
English: 
1840 
The British opened the door of the Qing government to lock up the country with the help of their ships and guns  
The Qing regime was unable to fight back  
The big powers successively gained China's trade and many trading powers  
At this time  Japan's fate is the same  
Japan was in the midst of the decadent Tokugawa shogunate 
Foreign countries also implement the policy of locking up the country  
The world situation at that time was also different from what it is now  
Although countries have long since ceased their colonial policies 
But it was different then 
Since the era of arrogant navigation  
Colonization and overseas exploration are the favorite games of every rising power  
The Black Ship Incident broke out in 1853 
U S  Navy Fleet Directs into Edo Bay 
Asking the shogunate to negotiate with it 
Let Japan Open Its Doors for Trade 
The emperor had no real power at that time  
The emperor issued a request to resist the barbarians  
Directly ignored by the shogunate 
In 1854  the shogunate signed the Kanagawa Treaty with the United States  
Agree to open the two ports of "Xiatian" and "Xiangguan" 
Granting most-favored-nation treatment 
Formally declare the end of the policy of locking up the country  
It was not long before 

Chinese: 
1840年，
英国人靠着船坚炮利打开了清廷锁国的大门，
清政权无力反击，
列强们相继取得中国的贸易与诸多通商权力。
而此时的日本也是同样的命运。
当时日本正处于腐朽的德川幕府统治时期，
对外也实行锁国政策。
而当时的世界局势也和现在不同，
虽然现在各国早已停止了殖民政策，
但当时却不同。
自大航海时代以来，
殖民和开拓海外是每一个先后崛起的强国热衷的游戏。
1853年黑船事件爆发，
美国海军舰队直入江户湾，
要求幕府与之谈判，
让日本打开国门通商。
天皇在当时并无实权，
天皇下达攘夷的要求，
直接被幕府无视。
1854年幕府与美国签订神奈川条约，
同意开放“下田”和“箱馆”两个港口，
给予最惠国待遇，
正式宣告锁国政策的结束。
没过多久，

English: 
Britain and France also forced Japan to sign unequal treaties one after another  
This has aroused widespread dissatisfaction among public opinion in Japan  
The idea of respecting the emperor and resisting foreigners began to appear  
At that time  Japan except the central government held real power in the shogunate 
There are also local vassals and vassals  
Including Nagasaki  Tuzuo  Samo and other vassals 
These vassals have the idea of reform  
And quite powerful 
And the emperor of Japan is a family of all generations  
They all come from the inheritance of one family  
Although elevated by the shogunate  
But in Japanese society  it is revered as the incarnation of Shinto  
Descendants of the Great God of Heaven 
Since 1866 
The vassals began to form an alliance  
And try to get in touch with the emperor 
Advocate to reverse the curtain 
They took the banner of respecting the emperor and resisting foreigners  
Initiate a mutiny 
The shogunate was overthrown in 1867 
The new emperor succeeded to the throne  
The following year he officially ascended the throne  
Gaiyuan Meiji 
A Comprehensive Study of the West and the Development of Capitalism 
As well as the establishment of a constitutional monarchy 
Japan Becomes Asia's First Country to Carry out Industrial Revolution 
This was the Meiji Restoration 
The Meiji title is taken from the Book of Changes 
"Sages in the south listen to the world and govern in the light " 

Chinese: 
英法也相继迫使日本签署不平等条约，
这引起了日本国内舆论的普遍不满，
尊皇攘夷的思想开始出现。
当时日本除了中央掌握实权的幕府，
还有地方上的藩士诸侯，
包括长州、土佐、萨摩等藩。
这些藩士具有维新的思想，
且颇具实力。
而日本的天皇是万世一系，
都来自一个家族的继承，
虽被幕府架空，
但在日本社会被尊为神道教的化身，
天照大神的后裔。
自1866年开始，
藩士开始结盟，
并尝试与天皇接触，
主张倒幕。
他们以尊皇攘夷为旗帜，
发起叛变。
1867年幕府被推翻，
新天皇继位，
次年正式登基，
改元明治，
一场全盘学习西方和发展资本主义，
以及建立君主立宪政体的改革揭开序幕。
日本成为亚洲率先进行工业革命的国家。
这就是明治维新。
明治的年号取自易经中的
“圣人南面而听天下，向明而治”。

