>> THE INSIELT IS LOST.
HELLO HERE, REALLY IT STARTS 
WITH THE COM KIT AND THE HEF 
LUCIAN IN COCKPIT TECHNOLOGY ARE
IN THE LAST 30 OR 40 YEARS, IT'S
BEEN WHAT WE CALL GLASS COCKPIT 
AND ABOVE THAT WHY YOU SEE 
DIGITAL TIME WARNER.
THERE WAS A TIME WHEN 
ESSENTIALLY THE OCRE THE 
MECHANICS WAS ATTACHED.
NOT SO THESE DAYS.
WE HAVE CONNECTIONS OF WIRES AND
ELECTRONIC ACCUSATIONS, GLASS 
COCKPIT IS FOR THE KIND OF 
STARTED WITH CRT DISPLAYS, 
FLORIDAT PANEL DISPLAYS TO GIVE 
THE PILOTS THE INFORMATION THEY 
NED TO FLY THE AIRPLANE AND 
TYING ALL THAT TOGETHER, WE ARE 
SEEING MORE AND MORE, THERE IS 
SOME LEVEL OF AUTOMATION IN MOST
AIRPLANES, WHETHER AN AUTO PILOT
OR AUTO LAND CAPABILITIES OR IN 
THE MILITARY, AUTOMATED DPRAUND 
CONSISTENT AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS.
SO THESE ARE THINGS THAT ARE IN 
PRACTICE RAND USED TODAY.
SO THIS IS KIND OF A GENERAL 
ABOUT NASA IF LARGE.
IF YOU LOOK AT THEM OVER THE 
YEARS, ONE THING, WE HAVE EVERY 
COMMUNITY OR DISCIPLINE HAS A 
TIME FOR ORGANIZATION AND 
AERONAUTICS IN THIS COUNTRY.
THERE IS AN ORGANIZATION CALLED 
THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS 
ORGANIZATION, WHICH HAS BEEN IN 
EXISTENCE OVER 105 YEARS OR SO.
IT STARTED IN THE EARLY DAYS OF 
AVIATION RIGHT AFTER THE WRIGHT 
BROTHERS MAKE.
THERE WAS A GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT
WANTED TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE 
ACHIEVEMENTS OF AVIATION IN 
COUNTRY.
THEY STARTED IN 1911 AN AWARD 
CALLED THE -- 1911, YES, THE 
COLLIER TROPHY.
AND OVER THE YEARS, NASA AND 
NASA LANGLEY, IN PARTICULAR, HAS
BEEN RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OAFTER 
LOT OF THINGS THAT HAVE BEEN 
NOTED FOR THE COLLIER TROPHY ON 
YOUR LEFT, YOU SEE THE FOUR 
WHERE LANGLEY WAS AN INDIVIDUAL 
OR INDIVIDUAL LANGLEY AND ON THE
RIGHT, THERE IS 14 IN AREAS 
THERE WHERE WE ACTUALLY WON.
I KNOW A FAIR AMOUNT OF THE VERY
LAST ONE THE COMMERCIAL AVIATION
SAFETY TEAM.
WHICH WAS A GROUP OF NASA, SAA 
AND INDUSTRY THAT REALLY WAS 
SHOWN OVER A PERIOD OF TWO 
YEARS, THERE WAS NO FATAL 
ACCIDENT BY THAT JOINT 
GOVERNMENT INDUSTRY TEAM AND IN 
THIS COUNTRY, IT'S BEEN THE SAME
WAY FOR YEARS.
LOOKING AT CONTRIBUTIONS OF NASA
BUT PARTICULARLY LARGELY TO SOME
OF THE THINGS YOU MAY KNOW 
ABOUT.
ONE OF THE RECENT AIRPLANES FOR 
BOEING WAS A 777, A FAIRLY LARGE
AIRPLANE.
YOU SEE SOME OF THESE THINGS AT 
BOEING SITES THAT WE WORKED WITH
THEM AND CONTRIBUTED TO THE 
AIRPLANE.
SO A LITTLE CORE ABOUT NASA WHEN
YOU FLY.
IN PARTICULAR, HERE ARE SOME OF 
THE THINGS THAT WE DO VERY WELL 
AND HAVE BEEN KNOWN AT THE 
FACILITY, PEOPLE AT LANGLEY HAVE
CONTRIBUTED TO WINDFALL TESTING.
YOU SEE TWO DIFFERENT TESTINGS 
AND BOEING WAS SO WANTED TO 
SHARE THAT WITH US, SOMEONE 
ACTUALLY BROUGHT US ONE OF THE 
EARLY 777s TO LANGLEY TO 
CONGRATULATE US AND SAY THANK 
YOU FOR ALL THE WORK.
NOW, MOVING INTO TODAY AND 
FORWARD.
IF WE LOOK AT AVIATION, AVIATION
IS ON THE CUSP OF A HUGE GROWTH 
IN THE FUTURE.
THERE IS A GLOBAL NEED FOR 
AVIATION AROUND THE WORLD AND 
NASA EXISTS TO WORK WITH U.S. 
INDUSTRY TO KEEP THE WORLD WIDE 
LEAD ON AVIATION AERONAUTICS IN 
THE U.S., WE HAVE VERY MINDFUL 
FOR THE TRENDS FOR AVIATION AN 
ONE THING I'D POINT HERE, I 
CAN'T READ IT, BUT GLOBAL 
PASSENGER MILES OR TRIPS IS 
DOUBLE FOR THE AVIATION WE KNOW 
TODAY.
THEY ARE LARGE TRANSPORTS.
THAT'S A LOT MORE AIRPLANES AND 
WE, THE COMMUNITY AT NASA LOOK 
AT IMPROVING FASTER, FARTHER, 
NOW WE ARE VERY MINDFUL OF THE 
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AVIATION
AS WE FLY HIGHER, WE ARE PUTTING
MORE GASES IN THE UPPER 
ATMOSPHERE, WHICH IS EVEN WORSE 
THAN RELEASING THEM LOWER FOR 
THE ENVIRONMENT.
SO WE ARE LOCKING AT ALL THAT.
SO DLIEFRS OF, I TALKED ABOUT 
KEEPING THE U.S. AHEAD OF 
COMPETITIVENESS, THE ENVIRONMENT
AND THEN THE SPREAD OF AVIATION 
TO MORE AND MORE THAN WE ARE 
DOING TODAY.
SO NASA AERONAUTICS AND HEAD 
QUARTERS ARE TAKING THESE THREE 
GOALS THE GLOBAL NEED FOR 
AVIATION, SUSTAINABLE AVIATION 
AND AERONAUTICS AND 
TRANSFORMATIVE, LOOKING AT 
TECHNOLOGIES OUTSIDE THE 
TRADITIONAL AERONAUTICS 
DISCIPLINES, BRINGING THAT IN, 
USING THOSE TO TRANSFORM 
AVIATION AS WE KNOW IT.
WITHIN NASA, WITHIN THOSE THREE 
GLOBAL DRIVERS, THEY HAVE 
RESEARCH THRUSTS DEFINING WHAT 
WE DO NOW AND INTO THE FUTURE.
YOU SEE GLOBAL GROWTH 
OPERATIONS, REALLY, THAT'S A 
FOCUS ON HOW WE FLY THE 
AIRPLANES, YOU SEE SUPERSONICS, 
WHICH YOU WILL HEAR A LOT MORE 
ABOUT IN A FEW MINUTES.
ULTRAEFFICIENT COMMERCIAL 
VEHICLES LIKE 777 AND WE 
CONTRIBUTE THERE AND ALSO 
LOOKING AT THE PROPULSION, THE 
LOW PROPULSION, WHICH COULD 
INCLUDE ALTERNATE FUELS AND WE 
ALL ARE STILL ENGAGED IN THE 
SAFETY ASPECTS AND THE LAST 
THRUSTS ARE LOOK IF YOU MAKE THE
WINGS FIN E THINNER AND LONGER, 
THEY'RE MORE EFFICIENT.
BUT YOU BOUGHT THE TO MAKE SURE 
THEY DON'T BREAK OFF.
SO HERE'S AN IDEA OF A TRUSS OR 
A BRACE WINNING IS ONE OF THE 
ADVANCED CONCEPTS WE ARE LOOKING
AT.
ALSO THIS MAY LOOK A LITTLE 
FUNNY.
IT SORT OF LOOKS A LITTLE LIKE 
TUBE IN WING WHICH WE CALL THE 
CURRENT AIRPLANE THE TUBE IS 
ONLY TWO TUBES SHOVED TOGETHER 
WEST VIRGINIA DOES THAT DO FOR 
YOU?
YOU ACTUALLY GET 10% MORE LIFT 
FROM THE FUSELAGE THEED BY A OF 
THE AIRPLANE, WHICH MAKES THE 
FLIGHT MORE EFFICIENT.
SO I TALKED ABOUT TRANSFORMATIVE
TECHNOLOGIES, IT IS LOOKING TO 
TOUCH AREAS OF AIR TRAVEL THAT 
REALLY DON'T EXIST TODAY.
WE HAVE GENERAL AVIATION, BUT 
IT'S BEEN ABOUT STABLE OVER THE 
YEARS, IT'S NOT AN AREA OF 
AVIATION.
WE BELIEVE THAT THE COMING 
TOGETHER OF THESE 
TRANSFORMATIVES WILL ACTUALLY 
MAKE IT CHEAPER AND MORE 
EFFICIENT TO FLY SMALLER 
AIRPLANES.
RECENTLY, NASA INITIATED A NEW 
AIRPLANE, EXPERIMENTAL X 57 
MAXWELL THAT IS REALLY TARGETED 
IN SHOWING THAT TO ELECTRIC 
PROPULSION BATTERY POWERED 
PROPULSION, WE HAVE AN EFFICIENT
FLIGHT OF ABOUT A FOUR OR SIX 
PASSENGER AIRCRAFT AND THIS JUST
TELL US YOU A LITTLE MORE ABOUT 
THE TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THAT 
AND SOME OF THE OTHER 
TECHNOLOGIES THERE.
SO GETTING CLOSE TO THE FINISH 
HERE, TURN IT OVER TO MY FRIENDS
HERE THE FUTURE OF THE 
AERONAUTICS, WE ARE ALL SEEING 
IT WHETHER IN OUR HOUSES OR IN 
THE NEWS, WE DO SEE THESE LITTLE
FLYING THINGS, SOME PEOPLE CALL 
DRONES, WE CALL UNMANNED AERIAL 
VEHICLES OR AERIAL SYSTEMS, UAVs
OR UAs, BUT THE TRUTH IS WE WILL
BE SEEING MORE.
THEY WILL BE CARRYING OUT MORE 
PROPULSIONS, RIGHT NOW ENTITIES 
LIKE POWER COMPANIES ARE USING 
DRONES TO SURVEIL THEIR LINES 
AND OIL COMPANIES PIPELINES AN 
THINGS LIKE THAT.
WHERE THEY AREN'T OVER PEOPLE.
WHEN YOU GET MORE PEOPLE, THERE 
WILL BE MORE ISSUES THERE, WE 
BELIEVE THERE WILL BE AN 
INCREASE AND A LOT MORE IN THE 
FUTURE.
IF THAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN, IT'S 
GOING TO OPEN UP TRAVEL 
OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU'LL OF US.
YOU KNOW, SOME OF THE THINGS 
THAT WE -- THE DECISIONS WE MAKE
NOW TO GO TO PLACES LIKE 
RICHMOND OR D.C. OR BALTIMORE, 
YOU KNOW, IT'S EITHER TOO 
EXPENSIVE OR TAKES AS LONG AS A 
CERTAIN POINT AND TO GET ON THE 
AIRPLANE AS WELL AS DRIVE.
IF YOU CAN HAVE THE SMALLER 
ELECTRIC PRODUCE POWERED 
AIRCRAFT, IN THE FUTURE, THE 
TRIP DISTANCES CAN BE DONE IN 
OTHER WAYS.
