(gentle music)
- [Narrator] Coral reefs,
their bright, vivid colors
can be seen in tropical ocean
waters around the globe.
Beyond their brilliant appearance
lies a hidden significance.
Coral are animals.
Though they may look like colorful plants,
coral are, in fact, made up
of tiny animals called polyps.
These invertebrates can range
from the size of a pinhead
to a bit larger than a basketball.
Each polyp consists of
a soft, saclike body
topped by a mouth covered
in stinging tentacles.
To protect their soft
bodies and add support,
the polyps secrete limestone
skeletons, or calicles.
Corals are mega builders.
Polyp calicles connect to one another,
creating a colony that
acts as a single organism.
As colonies grow over hundreds
and thousands of years,
they join with other colonies
and become reefs that can grow
to hundreds of miles long.
The largest coral reef is
Australia's Great Barrier Reef,
which began growing
about 20,000 years ago.
Coral reefs are some of the most
diverse ecosystems on Earth.
Though they cover less
than 1% of the ocean floor,
coral reefs are home to 25%
of all marine creatures.
It's been estimated that
up to two million species
inhabit coral reefs,
rivaling the biodiversity
of the rain forest.
The reefs provide rich habitat
that helps protect
young fish as they grow.
Coral are translucent.
Coral reefs get their
rainbow of colors from algae,
or zooxanthellae, that
live in their tissue.
Though corals use their
tentacles to capture some food,
most of their food comes
from the algae they house.
When coral become stressed by
pollution or other factors,
they evict their algae.
Coral bleaching results,
revealing corals' white skeletons.
Coral provide a window to the past.
As coral grow, their limestone
skeletons form layers,
similar to tree rings,
that vary in composition
and thickness based on ocean
conditions at the time.
With some coral reefs growing
for thousands or even millions of years,
scientists can study these layers
to reveal what the Earth's climate
may have been like in the ancient past.
Unfortunately, climate change is putting
coral's future in danger,
along with the millions of
species that inhabit the reefs
and the half-billion people
that rely on reef fish for food.
Warming waters result in prolonged
coral bleaching that kill coral reefs
or leave them vulnerable to other threats.
Without significant
action on climate change,
our oceans could lose many
of their colorful reefs
by the end of the century.
