
English: 
WHICH WERE SEPARATE
BUT HE HOPED NOT INCOMPATIBLE.
HE WAS TRYING TO CURE
THEIR NEUROTIC PROBLEMS.
IT IS, IN THAT SENSE,
A THERAPY LIKE OTHERS
BUT HE THOUGHT
BETTER THAN OTHERS.
SECONDLY, HE WAS USING
HIS PATIENTS AS GUINEA PIGS.
THEY WERE PA■T
OF THE LABORATORY.
I THINK OF HIS CONSULTING ROOM
AS HIS ONE AND ONLY LABORATORY.
Narrator:
THE SEDUCTION THEORY
WAS NOT WELL RECEIVED
BY FREUD'S MEDICAL
AND ACADEMIC COLLEAGUES.
THEY REJECTED HIS CONCLUSIONS.
EVEN BREUER BROKE WITH HIM.
FREUD RETREATED INTO A PERIOD
OF INTELLECTUAL ISOLATION.
A FRIEND AND COLLEAGUE,ARED
HIS IDEAWILHELM FLIESS.NE PERSON
FLIESS WAS A
PHYSICIAN IN BERLIN.
DURING THE 15-YEAR PERIOD
OF THEIR FRIENDSHIP
THEY CORRESPONDED ALMOST WEEKLY.

English: 
FREUD CONFIDED TO FLIESS
HIS GRAND VISION--
TO CREATE A UNIVERSAL
THEORY OF THE MIND
■
FROM HIS UNDERSTANDING
OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR.
HE WROTE TO FLIESS HIS "PROJECT
FOR A SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY."
FRANK SULLOWAY IS A
HISTORIAN OF SCIENCE
AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
HE BELIEVES THAT
THE PROJECT SHOWS
HOW IMPORTANT FREUD'S
SCIENTIFIC ASPIRATIONS WERE
IN FORMULATING HIS THEORIES.
TH■ PROJECT WAS FREUD'S ATTEMPT
TO REDUCE THE WORKINGS
OF THE MIND
TO BASIC NOTIONS
OF NATURAL SCIENCE.
AND IN FREUD'S DAY
THIS INCLUDED A RELIANCE
UPONHE NEURON THEORY
WHICH WAS JUST THEN EMERGING
AND THE NOTION THAT YOU
COULD EXPLAIN MENTAL ACTIVITY
BY EXPLANATIONS INVOLVING
MOVEMENTS OF ENERGY
BETWEEN NEURONS WITHIN THE BRAIN
OR BETWEEN VARIOUS
CELLULAR ELEMENTS.
■
AND FREUD "CONCOCTED"

English: 
THE MOST INCREDIBLY INGENIOUS
AND IMAGINATIVE SCHEME
FOR EXPLAINING VIRTUALLY
EVERY KIND OF MENTAL ACTIVITY
■HT, T
TO PROBLEMS DEAR TO HIS
HEART IN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
SUCH AS REPRESSION AND
VARIOUS FORMS OF NEUROSIS
■
HYSTERICAL ATTACKS.
■■■
Narrator:
FREUD SOON ABANDONED THE PROJECT
BUT THE MOVETHE  ND THE MIND
■
ESPECIALLY SEXUAL EERGY,
REMAINED A KEY FREUDIAN MOTIF.
Sulloway:
IT'S VERY IMPORTANT
TO APPRECIATE WHY FREUD WAS
SO FANATICAL ABOUT SEX
AS A CAUSE OF NEUROSIS.
WHY DID HE PICK SEX?
IT'S NOT JUST THE REPRESSION
THAT SEX WAS UNDERGOING
IN THE VICTORIAN PERIOD.
SEX WAS MUCH MORE
IMPORTANT TO FREUD.
SEX WAS A BIOCHEMICAL
PHENOMENON.
IT WAS A PHYSIOLOGICAL
PHENOMENON.
AND FOR SOMEBODY WHO'S LOOKING
FOR A THEORY OF THE MIND

English: 
THAT CAN BE BASED UPON A
NATURAL-SCIENCE FOUNDATION
SEX IS CRUCIAL.
■■
IT PROVIDES THE "INDISPENSIBLE
ORGANIC FOUNDATION
WHICH MUST UNDERLIE
ALL FORMS OF DISEASE."
SO FOR FREUD,
SEX WAS A PLAUSIBLE
NATURAL-SCIENCE FORM
OF PATHOLOGY
AND IT TAKES ON ITS IMPORTANCE
IN FREUDIAN THEORY
PRECISELY BECAUSE OF
THAT LINK TO BIOLOGY
AND TO NATURAL SCIENCE.
Narrator:
THE FREUD/FLIESS
CORRESPONDENCE INDICATES
THAT SEXUALITY DID BECOME
THE CENTRAL CONCEPT
IN FREUD'S THINKING.
BUT ONE CRITIC, JEFFREY MASSON
WHO TRANSLATED THE LETTERS
BELIEVES THEY ALSO REVEAL
FREUD'S WILLINGNESS
■
TO EXPLORE WITH FLIESS
SOME EXTREME SEXUAL NOTIONS.
Masson:
WHAT SO FAS■INATED ME
IN READING THE LETTERS
R INVOLVEMENT.
IN T■@ BEGINNING
THEY FOUND ONE ANOTHER
IN THIS SCIENTIFIC DESERT--
■
TWO MEN WHO COULD THINK ALIKE.