HERE ARE ARTIST CONCEPTIONS, 
ACTUALLY ONE IS A PICTURE.
THE ONE ON THE LOWER RIGHT IS 
ACTUALLY AN EXPERIMENTAL 
AIRCRAFT AT LANGLEY.
WE CALL IT AFFECTIONATELY GREECE
LIGHTNING.
IT IS AN ELECTRIC POWERED DRONE,
THE SWING SPAEN IS 12 OR 15 
FEET.
SO THIS IS ONE OF THE WAYS WE 
PROVE OUT THESE NEW TECHNOLOGY, 
PARTICULARLY ELECTRIC 
PROPULSION, THEN IF, AS IT 
GROWS, As WE PROVE SOME OF THE 
CHALLENGES CAN BE OVERCOME, WE 
CAN EXPAND ALL KIND OF SECTORS 
IN THAT LOWER END THAT ADDRESSES
TRIP DISTANCES AND THINGS THAT A
LOT OF US DO A LOT WHETHER WE 
ARE TRAVELING FOR WORK OR TO SEE
OUR FAMILIES IN THE IMMEDIATE 
AREA.
SO YOU SEE THEY ARE THIN HAUL, 
IT'S SLIGHTLY LARGER, AFTER 
SERVICE THE SMALLER COMMUNITIES 
THE LOWER USED AIRPORTS ON THE 
OUTSKIRTS OF METROPOLITAN AREAS 
TO CONNECT SMALL COMMUNITIES.
SO THESE ARE ALL THE THINGS WE 
ARE CONSIDERING TO MAKE RESEARCH
A REALITY.
SO WITH THAT, I AM GOING TO TURN
IT OVER TO ERIC.
HE IS GOING TO -- I ENDED THERE 
WITH SMALLER AND SLOWER, BUT 
WE'RE GOING TO GO BACK TO THAT 
END OF HIGH SPEED AS I SAID 
BEFORE, NASA INVOLVED IN FLYING 
HIGHER, FASTER, FARTHER, THIS IS
WHERE THAT IS.
BUT THIS IS A BIG AREA OF 
RESEARCH RIGHT NOW IN THAT AREA.
SO ERIC, COME ON UP.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> THANK YOU, GEORGE.
MY NAME IS ERIC AXEALL, I'M A 
RESEARCH ENGINEER AT NASA 
LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER WHERE I 
WORK IN THE HYDROSONIC 
PROPULSION BRANCH.
HYDROSONIC IS A FLIGHT FIVE 
TIMES THE SPEED OF SOUND OR 
FASTER, WHICH IS A VERY 
IMPORTANT SPEED REGIME BECAUSE 
THINGS GET VERY HOT AND VERY 
VIOLENT FLOW, SO IT'S A VERY 
ACTIVE AREA OF RESEARCH RIGHT 
NOW.
NASA HAS A RICH HISTORY IN 
SUPERSONIC AND NASA HAS PAID A 
LOT OF MONEY TO DEVELOP 
HYPERSONIC ENGINES AS WELL AS 
MATERIALS FOR TYPES OF AIRPLANES
THAT FLY IN THAT SPEED REGIME.
HERE'S MY SILLY AUDIENCE 
ENGAGEMENT FOR, ESPECIALLY FOR 
PEOPLE THAT MIGHT NOT HAVE AN 
AERONAUTICS BACKGROUNDS, SO CAN 
SOMEBODY TELL ME IN ONE SENTENCE
WHAT THESE THREE SHAPES MIGHT 
HAVE IN COMMON?
PAPER,LY GIVE YOU A TREAT.
YES, REDUCED AREA WAS A GREAT 
ANSWER.
I WILL TALK MORE ABOUT THAT 
LATER.
BUT THESE THREE SHAPES BASICALLY
FORM THE FUNDAMENTAL AIRCRAFT OF
AN AIRCRAFT IN A HYDROSUPER 
SONIC, THERE'S MY LITTLE 
AIRPLANE I SPENT ONE MINUTE 
MAKING.
SO LANGLEY HAS A LONG HISTORY 
LIKE I MENTIONED IN STUDYING 
THIS REGIME OF FLIGHT.
YOU KNOW, IT STARTS WITH YOUR 
ABCs, SO HOW DOES SUPER SONIC 
FLOW BEHAVE PAST SIMPLE CONES, 
SIMPLE WEDGES.
CAN YOU LOOK AT MORE EXOTIC 
SHAPES LIKE IN THE MIDDLE 
COLUMN, WAVE RIDERS, IT HAS 
SIMPLE FLOWS, LOOKS A LITTLE 
MORE EXOTIC.
YOU CAN START LOOKING AT 
INTEGRATING THESE SHAPES ON TO 
ACTUAL FLIGHT CONCEPTS ON THE 
RIGHT.
THOSE ARE A COUPLE MODELS IN MY 
BRANCH BASEMENT THAT ARE FAIRLY 
PROTOTYPES OF THE X-20 DINOSAUR,
WHICH WAS AN EARLY PLANT-BASED 
CONCEPT.
IT NEVER BECAME OPERATION AM.
NONETHELESS, IT WAS A SHAPE OF 
THE POSSIBLE AVENUES, OF FLYING 
TO SPACE AND THE GROUND.
>> SO WE TALKED LAST WEEK ABOUT 
BREAK A SOUND BARRIER.
I WILL LOOK PAST THAT AND LOOK 
AT SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT.
HERE'S AN EXAMPLE OF THE DELTA 
DAGGER AND THE DELTA DART.
THESE WERE COLD AIR ERA 
AIRCRAFT.
THE UNITED STATES IS VERY 
INTERESTED IN DEVELOPING 
SUPERSONIC INTERCEPTOR AIRCRAFT 
FOR OBVIOUS REASONS, SO THESE 
WERE TWO OPERATIONAL AIRCRAFT 
THAT CAME OUT OF THAT.
HOWEVER, EARLY PROTOTYPES HAD 
PERFORMANCE ISSUES THAT SOME 
RESEARCH AT LANGLEY WAS ABLE TO 
OVERCOME AND I'LL GO TO MY 
SECOND BIT OF AUDIENCE 
ENGAGEMENT.
SO HERE'S YOUR HIGHLIGHTS, 
MAGAZINE, WHY ARE THESE TWO 
PICTURES, WHAT'S DIFFERENT ABOUT
THEM?
CAN SOMEBODY TELL ME IN ONE 
SENTENCE YOU MIGHT SEE ABOUT 
THESE TWO PICTURES?
ON THE LEFT IS AN AIRCRAFT THAT 
COULDN'T BREAK THE SOUND BARRIER
WITH TURBO JET INJIRNGS ON THE 
RIGHT IS ONE THAT WAS ABLE TO 
ACHIEVE 1.22.
MORE STREAM LINE?
WHO SAID AREA?
OKAY.
FINALLY AFTER WAY BACK, I GOT 
ANOTHER TREAT FOR YOU.
OKAY.
YES, THE AREA RULE, SOMEBODY WAS
PAYING ATTENTION OR WORKED ON IT
AT THE TIME, SO, YES, THE AREA 
RULE, SO THE AREA RULES YOU WILL
REMEMBER FROM LAST WEEK WHEN 
WALT INTRODUCED IT, IT'S 
BASICALLY, IF YOU PUT YOUR 
AIRPLANE THROUGH A MEAT SLICEER 
AND YOU MEASURE THE AREA OF EACH
CONCEPT, YOU WANT TO HAVE A 
SMOOTH VARIATION IN ORDER TO 
PASS THROUGH THAT TRANSSONIC 
BARRIER VERY WELL SO HAVE YOU 
YOUR WINGS GROW FROM THE 
FUSELAGE, YOU WANT TO COMPENSATE
AND THAT GIVES YOU YOUR COKE 
BOTTLE SHAPE, WHICH GOES BACK TO
MY FIRST SLIDE.
SO NOW LET'S GO INTO HYPER SONIC
REGIME AND TALK ABOUT AMERICA'S 
FIRST BASE PLAN, I KNOW WALT 
TOUCHED ON THIS LAST WEEK T. 
SPACE PLANE, BECAUSE IT ACTUALLY
PULLED FLIGHTS AND DID BREAK THE
UNITED STATES STATUTORY 50 MILE 
SPACE BARRIER, MADE THE PILOTS 
ASTRONAUT WINGS, IT REACHED A 
PILOTED POWER SPEED RECORD A 
MONTH OF 6.72, WHICH IS UNBEATEN
TO THIS DAY.
AND LANGLEY PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN
ITS DEVELOPMENT.
YOU SEE SOME EXAMPLE WITH WIND 
TUNNEL TESTING IMAGE, SUPERSONIC
AND THAT KIND OF CIRCLE IMAGE UP
THERE.
WE ALSO TESTED HOW IT WOULD 
DETACH FROM THE B-52 WITHOUT 
CRASHING THE PLANE.
ANOTHER INTERESTING MODEL YOU 
MAY NOT BE AWARE OF IS THE ONE 
IN THE UPPER RIGHT, SO SOME OF 
YOU MAY KNOW RAPID PROTOTYPING 
IS ONE OF THE TOPICS DUJOOURS.
THIS WAS BUILT, TESTED IN A 
HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL AND 
ANALYZED IN THREE DAYS TO TEST 
THE X-15 SO THIS WAS AN EARLY 
EXAMPLE OF RAPID PROTOTYPEING.
THE X-1 IS DIFFERENT IN BREAKING
THE SOUND BARRIERS USING 
ROCKETS.
THE X-15 WAS AN IMPORTANT 
RESEARCH PLATFORM TO STUDY 
THINGS LIKE FOR TRAVELING AT 
HYPERSONIC SPEEDS, WHAT SORT OF 
MATERIALS ARE NEEDED TO MAKE THE
AIRCRAFT?
LIKE I SAID, VERY HOT, VIOLENT 
REGIME OF FLIGHT.
WHO YOU DO WE CONTROL THESE 
AIRPLANES?
HOW STABLE ARE THEY?
WHAT'S THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE 
PILOT?
THEY FLY IN THE REGIMES, ALL OF 
THESE ARE QUESTIONS WE THOUGHT 
TO ANSWER WITH THE X PROGRAM.
A VERY SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM.
SO THE FOLLOWING SLIDES WILL 
TALK ABOUT HYDROSONIC 
PROPULSION.
ENGINES WE SEE SUB SONIC FLIGHT 
VERSUS ENGINES AT HYPERSONIC 
FLIGHT.
SO SUB SONIC YOU HAVE THE JET 
ENGINE, CONCEPTUALLY BOTH THESE 
ENGINES WORK LIKE WANT TO 
COMPRESS THE FLOW IN THE ENGINE,
GET IT UP TO HIGH PRESSURES.
YOU WANT TO MIX THE FUME WITH 
THE INCOMING AIR, BURN IT AND 
CREATE THRUSTS, CONCEPTUALLY 
SIMPLE T. CONVENTIONAL JET 
ENGINE DOES THAT BY MECHANICALLY
COMPRESSION THE AIR COMPRESSOR, 
BURNING IT THROUGH THE COMBUSTOR
AND THE TURBINE POWER OF THE 
COMPRESSOR.
YOU SEE THESE ON YOUR BOEING 
AIRCRAFT BUS AIRCRAFT.
IT HAS WHAT WOULD BE A LOW TO 
MODERATE AIR FRAME INTEGRATION, 
YOU CAN PUT IT ON THE BOTTOM OF 
YOUR AIRPLANE TO I WANT GREAT IT
ON YOUR AIRCRAFT.
WE CALM IT A POTTED SORT OF 
CONFIGURATION.
HOW ARE THESE ENGINES BASICALLY 
STOP WORKING?
ABOUT MACH-2.
SO IF YOU WANT TO USE AIR 
BREATHING ENGINES, WHICH ARE 
VERY EFFICIENT, WE SWITCH TO OUR
SCRAM JET PROPULSION, SAME SORT 
OF CONCEPT ONLY NOW YOU ARE 
USING THE ACTUAL SHOCK WAVES 
COMING OUT OF THE VEHICLE TO 
HIGH PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES,
YOU MIX THEM DURING THE 
COMBUSTION.
