395-0. Barker, Margaret (2012). The Lady in the Temple. The Mother of the Lord. 1. Bloomsbury T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-36246-9. Becking, Bob (2001). “The Gods in Whom They Trusted”. Trong Becking, Bob (biên tập). Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-23212-0. Bennett, Harold V. (2002). Injustice Made Legal: Deuteronomic Law and the Plight of Widows, Strangers, and Orphans in Ancient Israel. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3909-1. Berquist, Jon L. (2007). Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period. SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-58983-145-2. Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). “Monotheism”. Trong Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (biên tập). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2. Betz, Hans Dieter (1996). The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation Including the Demonic Spells (ấn bản 2). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-04447-7. Chalmers, Aaron (2012). Exploring the Religion of Ancient Israel: Prophet, Priest, Sage and People. SPCK. ISBN 978-0-281-06900-2. 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Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (2007). “Editors' Introduction”. Trong Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (biên tập). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-528880-3. Coogan, Michael D.; Smith, Mark S. (2012). Stories from Ancient Canaan (ấn bản 2). Presbyterian Publishing Corp. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2. Cook, Stephen L. (2004). The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-098-1. Cross, Frank Moore (1973). Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-09176-0. Darby, Erin (2014). Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines: Gender and Empire in Judean Apotropaic Ritual. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-152492-9. Davies, Philip R.; Rogerson, John (2005). The Old Testament World. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 978-0-567-08488-0. Davies, Philip R. (2010). “Urban Religion and Rural Religion”. Trong Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (biên tập). Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-03216-4. Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series. 265. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-567-53783-6. Dever, William G. (2003a). “Religion and Cult in the Levant”. Trong Richard, Suzanne (biên tập). Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5. Dever, William G. (2003b). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4416-3. Dever, William G. (2005). Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology And Folk Religion in Ancient Israel. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2852-1. Dicou, Bert (1994). Edom, Israel's Brother and Antagonist: The Role of Edom in Biblical Prophecy and Story. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-85075-458-9. Dijkstra, Meindert (2001). “El the God of Israel-Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism”. Trong Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Korpel, Marjo C.A.; và đồng nghiệp (biên tập). Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-84127-199-6. Eakin, Frank E. Jr. (1971). The Religion and Culture of Israel. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. tr. 70 and 263. Edelman, Diana V. (1995). “Tracking Observance of the Aniconic Tradition”. Trong Edelman, Diana Vikander (biên tập). The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2. Elior, Rachel (2006). “Early Forms of Jewish Mysticism”. Trong Katz, Steven T. (biên tập). The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8. Fleming, Daniel E. (2020). Yahweh before Israel: Glimpses of History in a Divine Name. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-83507-7. Flynn, Shawn W. (2019). A Story of YHWH: Cultural Translation and Subversive Reception in Israelite History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-24713-5. Freedman, D.N.; O'Connor, M.P.; Ringgren, H. (1986). “YHWH”. Trong Botterweck, G.J.; Ringgren, H. (biên tập). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. 5. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2329-8. Geller, Stephen A. (2012). “Priests and Levites in the Hebrew Bible”. Trong Alan T., Levenson (biên tập). The Wiley-Blackwell History of Jews and Judaism. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118232934. Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series. 241. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-567-37415-8. Gnuse, Robert Karl (1999). “The Emergence of Monotheism in Ancient Israel: A Survey of Recent Scholarship”. Religion. 29 (4): 315–36. doi:10.1006/reli.1999.0198. Golden, Jonathan Michael (2009). Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195379853. OCLC 261177290. Gorman, Frank H., Jr. (2000). “Feasts, Festivals”. Trong Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (biên tập). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5. Grabbe, Lester L. (2010). An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-55248-8. Grabbe, Lester L. (2010b). “'Many nations will be joined to YHWH in that day': The question of YHWH outside Judah”. Trong Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (biên tập). Religious diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah. Continuum International Publishing Group. tr. 175–87. ISBN 978-0-567-03216-4. Grabbe, Lester (2007). Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-03254-6. Hackett, Jo Ann (2001). “'There Was No King in Israel': The Era of the Judges”. Trong Coogan, Michael David (biên tập). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2. Halpern, Baruch; Adams, Matthew J. (2009). From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149902-9. Handy, Lowell K. (1994). Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-84-3. Hess, Richard S. (2007). Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-2717-8. Hess, Richard S. (2012). “Yahweh's "Wife" and Belief in One God in the Old Testament”. Trong Hoffmeier, James K.; Magary, Dennis R. (biên tập). Do Historical Matters Matter to Faith?: A Critical Appraisal of Modern and Postmodern Approaches to Scripture. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. tr. 459–76. ISBN 978-1-4335-2574-2. Hess, Richard S. (2020). “Yahwistic Religion in the Assyrian and Babylonian Periods”. Trong Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (biên tập). The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press. tr. 241–253. ISBN 978-0-19-026116-0. Hoffman, Joel (2004). In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3706-4. Humphries, W. Lee (1990). “God, Names of”. Trong Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (biên tập). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7. Joffe, Alexander H. (2002). “The Rise of Secondary States in the Iron Age Levant”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 45 (4): 425–67. doi:10.1163/156852002320939311. JSTOR 3632872. Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. (2017). Exodus. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-53173-9. Keel, Othmar (1997). The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-014-9. King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). Life in Biblical Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22148-5. Kitz, Anne Marie (2019). “The Verb *yahway”. Journal of Biblical Literature. 138 (1): 39–62. doi:10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.508716. ISSN 0021-9231. 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YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe. 107. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-147055-4. ISSN 0340-9570. McKenzie, John L. (1990). “Aspects of Old Testament Thought”. Trong Raymond E. Brown; Joseph A. Fitzmyer & Roland E. Murphy (biên tập). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. S.v. 77:17. Mettinger, Tryggve N.D. (2006). “A Conversation with My Critics: Cultic Image or Aniconism in the First Temple?”. Trong Amit, Yaira; Naʼaman, Nadav (biên tập). Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-128-3. Meyers, Carol (2001). “Kinship and Kingship: The early Monarchy”. Trong Coogan, Michael David (biên tập). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2. MacDonald, Nathan (2007). “Aniconism in the Old Testament”. Trong Gordon, R.P. (biên tập). The God of Israel. 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