English: 
AND FLIESS DEVELOPED A
SERIES OF RATHER STRANGE
EVEN BIZARRE NOTIONS
ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP
■
BETWEEN THE FEMALE
GENITALIA AND THE NOSE--
WHAT HE CALLED THE NASAL
REFLEX NEUROSIS--
NAMELY THAT THINGS THAT
HAPPENED IN THE GENITALS■
WERE REFLECTED IN THE NOSE.
HE FELT THAT HE SOMETIMES
HAD TO INTERVENE WITH SRGERY.
FREUD FOR A VERY LONG
PERIOD BELIEVED IN THIS
AND FELT, IN FACT
THAT THEY WERE REALLY
IN HARMONY WITH HIS OWN.
■N RETROSPECT, WE WOULD SAY
THAT THEY WERE NOT IN HARMONY
AND FREUD,■■DOUBT, WOULD
HAVE RECOGNIZED THIS HIMSELF.
Narrator
FREUDIAN SCHOLARS ARE AWARE
OF THE CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF
FREUD'S RELATIONSHIP TO FLIESS.
BUT MOST ANALYSTS,
LIKE DR. HAROLD BLUM
■
VALUE THE LETTERS AS
AN IMPORTANT RECORD
OF THE EVOLUTION OF
FREUD'S MAJOR IDEAS.

English: 
THE FREUD/FLIESS LETTERS ARE
NOW PART OF A LARGE COLLECTION
AT THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
IN WASHINGTON, D.C.
Blum
THE FREUD/FLIESS CORRESPONDENCE
IS OF EXTRAORDINARY IMPORTANCE
FREUD'S SELF-ANALYSISRST
SELFWAS A SELF-EXPLORATIONISHED.
BEGUN IN OCTOBER 1896
AFTER HIS FATHER'S DEATH
AND HE PROCEEDED TO ACCOMPLISH
■
WHAT NO ONE HAD
EVER DONE BEFORE--
TO ANALYZE HIMSELF
SO THAT HE WAS BOTH
DOCTOR AND PATIENT.
FLIESS SERVED AS A CONFIDANT
AND A KIND OF PROTO-ANALYST.
FREUD REPORTED THE RESULTS
OF HIS ANALYTIC DISCOVERIE
AT THAT PERIOD, DREAMS PROVIDED
THE GREATEST INSIGHTS FOR HIM
AND HE PROCEEDED IN
A VERY SYSTEMATIC WAY
TO ANALYZE HIMSELF ON A
DAILY BASIS, MAKING A RECORD
WRITING DOWN HIS DREAMS AND
PROCEEDING TO ANALYZE THEM.
Narrator:
BY WRITING DOWN HIS
DREAMS AND FREE ASSOCIATING

English: 
FREUD RECALLED EVENTS
FROM HIS YOUTH.
HE WROTE TO FLIESS THE IMPORTANT
DETAILS OF HIS SELF-ANALYSIS.
HE HAD DISCOVERED FE■■INGS R
JEALOUSY AND HATRED
FOR HIS FATHER--
LATER CALLED
"THE OEDIPUS COMPLEX."
FREUD BELIEVED THAT
DREAMS PROVIDED ACCESS
TO A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING
OF BEHAVIOR.
"I FOUND THE DREAM REPRESENTED
A PARTICULAR STATE OF AFFAIRS
"AS I SHOULD HAVE
WISHED IT TO BE.■
"TENT OF A DREAM
■
"WAS THE FULFILLMENT OF A WISH
AND ITS MOTIVE WAS A WISH.
"IF WE ADOPT THE METHOD
OF INTERPRETINA DREAMS
WE SHALL FIND THAT DREAMS
REALLY HAVE A MEANING."
FREUD CONCLUDED
THAT DREAMS REVEALED
SEXUAL AND AGGRESSIVE
WISHES FROM CHILDHOOD.
HE PUBLISHED THIS RADICAL
NEW VISION IN 1900
IN INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS
WHAT H
MOST ORIGINAL WORK.

English: 
HE FELT HE HAD COME UPON
A UNIVERSAL TRUTH--
■
THE IDEA OF INFANTILE
SEXUALITY--
THAT EVERYONE WAS
SEXUAL FROM BIRTH.
HE DECIDED TO ASK THE PATIENTS
TO DO WITH DREAMS
■
WHAT HE HAD ASKED THEMO DO
■■
IN CONNECTIO
WITH THEIR SYMPTOMS--
NAMELY TO DISCUSS EACH ELEMENT
D TO SEE WHAT
CAME TO THEIR MIND
IF THEY PERMITTED THEMSELVES
TO SPEAK FREELY
AND WITHOUT CRITICISM
OF THEIR THOUGHTS.
IN THIS WAY HE BEGAN TO SEE
THAT DREAMS EXPRESSED
A WISH FROM CHILDHOOD
USUALLY A SEXUAL WISH
BUT DID NOT EXPRESS IT DIRECTLY
BUT IN A DISGUISED
AND DISTORTED WAY.
WHEN HE DESCRIBED SOME OF HIS
INT■RPRETATIONS OF DREAMS
TO HIS GOOD FRIEND AND
COLLEAGUE, WILHELM FLIESS
FLIESS SAID TO HIM
THAT THE INTERPRETATIONS
SOUNDED LIKE JOKES
AND BAD ONES AT THAT.
FAR FROM BEING OFFENDED

English: 
WHAT FREUD DID WAS TO
TAKE THE IDEA SERIOUSLY
AND TO IBVESTIGATE WT OUGHT
THE PLEASURE FROM JOKES.■
Narrator:
FREUD WANTED TO DEMONSTRATE
THAT PSYCHOANALYSIS HAD
APPLICATIONS BEYOND ITS USE■
AS A TREATMENT FOR NEUROSES;
THAT IT WAS THE KEY TO
THE WORKINGS OF THE MIND.
 HE PUBLISHED JOKES AND THEIR
 RELATIONSHIP TO THE UNCONSCIOUS
 AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
 OF
■
IN WHICH HE DESCRIBED
HOW SLIPS OF THE TONGUE
■OR FORGETFULNESS
REVEALED CONFLICTS ABOUT
HIDDENEELINGS.
FREUD SAW THE MIND
DIVIDED INTO THREE AREAS--
THE UNCONSCIOUS:
THE PLACE OF SEXUAL
AND AGGRESSIVE WISHES
URGES, MEMORIES, AND FANTASIES;
THE PRECONSCIOUS:
A GATEKEEPER THAT PERMITTED
OR PREVENTED WISHES
FROM ENTERING CONSCIOUSNESS;
AND THE CONSCIOUS MIND,
THE SEAT OF AWARENESS.
FREUD BELIEVED THAT
WHEN UNCONSCIOUS WISHES