THEN YOU EXPAND ALONG YOUR 
VEHICLE NOZ HIM.
IT WOULD BE CALLED A HIGH AIR 
FRAME INTEGRATION, THE WHOLE 
UNDER SIDE OF THE VEHICLE WOULD 
BE ESSENTIALLY YOUR ENGINE.
SOME PEOPLE CALL IT THE FLYING 
ENGINE.
AS A MATTER OF FACT, SOME PEOPLE
MAY TALK ABOUT SCRAM JETS.
THEY MAKE NO DIFFERENTIATION 
BETWEEN THE ACRE AND THE ENGINE.
THAT'S HOW HIGH INTEGRATION IS.
>> OH, I SHOULD IT ISSALS 
IMPORTANT, IDEALLY, IT WOULD 
HAVE NO MOVING PARTS.
THAT'S A LITTLE EXTRA EXCELLENCE
TO THAT CERTAINLY TO THE ENGINE 
CYCLE.
SOFAS SA LANGLEY HAS A 50-YEAR 
HISTORY INVOLVING SCRAM JET 
TECHNOLOGY.
THERE'S EXAMPLE OF A HYDROSONIC 
RESEARCH ENGINE.
IT WAS KIND OF DIPPING OUR TOES 
INTO HOW THIS ENGINE CYCLE 
WORKS.
IT WASN'T DESIGNED TO PROVE 
THRUSTS.
SO IT SHOULDN'T BE JUDGED ON 
THOSE MERITS, BUT IT WAS A 
CHANCE TO LOOK AT HOW DO WE 
INTEGRATE THIS ENGINE SYSTEM 
INTO SOMETHING THAT ACTUALLY 
JUST WORKS AT ALL.
AND BECAUSE WE NEVER LOOKED AT 
THIS BEFORE, WE THOUGHT, WELL, A
FEW PROGRAMS ARE GOING ON.
WHY DON'T WE POT IT OUT OF THE 
BOMB TO HIM.
THIS ELED TO OUR FIRST LESSON 
LEARNED, WHICH IS DON'T 
HYDROPONTIC THE AIRCRAFT.
THE SHOCK WAVES INTERSECTED WITH
THE PYLON HOLDING THE ENGINE.
HAD TO BLOW TORCH, CUT IT OFF.
ALMOST WAS THE LOSS OF THE X-15.
NONETHELESS, THIS IS A 
SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM.
IN THE REAGAN ERA, THE X-30 
NATIONAL AEROSPACE PLANE WAS 
ESSENTIALLY SOLD AS A MACH-25, 
25 TIMES THE SPEED OF SOUND THEY
CLAIM THAT CAN GET YOU POINT TO 
THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE.
WE ARE TALKING WASHINGTON, D.C. 
TO TOKYO IN TWO HOURS, BEING YOU
HAVE TO CLOSE THE DEAL THE 
BUSINESS DEAL IN TOKYO, YOU GET 
ON YOUR SPACE PLANE, YOU GET 
BACK IN TIME FOR DINNER, 
EXCELLENT OPTIMISTIC PROGRAM.
HAD A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF 
INVESTMENT AND PERSONNEL WERE 
INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAM.
IT NEVER ACTUALLY RESULTED IN AN
OPERATIONAL CONCEPT, BUT WE 
LEARNED A LOT ABOUT AGAIN LIKE 
WITH THE HYPERSONIC RESEARCH 
ENGINE, HOW DO WE INTGREAT THESE
ENGINES ON THE VEHICLE.
IT'S NOT PODDED, IT'S ON THE 
UNDER SIDE OF THE VEHICLE.
HOW DO WE LOOK AT THE PROBLEM OF
HIGH AIR FRAME INTGRATION OF AN 
ENGINE AND OTHER STUFF LIKE 
COOLING, HIGH TEMPERATURE 
MATERIALS.
THIS IS ACTUALLY JUST AS A 
MATERIALS PROGRAM, A VERY 
SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM.
NEW MATERIALS CAME OUT OF THIS 
PROGRAM THAT EVENTUALLY MADE IT 
TO UNRELATED PROGRAMS LIKE THE 
TRIPLE 7 MATERIALS.
SO IN MANY WAYS IT WAS STILL A 
GOOD PROGRAM.
SO NASA WAS DRAWING DOWN.
THE LANGLEY BASICALLY PROPOSED 
THE NEXT LOGICAL CONCLUSION, 
OKAY.
LET'S JUST LOOK AT THE ENGINE AT
SPECIFIC FLIGHT POINTS RELEVANT 
TO HYPER SONIC FLIGHT.
THE X-43 HYPER X WHICH SOME IN 
ONE PIN, WE'LL START FROM THAT 
PROGRAM EVENTUALLY REACHED SPEED
RECORD FOR A NON-PILOTED VEHICLE
JUST UNDER A MACH 10, TEN TIMES 
THE SPEED OF SOUND IN NOVEMBER 
2000.
THIS IS A HYDROGEN FUEL SCRAM 
JET.
BREATHE IN EVERYTHING, BREATHE 
IN AIR.
IT WAS REALLY OUR FIRST 
SUCCESSFUL CHANCE TO HAVE 
EXERCISE THREE LEG A STOOL 
SCIENCES, WHICH IS TESTING 
SOMETHING ON THE GROUND, AIR, 
WIND TUNNEL, SEE HOW THEY BEHAVE
IN A HOPEFULLY RELEVANT 
ENVIRONMENT, USING OUR 
COMPUTATIONAL TOOL TO MAKE 
PREDICTIONS OF HOW WE THINK IT 
WILL PERFORM.
IF YOU SEE A PICTURE THERE.
XUTATIONAL LOAD MECHANICS IN A 
VIRTUAL WIND TUNNEL.
ACTUALLY FLYING THE THING AND 
GETTING YOUR STAKE IN THE GROUND
OF HOW THIS THING ACTUALLY WILL 
PERFORM IN FLIGHT.
LIKE I SAID, SPEED RECORDS IS A 
HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM AND 
AGAIN GAVE US OUR CHANCE TO 
EXERCISE OUR CAPABILITIES AT 
LANGLEY FOR HIGH INTEGRATED AIR 
ENGINES, HOW DO WE COOL THESE 
THINGS?
HOW DO WE KEEP THESE THINGS 
STABLE?
HOW DO WE CONTROL THEM?
AND IT'S VERY SUCCESSFUL.
WE LEARNED A LOT, EVEN TODAY.
SO THE X-51 WASN'T ACTUALLY 
MANAGED OUT OF LANGLEY, IT WAS A
HALF HOUR VOKE, BUILT BY BOEING,
HAD A PRATT WHITNEY ENGINE.
BUT IT HAD ITS OWN SPEED, ITS 
OWN RECORD.
IT FLEW AT MACH FLIGHT FOR SIX 
MINUTES, WHICH IS NOTHING TO 
HOLD YOUR NOSE UP AT.
THAT'S AN IMPRESSIVE FEAT, AGAIN
EVEN FROM THE THERMODYNAMICS 
STANDPOINT.
LIKE I SAID, IT'S A HOT 
ENVIRONMENT.
BUT LANGLEY DID CONTRIBUTE AGAIN
USE WHACK WE LEARNED ON PAST 
PROGRAMS, THE ROBUST GROUND TEST
CAPABILITY AS WELL AS WOO WE 
HAVE LEARNED WITH SYSTEM 
INTEGRATION AND ANALYZING 
FORUMS, WE LEARNED A LOT AFTER 
THAT.
ONE PROGRAM A LOT OF PEOPLE 
HAVEN'T WE HEARD OF IS HIGH FIRE
2 WHICH IS A UNITED 
STATES-AUSTRALIAN COLLABORATION.
IT ACCELERATED USING A TOOL MODE
SCRAM JET ENGINE FROM MACH.
AGAIN WE LEVERAGED OUR GROUND 
TEST CAPABILITY.
THE USE OF THE VIRTUAL WIND 
TUNNEL.
ALSO HAD ANOTHER INTERESTING 
FEATURE, AN INLET WE NEVER 
TESTED OAK, WHICH WOULD BE 
UNTHINKABLE 50 YEARS AGO.
BUT IT'S A REAL TESTAMENT TO OUR
FIDELITY OF OUR TOOL THAT WE 
COULD DESIGN SOMETHING AND FLY 
IN A VIRTUAL WIND TUNNEL HOW 
THIS THICK WILL FLY AND IT IS A 
HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM.
A UMM THESE FLAGS TELL THE 
STORY, IF THERE IS A QUESTION 
EARLY ON, YOU DEFINITELY DO.
IT CAN ACCELERATE, CRUISE UNDER 
ITS OWN POWER.
THEY CAN WITHSTAND LONG DURATION
FLIGHTS.
I ALREADY TALKED POINT TO POINT 
WITH THE NASA PROGRAM, THE LAST 
TWO SLIDES, SO WHERE CAN YOU 
TAKE THIS TECHNOLOGY?
WHAT IS A REASONABLE TWO-STAGED 
ORBIT FOR TECHNOLOGY?
SO WHAT I MEAN BY THAT IS THINK 
OF 2001 AND IN THAT MOVIE, THE 
PRO TAG NIST TOOK OFF AND YOU 
CAN LAND ON THE SPACE STATION TO
OUR RUNWAY T. RUNWAY BASE TO 
RUNWAY SORT OF CONCEPT.
HERE YOU SEE IT FROM 2001 THE 
PAN AM ORIO N3.
WE ARE STILL MISSING THE THERMAL
RUNWAY PART.
SO BASICALLY, THESE SORT OF 
ENGINES ALSO HAVE A PLACE ON 
TWO-STAGED ORBIT.
SO BASICALLY, YOU USE YOUR 
EFFICIENT TURBO JET ENGINES THE 
SCRAM JET ENGINES TO GET UP TO A
HIGH MACH NUMBER TO CARRY MORE 
PAY LOAD.
YOU STAGE TO ORBIT USING YOUR 
SMALLER ROCKET ON TOP AND THE 
LOWER STAGE RETURNS BACK TO 
RUNWAY TO GET RESURFACED AND 
RELAUNCHED AND TO KIND OF PAINT 
THAT PICTURE, I'M GOING TO HAVE 
EVERYBODY TAKE OUT THEIR 2001 
SPACE ODYSSEY FROM THEIR PEWS.
READ FROM THE GOOD DOCTOR PUT IN
MIND WHAT IT MY BE TO RIDE ON 
THIS IS WHAT FLOYD, HE FOUND 
HIMSELF SINKING DEEPER AND 
DEEPER INTO THE SEA.
HE KNEW THE FIRST STAGES HAD 
TAKEN OVER.
THE OVERWHELMING THUNDER, THE 
BLOOD POUNDING IN HIS VAIN, RIDE
IN FELT MORE ALIVE THAN IN 
YEARS.
HE WAS YOUNG AGAIN, HE WANTED TO
SING ALOUD, WHICH WAS CERTAINLY 
SAFE, NO ONE COULD POSSIBLY HEAR
HIM.
THE CABIN SPEAKER ANNOUNCED, 
PREPARE TO SEPARATE FROM LOWER 
STAGE.
THERE WE GO, THERE IS A JOLT.
THE GREAT BIRD WAS FLYING NOW, 
BETWEEN ALL THE DREEMGS OF da 
VINCI, THE LOWER STAGE WOULD 
GLIDE DOWN IN THE ATMOSPHERE, 
TRADING SPEED FOR DISTANCE AND 
IN A FEW HOURS THE SERVICE AND 
REFUEL WOULD BE READY AGAIN TO 
LIFT ANOTHER SILENCE WHICH IT 
COULD NEVER REACH.
THANK YOU.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> GOOD AFTERNOON.