Chinese: 
明治的早期主要是有四藩把持，
也就是灭掉幕府的萨摩、长州、土佐与肥前。
其中实权最大的是萨摩藩的大久保利通，
以及长州藩的木户孝允。
在明治六年，
日本发生了明治六年政变，
大久保利通等维新派击败了守旧派，
创立了内务省和主抓工业的工部省，
加上先前的财政机关，
也就是大藏省构成核心的行政体系，
政府组织趋于稳定。
在维新早期，
日本派出了庞大的欧洲考察团。
在长达一年九个月的摸索考察中，
考察团探索出一条结合日本政治与法律的特点，
本国的儒家和神道教思想，
以及西洋的科学技术的独特发展道路。
其中岩仓使团造访德国
便找到了日本迫切需要的发展模式，
包括国家主导工业发展，
以及俾斯麦的铁腕政策和强权理论，
包括当时在欧美盛行的“社会达尔文主义”，
也就是弱肉强食的殖民主义。

English: 
The early Meiji period was dominated by four vassals 
That is to say  Samo  Nagasaki  Tuzuo and Fuqian  which destroyed the shogunate  
Among them  the most powerful is Okubo Litong of Samoan 
And Takayuki Kido of Nagasaki 
In the six years of Meiji  
There was a coup in Japan in the 6th year of Meiji  
Reformists such as Okubo Rito defeated the old school 
The Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Industry  which focuses on industry  have been established  
Plus the previous financial institutions 
That is  the central administrative system of the Tibetan province 
The government organization tends to stabilize  
In the early period of reform 
Japan sent a huge European delegation  
During the year-long and nine-month exploratory investigation  
The delegation explored a feature that combines Japanese politics and law  
Confucian and Shinto Thoughts in Our Country 
As well as the unique development path of western science and technology 
Among them  Iwakura Mission Visits Germany 
Then we found the development model that Japan urgently needs  
Including state-led industrial development 
As well as Bismarck's iron-fisted policy and power theory 
Including the "social Darwinism" prevailing in Europe and America at that time  
That is  colonialism of the law of the jungle  

English: 
Coupled with the unique sense of crisis in Japan's island countries  
And the humiliation of being invaded 
All these laid the groundwork for Japan's later expansion overseas  
The Meiji Restoration included 
First  reform the identity system 
Abolish the system of four people with different grades  
The four people are also scholars  farmers  businessmen and businessmen  
And gradually abolish the feudal salary 
Including the promulgation of the samurai's "Sword Abolition Order" 
Before  warriors took to the streets to carry swords or even cut and kill at will  
The second reform is the change of land ownership  
In 1869  the four vassals of "Sa Chang Tu Fei" jointly wrote to the imperial court  
Demand that the territory be returned to the court 
Subsequently  the policy of "abolishing vassal states and setting up counties" was 
Divide Japan into 3 prefectures  1 road and 72 counties 
In 1874 the court promulgated a new law 
Recognition of private ownership of land 
Allow privatization and sale of land 
The essential difference between this and nationalization of land is that 
The former is actually a manifestation of storing wealth among the people  
The third is judicial reform 
Japan imitated the system of advanced countries at that time  
In 1882  they respectively enacted legal criminal laws  

Chinese: 
再加上日本岛国特有的危机感，
和被侵略的屈辱感，
这些都为日本后来向海外扩张埋下了伏笔。
明治维新的内容包括，
第一，改革身份制度，
废除有等级之分的四民制度，
四民也就是士农工商。
并逐步废除封建俸禄，
包括颁布了武士的“废刀令”，
之前武士上街可以佩刀甚至可能随意砍杀。
第二个改革则是土地所有权的变动。
1869年“萨长土肥”四藩联合上书朝廷，
要求将领地还给朝廷，
随后推行“废藩置县”政策，
将日本划分为3府1道72县。
1874年朝廷颁布新法律，
承认土地的私人所有权。
允许土地私有化和买卖，
这和土地国有化的本质区别在于，
前者实际上是藏富于民的一种表现。
第三是司法改革。
日本仿效当时先进国家的制度，
分别于1882年订立法式刑法，