English: 
WERE IN CONFLICT
OR WHEN BLOCKED BY
THE PRECONSCIOUS
THEY CAME OUT ANYWAY
AS SLIPS OF THE TONGUE, DREAMS
OR AS NEUROTIC SYMPTOMS.
I THINK FREUD REALLY BELIEVED
THAT HE HAD COME UPON
CERTAIN INSIGHTS ABOUT
THE NATURE OF THE MIND
■
THAT HE REGARDED AS REMARKABLE
AND QUITE ORIGINAL
ALTHOUGH HE WAS VERY WELL AWARE
THAT THERE WERE OTHER
PSYCHOLOGISTS, PHILOSOPHERS
WHO HAD COME UPON IDEAS
THAT HE HAD TO FIND
THROUGH HIS OWN LABORATORY--
THE PATIENTS ON THE COUCH.
Narrator:
FREUD CONSIDERED DREAMS,
INFANTILE SEXUALITY
AND THE UNCONSCIOUS
TO BE HIS GREAT IDEAS.
HE SAID, "THE POETS AND
PHILOSOPHERS BEFORE ME
"DISCOVERED THE UNCONSCIOUS
"BUT I HAVE DISCOVERED
THE SCIENTIFIC MEANS
BY WHICH IT CAN BE STUDIED."
BUT MOST OF THE SCIENTIFIC
COMMUNITY IN VIENNA
FOUND HIS IDEAS
PECULIAR AND EXTREME.

English: 
FREUD'S NOTION
OF THE UNCONSCIOUS
IS A UNIQUELY FREUDIAN ONE.
IT SUPPOSES
THERE'S AN AREA OF THE MIND
THAT GETS SEAL OFF IN THE
COURSE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
WITHIN WHICH
TEMPESTUOUS INSTINCTS
ARE STRUGGLING FOR RELEASE
BUT CAN'T FIND PROPER RELEASE
BECAUSE THEY ARE SEALED OFF.
THAT'S THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND.
THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND HAS
TEMPESTUOUS INSTINCTS INSIDE.
WHEN WE SPEAK OF AN
UNCONSCIOUS BEHAVIOR
THAT'S A DIFFERENT SENSE OF
THE WORD THAN FREUD THOUGHT.
FREUD'S WAS A
DYNAMIC UNCONSCIOUS
AND IT'S ONE THAT IS
MUCH MORE PLAUSIBLE
IN THE CONTEXT OF BIOLOGICAL
NOTIONS OF HIS DAY--
THAT THE UNCONSCIOUS WAS
OUR ANIMAL EVOLUTIONARY PAST
AND IN THAT ANIMAL
EVOLUTIONARY PAST
ARE THINGS THAT ARE INCOM■ATIBLE
WITH MODERN CIVILIZATION
BUT THERE'S NO WAY TO ESCAPE IT
BECAUSE WE ARE FORCED TO INHERIT

English: 
ALL OF THESE THINGS FROM
THE PAST AND ■O REPEAT THEM.
SO FREUD'S UNCONSCIOUS
IS ALIVE, POWERFUL
■
SEALED OFF AND DANGEROUS.
IT'S THE 19th-CENTURY THINKING
ABOUT THE ORGANISM
AND EVOLUTION.
Narrator:
IN 1905, FREUD
PUBLISHED THREE ESSAYS
ON THE THEORY OF SEXUALITY
LINKING WHAT HE NAMED
THE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
OF DEVELOPMENT--■
ORAL, ANAL, PHALLIC,
AND GENITAL
TO PERSONALITY TRAITS.
THE PUBLIC W■S OUTGED BY
HIS USE OF SEXUAL LANGUAGE
IN REFERENCE TO CHILDREN.
FREUD AD■■ED TO FLIESS THAT
HIS NEW IDEAS ON SEXUALITY
HAD SERIOUS IMPLICATIONS FOR
HIS ORIGINAL SEDUCTION THEORY
ABOUT THE CAUSE OF HYSTERIA.
HE WROTE TO FLIESS
THAT HE NOW BELIEVED
THAT WHAT HIS PATIENTS HAD
DESCRIBED AS SEXUAL ABUSE
WAS FANTASY-- THE RESULT
OF CHILDHOOD WISHES.
THIS CHANGE HAS BECOME A HOT
SPOT IN FREUDIAN SCHOLARSHIP.
IN 1984, JEFFREY MASSON
PUBLISHED THIS BOOK.

English: 
HE CHARGED THAT EUD
ABANDONED HIS SEDUCTION THEORY
NOT BECAUSE OF NEW EVIDENCE
PROVIDED BY HIS
WORK WITH TIENTS
BUT BECAUSE■.
Masson:
WHAT BECAME CLEAR TO ME AS
I WAS READING THESE LETTERS
WAS THAT THERE WERE
PRESSURES ON FREUD
OF A NON-SCIENTIFIC NATURE.
FOR EXAMPLE--
THE RESPONSE FROM HI
AND SCIENTIFIC COLLEAGUES
WAS A NEGAVE ONE.
THEY REFUSED TO BELIEVE THAT
THESE EVENTS COULD TAKE PLACE.
HE WAS QUITE SENSITIVE TO THIS.
REMEMBER, HE WAS
HE WAS JUST BEGINNING
HIS PRACTICE.
IT WAS IMPORTANT FOR HIM,
IN ORDER TO HAVE REFERRAL■
AND TO BECOME A MEMBER OF
THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
TO PERSUADE HIS COLLEAGUES
HE HAD SOMETHING NEW TO OFFER.
THE ABANDONMENT
OFHEORY
LIKE EVERY OTHER CHANGE
THAT FREUD MADE