MY NAME IS JONATHAN RASONLY, AT 
NASA LANGLEY, I DO RESEARCH TO 
ENABLE SUPER SONIC OVER LAND 
FLIGHT FOR COMMERCIAL 
PASSENGERS, ERIC TOLD US ABOUT 
HYPER SONIC FLIGHT.
IF WE CAN FLY THAT FAST, YOU MAY
BE WONDERING, ISN'T IT SIMPLE TO
GO MACH 1 OR MACH 2?
IT'S NOT.
THE REASON IS BECAUSE OF THE 
ENGINE.
THE REASON, BECAUSE OF THE 
NOISE.
SUPERSONIC FLIGHT MEANS FLYING 
FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF SOUND.
THIS IS A PICTURE OF AN ACTUAL 
T-38 AIRCRAFT.
IT'S FLYING THROUGH THE AIR 
FASTER THAN THE AIR PARTICLE CAN
GET OUT OF THE WAY.
AS A RESULT, WE HAVE THESE SHOCK
WAVES THAT FORM THAT EMANATE 
AWAY FROM THE AIRCRAFT.
NORMALLY, YOU CAN'T SEE SHOCK 
WAVES WITH THE NAKED EYE, 
THEY'RE MADE INVISIBLE HERE 
THROUGH SPECIAL IMAGING 
TECHNIQUES.
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SUPER 
SONIC FLIGHT IN FOR COMMERCIAL 
PASSENGERS, THE BENGS E BENEFITS
ARE REDUCED TRAVEL TIME, GETTING
TO YOUR DESTINATION IN HALF THE 
TIME, FOR EXAMPLE.
THAT'S SO VALUABLE FOR PEOPLE 
WHO TRAVEL A LOT.
OUR COLLEAGUES IN INDUSTRY TELL 
US THAT THEY HAVE WAITING LISTS 
OF CUSTOMERS WHO WOULD PURCHASE 
A SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT IF IT WERE
ALLOWED TO FLY.
GEORGE TALKED EARLIER IN THE 
PLACE OF AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING 
IN THE U.S. ECONOMY AND U.S. 
LEADERSHIP.
AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING IS ONE OF
FEW MANUFACTURING SECTORS WHERE 
THE U.S. EXPORTS MORE THAN IT 
IMPARTS.
SO WE HAVE A POSITIVE TRADE 
BALANCE.
IMAGINE THE BENEFIT TO THE U.S. 
ECONOMY IF THE U.S. WERE TO LEAD
THE WORLD OPENING A NEW SECTOR 
AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING A. 
SUPERER SONIC FLIGHT IS SO 
GREAT?
WHY AREN'T WE FLYING 
SUPERSONICALLY RIGHT NOW?
AND THE ANSWER IS SONIC BOMB, 
WHICH IS THE SOUND OF THOSE 
SHOCK WAVES I DESCRIBED EARLIER.
SONIC BOMB OCCURS UNDERNEATH THE
AIRCRAFT AS LONG AS THE AIRCRAFT
IS FLYING SUPERSONIC.
IT DOESN'T JUST HAPPEN IN ONE 
PLACE, IMAGINE HOW MANY PEOPLE 
WOULD BE EXPOSED TO A SUPERSONIC
FLIGHT FROM NEW YORK TO LOS 
ANGELES, MILLIONS OF PEOPLE?
NASA AND NASA LANGLEY HAVE BEEN 
WORKING FOR DECADES FOR FLIGHT 
FOR COMMERCIAL PASSENGERS, THIS 
CHART HAS A FEW HIGHLIGHTS OVER 
THE PAST DECADES, THIS IS THE 
THIRD TIME WE MENTIONED THE 
FIRST PILOT AT SUPERSONIC FLIGHT
IN 1947.
A DECADE-AND-A-HALF LATER, THERE
WERE COMMUNITY ANNOUNCE SURVEYS 
ACROSS THE U.S. AN EUROPE TO 
DETERMINE WHETHER IT'S PUBLICLY 
ACCEPTABLE TO FLY 
SUPERSONICALLY.
THOSE STUDIES ENDED AND THE 
ANSWER WAS NO THEY WERE TOO 
DISTURBING, ANNOYING, THEY 
INTERFERED TOO MUCH WITH DAILY 
LIFE.
AT LEAST THAT GENERATION, THAT 
LED TO A FEDERAL BAN ON 
SUPERSONIC FLIGHT.
WHAT IS NOT ON THIS CHART IS 
CONCORD, WHICH FLEW 
SUPERSONICALLY OVER THE OCEAN 
FROM 1976 TO 2003.
IT HAD BEEN DECELERATED TO SLOW 
DOWN TO SOMEBODY SONIC SPEED IF 
IT FLEW OVER LAND.
THE OTHER THING NOT ON THIS 
CHART IS HIGH SPEED RESEARCH 
PROGRAM AT NASA WHICH LAID THE 
GROUNDWORK FOR THE RESEARCH THAT
WE'RE DOING TODAY BUT IT DIDN'T 
RESULT IN A VIABLE SUPERSONIC 
TRANSPORT.
THE NEXT HIGHLIGHT I'D LIKE TO 
TALK ABOUT IS 2003.
THERE'S A PICTURE OF THE SHAPED 
SONIC BOOM ZRACHLTHS YOU MAY 
THINK THIS AIRCRAFT LOOKS LIKE 
IT HAS SORT OF A FUNNY BUCK DILL
IN THE FRONT.
IT'S A MODIFIED F-5E.
THAT DUCK BILL IS THERE TO 
CHANGE THE PRESSURE TIME.
THE WAY FORWARD T. SONIC BOOM.
AND WHAT THIS DEMONSTRATED, 
WELL, YOU COULD CHANGE THAT 
SONIC BOOM WAVE FORM BY CHANGING
THE SHAPE OF THE AIRCRAFT.
CAN YOU CHANGE IT NOT ONLY CLOSE
TO THE ARCHITECT BUT MILES BELOW
ON THE GROUND WHICH IS A 
VARIABLE FINDING.
THIS LAST YEAR, THERE IS ANOTHER
HIGHLIGHT IN SONIC BECOME 
HISTORY WHEN NASA AWORDED A 
CONTRACT FOR LOCK HEED MARTIN 
FOR A QUIET SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT.
THIS TIME WE'RE NOT MODIFYING AN
EXISTING AIRCRAFT.
WE ARE DESIGNING A NEW ONE FROM 
THE GROUND UP.
SO THE NEXT OBVIOUS QUESTION IS 
HOW IS THE BOMB QUIETED?
YOU MAY REMEMBER FROM ERIC'S 
TALK, WHEN YOU NEED TO IMPROVE 
THE ENGINE AT HYPERSONIC SPEED, 
YOU WORK WITH THE SHAPE OF THE 
ACRE, CHANGING THE SHAPE IS THE 
SECRET TO SONIC BOOM WHAT IS 
SHOWN HERE IS EACH OF THE WHITE 
CURVES IS A PRESSURE HISTORY.
IT'S SHOWN AT DIFFERENT 
ALTITUDES BETWEEN THE AIRCRAFT 
AND THE GROUND, YOU GET CLOSE TO
THE ACRE, THERE IS A LOT OF 
SWIGLES.
EACH OF THOSE IS A SHOCK 
CORRESPONDING TO AN EDGE OR A 
CORNER OF THE AIRCRAFT.
AND THAT WAVE FORM TRAVELS TO 
THE GROUND THEY MERGE ORCO ALES 
INTO THE ENDS WAVE AT THE BOTTOM
THAT RED SIGNATURE.
IT'S VERY LOUD, IT SOUND LIKE 
BOOM BOOM.
THAT'S A REALLY POOR RECREATION 
OF THIS 60.
FROM A ROOM THIS LARGE, IT'S 
HARD TO RECREATE A SONIC BOOM OR
LOUD SPEAKERS.
THERE IS A HEAD PHONE DEMO.
YOU CAN HEAR A SONIC BOOM.
PLEASE SEE ME AFTER THE TALK.
THIS ENDS WAVE THE LARGE PART IS
IN THE CORNERS.
IF WE WANT TO QUIET, WE HAVE TO 
GET RID OF THOSE CORNERS WE WILL
START AT THE BOTTOM HERE, YOU 
WILL SEE THAT THAT WAVE FORM 
DOESN'T HAVE THE CORNERS, IT'S 
ROUND, THEY HAVE BEEN SHAPED.
SO THIS SIGNATURE SOUND LIKE 
DISTANCE THUNDER, THE OTHER 
SOUNDS LIKE FIREWORKS OR 
EXPLOSION.
HOW IS THAT DONE?
I MENTIONED BEFORE AIRCRAFT 
SHAPING.
SO HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF A LOW 
BOOM AIRCRAFT SHAPE WHERE YOU 
HAVE A CAREFUL 3D IVENT DPRAGS 
OF THE FUSELAGE, THE WINGS.
THE TAIL IS DESIGNED TO LIMIT 
THE BOOM AND THE ENDS ARE 
INTEGRATED TO MINIMIZE THEIR 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SONIC BOOM.
ONE MORE ADVERTISEMENT FOR THE 
HEAD PHONE DEMONSTRATION AFTER 
THE TALK.
SO IF WE CAN DESIGN A QUIET 
SUPERSONIC ACRE, HOW WILL WE 
KNOW IT'S PUBLICLY ACCEPTABLE?
WE HAVE A TWO-PRONGED RESEARCH 
APPROACH.
WE HAVE LABORATORY RESEARCH 
THAT'S ONGOING AS WELL AS 
RESEARCH IN THE FIELD SHOWN ON 
THIS SLIDE ARE SIMULATORS IN 
NASA LANGLEY PLAYING BACK THE 
WAVE FORM OVER LOUD SPEAKERS 
MUCH LIKE AN AREA SPEAKER IN 
YOUR PHONE.
WE RECRUIT SUBJECTS FROM THE 
HAMPTON RHODES COMMUNITY, LISTEN
TO THE FORMS AND RATE THEM ON A 
SCALE LIKE THE ONE YOU SEE ON 
THE SLIDE.
WHAT ARE WE LOOKING FOR IN THESE
STUDIES?
WE ARE LOOKING FOR THE SHAPES OF
WAIVE FORM THAT TEND TO BE 
ACCEPTABLE.
WHEN SOUNDS TRANSLATE FROM 
OUTDOORS TO INDOORS, THEY CAUSE 
STRUCTURES TO VIBRATE.
HUMANS CAN PERCEIVE THOSE 
DIRECTLY.
THOSE ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO 
ANNOYANCE, IF YOU REMEMBER WHEN 
FURTHERMORE, WHEN YOU HAVE 
PICTURES ON THE WALL, THEY START
SHAKING, THOSE MADE RATTLE 
NOISES, THEY ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO 
ANNOYANCE SO OUR GOALS IN THE 
LAB ARE TO FIND A RELATIVE 
CONTRIBUTIONS OF EACH OF THESE 
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS TO THE 
OVERALL ANNOYANCE RESPONSE AND 
TO CREATE AIRCRAFT NOISE METRICS
OR ZRIPTORS THAT CAN BE USED TO 
REGULATE SUPERSONIC FLIGHT.
THIS IS AN ANIMATION OF OUR 
INDOOR SONIC BOOM SIMULATOR, 
WHERE YOU HAVE A SONIC BOOM WAVE
FORM THAT PASSES OVER A DETACHED
HOME.
WE HAVE REBUILT THE CORNER ROM 
FROM THAT HOME INSIDE OUR 
LABORATORY AND WE PUT A RAISED, 
LARGER RAGE OF LOUD SPEAKERS IN 
THE EXTERIOR WALLS.
THE WAVE FORMS ARE PLAYED BACK 
OVER THOSE LOUD SPEAKERS, THEY 
TRANSMIT THROUGH THE WALLS LIKE 
A REAL HOMEY FEEL, YEAH, I 
MENTIONED BEFORE, THERE WAS A 
FEDERAL BAN ON SUPERSONIC FLIGHT
SUBSEQUENT TO COMMUNITY NOISE 
ANNOYANCE SURVEY IN THE '60s.