English: 
In 1898  a mixed civil law of law and morality was enacted  
The American Commercial Law was enacted in 1899  
Private property rights are protected by law  
The foundation of the capitalist system has been consolidated  
The fourth is to create a modern financial system 
Japanese Yen Begins to Be Used in Meiji 4 Years 
In the 15th year of Meiji  the Bank of Japan was established as the central bank  
Set up a series of modern banking systems 
Capital Becomes Booster for Japan to Take off 
Fifth  actively introduce technology and build infrastructure  
Japan's Ministry of Industry Implements Government-run Industry System 
And build new railways and highways 
By 1914 
The total mileage of railways in the country has exceeded 7 000 kilometers  
At the same time  the government has also made great efforts to build telecommunication networks and postal networks  
As well as the preparation of ship transportation industry 
These industries laid the foundation for the "military rise" in the future  
This is the fifth point 
The sixth point is military reform 
Japan has been working out detailed rules for conscription since Meiji 3 years ago  
The following year  the Ministry of Military Affairs was established to lead the national military force  
And the establishment of naval and army provinces 
Establish a new type of navy and army 
The army hired German instructors to train 
The Navy learn from Britain 

Chinese: 
1898年订立法德混合式民法，
1899年订立美式商法。
私有产权受到法律保护，
资本主义制度的基础得以巩固。
第四就是创建现代金融制度。
明治4年开始使用日元，
并于明治15年成立了央行日本银行，
建立起一系列现代银行制度。
资本成了日本起飞的助推器。
第五，积极引进技术和兴建基建。
日本工部省实行官办产业制度，
并兴筑新式铁路和公路。
到了1914年，
全国铁路总里程已经超过七千公里。
同时政府还大力建设电信网、邮政网络，
以及整备船舶运输业。
这些工业为日后的“军事崛起”奠定了基础。
这是第五点。
第六点是军事改革。
日本自明治3年起开始制定征兵细则，
次年成立兵部省统领全国军力，
并设立海军省和陆军省，
建立新式海陆军。
陆军聘请德国教官训练，
海军则学习英国。

Chinese: 
同时在教育方面普及义务教育，
以及派遣留学生出海留学，
并成立了西式学校。
在社会方面，
日本提倡学习西方的文化及习惯，
马车燕尾服皮靴等开始在日本社会普及。
人们开始消费面包牛奶啤酒。
各地纷纷涌现形形色色的报纸。
从上面我们可以看出，
明治维新基本上是仿效欧美制度，
由掌权者推动，
对日本社会进行了脱胎换骨的改造。
不光彻底改革旧有制度，
甚至主张推行“脱亚入欧、改良人种”等改革主张。
而相比之下中国的洋务运动，
也是相同时期发生的全国性工业运动，
号称师夷长技以制夷，
也带来了新式教育和新式军队，
以及工业和银行体系，
但其严重受到皇室的制肘，
中体西用，
变革徒有其表。
1895年甲午海战惨败后，
革新派追求更为根本的制度变革，
发起了戊戌变法。

English: 
At the same time  compulsory education should be popularized in education  
As well as sending overseas students to study abroad  
And set up Western-style schools 
At the social level 
Japan advocates learning western culture and habits 
Carriage  tuxedo  leather boots  etc  began to be popularized in Japanese society  
People began to consume bread  milk and beer  
Newspapers of all kinds have sprung up all over the country  
As we can see from the above 
The Meiji Restoration basically imitated the European and American systems  
Driven by those in power 
The Japanese society has been reformed thoroughly  
Not only will the old system be thoroughly reformed  
He even advocated the implementation of reforms such as "leaving Asia and entering Europe and improving race " 
In contrast  China's Westernization Movement 
It was also a national industrial movement that took place in the same period  
It claims to learn from foreigners and learn skills to control them  
It also brought a new education and a new army  
As well as the industrial and banking systems 
However  it was severely restrained by the royal family  
Chinese style and western use 
The change is only a superficial one  
After the defeat in 1895 in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895  
The Reformists Pursue More Fundamental Institutional Reform 
Initiated the Reform Movement of 1898 

