Welcome. I am Professor J. N. Mandal, Department
of Civil Engineering, IIT, Bombay. The name
of the course is Geosynthetics Testing Laboratory
and this Geosynthetics Testing Laboratory,
we have in IIT, Bombay have 2 courses that
is for undergraduate students C492 and the
post graduate course on Geotextile CE746.
And this course is running 61984 at Indian
Institute of Technology, Bombay. This module
1, the lecture number 1, I will discuss the
physical properties of the geosynthetics material.
The outline of the course, I will discuss
about the content of the course and I will
provide some references.
In this Geosynthetic Testing Laboratory will
cover the chapter, module, content and the
number of lecture. So, in chapter 1, we will
go for Physical Properties of this synthetic
material and module 1 is Mass per unit area
Thickness of Geotextile and the Specific Gravity.
This is Mechanical Properties that is Strip
and Wide-Width tensile strength. Next chapter
5 is Trapezoidal Tear Strength. Chapter 6
is Drop Cone Test Penetration modulus resistance.
Chapter 7, Puncture Resistance Test. Chapter
8, Burst Strength; chapter 9, Grab Strength
Test and chapter 10, Pullout Resistance Test
and chapter 11, Sewn Seam Strength.
Next is chapter 12 is the Hydraulic Property
that is Cross-Plane Permeability which is
called the Permittivity and chapter 13, module
3 In-Plane Permeability or Transmittivity
of Geotextile; chapter 14, Apparent Opening
Size and chapter 14 with the Porosity. Next,
we will discuss the Endurance Properties of
geosynthetic material. Chapter 16 is module
Abrasion Test and chapter 17 Gradient Ratio
or which is called Clogging Test.
Result of the some test on the geofoam material
which is super light material for chapter
18 will give the Density of the Geofoam material;
chapter 19 Water Absorption capacity of the
geofoam and chapter 20 that Compression test
of the geofoam; chapter 21, Tensile and Shear
behavior of the geofoam and chapter 22, Flexural
properties of the geofoam materials; chapter
23, Flammability test on geofoams.
So, these are the test ah generally we will
generally we will perform and main target
audience for this course will be very useful
to Undergraduate, post graduate student and
research in Civil Engineering, Earth Science
and Geology and the textile engineer, Consulting
and the practicing engineer; Government official,
policy and the decision maker, implementation
and NGO; Professors, specifiers, project designer,
distributor, textile engineer, contractor
and manufacturer. The Pre-requisite for this
course in here should haves some knowledge
of the Basic geotechnical or Soil Mechanics
and the Geosynthetics Engineering.
I am for you giving some of the references
for this course. So, you can go through some
of the book this Mandal, J. N. and Divshikar,
D. G. 1994. A Guide To Geotextile Testing,
this Oxford IBH Company Private Limited. You
can also follow the ASTM D5261 that is Standard
Test Method for Measuring the Mass per Unit
Area of Geotextile. ASTM D5199 that is Standard
Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
of Geosynthetics. ASTM D792 that is Standard
Test Method for Density and Specific Gravity
or Relative Density of Plastic by Displacement.
ASTM D1388 that is Standard Test Method for
Stiffness of the Fabric. ASTM D4751, Standard
Test Method for Determine Apparent Opening
Size of the Geotextile.
ASTM D6241 Standard Test Method for Static
Puncture Strength of Geotextile related product
using a 50 millimeter probe. ASTM D1682 Standard
Test Method of Test Breaking Load and elong[ation]-
and Elongation of the Textile Fabric. ASTM
D6706, Standard Test Method for Measuring
Geosynthetics Pullout Resistance in Soil.
ASTM D4884 Standard Test Method for Strength
of Sewn or the Bonded Seams of Geotextile.
ASTM D4491, Standard Test Method for Water
Permeability of Geotextile by Permittivity.
ASTM D4716, Standard Test Method for Determining
the In-Plane or Flow Rate per Unit Width and
Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic
Using Constant Head.
ASTM D4886, Standard Test Method for Abrasion
Resistance of Geotextile Sand Paper or Sliding
Block Method. ASTM D5970, Standard Test Method
for Determination of Geotextile from Outdoor
Exposure. ASTM D5101, Standard Test Method
for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility
of Soil-Geotextile System. ASTM D5567, Standard
Test Method for hydraulic Conductivity Ratio
that is HCR testing of Soil oblique Geotextile
System ASTM D4595, Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Geotextile by the Wide-Width
Strip Method. ASTM D4533, Standard Test Method
for Trapezoidal Tearing Strength of Geotextile.
So, these are the a specification of which
ah we will follow or during our geosynthetics
testing laboratory. So, once should read this
books and the specification; apart from this
book ah I you can go the one of the book that
is Geosynthetics Engineering in Theory and
Practice and that is been published in the
research publisher in the Singapore.