SO WE CAN DO RESEARCH IN THE 
LABORATORY.
BUT IF WE WANT TO OVERTURN THAT 
BAN, WE REALLY NEED TO HAVE MORE
FIELD STUDIES WITH A QUIET 
SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT.
WE ALSO NEED A FIELD WORK 
COMPONENT.
SOME DAY WE HOPE TO BE DOING 
THIS CAMPAIGN OF FIELD STUDIES, 
USING THIS EXPLAYING THAT'S 
CURRENTLY BEING DESIGN AND IF 
THE SUPER, COMMERCIAL SUPERSONIC
TECHNOLOGY MOVERS FORWARD, 
THAT'S IN OUR PLANS TO DO THIS 
TESTING, THEN UNTIL THEN, WE 
TEST USING EXISTING SUPERSONIC 
AIRCRAFT IN A SPECIAL DIVE 
MANEUVER ON THE LEFT YOU SEE THE
F-18 DOING A DIVE, THE MACH CONE
EMANATES FROM THE FRONT OF THE 
AIRCRAFT.
YOU IMAGINE THE AIRCRAFT DOING A
DIVE, YOU CAN AIM THE SHOCK WAVE
FROM THE TOP OF THE AIRCRAFT AT 
A COMMUNITY AND IF IT DOES THAT 
DIVE FIVE MILES AWAY OR TEN 
MILES AWAY OR SELENE MILES AWAY 
FROM THE COMMUNITY, THAT WAVE 
FORM CONTINUES AS IT TRAVELS TO 
THE COMMUNITY.
THAT'S HOW WE SIMULATE A LOW 
AMPLITUDE SONIC BOOM WITHOUT 
HAVING THE X PLANE FOR USE.
THESE ARE SOME OF THE STEPS THAT
WHEN VISION TO ENABLE SUPERSONIC
FLIGHT.
I MENTIONED TEST CAMPAIGN WITH 
THE X PLANE DEMONSTRATOR.
>> THAT WE ARE LOOKING AT DOING 
IN THE 2020 TIME FRAME.
IMAGINE YOU ARE AN AIRCRAFT 
MANUFACTURER AND YOU WANT TO 
MAKE A SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT?
HOW DO YOU DEMONSTRATE TO NOISE 
REGULATORS THAT YOUR AIRCRAFT 
MEETS THE LIMITS THAT HAVE BEEN 
SET.
CAN YOU MAKE MEASUREMENTS OAK, 
UNLESS YOU KNOW A LOT ABOUT THE 
ATMOSPHERE AND THE WIND AND THE 
TURBULENCE, IT'S VERY DIFFICULT 
TO SEPARATE THE EFFECTS OF THE 
ATMOSPHERE FROM THE EFFECTS OF 
THE AIRCRAFT SHAPE.
SO WE ENVISION A NOISE 
CERTIFICATION PROCEDURE THAT IS 
A COMBINATION OF MEASUREMENTS 
AND PREDICTIONS, THAT MEANS 
COMPUTER-BASED SIMULATIONS.
FINALLY, AS I KEEP MENTIONING, 
WE HOPE TO END THIS NOSE 
REGULATORS SO THEY CAN CHANGE 
THE REGULATIONS AND ALLOW OVER 
LAND SUPERSONIC FLIGHT.
WHAT WILL SUCCESS LOOK LIKE?
WHAT'S SHOWN ON THE SLIDE HERE 
IS THE INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL FOR 
AN AIRPORT.
AND YOU CAN TELL BY LOOKING AT 
THIS DESIGN THAT THIS AIRCRAFT 
CAN'T SURVIVE SUPERSONICALLY.
WE ENVISION THAT SOME DAY ALL 
AIR TRAVEL BETWEEN CERTAIN CITY 
PAIRS MIGHT BE SUPER SONIC AND 
AS WELL THE INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL
FOR AIRPORTS MIGHT ONE DAY BE A 
SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT.
NEXT, KYLE ELLIS IS GOING TO 
TELL US ABOUT THE EXCITING WORK 
THAT'S GOING ON TO MAKE OUR AIR 
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM SAFER AND 
MORE EFFICIENT.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> ALL RIGHT.
AFTERNOON, MY NAME IS KYLE 
ELLIS.
I AM A RESEARCHER AT NASA 
LANGLEY WORKING ON CREW SYSTEMS 
AND AVIATION YANGS.
MOST OF WHAT I'M WORKING ON IS 
AS I MENTIONED IN THE SUB SONIC 
REALM, EVEN THOUGH WE HAVE BEEN 
LOOKING AT THIS FOR A VERY LONG 
TIME, THERE HAS BEEN COOL GROUND
BREAKING STUFF.
TO KICK THIS OFF, I WANT TO BACK
IT UP A LITTLE BIT, TALK ABOUT 
TRAINS, PLANES AND AUTOMOBILES.
A LOT OF PICTURES OF A DIFFERENT
MODE OF TRANSPORTATION.
THEY HAVE BEEN ENABLING NEW 
WORLDS, TO GET TO US NEW PLACE, 
REALLY, WE DEVELOPED A LOT OF MO
DAELT TO GET US THERE.
WE USED BOAT, TRAIN, AUTOMOBILE,
AIRPLANES.
EACH ONE OF THOSE WE'VE 
DEVELOPED NEW INNOVATIONS TO GET
US FURTHER, FASTER, GET US, 
CARRY MORE TO GET THERE, THEY 
ALSO COME WITH NEAR OWN SET OF 
LIMITATION, FOR EXAMPLE, BOATS 
CAN ONLY GO WHERE THERE IS 
WATER.
IT'S OBVIOUS.
PLANTS CAN GO WHERE WE DESCRIBE 
INFRASTRUCTURE.
CARS CAN ONLY GO WHERE WE BUILT 
ROADS, ONCE YOU GETS AN OFFROAD 
SUV WHERE YOU CAN DO THESE 
THINGS, AIRPLANES ARE THE SAME 
WAY.
YOU HAVE AN AIRCRAFT SOMEWHERE, 
WHERE YOU CAN TAKE THESE UP, WE 
BUILT HELICOPTERS TO GET AROUND 
SOME OF THAT.
IN TERMS OF MASS TRANSPORTATION,
COMMERCIAL TRANSPORTATION 
SPECIFICALLY, WE HAVE BEEN 
DEVELOPING ALL OF THESE 
DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES TO 
POSSIBLY MERGE THEM.
WHAT COULD THAT POSSIBLY DO FOR 
US?
SO WHAT IF YOU CAN TAKE THE BEST
OF BOTH WORLDS ON DEMAND, WE 
WILL GO GET A CAR WITH AIR 
TRAFFIC.
I MIGHT END UP GOING TO VIRGINIA
BEACH A LITTLE MORE.
AND WHAT THESE ALL HAVE IN 
COMMON, WE ARE LOOKING TO CARRY 
MORE, GO FURTHER, TRAVEL FASTER,
ANYWHERE, ANY TIME WE WANT TO GO
THERE.
IN TERMS OF NASA AERONAUTICS, 
THOSE ARE THE GOALS THAT WE ARE 
LOOKING AT.
SO TALKING ABOUT SAFE GLOBAL 
OPERATIONS, SUE WITH RAILWAYS, 
WE BUILT A SUBSTANTIAL NETWORK 
FOR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS T. 
SAME THING ALSO EXISTS WITH 
HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION.
EVEN GOING AS FAR AS THE 
INTERSTATE SYSTEMS TO BE ABLE TO
GET CARS TO GO TO FURTHER 
DISTANT AREAS ACROSS THE UNITED 
STATES.
AIR TRANSPORTATION IS NO 
DIFFERENT.
I'M SURE VERY MANY OF YOU HAVE 
TRAVELED ON COMMERCIAL AIRLINES 
AND USING THAT, SAY YOU WANT TO 
GO TO SEATTLE, A LOT OF TIMES 
YOU WANT TO USE THE HUB AND 
SPOKE SYSTEM WE LIKE TO USE IT.
NEWPORT NEWS IN ATLANTA THEY 
WILL GO TO WHEREVER YOU WANT TO 
GO.
A LOT OF AIR TRAFFIC BACK AND 
FORTH.
THEY BOTTLENECK AROUND THE 
DIFFERENT AIRPORTS.
WHAT DOES THAT LOOK LIKE?
GEORGE MENTIONED ALL THIS AIR 
TRAVEL IS DOUBLING ALMOST EVERY 
15 YEARS, SO AS HAVE YOU MORE 
TRAFFIC, THE INCREASE IN THAT, 
PUTS A LOT MORE STRAIN ON THE 
SYSTEM THAT IS CARRYING ALL 
THESE AIRPLANES EVERYWHERE YOU 
ARE GOING.
SO HOW DO WE KEEP THEM FLYING 
WITHOUT RUNNING INTO EACH OTHER 
AROUND THE AIRPORTS AS WELL AS 
IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY?
SO THEY ARE LANDING THESE EVERY 
TWO MINUTES, COULD WE POSSIBLY 
DO THIS EVERY MINUTE-AND-A-HALF?
WE ARE NOT DOING JFKs OR 
O'HARES, WE ARE IMPROVING THE 
OPERATION.
WE HAVE TO WORK THIS ON A GLOBAL
LEVEL.
SO NASA BEING A LEAD 
ORGANIZATION LOOKING AT THESE 
PROBLEMS IS WORKING NOT ONLY 
DOMESTICALLY WITH BOEING, 
HONEYWELL, BUT THERE IS ALSO AN 
INTERNATIONAL THING.
WE LIKE AS FOR EXAMPLE YOURS 
TRULY IS ON AN INTERNATIONAL 
GAINS COMMITTEE LOOKING AT 
CREATING NEW REGULATIONS BOUND 
TO GET NEW AVIONICS ON BOARD THE
AIRCRAFT.
AN NASA DOES THIS BY LEVERAGING 
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY.
JUST 15 YEARS AGO, I DON'T KNOW 
IF YOU REMEMBER USING THE BIG 
CRTs, IT'S A DISTANT PAST FOR 
ME.
I REMEMBER TRYING TO CARRY THIS 
THING AROUND AND IT CHANGED OFF,
IT'S A TERRIBLE THING TO DO.
BUT WE'VE DROPPED THAT QUITE A 
BIT.
IF YOU LOOK AT THAT, WEIGHING 
OVER 20 POUNDS FOR A CABIN, TO A
COMPUTER MODEM.
THE AIRCRAFT USED THE SAME 
THINGS FOR THEIR DISPLAYS, WE 
HAVE LEDs, IT FLEX THE DISPLAY 
AROUND.
THAT'S A HUGE ECONOMIC IMPACT 
BECAUSE WE DROPPED THE WEIGHING 
BACK, WE CAN CALCULATE HOW MUCH 
ON AN AIRCRAFT CAUGHT THE 
COMMERCIAL SERVICE AIRCRAFT OVER
THE LIFETIME THAT IS IN AS MUCH 
AS ANOTHER BIG ASPECT IS THE 
COST OF TECHNOLOGY, IF YOU LOOK 
TEN YEARS AGO, 64 GIGABYTE COST 
A THOUSAND DOLLARS, YOU CAN MAKE
THAT AVAILABLE TO ANYONE THAT 
CAN USE IT.
FAST FORWARD TO TODAY, YOU CAN 
GO ON AMAZON AND GET THEM FOR 
$13, PACIFIC, SOME PEOPLE ARE 
GIVING THEM AWAY FOR FREE.
WHAT THAT TELLS US TECHNOLOGY IS
INCREASING THE COST OF GOING 
DOWN, IT'S OPENING ALL THESE 
DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES WE HAVE 
AND MAKING THEM AVAILABLE TO A 
LARGER MARKET.
IF YOU LOOK AFTER THE THIS IN 
THE AERONAUTICS ROOM, YOU 
ACTUALLY SEE WHAT ALL THE 
DIFFERENT DATA LOOK LIKE, IT'S 
VERY ANALOGNALOG.