English: 
WAS BASED ON THE ANALYSIS
OF HIS FINDINGS.
■
HE WAS CONSTANTLY RE-EXAMINING
HIS MATERIAL AND HIS IDEA
AND CORRELATING
THEORY AND FINDINGS.
THIS, OF COURSE, IS
THE METHOD OF SCIENCE.
AT FIRST, IN THE SITUATION
AND AT THE TIME
THAT HE WAS WORKING
HE BELIEVED THE STORIES
THAT HIS PATIENTS TOLD HIM■
OF THEIR HAVING BEEN
SEDUCED BY SOME OLDER PERSON
WHO HAD ALREADY
MATURED SEXUALLY
AND THAT THESE WERE THE BASES
OF THE TRAUMATIC MEMORIES
THAT CAUSED HYSTERIA.
IT WAS NATURAL FOR FREUD
TO TAKE THESE STORIES
AT FACE VALUE
■
BECAUSE AT THAT PARTICULAR TIME
IT WAS BELIEVED THAT THE
SEXUAL LIFE OF THE INDIVIDUAL
BEGAN WITH PUBERTY.

English: 
NONETHELESS, FREUD'S
PATIENTS WERE TELLING HIM
ES,
THAT THEY HAD SEXUAL FANTA
HOWEVER COULD HE EXPLAIN THISD.
EXCEPT WITH THE IDEA THAT
SOMETHING MUST HAVE HAPPENED
TO STIMULATE THESE INDIVIDUALS,
THESE PATIENTS
PREMATURELY INTO SEXUALITY
THAT IS, THE RESULT OF
SOME KIND OF SEDUCTION.
WHY SHOULD WE CARE
ABOUT SOMETHING
THAT SEEMS LIKE A RATHER
I THINK THE ANSWER ISION?
BECAUSE ANALYSTS FROM
THE TIME OF FREUD ON
WERE CONVINCED TT FREUD GAVE
UP THE SEDUCTION HYPOTHESIS
FOR PURELY SCIENTIFIC REASONS.
ONCE THEY BELIEVED THIS
HIS IDEAS BECAME REALLY
DOCTRINE WITHIN PSYCHOANALYSIS
AND THEN SPREAD TO PSYCHOLOGY
AND TO PSYCHIATRY IN GENERAL
SO THAT HIS VIEWS ABOUT
REALITY VERSUS FANTASY
CAME TO PLAY AN ENORMOUS
ROLE IN OUR SOCIETY.
THEY HAVE BEEN TAKEN OVER
FROM PSYCHIATRAND PSYCHOLOGY

English: 
INTO THE GENERAL POPULATION
SO THAT WE SEE THIS EVEN
IN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM
WHEN A WOMAN IS
TALKING ABOUT RAPE.
THE■FIRST TENDENCY IS TO BELIEVE
THAT THIS MAY BE NOTHING
MORE THAN A FANTASY.
THAT DERIVES FROM FREUD.
Narrator:
MANY OF THE CONTROVERSIES
SURROUNDING FREUD
HAVE CENTERED ON THE QUESTION
OF WHETHER PSYCHOANALYSIS
IS A SCIECE.
FREUD HIMSELF THOUGHT IT
HAD BROADER APPLICATIONS.■
FREUD APPLIED PSYCHOANALYTIC
PRINCIPLES TO RELIGION, HISTORY
LITERATURE, AND ANTHROPOLOGY.
HE ALSO HAD CREATED A
NEW MODEL OF THE MIND--
■
THE ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO.
THESE THREE FORCES REPRESENTED
THE INTERPLAY OF PASSION,
RATIONALITY AND MORAL JUDGMENT.
HIS IDEAS WERE SO POWERFUL■
THAT MANY INTELLECTUALS■r
WERE DRAWN TO PSYCHOANALYSIS

English: 
AS A WAY TO UNDERSTAND
LARGER SOCIAL AND
PHILOSOPHICAL■QUESTIONS--
WAR AND PEACE, LOVE AND HATE,
RELIGION AND MORALITY.
FREUD OFTEN SPENT HIS SUMMERS IN
THE COUNTRY OUTSIDE OF VIENNA.
HE FOUND COMFORT IN SPENDING
TIME WITH HIS WIFE
THEIR SIX CHILDREN, AND
A LOYAL GROUP OF FRIENDS
■
INCLUDING PRINCESS MARIE
BONAPARTE OF GREECE
WHOM FREUD HAD ANALYZED.
INITIALLY, A SMALL GROUP OF
FOLLOWERS GATHERED AROUND HIM
SOME FAMOUS, SOME NOT.
BUT THEY ATTRACTED
ATTENTION TO FREUD
AND THE NEW FIELD
OF PSYCHOANALYSIS.
FOR THE FIRST 10 YEARS
■■
OF PSYCHOANALYTIC PRACTICE--
FROM THE MIDDLE 1890s TO 1906--
FREUD WAS ANYTHING BUT FAMOUS.
HE MAY HAVE EXAGGERATED
HOW ISOLATED HE WAS.■/
HE HAD ADMIRERS.
BY 1907
■

English: 
THERE WERE SOME DIST■NGUISHED
PROFESSIONAL ADMIRERS.
Narrator:
BY 1911, AN INTERNATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF ANALYSTS
HAD GROWN UP AROUND FREUD.
PSYCHOANALYSIS WAS
LARGELY REJECTED
BY THE TRADITIONAL
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.
THESE EARLY ANALYSTS SAW
THEMSELVES AT THE FOREFRONT
OF A NEW INTELLECTL MOVEMENT
AND BANDED TOGETHER
AGAINST A HOSTILE WORLD.
BUT ERWAS ALSO
DISSENT WITHIN THE GROUP.■
CARL JUNG CLHASIZED
■
E IMRTANCE OF
CHILDHOOD SEXUALITY.
■
AND KAREN HOHER ANALYST
CHARGED THAT FREUD GROSSLY
MISUNDERSTOOD FEMALE PSYCHOLOGY
A CHARGE ECHOE■  LATER YEARS.
WORLD WAR I BECAME
A TURNING POINT
■
IN THE HISTORY OF
PSYCHOANALYSIS.
OVERNIGHT  GAI■ED
WIDER CREDIBILITY.