Now, what is geosynthetics? A planer product
manufacturer form polymeric or natural material
used with soil or earth as an integral part
of manmade project structure or system. And
this include planer structure, geomembrane,
geotextile, geosynthetics, clay liner, barrier,
geonet, geogrid, geostrip, geospatial and
the geomat etcetera and 3 dimensional structure
like geo- cell, geofoam, gabion and concrete
filled mattresses.
Now, there are different types of the geosynthetics
material available in the wall. It is about
more than 1000 different types of prefabricated
geosynthetics material are available. The
some of the geotextile material are presented
here. This number 1 is the Ggeotextile; geotextile
this is designated as GT. Then, Geogrid; this
is designated as GG. This is Geonet; this
is designated as GN. This is Geomembrane;
this is designated as GM. And Geosynthetic
clay liner is designated as GCL. Geopipe is
designated as GP; Geofoam is designated as
GF and Geocomposite is designated as G C.
Geocell and the geoweb. So, these are the
different types of the material.
Here, I am showing some of the geosynthetics
material. There are 2 types of the geosynthetics
material; one is the woven geotextile material,
another is non woven geotextile material.
So, when you say it is the woven geotextile
material, you can see here this geotextile
material, this filament are perpendicular
to each other and showing one of the woven
geotextile material, this the woven geotextile
material and these are the filament are perpendicular
to each other. So, it is called the woven
geotextile material .
This woven geotextile material, we have to
determine what should be the tensile strength
of the woven geotextile material and the corresponding
the elongation and some other test. So, this
is a kind of the woven geotextile material.
This geotextile material made of the this
geotextile material made of polymer material.
You can also develop this woven natural geotextile
material. This is woven jute geotextile material.
Here, you can see this filament are perpendicular
to the each other. So, it is woven jute geotextile
material. So, it has also the tensile strength
in the machine direction and also cross machine
direction and corresponding to the elongation.
What? We will study. So, this geotextile material
is the woven geotextile material. We are in
non woven geotextile material. This non woven
geotextile material when the filament is very
random like a blanket. So, these are the non
woven geotextile material. I can show you
some non woven geotextile material. This is
non woven geotextile material.
So, this filament is very random. So, you
have to perform what will be the tensile strength
in the machine direction as well as in the
cross machine direction and what will be the
elongation for both machine as well as cross
machine direction. You can also perform the
test in the diagonal direction .
So, this is the non woven geotextile material
which filament are very random. So, this is
the natural non woven geotextile and this
geotextile material is made from jute fibre.
So, natural material also used for the as
a geotextile material. So, this is the non
woven natural jute geotextile material .
So, most of the cases that this material can
use as a filtration and the material and as
well as reinforcement. Next this is the geogrid
material. So, these material have a uniaxial
geogrid and also the biaxial geogrid uniaxial
geogrid and also biaxial geogrid. This is
the uniaxial geogrid ok.
And this act as a reinforcement and you have
to determine what will be the tensile strength
in the machine and cross machine direction
and corresponding to the elongation and this
kind of the geogrid material can be used for
the ah for the construction of the reinforced
soil retaining wall or the reinforce soil
slope and also you can use for the geogrid
material for the road construction and this
is the uniaxial geogrid material.
This is biaxial geogrid material this is biaxial
geogrid material. So, this also can be used
for the railway. It has also the tensile strength
in the machine and cross machine direction
and corresponding to the elongation. There
are some other material also used for the
construction of the Reinforce soil retaining
wall.
And this is what you call the friction tie.
So, this kind of the material also can be
used for the construction of the reinforce
soil wall and it is called the friction tie.
We can use some material for the reflection
cracking . So, this the kind of the material
which you can use for the reflection cracking
material. It had been used also in the airfield
pavement for the reflection cracking and it
has strength also 100 kilo newton per meter
or 50 kilo newton per meter. So, this is all
glass polymer material.
So, this geogrid material is used, this is
Uniaxial Geogrid; this I showed you that Biaxial
Geogrid. There are another also new material
has come which we called that Triaxial Geogrid
material and this Triaxial Geogrid material
also is made from the bamboo and also polyester
material.
This is Geonet material and this is the rhombus
in size this is the Geonet material. This
Geonet material is used for the drainage and
the filtration you can use for the Lanchow.
What there is a problem with the drainage
and the filtration, you can use this kind
of the Geonet material. The all earlier material
all the material are polymer material and
all are polymer material and also the natural
material.
Now, this is geomembrane material. So, this
is impossible material, it is like a lava.
So, you can use this kind of the geomembrane
for the land . Also you can use for the earth
and dam to control the sea phase, for the
channel liner, for the reservoir; you can
use this material and this geomembrane material
I am saying this is a impermeable material
and in this geomembrane material, we can see
both the side are smooth; smooth geosynth[tic]-
geomembrane material.