IT TOOK A LOT OF TRAINING.
IF YOU TOOK A PILOT, THEY WOULD 
THINK IT'S SPACECRAFT.
>> THAT PLAYED A VERY LARGE ROLE
IN GETTING THAT TO HAPPEN.
IF THEY WERE TO SIT INSIDE THE 
GULF STREAM, THEY WOULD NOTICE 
THEY HAVE WEATHER AVAILABLE TO 
THEM.
NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS THEY DIDN'T
HAVE BEFORE.
THEY CAN SEE AROUND THE 
AIRCRAFT.
ANOTHER THING I LIKE TO 
HIGHLIGHT, ESPECIALLY I HAVE 
BEEN A LITTLE PART OF THAT HAS 
BEEN SOME I WANT GRAGS SYSTEMS, 
NASA STARTED LOOKING AT THE 
EFIRKT SYSTEMS, IT BREAKS THE 
IMAGE OF THE COMPUTER.
WHEN THERE IS BAD WEATHER, THIS 
IMAGE DOESN'T CHANGE.
YOU CAN SEE WHAT THE OUTSIDE 
WORLD LOOKS LIKE, YOU ARE FLYING
TOWARDS THE MOUNTAIN, WE'VE DONE
A LOT OF REALLY GOOD JOBS OF 
GETTING THAT TECHNOLOGY OUT 
THERE.
GETTING IT INTO THE INDUSTRY.
NATURALLY AND SUCCESSFULLY FLEW 
THIS WITH HONEYWELL, THE FIRST 
TO ACTUALLY FLY THIS IN SYSTEMS.
IT'S AN ENHANCEMENT WITH OUR 
PARTNERS TO GET IT OUT THERE IN 
THE INDUSTRY TODAY.
ANOTHER PIECE WE WERE LOOKING 
AT.
WE WERE TALKING ABOUT 
EFFICIENCY.
YOU LOOK AT THE LOWER RIGHT OVER
HERE, HOW DO WE GET THE AIRCRAFT
CLOSER TOGETHER?
WE ARE TALKING GETTING IT FROM 
THE GATE TO THE NEXT AIRPORT AND
GETTING THEM CLOSER TOGETHER SO 
MORE AIRCRAFT, YOU START TO 
PLACE THEM CLOSER TOWING.
YOU DON'T WANT A TRAFFIC JAM 
GETTING OUT OF NEWPORT NEWS, THE
SAME PROBLEM FROM THE AIR 
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AROUND AN 
AIRPORT.
SO WE'RE USING COMPUTER 
TECHNOLOGY TO HELP US 
SYNCHRONIZE ALL THESE AIRCRAFT 
TO GET THEM INTO THE AIR 
TERMINALS WHEN WE WANT THEM TO 
BE THERE.
WE ARE ALSO LOOKING AT MERGING 
EVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGIES AND 
USING THEM IN REVOLUTIONARY 
WAYS.
WHICH GOT DONE TALKING ABOUT 
SUPERSONIC TRANSPORTATION 
SYSTEMS.
WHAT'S REALLY COOL, IT ALLOWS TO
FLY OVER INTERNATIONAL AIRSPACE,
OVER LAND, BECAUSE WE HAVE NOW 
STRETCHED IT OUT AND MADE IT 
SLEEK TO BE ABLE TO DO THAT.
WE DEFINE OURSELVES OUT OF A 
FORWARD LOOKING WINDOW.
YOU DON'T HAVE FORWARD-LOOKING 
WINDOWS, SO HOW DO YOU PLAN THE 
AIRCRAFT?
YOU HAVE TO LOCK AT THOSE 
TECHNOLOGIES.
OKAY.
EXTERNAL 56 SYSTEMS, YOU PUT 
CAMERAS IN THERE TO ALLOW US TO 
SEE EVEN BETTER THAN WE COULD 
USING OUR OWN EYEBALLS.
THOSE ARE THE TECHNOLOGIES WE 
ARE LOOKING.
WE HAVE BEEN LOOKING ALT HEAD 
BORN DISPLAYS, YOU CAN PUT A 
HEAD BORN DISPLAY ON, NOW YOU 
HAVE A VIEW NO MATTER WHERE YOU 
LOOK, KIND OF LIKE WONDER WOMAN 
IN THE AIRPLANE, YOU CAN LOOK 
WHEREVER YOU LIKE SO WE TALKED 
ABOUT GOING FURTHER, GOING 
FASTER, CARRY MORE FANTASTIC 
RESEARCH IN THESE AREAS.
WE HAVE DONE THIS REALLY WELL IN
THE TRANSPORTATION CARGO.
LONG HALL, WE'RE TALKING ABOUT. 
>>> WE WANT TO GET THERE FASTER 
AND GO FURTHER.
WE HAVE DONE A REALLY GOOD JOB 
OF THAT, WE ARE GINNING TO LOOK 
AT A SHORTFALL.
SO IMAGINE HAVING TO DRIVE TO 
D.C. NOW YOU MAY HAVE THE OPTION
TO FLY TO GET THERE.
IN THE MARKETS OF DRIVING, NASA 
IS LOOKING AT FLIGHT BODIES TO 
MAKE THAT AN OPTION FOR YOU TO 
ECONOMICALLY FLY THERE INSTEAD 
OF HAVING TO DRY THERE.
>> THAT IS MAKING AVIATION 
AVAILABLE TO LARGER MARKETS.
I'M SURE WHAT YOU WE HEARD A LOT
OF, ESPECIALLY AROUND CHRISTMAS.
IS THE SMALL AERIAL AND WHAT'S 
INTERESTING ABOUT THIS, IS THERE
IS A LOT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 
EMBEDDED IN THESE SYSTEMS, 
THEY'RE AVAILABLE FOR A VERY 
AFFORDABLE PRICE.
IN FACT, IF YOU LOOK AT AVID 
PRO, IT COMES WITH COLLISION 
AVOIDANCE SYSTEM BUILT INTO IT.
A FEDERAL AIR REGULATIONS BUILT 
INTO IT.
TO MAKE SURE THAT ANYBODY THAT 
WANTS TO FLY IT.
EVEN IF YOU ARE A YOUNG PILOT 
THAT WANTS TO DO IT.
IT TELLS YOU WHEN YOU ARE 
BREAKING THE LAW.
ALL THESE TECHNOLOGIES ARE 
EMBEDDED INTO THESE THINGS TO 
MAKE THEM SAFE AND READILY 
AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE.
WHAT WE WANT TO DO IS WITH FEW 
AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY, PUT 
THEM INSIDE THE SYSTEM WE ARE 
FLYING, POSSIBLY TO ENABLE MORE 
AIR VEHICLES TO BE MORE ON 
DEMAND.
THAT'S WHAT WE ARE REALLY 
TALKING ABOUT ADVANCING THE 
SUBSONIC FLIGHT REGIME IS HOW DO
WE MAKE THIS AVAILABLE AT ANY 
TIME TO ANY 81 ANYWHERE.
THAT'S WHERE WE ARE STARTING TO 
LOOK AT THOSE LEVELS.
NASA HAS BEEN WORKING TO MAKE 
THESE DREAMS A REALITY.
WE KNOW WE ARE NOT NECESSARILY 
COMING UP WITH THE IDEA OF THE 
FLYING CAR.
YOU COME BACK, THE PLANE WAS A 
WORKING SERVICE THING I SHOULD 
SAY A WORKING PROTOTYPE.
IT WASN'T ABLE TO FLY AND BE 
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE TO 
EVERYONE, BUT IT WAS AN IDEA.
I EVEN REMEMBER MY FATHER 
BRINGING HOME THE "POPULAR 
MECHANIC" IN '91 OVER A QUARTER 
OAFTER CENTURY AGO, HOW EXCITED 
HE WAS TO SEE THAT.
WHAT'S REALLY NEAT WE CAN 
DISCUSS ALL THESE HUMAN 
TECHNOLOGIES, OUT WORKING TO SEE
HOW WE CAN LEVERAGE THESE 
TECHNOLOGIES AND SEE THAT BECOME
A REALITY.
AND WE SEE THIS IN IF NEWS OF 
LATE, GOOGLE IS WORKING ON IT, 
AMAZON IS WORKING TO GET YOU 
GROWN DELIVERY FOR YOUR AMAZON 
PACKAGES, DRONE DELIVERY.
>> THAT MAY BE A BIG DEAL.
ORION AIRPORT IS LOOKING AT 
REDUCING THE NUMBER OF PILOTS IN
THE COCKPIT.
WE ARE SEEING DRIVING CARS 
EVERYWHERE.
SO WE SEE AUTOMATION AUTONOMY IS
KNOCKING ON THE DOOR AND WE ARE 
SEEING EVERYONE TO WORK ON IT.
IS THAT REALLY WHERE WE ARE?
AND THE ANSWER IS, THERE IS 
STILL A LOT OF TECHNOLOGICAL 
BARRIERS, THE MILITARY HAS HAD 
UNMANNED SYSTEMS AND THEY DON'T 
TRUSTFULLY AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 
BECAUSE THE TECHNOLOGY COSTS SO 
MUCH THEY DON'T WANT TO LEAVE IT
ON THE FACE.
SO THIS OPPOSITE UP A WHOLE NEW 
AREA OF RESEARCH.
IT OPENS UP THE AREA OF OKAY, 
NOW, LEGALLY, WHO WILL BE 
RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS COMPUTER IF
YOUR SELF DRIVING CAR OR 
AIRPLANE CRASHES INTO SOMEBODY?
THERE IS A LOT OF QUESTIONS TO 
BE ANSWERED.
IT GETS FURTHER THAN THAT SO THE
AIRCRAFT NOW HAVE TO DECIDE, DO 
I CRASH INTO THIS GROUP OF 
PEOPLE OR CRASH INTO THE PEOPLE 
ON BOARD THE AIRCRAFT?
SO ARE WE PROGRAMING COMPUTERS 
TO KILL?
THAT IS A VERY GOOD QUESTION.
LIKE I SAID LEADING INTO THE ON 
DEMAND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS.
WHEN WE MENTIONED FLIGHT 
SYSTEMS, YOU START TO HAVE 
COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORTATION 
AND IN THE NEAR FUTURE FLYING 
WITH MIXED AIRSPACE.
YOU WILL HAVE PILOTED VEHICLES, 
WITH UNPILOTED VEHICLES, FLYING 
WITH REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLES.
WE HAVE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF 
AIRCRAFT FLYING AROUND, THAT'S A
LOT MORE UNDERSTANDING AND 
COMMUNICATING AND WHAT ALL THE 
INTENTIONS ARE AN COMPUTERS ARE 
VERY VIGILANT.
THEY'RE NOT ADAPTIVE YET SO YOU 
LOOK AT CHARLES LINDBERGH, HE 
HAS A HUMAN BRAIN, HE'S VERY 
ADAPTABLE T. SPEED OF FLYING 
ACROSS THE SPLIK OCEAN.
IT TOOK HIM 33-AND-A-HALF HOURS.
IT TOOK A LOT OF STAMINA.
IT TOOK A LOT OF VIGILANCE.
HE TRAINED A LONG TIME TO BE 
ABLE TO DO THAT.
HE SHOWED VIGILANCE THERE.
SO SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY REQUIRE
VIGILANCE, THAT'S THE REAL 
DILEMMA.
WHAT DO WE DO?
SO WE ARE LEVERAGING RESEARCH 
AND AUTOMATION AUTONOMY.
BY AUTOMATION I MEAN LIKE A AUTO
PILOT.
IT REQUIRES SOME FORM OF 
INTERACTION AND PILOTS TO REALLY
MONITOR WHAT'S GOING ON.
SOMEBODY NEEDS TO BE THERE 
ACTIVELY.
BUT AS TECHNOLOGY AS ADVANCES 
AND COMPUTERS BECOME EVEN MORE 
INTELLIGENCE ON THEIR OWN RIGHT,
MAYBE WE CAN START TO PUT A 
LITTLE MORE DEPENDENCY ON THESE 
COMPUTERS TO BE MORE AUTONOMOUS.