Chinese: 
但该运动只是由一群没有实权的书生和傀儡光绪帝主导，
慈禧等保守势力仍掌握实权，
令改革寸步难行，
最后变法胎死腹中。
制度这个变量在英美日的崛起，
包括后来四小龙和邓小平的全盘资化的改革，
均起到决定性的作用。
研究表明，
制度甚至在英法几十个殖民地的发展中，
在绝大多数情况也起到了关键作用。
英法殖民者在美澳新大陆包括香港南非建立了类似的制度，
而在其他亚非拉地区建立了掠夺性制度，
百年后的发展截然不同。
制度因素在当今的经济学政治学中也是热门话题，
我个人呢也是制度学派的拥护者，
我们以后也可以专门做一期视频讨论。
我们再回到日本。
明治维新的改革效果非常显著。
1983年比起1972年，
日本的出口总量翻了一倍，
到了1914年更是翻了15倍，
工业产值翻了12倍，

English: 
However  the movement was dominated by a group of scholars and puppet Guangxu Emperor who had no real power  
Conservative forces such as Empress Dowager Cixi still hold real power  
Make it difficult to carry out the reform  
In the end  the political reform was stillborn  
The Rise of Institution as a Variable in Britain  America and Japan 
Including the later four little dragons and Deng Xiaoping's overall capital reform  
All play a decisive role  
Research shows that 
The system is even in the development of dozens of colonies in Britain and France  
In the vast majority of cases  it has also played a key role  
Anglo-French colonists established similar systems in the United States  Australia  the New World  including Hong Kong and South Africa  
In other parts of Asia  Africa and Latin America  predatory systems have been established  
The development after a hundred years is completely different  
Institutional factors are also a hot topic in today's economics and politics  
Personally  I am also a supporter of the institutional school  
We can also make a special video discussion in the future  
Let's go back to Japan 
The reform effect of Meiji Restoration is very remarkable  
Compared with 1972  1983 
Japan's total exports doubled 
By 1914  it had doubled 15 times  
Industrial output has doubled 12 times  

Chinese: 
蒸汽船数量翻了70倍，
铁路里程翻了30倍。
短短30多年，日本彻底成为了一个工业强国。
这就出现了我们在日美贸易战里提到的，
日本战败时识字率接近100%，
制造业占比高达30%。
而在中国出现类似的情况则整整晚了100年。
随着日本一天天的强盛，
在明治政府的早期也有征服李氏朝鲜的论调，
也就是征韩论。
其实日本很早就有扩张的传统。
明朝时就有倭寇骚扰沿海地区。
到了16世纪末，
丰臣秀吉初步统一日本后，
试图以朝鲜作为征服中国的跳板，
发动了两次大规模侵朝，
但均以失败告终。
17世纪的日本著名学者山鹿素行，
以及18世纪“集国学之大成”的本居宣长，
他们倡导建立起以日本为中心的国际秩序观，
这对近代日本军国主义思想的形成产生了重要影响。

English: 
The number of steamboats has doubled 70 times  
Railway mileage has doubled 30 times  
In just over 30 years  Japan has completely become an industrial power  
This is what we mentioned in the Japan-US trade war  
When Japan was defeated  the literacy rate was close to 100%  
Manufacturing accounts for as much as 30% 
In China  a similar situation occurred 100 years later  
As Japan grows stronger and stronger day by day  
In the early days of the Meiji government  there were also arguments of conquering Lee's North Korea  
That is  the theory of recruiting South Korea  
In fact  Japan has a long tradition of expansion  
During the Ming Dynasty  Japanese pirates harassed the coastal areas  
By the end of the 16th century 
After Toyotomi Hideyoshi initially unified Japan 
Trying to use North Korea as a springboard to conquer China  
Two large-scale invasions were launched against North Korea  
But they all ended in failure  
The Famous Japanese Scholar Yamato Suka in the 17th Century 
As well as the 18th century "Ji Guoxue's Great Achievement" Ben Ju Xuanchang 
They advocated the establishment of a view of international order centered on Japan  
This exerted an important influence on the formation of modern Japanese militarism 