This is smooth geomembrane material. So, if
we want to use in a slope of land flow and
then, you sometimes require there will be
the mobilization of the friction between the
slope soil layer and the geomembrane and that
is the why that there are some geomembrane
material also develop. The one side of the
geomembrane is very rough which can be face
towards the slope of the soil because there
will be a development of the friction between
the rough of the geomembrane side to the soil
and the other side is a smooth.
So, we can develop the any kind of the geomembrane
material, I just smooth on the both the side
or one side is the rough and another side
is the smooth depending upon the type of application
whatever you require the mobilization of good
friction between the soil and the geomembrane.
Then you can use the rough geomembrane material.
So, these are the all impermeable material.
This another exciting material also this is
Geosynthetic Clay Liner. And this geosynthetic
clay liner is made of geotextile, bentonite,
and the geotextile. It is like a sandwich
form. So, when the water will come in contact
with the bentonite and it is expand and it
act as a impermeable material.
I will show you that some ah material, ah
this is the material which is that GCL or
geosynthetic clay liner. It may be the woven,
bintonite and the non woven or woven or geomembrane
any combination. So, you can use of this geosynthetic
clay liner as a impermeable material and this
is alternative to the geommebrane material.
So, you can you use also in the land field
and Geopipe as you know we use it . So, this
is one of the exciting material which you
call the Geofoam and in textile term and this
textile term, it is called the expanded bentonite
material and you can have with the different
size and shape and the different density,
this geofoam material.
And this is you can have it different ah different
ah shape and size is a different density of
the material and this is the geofoam. It is
nothing but a thermocol which you take a cup
of coffee or tea. You can have the different
size and the shape and the density and this
is the block you can have it in the 2 metre
by 100, 500 millimeter by the 300 millimeter
and this weight about 36 kg.
You can [semi/simply] simply place for the
construction of a magnet on the soft soil.
So, one should know what should be the characteristics
of the geofoam material. So, this is a kind
of geofoam material. And its density is about
100 time less than the soil. So, it has a
lot of potential used for the construction
and amendment of soft soil or you can use
at the back of the retaining wall to reduce
the that later pressure drastically.
And this is the geocomposite material, all
the material what I told that geotextile,
geomembrane, woven and nonwoven geotextile
material, geogrid; any combination of geogrid,
non woven geogrid, woven material is a geocomposite
material. Geonet or the non woven geotextile
material also is a geocomposite material.
I will show you some of the geocomposite material.
This is the geocomposite material ok.
This is non woven and the Geonet material
and the non woven. So, this is the geocomposite
material. You can have also this is also you
can say geocomposite material. And basically
this is the material which we use for the
ground improvement; when the ground is very
soft. So, we use generally the sand rein and
it takes time to consolidated maybe 2 year,
7 year 21 year. Alternative to the sand rein,
you can use this is prefabricated particle
bandwidth or which is called popularly known
as the PVD. This is also the composite material
because this is the core material and the
other side is a jacket material and this is
the non woven spun bonded geotextile material
and this is the core.
So, you can insert it into the subsoil; there
will be dissipation of the probe water pressure
and this channelize to the channel. So, these
kind of material also will perform the test
and also we should know that what should be
the quantity of water can pass through this
material and what will be the tensile strength
and other property. So, this also you can
say as a geocomposite material. We can have
also different types of the geocomposite material
one bonded non woven geotextile material and
plastic core.
And then also we can say the natural material
also like a PVD. The outside is a woven and
non woven jute material and quiet coconut
fibre. This act as a probe of water. So, this
is the jacket and this is the core material.
You can use also this kind of also as a geocomposite
material. This another material which you
call the Geocell. So, this the Geocell, this
is the hexagonal, hexagonal; 3 dimensional
hexagonal structure.
So, this Geocell or the geocell you can be
claps; it can be expanded and it can be filled
up with the different types of the filling
material, gravel sand and place it and compact
it. You can construct the road, you can use
for the slope, you can use for the erosion
control with a potential application of geocell
material in Civil Engineering.
So, what are the major application that is
Geotechnical Engineering, Transportation Engineering,
Geoenvironmental Engineering, Hydraulic or
Ocean Engineering, Earthquake Engineering,
Mining Engineering, Agriculture Engineering
and Bioengineering.
Also these are the material what I have shown
you it is a woven and non woven geotextile
material and how you can make use all this
kind of the material in the different engineering
system. It may be Transportation Engineering;
it may be Environmental Engineering; Hydraulic
Engineering and Mining Engineering; Agriculture
and Bioengineering.
So, this will be very helpful for the use
of the geosynthetics material in different
projects. So, we should know that what should
be the exact properties of the geosynthetics
material required for certain application.
Thank you.