English: 
WEREHOUGHT TO BE USEFUL IN
TREATING SHELL-SHOCKED SOLDIERS.
AFTER WORLD WAR I,
EUROPEAN INTEREST GREW.■
IN BERLIN, THE FIRST TRAINING
INSTITUTE WAS 
IN V
LYTIC
BY MEMBERS OF
THE VIENNA SOCIETY.
THESE INSTITUTES WERE ESSENTIAL
TO THE GROWTH OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
BUT FRANK SULLOWAY CONTENDS
THERE WAS A PRICE TO BE PAID.
FREUD AND HIS FOLLOWERS TOOK A
VERY CRUCIAL STEP IN THE 1920s
WHEN THEY DECIDED TO HAVE THEIR
OWN INSTITUTES FOR TRAINING.
■
AND GIVEN HOSTILITY
TO PSYCHOANALYSIS
WITHIN THE UNIVERSITIES
TO ESTABLISH THEIR OWN CENTERS
OF LEARNING AND OF TRAINING
OUTSIDE OF UNIVERSITIES.
THIS REMOVED PSYCHOANALYSISN
OF CRITICISM AND
GROWTH OF KNOWLEDGE.

English: 
I THINK FOR FREUD IT
WAS A SHORT-TERM GAIN.
PSYCHOANALYSIS PROLIFERATED
WITH ITS OWN TEACHING MECHANISMS
BUT IT WAS A LONG-TERM
■
Narrator:
THE 1920s WERE AN EXCITING
TIME FOR PSYCHOANALYSIS.
MANY ANALYSTS,
LIKE FRANZ ALEXANDER
EVENTUALLY SPREAD
PSYCHOANALYSIS TO AMERICA.
A.A. BRILL, AN AMERICAN ANALYST
HAD TRANSLATED MOST■OF
FREUD'S WORK INTO ENGLISH.
 JONES, FREUD'S BIOGRAPR
ERNE
HELPED FOUND THE AMERICAN
PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION.
IN EUROPE, PSYCHOANALYSIS
REMAINED OUTSIDE
THE ESTABLISHMENT
IT WOULD BE DIFFERENT.
BU,
THE AMERICAN RECEPTION
AND INTERPRETATION OF FREUD
WAS VERY OPTIMISTIC.
THAT THEY COULD CURE THE
MOST SEVERE OF NEUROSES
EVEN PSYCHOSES;

English: 
THAT THEY COULD TREAT
SCHIZOPHRENICS.
FREUD HAD NEVER FELT THIS.
THERE WAS SOMETHING
ABOUT PSYCHOANALYSIS
THAT SUGGESTED TO AMERICANS, AS
REPRESENTATIVES OF A NEW NATION
AN OPTIMISM ABOUT THE MIND
AND THE THINGS DOCTORS
COULD DO FOR THE MIND.
Narrator:
THE PRESS PLAYED A ROLE IN
POPULARIZING PSYCHOANALYSIS
SOMETIMES IN A SENSATIONAL WAY.
BY THE 1930s MOST AMERICANS WERE
AT LEAST FAMILIAR WITH FREUD
AND HIS NEW PSYCHOLOGY.
Gay:
THE MAGAZINES WERE INTERESTED
IN THIS SENSATIONAL FIGURE--
THIS BEARDED VIENNESE DOCTOR
TALKING ABOUT SEX ALL THE TIME.
HE SEEMED TO BE JUST
PERFECT FOR THE 1920s.
WAS SOMETHING THAT DIDN'T
THE AUSTBOTHER THE WEEKLYSINE■
H
OR EVEN THE NEWSPAPERS AT ALL.

English: 
EVERYBODY WAS READING BOOKS
ABOUT PSYCHOANALYSIS
■
AND TRYING TO UNDERSTAND
THEIR OWN PROBLEMS IN THIS WAY.
PSYCHIATRISTS ACCOMMODATED
THEMSELVES TO THIS INTEREST
 CONCENTRATING ON
PSYCHOANALYTIC TECHNIQUES.
IT WAS WELL SUITED
TO PRIVATE PRACTICE.
■
PSYCHIATRISTS ONLY NEEDED
A HOTEL ROOM TO PRACTICE IN.
AND THERE SEEMED TO
BE AN ENDLESS DEMAND
PSYCHOANALYTIC TREATMENT.
F
Narrator:
DURING WORLD WAR II
■
AMERICAN ARMY PSYCATRISTS
USED A MODIED FORM
OF PSYCHOANALSIS
ALONG WITH OTHER TECHNIQUES
TO TREAT SOLDIERS.
IN THE '40s AND '50s
THERE WAS AN INCREASED
INTEREST IN PSYCHOTHERAPIES
OR "TALKI■
■
I NO
THIS
THAT YOU SAW A VISION
OF YOUR FATHER. 
TELL ME SOMETHING
ABOUT THAT--■

Breton: 
 F■■■■A■
 Tg■■P

English: 
WHAT HAPPENED?
I GUESS IT WAS A DREAM
OR SOMETHING.
WHAT DID YOU SEE
IN THE DREAM?
■
I 
■■
MY BROTH
:
AFTER THE WAR, IT WAS
NSIDERED PRESTI
OUS
FOR PSYCHIATRISTS TO TAKE SIX
TO TEN YEARS ADDITIONAL TRAINING
AT AN ANALYTI■ INSTITUTE.
M
WAS MADE IN 1962 BY ANALYSTS
FROM THE CHICAGO INSTITUTE
TO DEMONSTRATE
OF WORKING WITH PATIENTS.
I DON'T KNOW WHETHER
I NEED TO BE HERE OR NOT
AS A MATTER OF FACT.
■■
WELL, I HAVE A LITTLE
TROUBLE WITH JOBS
BUT THAT'S ALL.
JUST JOBS.
Narrator:
ANALYSTS WERE TAUGHT
THE TECHNIQUES
OF
AND TRANSFERENCE.■
THESE TECHNIQUES
DISTINGUISPSYCHOANALY■IS