English: 
At the end of Tokugawa shogunate 
Many Japanese economists have put forward the theory that Japan should expand outward  
It is believed that Japan should jump out of the limitation of an island country  
Shinichi Sato  a Strategic Theorist in the Late Edo Period 
It also elaborated in detail the systematic plan to conquer China  
That is to invade Manchuria first and then conquer China  
The Expansion Route of Invading East Asia Continent in the West and Invading Southeast Asia in the South 
This plan deeply influenced the later Japanese army and navy  
Sato's expansionism was widely spread in Japan 
It laid the ideological foundation for Japan's mainland policy  
In addition  the world in the 19th century was very different from what it is now  
Colonialism prevailed at that time 
All industrial powers are eager to grab overseas wealth  
Occupy new territories 
And exporting its own system 
Japan also realized that it would also be invaded  
At that time  Nagasaki Yoshida Songyin proposed 
Those who lose out to Russia and the United States in trade 
It should be compensated by the soil of North Korea and Manchuria  
In the eyes of the Japanese  
Manchuria was the stronghold of the Jurchen before the Qing Dynasty  
It does not belong to the Central Plains territory  

Chinese: 
在德川幕府末期，
许多日本的经世学家都提出了日本要向外扩张的理论，
认为日本应跳出岛国的局限。
江户后期的战略理论家佐藤信渊，
更是细致地阐述了征服中国的系统性方案，
即先侵略满洲再征服中国、
西侵东亚大陆与南侵东南亚并进的扩张路线。
这个方案深深影响了后来的日本陆军和日本海军。
佐藤的扩张主义思想在日本广为传播，
奠定了日本大陆政策的思想基础。
此外，19世纪的世界和现在也截然不同，
当时殖民主义盛行，
各工业强国乐此不疲的攫取海外财富，
占领新的领土，
以及输出自己的一套体系。
日本也意识到自己也会有被侵略的可能，
当时的长州藩士吉田松阴提出，
在贸易上失之于俄美者，
应由朝鲜和满洲之土以偿。
在日本人眼中，
满洲在清朝之前是女真人的大本营，
并不属于中原领土。

Chinese: 
历史上女真人也曾入侵过日本。
后来的明治维新期间，
明治天皇宣称，
日本对外的方针是开拓万里波涛，
布国威于四方。
同时，陆军参谋本部和海军军令部，
与内阁中的陆海两大臣等军方的势力不断增强，
与内阁相对抗。
随着日本国力的不断增强，
在种种因素的促使下，
日本确立大陆政策，
开始扩张。
1875年，日本以江华岛事件为契机，
和朝鲜签订了江华岛条约，
承认朝鲜为独立自主的国家，
不再附属大清。
1874年日本出兵台湾，
并与清廷就台湾和琉球的归属问题达成协议。
五年后日本并吞琉球国，
并把琉球国降格为琉球藩。
随后在1894年，
日本发动甲午战争进攻中国的东北与山东，
北洋水师全师覆没。
日本在朝鲜的东学党起义时，
以保护侨民为由，
趁机出兵建立傀儡政府，

English: 
In history  the Jurchen invaded Japan 
Later during the Meiji Restoration 
Akihito declared 
Japan's foreign policy is to open up thousands of miles of waves  
To spread the power of the country to all sides  
At the same time  the Army Chiefs of Staff and the Naval Military Orders 
With the two ministers of land and sea in the cabinet and other military forces are increasing  
Oppose the cabinet 
As Japan's national strength continues to increase  
Under the impetus of various factors 
Japan Establishes Mainland Policy 
Begin to expand 
Japan took the Jianghua Island Incident as an opportunity in 1875 
The DPRK and that DPRK sig the Jianghua island treaty 
Recognize North Korea as an independent country 
No longer attached to the Qing Dynasty 
Japan sent troops to Taiwan in 1874 
And reached an agreement with the Qing government on the ownership of Taiwan and Ryukyu  
Five years later  Japan annexed Ryukyu 
And downgraded the Ryukyu state to Ryukyu vassal 
Then in 1894 
Japan Launches Sino-Japanese War of 1894 to Attack Northeast China and Shandong 
The entire Beiyang Navy Division was wiped out  
When Japan's Dongxue Party Uprising in North Korea 
On the grounds of protecting expatriates 
Take the opportunity to send troops to establish a puppet government  

