is
you are watching sheraz khan youtube
channel and i say welcome to in my
channel
in the last video i discussed with you
about the brief introduction about the
science then i talked about the different
branches of the science
and main divisions of biology .Today we
are going to learn about the different
branches of the biology
so boys and girls there are many
branches of biology
but in your book they have discussed
only 16 different branches of the
biology
so let's try to understand it one by one
number first we have cell biology
we say cell is the basic
structural and functional unit of life.
life arised
from the cell .cell consists of various
parts
for example we have the plasma membrane
the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
The membrane which is present around the
cell
that membrane is known as the plasma
membrane
or cell membrane. Inside the cell
there is a region and that region is
known as
the nucleus and around the nucleus
there is also present a membrane that
membrane is known as the
nuclear membrane so we say nucleus
is the control center of the cell
and it contains genetic material
the DNA is present there
there is also a region inside the cell
and that region is known as the
cytoplasm
so basically cytoplasm is the region
of the cell which is present between the
plasma membrane
and the nuclear membrane so if someone
ask you the question.
what is cytoplasm? so always keep in mind
cytoplasm is the region which is present
between the plasma membrane and the
nuclear membrane
and we say it's a semi-liquid
portion of the cell what does mean by
a semi-liquid proportion? It means that
it's a gel like structure
it has some properties of
liquid and as well as solid
so that's why we say it's a semi-liquid
liquid portion of the cell.
inside cytoplasm of the cell you know
various specialized structures are
present and that specialized structures
are known
as the organelles so number of
organelles are present there
inside the cell and they perform
different functions.
for example we have the mitochondria
right and we have the ribosome
mitochondria
is the power house of the cell. It
produces
the energy for the cell and a ribosome
is the non-membrane bounded structure
which is present in the cytoplasm of the
cell
and its main function is to synthesize
the protein for the cell.
that's why  we say it's the protein
synthesis machinery which is present
inside the cell and in the cytoplasm of
the cell
and if i talk about the nucleus so we
say
 you know nucleus is the control
center of the cell
in animal cell it is located at the
 
center of the cell but in case of
plant cell it is located at one side of
the cell
because of the presence of the large
central vacuole
you know inside the inside the cell
so that's why the nucleus is pushed you
know
toward the one side of the
cell keep in mind voicing girls
that you know cell has the ability to
divide
they divide by the cell division
and you know well that there are two
types of certain region
mitosis and meiosis through that cell
division
they increase you know their number
so what is cell biology cell biology
branch is in which we study about
the cell structure of the cell
different functions of the cell
different argument is present
inside the cell in its functions and the
scientific number second
we have histology histology is the
branch of biology
in which we study about the tissue
we say that the microscopic study of
tissue
is called histology the question arises
here
what is tissue we define it as
the group of similar cells which perform
the same function that is called the
tissues
in our body we have different tissues
and they perform different functions for
example
we have epithelial tissues we have
connective tissues
we have uh you know the nervous tissues
and muscles they perform different
functions in our body
so whenever you know we study these
tissues
in detail under the microscope so we
studied that
in the histology
so if you want to give a definition of
the
histology so we say it's basically the
branch of biology
in which we study about the tissue and
the microscopic study of the tissue scar
histology
the next we have embryology
the branch of biology in which we study
about the
embryo is called embryology
as you know that god created
most of the organisms in the form of
pigs
they have the concept of male and female
they have different reproductive organs
and they produce different types of
gametes
in case of male male produces
the sperm and the female produces the
egg when the sperm
and egg they unite with each other they
make a zygote
then dead psychot uh you know undergoes
by
various different mental stages and they
become
embryo the embryo
is then implanted you know in the uterus
part of the
female body where they undergo by
various developmental stages and become
a complete individual
so the branch of biology in which we
study about the embryo and its
different developmental uh you know
stages
from the gametes formation till the
formation
of the complete individual it is called
the
embryo the next we have is energy
physiology is the branch of biology
in which we study about the functions of
different parts of the body it's called
physiology as you know that you know
our body has different parts and they
perform different functions
for example we have heart