English: 
FROM OTHER "TALKING THERAPIES."
ANALYSTS BELIEVE, AS DID FREUD
THAT AN INDIDUAL DEVELOPS
COMPLEX PATTERNS OF B■HAVIOR
RE
AND THAT THESE PATTERNS WILL
SURFE IN THE ANALYSIS
THAT YOU'RE CRITICAL OF MEIS FEY
T■AT YOU'■E HOUND■NG ME
■■■
THAT YOU'RE DOWN ON ME
ABOT SOMETHING.
I DON'T KNOW WHAT
BRINGS THIS ON--
■■■■■
I DON'T KNOW H TO ■ANDLENSI"
AND NOW YOU.
■THE SAME TROUB■■
I HAVE BEEN THINKING MAYBE
I BETTER CLEAR OUT.
MAYBE YOU AND I OUGHT
TO CALL THE THING QUITS.

Breton: 
"■■■.xED
■■ATR ■■Añ

English: 
JUST■LIKE THE JOBS,
JUST LIKE MY OLD MAN.
I JU
DURING THE 1950s AND '60sT,■
Narrator:
PSYCHOANALYSIS WAS
CONSIDERED BY MANY
TO BE THE PREFERRED
FOR EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS.
BUT IT ■EQUIRED FOUR
TO FIVE SESSIONS A WEEK
FOR AT LEAST TWO YEARS.■
STILL UNDER ATTACK.
HOANS
IN 1952, AN ARTICLE STATED
THAT THE OUTCOME FOR A
PATIENT UNDERGOING ANALYSIS
WAS NO BETTER THAN THAT OF
SOMEONE WHO RECEI■ED NO THERAPY.
THE ARTICLE, BY BRITISH
BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGIST
HANS EYSENCK
WAS LATER REFUTED.
BUT CRITICISM LIKE THIS
DEMONSTRATE ITS EFFECTIVENESSENO
THROUGH CONTROLLED
SCIENTIFIC ■TUDIES.
FOR FREUD, HIS PATIENTS
PROVIDED HIM WITH THE MATERIAL■
TO DEVELOP THE THEORY
OF PSYCH

English: 
WHAT HIS PATIENTS
REVEALED IN THEIR SESSIONS
PROVED ITS VALIDITY.
HISTORIES ON 12 PATIENTS.■WE
THESE 12 CASES, AND
THE CASE-STUDY METHOD
HAVE BECOME THE FOUNDATION
OF PSYCHOANALYTIC TRAINING.
TODAY, MANY ANALYSTS STILL
CONSIDER THE CASE-SUDY METHOD
SUFFICIENT PROOF.
FREUD'S STANDARD OF PROOF
WAS THE CONCLUSIONS
HE COULD DRAW
FROM THE DATA THAT HE GOT
WITHIN THE ANALYTIC SITUATION
WHILE HE WAS TREATING PATIENT■.
THIS IS THE INVESTIGATIVE
TOOL OF PSYCHOANALYSIS.
THERE IS NO WAY OF
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
ABOUT PSYCHOANALYTIC HYPOTHESES
IF YOU LEAVE OUT TH■ DATA
THAT YOU GET FROM THE
ANALYTIC SITUATION
THEY'RE NOT PROVING ANYTHING

English: 
BY LISTENING TO PATIENTS
CONFIRM THEIR EXPECTATIONS.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
NEEDS TO BE TESTED
IN EXPERIMENTAL AND
EXTRACLINICAL WAYS.
IT NEEDS TO TAKE A HARD LOOK
AT PROBLEMATICAL
AREAS OF THE THEORY.
I THINK THE HARDEST THING
IS FOR THE ANALYSTS
THEMSELVES TO DO THIS.
THEY DON'T HAVE THE
TRAINING OR BACKGROUND
TO TREAT PSYCHOANALYSIS AS
THE NATURAL SCIENCE IT ONCE WAS.
I THIN
TOWARDS EXPERIMENTATION--
THIS NEGATIVE ATTITUDE--
WAS FREUD'S OWN FAULT.
BUT THE CONTINUATION
OF THIS ATTITUDE
IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THOSE
WHO DON'T CUT THEMSELVES
LOOSE FROM FREUD■R
SIMPLY ON THE GROUNDS THAT
FREUD HIMSELF HAD SAID THIS.
Narrator:
ALTHOUGH PSYCHOANALYSIS WAS THE
ORIGINAL FORM OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

English: 
THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYTIC
ASSOCIATION
WITH ITS MEMBERSHIP OF 2,500
IS SMALL COMPARED TO THE NUMBER
OF MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
IN THIS COUNTRY.
TO PROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF PSYCHOANALYSIS.
BUT THE LENGTH AND PRIVATE
NATURE OF THE PROCESS
DO NOT LEND THEMSELVES
TO SCIENTIFIC SCRUTINY.
HOW, THEN, SHOULD
PSYCHOANALYSIS BE ASSESSED?
THERE ARE MANY DIFFERING VIEWS
INCLUDING THOSE HELD BY CRITICS
WHO ARE THEMSELVES ANALYSTS.
■
DR. THOMAS SZASZ.
WHAT FREUD DEVELOPED
AND WHAT HE CONTENDED
THAT HE DEVELOPED
■
WERE REALLY
TWO INTERLOCKING SYSTEMS:
■ 
ONE, A THEORY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR,
BOTH NORMAL ANABNORMAL;
AND A SYSTEM OF THERAP■--■