English: 
Later  Japan and South Korea signed the Japan-South Korea Merger Treaty  
Formal annexation of North Korea 
In 1900 Japan was one of the main forces of the Eight-Power Allied Forces  
Occupy Tianjin and Beijing 
And use the "Xin Chou Treaty" to garrison a large number of troops around Beijing and Tianjin  
In addition  Japan is not satisfied with defeating the weak countries in East Asia  
The Japanese-Russian War broke out in 1904 
Japan Hit Russia's Baltic Fleet Hard in the Naval Battle against Ma Haixia 
Victory over Russia 
In 1907  Japan and Russia signed a secret agreement between Japan and Russia to recognize each other's interests  
North Manchuria and Inner Mongolia were designated as Japan's sphere of influence  
At the same time  Japan colonized Manchuria and Mongolia by relying on the South Manchuria Railway  
Japan launched the September 18 Incident in 1931 
Invasion of Northeast China 
Attack China in an all-round way 
Half of China's territory fell to the enemy  
In 1938  Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konaro issued a statement on security 
Calling for the Establishment of "New East Asian Order" 
The so-called "East Asia Co-Prosperity Circle" 
To let Japan  Manchuria and China support each other  
Establish a mutual aid relationship in politics  economy  culture  etc  
In the vision of a new order 
Japan to Alliance with Germany and Italy 

Chinese: 
其后签订《日韩合并条约》，
正式并吞朝鲜。
1900年，日本为八国联军主力之一，
占领天津和北京，
并利用《辛丑条约》在京津一带驻屯重兵。
此外日本并不满足战胜东亚弱国。
1904年日俄战争爆发，
日本于对马海峡海战中重创俄国的波罗的海舰队，
战胜俄国。
1907年，日俄签订日俄密约承认彼此利益，
并将北满和内蒙划为日本势力范围。
同时日本依靠南满铁路而向满蒙地区殖民。
1931年，日本发动九一八事变，
侵略中国东北，
全面进攻中国，
中国的半壁疆土沦陷。
1938年，日本总理大臣近卫文麿发表近卫声明，
号召建立“东亚新秩序”，
也就是所谓的“东亚共荣圈”，
欲让日满中三国相互提携，
建立政治经济文化等方面互助的关系。
在新秩序的设想中，
日本要同德意结盟，

English: 
To smash the rule of European and American powers over the world 
Liberate Asia from its colonial rule 
This kind of idealism has just begun to be widely welcomed by the Japanese people  
It has also attracted supporters of the independence movement in some Asian countries  
But it was quickly exploited by Japanese militarists and ultra-nationalists 
To change and distort 
Asia Becomes Japan's Base for Seizing Resources 
Japan Promotes Daiwa's Theory of National Superiority in the Region 
Occupy a dominant position 
The East Asian Common Order is regarded as a rhetoric to beautify the war  
We all know what happened later  
Japan surrendered after defeat 
And forced democratization under the supervision of the U S  Military  
Complete and peaceful transformation 
The above is the whole process of Japan from Meiji Restoration to its foreign expansion  
Welcome to praise and subscribe  thank you 

Chinese: 
粉碎欧美列强对世界的统治，
把亚洲从其殖民统治下解放出来。
这类理想主义刚开始受到日本民众普遍欢迎，
也吸引了一部分亚洲国家独立运动的支持者。
但是很快就遭到日本的军国主义及极端民族主义者利用，
加以改变而扭曲。
亚洲成为了日本攫取资源的基地。
日本在当地宣扬大和民族优越论，
占统治地位。
东亚共同秩序被认为是美化战争的说辞。
后来的事我们也都知道，
日本战败投降，
并在美军的监督下强行民主化，
彻底和平转型。
以上就是日本从明治维新到对外扩张的全过程，
欢迎大家点赞订阅，谢谢大家。