we have eye ear
kidney and various other you know parts
which is present in our body and they
perform different functions
for example you know heart
heart is basically
an organ
it pumps the oxygenated blood to the
various
uh parts of the body
that's why we say it is a pumping arch
we have the kidney kidney
play a very important role
in the excretion of nitrogenous
waste product for example in the
removal of the urea from the body
similarly we have eye
this is you know the part of our body
through which you can
see the beauty of the nature
so the branch of biology in which we
study about
the functions of different parts of the
body
that is called physiology
next we have parasitology the branch of
biology
in which we study about the parasite is
called
parasitology the question arises here
what are parasites parasites
are such kind of organisms which get
food and shelter from the other organism
and that organism is known as the host
and you know the parasite
harm the host
if i talk about the types of the
parasites so we say that
there are two main types of the
parasites
one is the ectoparasites and the second
one
that is the endoparasites so what is the
difference between the ectoparasites and
endo parasite
so we say in ectoparasite
the parasites live on the surface
of the host and they get
food from the host for example
we have mosquitoes lysis
and leeches they suck the blood you know
from our body so they are the
ectoparasites and in endoparasites
they are such kind of parasites which
live
inside the host body so they get there
the food and shelter from the host
for example we have the viruses
the bacteria the deaf worm
and the plasmodium so they get the
food and as well as the shelter
from the organisms so the branch of
biology
in which we study about the parasite
that branch
is known as the parasitology
the next we have biotechnology
biotechnology is the branch of
archaeology in which
the other living organisms are utilized
to synthesize the useful products for
the
human beings particularly you know
the microorganisms such as
you know the bacteria for example
insulin production as you know that
insulin is a hormone which is produced
by the pancreas present in our body
insulin helps in the absorption of
glucose
from the blood to the cell
sometimes you know due to certain
reasons you know
the pancreas does not produce
insulin in sufficient concentrations
so then you will have to take
that uh insulin you know from
uh from other sources right
and they causes the disease that disease
is known
as the diabetic magnetism
and in general words we say that that
is the patient of the
you know sugar so basically in
uh in sugar patient you know the insulin
is not produced
properly so we have to take the insulin
from
outer sources in the form of medicines
or in the form of injections
so how the scientists you know they
produce
insulin from the uh you know outer
sources
so actually they get the genes which
produce the
insulin and that gene is inserted in the
victim
the gene which is you know inserted in
the bacteria
they express themselves here and they
produce
the insulin then they extract
you know that product from the
from you know from the bacteria right
and then that is put it in the in the
medicines
and when you take dead medicines you
know uh
then it works so what
actually they do they
synthesize you know they produce useful
products for the human beings and
particularly they utilize the
microorganisms so if someone asks you
the question
what is biotechnology so biotechnology
is basically
the branch of biology in which the
you know living other living organisms
they are utilized to
synthesize the useful products for the
human being
particularly you know the microorganisms
the next branch is immunology
the branch of biology in which we study
about
the immune system of our body
is called immunology the immune system
is basically our defense system
it protects us from the invasion
of the microorganisms
whenever the microorganism
enter into our body
our blood has white blood cells
they attack on that micro
organisms and kill them
if the microorganism is stronger than
our immune system and our immune system
is weak
they will invade on the
various parts of our body and
they will infect different parts of our
body
and they will cause different diseases
so the stronger we have the
immune system the lesser we will get
you know the innovation of the
microorganisms
and we will not get you know the
diseases so the branch of biology which
we study about the
immune system of our body it is called
immunology entomology
the branch of biology in which we study
about the insects
is called entomology
for example butterfly
grasshopper ladybug and beetles
these all are the insects so the branch
of biology
which deals with the insects that is
called
entomology genetics
genetics is the branch archaeology in
which we study about the
genes and its role in
inheritance what does mean by
genes and inheritance
genes is basically the part of the dna
it is basically a specific sequence of
the
nucleotide which control a specific
function
in our body for example
our height height
is a trait it is a characteristic
of our body and height is under the
control
of a particular gene similarly
we have eye color eye color
is a trait is a characteristic
and it is the under