English: 
HE FELT THAT THESE ■E■■
MUTUALLY CONFIRMATORY.
LI■VD
IN MY VIEW,
PSYCH■ANALYTIC THEORY
DOES NOT QUALIFYT ALL
AS A SENTIFIC THEORY
BECAUSE IT IS MORE LIKE
A WELTANSCHAUU■G--
AN IDEOLOGY OF HOW HUMAN BEINGS
SHOU BE AND SHOULD BEHAVE.
THAT IS LEGITIMATE,
BUT IT IS NOT SCIENCE.■
IT'S A SECULAR RELIGION.
NOW, THE THERAPY--■
UNLESS ONE BELIEVES
■
THAT THERE IS AN ILLNESS
WHICH IS BEING TREATED
IT IS NOT A THERAPY, BUT IT
IS A WAY OF HELPING PEOPLE.
THE TWO ACTUALLY
ARE QUITE SEPARATE.
IT ■S QUE POSSGREAT DEAL
OF THE THERAPEUTIC
IDEAS AND METHODS
■
AND REJECT VIRTUALLY
ALL OF THE THEORY--
WHICH IS MY POSITION.
Narrator:
THE BODY OF EVIDENCE TO
SUPPORT FREUDIAN THEORY
IS SMALL AND INCONCLUSIVE.
AT THE YALE CHILD STUDY
CENTER IN NEW HAVEN

English: 
RESEARCHERS ARE EXPLORING
ASPECTS OF FREUDIAN ■HEORY
BY OBSERVING YOUNG CHILDREN■
THE STUDY FOCUSES ON
FOUR- TO SIX-YEAOLDS--
THE AGE FREUD CALLED THE MOST
CRITICAL PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT--
THE OEDIPAL STAGE.■
THE RESEARCHERS ACKNOWLEDGE
THE IMPORTANCE OF MANY FACTORS
IN THE GROWTH OF THE CHILD
BUT LIKE FREUD, THEY SEE SEXUAL
CONFLICT AS A KEY FACTOR--
CONFLICT HAVING TO DO WITH
CHILDREN'S SEXIDENTITY
AND FEELINGS TOWARDS
THEIR PARENTS.
■
THE SESSIONS ARE VIDEOTAPED
TO BE STUDIED LATER.
HE HAS
LITTLE PANTS.
IT'S ACTUALLY A GIRL
WITH A SHORT HAIRCUT.
OH.
0■
CAN YOU PUT
THIS O■, PLEASE?
YES.
IT'S A DRESS
WITH PANTS.
UH-HUH.
■
HAVE YO■ EVER
SEEN THAT?

English: 
HAVE YOU?
YES.
■
Narrator:
THE RESEARCH TEAM
STUD
LOOKING FOR THE
LANGUAGE PATTERNS
THE INTERACTIONS THE CHILD
HAS WITH HER ANALYST
AND THEMES IN HER PLAY--
AL@ OF WHICH ARE CLUES TO
UNDERSTANDING THE CHILD.
Researcher:
SHE'S WORKING OT, "IS
IT A BOY, IS IT A GIRL?"■■
AND SHE SAYS AT FIRST
THAT IT'S A BOY.
■■
PANTS DO■N, AND SAYS■ TE
"NO, IT'S A GIRL."
SHE'S DEALS WITH THE
INCONGRUITY BY SAYING
"IT'S A GIRL WITH
SHORT HAIR AND PANTS."
THE CURIOSITY AND
SOME OF THE CONFLICT
I SOMETHING THT SHE■S RKING
ONLAY.
CHILDREN AT THIS AGE■
Narrator:
THE METHODS OF TS STUDY
■
ARE OBSERVATION
AN■ INTERPR■TATION
BY THE RESRCHERS■
■
MOST OF WHOM ARE ANALYSTS.

English: 
THE STUDY DOES NOT MEET
THE RIGOROUS DEMANDS
OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.
OTHEAND THE EVIDENCE PROVIDEDING
CONTBY THESE STUDIESTS--■
DEVELOPMENT BEYOND FREUD.HAD
DR. JEROME KAGAN.
FREUD WAS PERHAPS
THE BOLDEST THEORIST
WE'VE HAD IN PSYCHOLOGY.
HE BELIEVED STRONGLY THAT
THE MJOR DETE■MINANTS
■
OF THE CHILD'S NORMAL GROWTH
 AND PATHOLOGICAL GROWTH■,
COULD BE FIXED TO
CERTAIN EXPERIENCES
INHE OPENING YEARS OF LIFE.
■
BUT HE IGNORED THE
MATURATIONAL CHANGES■
THAT ARE OCCURRING IN THE
L NE@VOUS SYSTEM--
TO THE PARENTS ANDILD
TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD.ELF■S--

English: 
THAT WAS THE MISTAKE HE
MADE IN HIS THEORIZING--
BY TRYING TO MAKE SEXUAL ENERGY,
SEXUAL CONFLICT, SEXUAL ANXIETY
THE KEY CENTRAL PRRMAL
AND PATHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
Narrator:
DR. KAGAN AND HIS COLLEAGUES
AT ARVARD UNIVERSITY
BELIEVE THAT EARLY EXPERIENCE
IS IMPORTANT IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL
BUT THEY ALSO BELIEVE THAT THE
GENETIC MAKE-UP OF THE CHILD
CAN BE A CONTRIBUTOR
TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF PESONALITY TRAITS.
THE RESEARCHERS HERE
USE OBSERVATIONAL METHODS
ALONG WITH OTHER
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
TO GATHER INFORMATION
ABOULIKE BOLDNESS, SHYNESS,ION
AND IN THIS CASE, ANXIETY.
OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ME.
TESTS A
THEY ARE DESIGNED TO
HAVE CONTROL GROUPS
■

English: 
TO BE REPEATABLE
AND PROVIDE DATA
FROM WHICH RESEARCHERS
CAN PREDICT BEHAVIOR.
ADVANCES IN THE FIELD
OF PSYCHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY
ARE NOW BEGINNING TO ANSWER
SOME OF THE SAME QUESTIONS
IN ENGLAND, A NOBEL LAUREATE
AND ONE OF THE SCIENTISTS
WHO DISCOVERED DNA
DR. FRANCIS CRICK
HAS TURNED HIS ATTENTION
TO THE■PTUDY OF THE BRAIN.
HOW DOES HE ASSESS FREUD?■
■F
BEING GY OF THE BRAIN
,
■■■
HE WROTE AN ESSAY ON THIS.
THE IDEAS HE HAD
ABOUT PHYSIOLOGY
WERE REALLY WRONG.
THE IDEAS SEEM TO BE BASED ON
AN OLA
OF THE MIND