THAT ALSO OPENS UP THE MARKET TO
MORE PEOPLE AND REQUIRES LESS 
TRAINING.
BUT THAT'S REALLY WHAT WE ARE 
LOOKING AT T. RESEARCH IS 
LOOKING AT PUTTING AUTO MAKES 
AUTONOMY DEPENDENT ON THE HUMAN 
OPERATOR.
SO WHAT DOES THE FUTURE REALLY 
LOOK LIKE?
WE TALKED ABOUT A LOT OF 
RESEARCH AREAS AND THE DIFFERENT
MARKETS WITH THIS.
NASA, NASA LANGLEY IS LOOKING AT
MAKING A UMM THESE PICTURES A 
REALITY, TO BE HONEST.
SO WE WILL BE FLYINGS MASS 
TRANSPORTATION.
WE ARE LOOKING TO MAKE THAT MORE
FEASIBLE AND MAKE THAT ACTUALLY 
LOOK LIKE SOMETHING WE CAN FLY 
ON A MORE DAILY BASIS.
THAT'S WHAT IS GREAT ABOUT 
WORKING WITH NASA AND THESE 
DIFFERENT THINGS, WE ARE LOOKING
AT SEEING WHAT IS POSSIBLE, WHAT
TECHNOLOGY IS AVAILABLE IN 
THOUSAND THESE POSSIBILITIES 
BECOME PLAUSIBLE.
IN ESSENCE MAKING THESE DREAMS 
BECOME A REALITY.
THE LAST QUESTION I WILL LEAVE 
YOU WITH IS ALL THE NEXT 
GENERATION THINKS ABOUT 
AVIATION, WILL IT LOOK MORE LIKE
WHAT WE SEE TODAY?
OR DOES IT LOOK SOMETHING MORE 
LIKE THERE?
WITH THAT, I WILL OPEN ET UP TO 
QUESTIONS.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> OKAY.
WE WILL ASK OUR PANEL TO COME 
UP.
ANYBODY HAVE A QUESTION?
FIRST QUESTION, WAY BACK HERE.
>> YOU SPOKE TODAY ABOUT THE 
COMPUTER AND THE AIR TRAFFIC 
CONTROL SYSTEM.
>> MY BOSS IS SITTING NEXT TO 
ME.
SO HE CAN CORRECT ME IF I SAY 
SOMETHING WRONG, THEY'RE VERY 
INTERRELATED.
SO AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL, NASA 
DOES A LOT OF RESEARCH AT THE 
NATIONAL AEROSPACE SYSTEM AND 
EVEN GLOBALLY FOR THAT MATTER IN
TERMS OF THE AIRCRAFT HAND HIM 
THAT.
THEY ARE THE KEY ENABLER TO HAVE
ALL THESE AIRCRAFT FLY AROUND.
SO AS WE DEVELOP FASTER 
AIRCRAFT, AIRCRAFT THAT CARRY 
MORE PEOPLE, THAT INFRASTRUCTURE
NEEDS TO BE ABLE TO INCORPORATE 
ALL THOSE CHANGES, SO THE AIR 
TRAFFIC SYSTEM AND AIR TRAFFIC 
CONTROL, THEY HAVE A LOT MORE 
AIRCRAFT TO MANAGE NOW, SO THEIR
DEPENDENCY ON COMPUTERS TO BE 
ABLE TO STAY VIGILANT LIKE I SAY
WITH ALL OF THAT WE NEED TO DO 
THAT A LOT MORE.
WE ARE DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY TO 
MAKE SURE THE HUMAN INTERFACE IS
XAIP CAPABLE OF HANDLING THAT IN
AN OFFICIAL WAY. 
>> ALSO, THROUGH THE TALK, WE 
TALKED ABOUT VARIOUS RESEARCH 
THROUGH THE COMPANY LIKE BOEING,
IN AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT WE 
WORK CLOSELY WITH THE FAA, WHO 
IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE AIRSPACE.
THEY HAVE THEIR OWN RESEARCH 
OPERATION.
WE WORK VERY CLOSELY WITH THEM 
WITH RESEARCH AND ACTUALLY A LOT
OF RESEARCH AND HOUSE BRANCHES.
IT'S FOCUSED AT AIRSPACE AT 
GETTING WHAT ARE EFFICIENT AND 
PUTING MORE AIRPLANES, THE 
CURRENT AIRSPACE TO REDUCE WAIT 
TIMES, CAN WE REDUCE CONGESTION 
WHEN THERE IS BAD WEATHER?
WE WILL LEVERAGE OFF OF THAT FOR
THE FUTURE AND TRY TO BRING MORE
AIRCRAFT INTO THE AIRSPACE.
>> WHEN THE CONCORD FLEW, IT 
WASN'T THERE WAS NOBODY BELOW, 
THERE WERE SHIPS BELOW.
DO ALL THE RESEARCH SUCH AS 
INTERVIEWING OR TALKING WITH 
PEOPLE ON THE SHIPS TO SEW HOW 
THEY EXPERIENCED THE SONIC 
BOOMS. 
>> PERSONALLY, I HAVEN'T SPOKEN 
TO ANYBODY WHO WAS ON A SHIP 
UNDER CONCORD.
I DID SEE A VIDEO ON YouTube 
ONCE, WHICH WAS A MILITARY 
AIRCRAFT FLYING OVER WATER, IT 
WAS BEING RECORDED BY SOMEBODY 
ON A SHIP IT WAS CLEAR BEFORE 
CONCORD FLEW WHAT THE EFFECT 
WOULD BE TO PEOPLE ON THE 
GROUND.
YOU WOULDN'T EXPECT MUCH 
DIFFERENCE FOR SOMEBODY ON THE
WATER, NECESSARILY.
YES, EXACTLY.
>> WE ARE ACTUALLY LOOKING 
FORWARD TO THE FUTURE.
YOU REMEMBER THE ANIMATION OF 
THE FLIGHTS ACROSS THE U.S.
IF YOU LOOK AT THAT ACROSS THE 
OCEANS, IT SORT OF LOOKS LIKE 
THERE IS ROADS ACROSS THE OAKS, 
I WOULD GUESS TO COORDINATE 
SHIPPING LANES. 
>> I'D JUST LIKE TO COMMENT, I 
THINK MOST PEOPLE IN THIS ROOM 
WERE OLD ENOUGH TO REMEMBER 
HEARING SONIC BOOMS.
>> LET ME MAKE SURE THOSE WHO 
HAVE WE HEARD SONIC BOMBS STOP 
HEAD PHONE GENERATION TO HEAR 
QUIET SONIC BOOMS. 
>> OKAY.
I WILL CONTINUE THE DISCUSSION 
FOR SAFETY AND I KNOW THE LATEST
MODEL CARS HAVE CRUISE CONTROL 
THAT STOPS THE CAR AND IF IT 
GETS TOO CLOSE TO ANOTHER ONE 
AND TELL ME ABOUT BREAKS AND THE
NEW NISSAN ADS, IT STOPS IT 
COMPLETELY.
YOU TALK ABOUT AIR TRACK 
CONTROL.
YOU TALK ABOUT AUTONOMOUS 
SYSTEMS OR TELL ME WHAT RESEARCH
YOU ARE DOING TO INTEGRATE AIR 
TRAFFIC CONTROL AND THE ABILITY 
TO BUILD IN THESE CRUISE CONTROL
SYSTEMS FOR THE NEXT AIRCRAFT. 
>> THAT'S VERY GOOD 
OBSERVATIONS, STATEMENTS, 
BECAUSE WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT,
RIGHT NOW THE WAY AIR TRAFFIC 
GETS DONE, ALL THE CONTROL IS ON
THE GROUND.
HUMAN EYES ARE ON THESE SCOPES 
DO SEE WHAT THE LITTLE LIFTS 
ARE, THEY'RE GIVING THE PILOTS 
PERMISSION TO FLY WHERE THEY'RE 
SUPPOSED TO OR TO CHANGE THEIR 
FLIGHT WHEN THEY HAVE TO.
WE'RE LOOKING AT FOR THE FUTURE 
IS REALLY INTEGRATING AND USING 
SOME AUTOMATION.
IF YOU LOOK AT CARS, UP TO NOW 
THE AUTOMATION CAR IS FOR 
SAFETY.
LIKE AUTO PLANE, HUMANS STILL 
TAKING THE ACTION, IT'S MAKING 
SURE IT WORKS RIGHT.
NOW YOU START TO SEE THE CAR 
ACTUALLY STOPPING WHEN THE HUMAN
ISN'T MAYING ATTENTION.
IT'S THOSE CONCEPTS, INTEGRATING
IT.
GIVING IT THE WORK LOAD ON AIR 
TRACK CONTROLLER.
A LOT OF PEOPLE ON THE NEWS YOU 
SEE IT OR IT'S A VERY HIGH 
STRESS JOB.
SO AUTOMATION NOW IN THE WAY WE 
DO AIR TRAFFIC IS LOOKING TO 
MAKE IT BETTER FOR THE HUMANS 
AND MAKET MORE EFFICIENT.
THEN WE ARE TAKING AND PUTTING 
THROUGH COMBINATION OF 
INTEGRATING AS YOU SUGGEST THE 
AUTOMATION ON THE GROUND AND THE
AIRPLANE, SO THAT EVENTUALLY, A 
LOT OF PEOPLE ARE THINKING 
AIRPLANESS WILL LIKE LITTLE 
NODES ON THE INTERNET, THEY WILL
HAVE ACCESS TO INFORMATION THAT 
PLANES DON'T HAVE THAT.
REAL TIME ACCESS TO WEATHER 
DATA, REAL TIME ACCESS TO OTHER 
AIRPLANE'S FLIGHT PATHS.
SO WE ARE DOING RESEARCH TO LOOK
AT IN THAT KIND OF A FUTURE, HOW
DO YOU BRING THAT ALL TOWING?
HOW DO YOU MANAGE IT?
WHAT'S THE MOST IMPORTANT 
INFORMATION TO USE TO KEEP 
THINGS SAFE BUT ALSO COMPROMISE 
THESE OTHER FLIGHTS, LIKE GET 
THERE AS FAST AS YOU CAN, USE 
THE COMPLETE LISTS AND THINGS 
LIKE THAT.
>> JUST TO GIVE YOU A RELEVANT 
EXAMPLE OF WHAT WE ARE DOING 
NOW, EXACTLY, IS THE TRAFFIC 
PLANNER, WE ARE USING 
TECHNOLOGIES LIKE THIS WE ARE 
SHARING INFORMATION OF PROVEN 
INTENT ON THE AIRCRAFT, WITH 
DIFFERENT WEATHER, DIFFERENT 
TRAFFIC, COMMUNICATE DAG BACK 
DOWN TO AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND 
BEING ABLE TO MODIFY THE FLIGHT 
PLAN AS WE GO.
GEORGE MENTIONED, IN FACT, IN 
THE SHOUT OUT TO THEM, THEY GOT 
SOFTWARE OF THE YEAR AGENCY WIDE
WITH THAT.
SO KUDOS FOR THEM FOR DEVELOPING
THAT AND MAKING THESE DIFFERENT 
ISSUES SOLVED AND THE REALITY IN
AEROSPACE SYSTEMS TODAY.
>> YOU HAVE LOTS OF STRIDES, WIN
TUNNEL TESTING.
ALL THE WIND TUNNELS ARE CLOSED.
THEY HAVE EUROPE AND YOU ARE 
DOING IT VIRTUALLY NOW WITH 
COMPUTERS. 
>> SO YOU ARE RIGHT, OVER THE 
YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN A LOT MORE
WIND TUNNELS THAN THEY ARE NOW 
A. FEW THINGS HAVE CHANGED, 
THOUGH, THE LET ME JUST SAY, 
RIGHT NOW, AKRO CROSS THE 
AGENCY, WE DO COVER ALL THE 
SPEED AGENCIES, WE COVER 
IN-HOUSE FOR NASA, ALL THE SPEED
RANGES AND WE DO ACCESS ONE 
COMMUNITY.