the control of a particular gene
so we can say that gene is
basically part of the dna
and it is a specific sequence of the
nucleotide and it control a specific
characteristics
in our body
inheritance inheritance means
the transmission of the characteristics
from one generation to the other
generation
inheritance means the transmission of
the characteristics
from the parents to the upstream
as you know that and you may observe
you know whenever a new baby is born
we say that it is just like his father
and it is just like his mother
because they share common genes
with their parents
so in genetics we study about
the genes and how different
characteristics
are transferred from the parents to the
offspring the next branch of biology is
taxonomy taxonomy is the
branch of the allergy in which we study
about the
naming and classification of the living
organisms
into groups and subclose
is called taxonomy as you know that you
know
there are two types of names of a
species
for example we have a common name and
the scientific name
common name uh you know is difficult
for the students to remember and
scientific name
you know is easy for the student to
remember because
the scientific name is used worldwide
so that's why it is easy to remember
so in the taxonomy we
you know give the scientific name to the
species and
we divide the organisms into
groups and subgroups so we divide date
on the basis of
the similarities so those organisms you
know which share
common characteristics so we keep that
in one group
and the other which share you know some
characteristics with each other so we
keep that in another group
so that's why we say you know we make
groups
and subgroups you know in the taxonomy
so the branch of biology in which we
study about
uh giving the scientific name to the uh
to the species
right and uh you know divide the
organisms
into groups and subgroups that is called
taxonomy
the next one is paleontology the branch
of biology
in which we study about the fossils is
called
paleontology what are fossils
fossils are the remains
of extinct organisms
what does mean by extinct organisms
extinct organisms are those
organisms which were present on the
surface of the earth in the past
but their last
individual is lost
and they are no longer present
on the surface of earth now
so such kind of sushi is known as the
extend species for example we have
the dinosaurs
environmental biology the branch of
biology
in which we study about the interaction
of the organisms
other organisms and
its interaction with the environment
we live in the
environment where we
have to interact with the other
organisms
with the living things and as well as
with the
non-living things so in environmental
biology
we study about the interaction
of organisms with the other
organisms right and
its relationship with the
environment with the non-living things
is called environmental biology
socio-biology in social biology
we study about the social behaviors
of the organism the branch of biology in
which we study about the
social behaviors of different organisms
is called sociobiology
anatomy the branch of biology in which
we study
about the internal structures of the
organism is called anatomy
in anatomy we dissect
different parts of the organism
and we study dead parts internally
in details it is called anatomy
for example if i have the heart of
human and we dissect that part
and we study that part in detail
internally so we will study
basically the anatomy of the
heart so that's why i say the branch of
biology
in which we study about the internal
structures of the living organism it is
called
anatomy
in which we study the organism
and its different parts externally
in morphology we study about
the structure the shape
and its formation of the
organism and its different parts
different organisms have different
morphological characteristics
so that's why we say organisms are
morphologically different from each
other
for example insects in birds
they have different
morphological characteristics its
structure
its shape and its formation
is quite different from each other
so the branch of biology in which we
study the organism
externally and its different parts
is called morphology the last one
is pharmacology the branch of biology
in which we study about the drugs
and their effect on the systems of the
human body
is called pharmacology
there are two types of drugs
one is addictive drugs and the second
one
that is the medicinal drugs
addictive drugs are those drugs
in which the person become addicted with
it
it causes addiction
that kind of drugs are called uh
addictive drugs
for example heroin opium
nicotine caffeine these are such kind of
drugs which causes you know
addiction and it's not good for the for
the health
if you become addicted with such kind of
drugs
and you do not use it you know the
person
feel if dharma so i would like to
suggest you that
please avoid from the
uh you know addicted uh drugs
what about the medicinal drugs medicinal
drugs are
such kind of drugs which we used as a
medicines we use that
drugs for the treatment of the disease
so such kind of drugs is called
medicinal drugs
so the branch of biology in which we
study about
the drugs and
their effects on the different systems
of the human body that is called
pharmacology
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