English: 
IN INFORMATION-PROCESSING
D
WOULD REGARD AS NAIVE
AND CULTURALLY DETERMINED--
WHICH WAS WHY HE HAD
SUCH A GREAT APPEAL.
MIND YOU, HE DID
HAVE INSIGHTS--
HE DID MAK■ PEOPLE REALIZE
A LOT OF THE MOTIVES
FOR THEIR BEHAVIOR
WASN'T WT THEY WERE.
HE DID MAKE IT CLEAR
AT PEOPLE WE■E MORE
INFLUENCED BY SEXUAL REASONS
THAN THEY, IN THE 19th CENTURY,
WERE PREPARED TO ADMIT.
BUT IF YOU ASK IN
STRICT SCIENTIFIC TERMS
■
I'D BE VERY SURPRISED
IF MUCH OF IT SURVIVES.
FREUHE THOUGHT THAT
WEREWAS HIS GREAT IDEA.■
BUT WHEN YOU SEE HOW HE HAD TO
TWIST THINGS TO FIT THE THEORY
IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO ACCEPT.
I'M NOT SURE THAT ALL FREUDIANS
NOW ACCEPT HIS KEY IDEA.
■L

English: 
THAT IT■S ALL TOO EASY
S
■
WHAT THE INTERPRETATION IS.N
WE UNDERSTAND SO
LITTLE OF THE BRAIN
IT'S REALLY A WASTE OF TIME
INVENTING■ALL THESE THINGS.
IN THE PAST
■
PEOPLE LIKED TO BELIEVE RE.
■
VERY FEW PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT NOW
BUT THEY LIKE TO ■HINK
THERE IS SOME DEE
SIGNR DREAMS.
WE WOULD THINK IT'S JUST
AN ACCIDENTAL BY-PRODUCT
P■ODUCED FROM RANDO■
WAVES, AND SO ON.
I AGREE WITH MANY
READPROMINENT SCIENTISTS■
AND PHILOSOPHERS OF SCIENCE
WHO HAVE CONTENDED THAT
PSYCHOANALYSIP IS NOT A SCIENCE;
IT IS AN IDEOLOGY.
■
IT IS SIGNIFICANT

English: 
NOT FOR ITS IMPACT ON SCIENCE,
WHICH I THINK IS NIL
BUT AS A,
AS AN HISTORICAL PHENOMENON.
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND FREUD--
AND HERE ONE REALLY
SHOULD COMPARE HIM
■
TO SOMEONE LIKE MARX, OR
OTHER RELIGIOUS FIGURES--
HAD A TREMENDOUS IMPACT
ON HOW WE LIVE TODAY.
■
THE QUESTION REA@LY IS THIS:
ARE THE AS BY PSYCHOANA-
EITHER THE GLOBAL ONES
SUCH AS THE DEVELOPMENLD■
■
OR THE MORE NARROW ONES
NAMELY THE INTERPRETATIONS
THAT AN ANALYST MAKES--
ARE THEY RELIABLE
■
 OR ARE THEY JUST
 AD HOC ASS■RTIONS
THAT YOU COULD READ
ABOUT IN A NOVEL
AND AGREE BECAUSE
THEY ARE WELL STATED
THEY'RE NOT WELL STATED.USE■r
THE KIND OF ORGANIZED
DISCIPLINE OR SCIENCE
■

English: 
THAT PSYCHOANALYSIS
CLAIMS TO BE
IS ONE IN WHICH PROOF AND
DISPROOF ARE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT
GIN THE NATURE
OF THE ATERIAL.
■■
BUT AN
DEALING WITH FUNDAMENTAL
HUMAN MENTAL REALITIES
FACES THE SAME PROBLEM.
Narrator:
IN 1936, FREUD CELEBRATED HIS
GOLDEN WEDDING ANNIVERSARY
WITH HIS WIFE, MARTHA.
THEY WERE SURROUNDED BY FRIENDS
AND A F■MILY THAT NOW
INCLUDED MANY GRANDCHILDREN.
BUT THIS WA■ONE OF
THE LAST CELEBRATIONS
FREUD WAS TO HOLD
NEIENNA.
IN 1938, WHEN THE NAZIS INVADED
AUSTRIA, HE FLED TO ENGLAND.
IN LONDON, FREUD WAS HONORED
BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY.
THEY ASKED HIM TO SIGN
THOFFICIAL CHARTER BOOK

English: 
IN WHICH HIS NAME WOULD APPEAR
WITH THE SIGNATURES OF
ISAAC NEWTON AND CHARLES DARWIN.
HE WAS CONSIDERED FOR A
NOBEL PRIZE SEVERAL TIMES■
BUT WAS NEVER CHOSEN.
THE AWARD HE VALUED MOST
WAS THE GOETHE PRIZE
GIVEN FOR HIS LITERARY
ACHIEVEMENTS.
FREUD HAD BECOME THE MOST FAMOUS
PSYCHOLOGIST IN THE WORLD
BUT HE NEVER ACHIEVED
THE FULL ACCEPTANCE
OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.
THESE FILMS ARE AMONG
THE LAST TAKEN OF FREUD.
THIS WAS THE OCCASION
OF HIS 83rd BIRTHDAY.
16-YEAR BA■TLE WITH CANCER.A
HE DIED AT HIS HOME
ON SEPTEMBER 23, 1939.
IN ONE OF THE ONLY
RECORDINGS OF HIS VOICE
FREUD SUMMARIZED
HIS LIFE'S WORK:
■

English: 
WGBH Educational Foundationr
■

Breton: 
r
EAE T o■■■ ■o■IO