WE HAD A RECENT TEST AT LANGLEY,
THEY HAD A PROBLEM.
THEY BOUGHT THE THE TESTING 
DONE.
SO WE STILL COVER SUB SONIC.
WE WILL LOOK AT MORE FACILITIES.
LIKE 14 BY 22.
THAT'S HOW THEY TESTED IT.
WE HAVE SUPERSONIC, TRANSSONIC, 
WHICH LOOK, WE HAVE ALL THOSE 
CAPABILITIES AND WE HAVE A FULL 
SET OF HYPERSONIC CAPABILITIES 
AS WELL.
PROBABLY ONE OF THE MORE IF YOU 
SEEN LANGLEY, WE USED TO HAVE A 
FULL SCALE TUNNEL.
30 BY 60.
>> THAT OVER THE YEARS, THERE 
WAS A NAME FOR IT.
WE WERE DOING A LOT OF TESTING 
DONE THERE ON THE MODERN 
VEHICLES ON THE 14 BY 22 THAT I 
REFERRED TO.
SO IT BECAME AN ECONOMIC 
TRADEOFF OF DO WE REALLY NEED 
IT?
AT ONE POINT, WE WILL HAVE TO 
INVEST A LOT OF MONEY, THERE WAS
SUSTENANCE AND LEAD-BASED PAINT.
IT WAS ON THE WATER FRONT.
WE HAD TO MAKE A DECISION.
BUT THERE IS STILL A ROBUST SET 
OF INTO FA SILLS. 
>> JUST TO ADD ON TO THAT, THE 
HYPERSONIC FIELD, WE LOVER OUR 
AIR FIELD, I DON'T CARE IF YOU 
ARE A XUTATIONAL OR SYSTEMS 
PERSON, ONE BEING THE PHYSICS IN
MANY WAY IS STILL NOT FULLY 
UNDERSTOOD SO WHEN WE HAVE OUR 
COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS, WE NEED THE
GROUND EXPERIMENTS IN ORDER TO 
VALIDATE WHAT OUR PREDICTIONS 
ARE.
WHETHER IT BE PREDICT ORACLE 
BRIGHTING OUR TOOLS SO THAT 
THEY'RE MATCHING THEIR 
PREDICTIONS CORRECTLY.
BECAUSE THERE IS A HIGHER 
DEPENDENCY BETWEEN THE 
COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL 
WORK.
BECAUSE WE CAN'T FULLY REPLICATE
THE FLIGHT GROUND IN HYPER 
SONIC, ONE TING WE WILL DO, FOR 
EXAMPLE, IS CALIBRATE OUR 
COMPUTER TOOLS TO GROUND 
PREDICTION AND TAKE OUR COMPUTER
TOOLS TO FLIGHT PREDICTIONS TO 
MAKE OUR PREDICTIONS.
SO THERE IS A HIGH AMOUNT OF 
LOVE FOR LIKE THE 
EXPERIMENTALIST. 
>> THAT IS IN THE RESEARCH 
FOLDER, THAT IS A TOPIC WE HAVE 
BEEN DISCUSSING FOR AT LEAST TEN
YEARS NOW.
WHEN IS THERE GOING TO BE THIS 
CROSSOVER OF COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS
ARE SO GOOD, YOU DON'T NEED TO 
DO PHYSICAL TESTING.
PERSONALLY, I THINK IT'S WAY OUT
THERE.
ESPECIALLY WHEN HAVE YOU THINGS 
THAT DON'T LOOK LIKE WHAT WE 
USED TO BUILD OUR MODEL FOR.
WE BETTER HAVE TESTING FOR THE 
DATA.
SO ACTUALLY AT LANGLEY, WE ARE 
TALKING, WE WERE LOOKING FOR A 
SIGN OF A NEW FLIGHT DYNAMICS 
RESEARCH FACILITY THAT WILL 
PLACE A SPIN TUNNEL ON THE AIR 
FORCE SIDE AND A LOW SPEED 
TUNNEL AS WELL AND BUILD IT ON 
THE FINANCIAL SIDE SO THE AGENCY
IS GOING TO BE INVESTIGATING THE
FACILITY.
>> MY QUESTION IS, DO YOU HAVE 
-- ARE YOU INVOLVED IN HARDENING
OR AIRCRAFT CONTROL FROM THE 
OUTSIDE OF THE COMPUTER 
[ INAUDIBLE ]
WHETHER A TEENAGER ON HESS 
COMPUTER OR ANY OUTSIDE 
INTERFERENCE OR WHATEVER?
>> I WILL TRY TO ANSWER THAT.
BECAUSE THEY'RE VERY GOOD AS A 
FEW THINGS.
SO, YES, THAT ALSO IS A PART OF 
SAFETY.
SO.
RIGHT, WE ARE LOOKING AT 
UNMANNED PILOTED VEHICLES, 
TRAFFIC CONTROL AND THE NETWORK 
THAT'S USED TO LINK ALL OF THIS 
TOGETHER.
GEORGE MENTIONED THAT SHARED 
UNDERSTANDING, SHARED 
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THESE WILL
BE REQUIRED TO ENABLE SAFETY 
EFFICIENT OPERATIONS, YES, IT'S 
ONE OF THE 31st THINGS THEY'RE 
LOOKING AT TO MAKE SURE THE 
CHALLENGING COMMUNICATION IS 
SECURE, MUCH IN THE WAY THE 
MILITARY DOES THAT.
I WILL SAY WE LEVERAGE A LOT OF 
THE TECHNOLOGIES BORN OUTS OF 
MILITARY INVENTION FROM THAT.
IT'S THAT LEVEL OF SECURITY THAT
YOU NEED TO, THAT IS ONE OF THE 
FOUNDATIONAL THINGS.
SO WHEN I SAY WE'RE LEVERAGING 
EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES, WE'RE 
LEVERAGING EXISTING HIGHLY 
TECHNICAL TECHNOLOGYS TO MAKE 
SURE THEY'RE ACCESSIBLE. 
>> ONE THING, IN-HOUSE, WE ARE 
LOOKING AT THE VEHICLE, ITSELF, 
AND THE CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE 
AND TRYING TO HARDEN THE CORE OF
THE SMART SO-TO-SPEAK OF THE 
PEOPLE THAT CAN'T BE HACKED.
SO WE ARE LOOKING AT RESEARCH ON
THAT AS WELL.
SO THERE IS THE COMMUNICATION 
PATH THE WAY NOOSE THE AIRCRAFT 
AND THE AIRCRAFTS, THEMSELVES, 
WE ARE PARTNERING AND WILL 
RESEARCH ON THE LATTER. 
>> VERY GOOD PREPARATION TODAY, 
BY THE WAY, THANK YOU.
I'M CURIOUS, HOW DOES NASA 
PROTECT IT'S INTELLECTUAL 
PROPERTY WITH ALL THE TIME, 
EFFORT AND MONEY THAT GOES INTO 
YOUR DISCOVERIES, DOES NASA 
PATENT THESE THINGS AND SHARE 
THEM WITH COMPANIES LIKE BOEING 
OR LOCKHEED OR DO YOU SHARE IT 
WITH THE WORLD AND ALL 
COUNTRIES?
>> THAT'S A REALLY GOOD 
QUESTION.
HOW MUCH TIME DO WE HAVE LEFT?
THERE'S A LOT INVOLVED IN THAT.
FIRST OF ALL, YES, INTELLECTUAL 
PROPERTY IS VERY IMPORTANT AND 
THAT'S PROBABLY ONE OF THE MAJOR
RULES OF OUR LEGAL STAFF AT 
LANGLEY AND AT THE AGENCY.
WE ARE VERY DETERMINED IN BOTH 
OUR CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS WE 
GET WITH ANY COMPANY TO MAKE 
SURE WE WORK OUT THE DETAILS OF 
WHO HAS WHATEVER INFORMATION.
USUALLY, WE CAN RESEARCH, SO, IN
GENERAL, IF THINGS ARE MORE 
FOUNDATIONAL, THEY TEND TO BE 
MORE OPENED.
WE CALL IT PRE COMPETITIVE 
TECHNOLOGIES, YOU WILL SEE A LOT
OF THAT AT RESEARCH CONFERENCE, 
WE DO THE TECHNOLOGY READINESS 
THINGS, COMPANIES CAN USE IT 
MORE EASILY WITHOUT WORK ON ITS 
OWN.
THAT TENDS TO BE VERY 
PROTECTIVE.
WE ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT, 
USUALLY THE COMPANY BRINGS THEIR
OWN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY.
>> THAT I CAN PROTECT THAT THREE
TO FIVE YEARS.
THERE ARE VARIOUS WAYS WE DO IT.
WE MAKE SURE ALL OUR CONTRACTS 
HAVE THOSE PROVISIONS IN THEM.
AND WE ALSO HAVE POLICIES ON WHO
WE CAN WORK WITH 
INTERNATIONALLY.
INTERNATIONALLY, WE AS A 
RESEARCH AT THE NATIONAL 
RESEARCH ORGANIZATION, WE TRY TO
DO OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE 
INTERNATIONAL THROUGH OTHER 
LABS, NOT INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES, 
WE ARE DOING THAT, WE ARE 
POTENTIALLY PICKING WINNERS OF 
COMPANIES AND OTHER COUNTRIES.
SO WE TEND TO NOT DO THAT UNLESS
THERE IS SOME SITUATION, WE GET 
MORE OUT OF THAT SITUATION THAN 
WE DEBUNK. 
>> I HAVE A FINAL QUESTION.
WITH ECLOSE AT 3:45.
THERE IS A STORY GOING AROUND ON
FACEBOOKANT AN ENGINEER FROM 
DUTCH AEROSPACE WHO THINKING 
ABOUT DESIGNING CIRCULAR RUNWAYS
THAT ARE BANKED.
HAVE YOU WE HEARD ABOUT THAT?
AND IS THERE ANY VALIDITY TO IT 
DOWN THE ROAD?
>> NASCAR REALLY LIKES THAT 
IDEA.
>> YES, I DID SEE THAT IN FACT, 
I READ THAT A COUPLE DAYS AGO, 
THERE ARE DEFINITELY TECHNICAL 
CHALLENGES TO THAT.
SO I BELIEVE THAT IT IS SOLVING 
A LOT OF PROBLEMS, THAT THEY CAN
MARC MAKE IT WORK.
SO WE GOT THE IDEA ORIGINALLY, 
IF I GOT THE AIRCRAFT COMING IN 
WITH SIGNIFICANT CROPS AND WIND 
SHEAR, THINKING THEY ARE ABLE TO
STILL LAND THAT WAY.
SO THEORETICALLY, YOU COULD TAKE
AN AIRCRAFT AND LAND IT AND 
MAINTAIN THE AIRCRAFT IN A 
CIRCULAR FUNCTION, SO THE FOOT 
PRINT IS A LOT SMALLER, IT'S A 
LITTLE MORE EFFICIENT AND ALSO 
LAND THEM SIMULTANEOUSLY, 
THEORETICALLY.
BUT I WILL SAY WITHOUT GOING 
INTO MUCH MORE DETAIL, IT'S A 
TECH NAMAL CHALLENGE, IF YOU 
THINK TRAINING IMPACT.
THAT'S AN IMPACT ON COMMERCIAL 
AIRLINES, IT'S ALSO A BIG 
INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT.
HOW DO YOU GET THE AIRCRAFT 
DESIGNED THAT IT TRULY IS SAFE.
WE NEED TO DEMONSTRATE THAT. 
>> THANK YOU FOR COMING.
AND NEXT WEEK, WE'LL BE TALKING 
ABOUT TIME.
SO SEE YOU NEXT WEEK.
THANK YOU.
DON'T FORGET THE DEMONSTRATION 
IN THE BACK.
