SUSAN CARLAND: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
people should be aware that this series
may contain images, voices or names of
deceased persons.
BRUCE SCATES: This episode, ‘The Stolen Generations’, is part of the series that deals with people.
It begins in Canberra, moves across to
Melbourne and ends in a remote
Aboriginal settlement in Western Australia.
We examine the confused
racial thinking behind what many have
described as Australia’s own attempt at
genocide, and we celebrate the survival
of Indigenous people.
SUSAN CARLAND: John was one of thousands of Aboriginal children who grew up
never knowing his mother.
First he was placed in an orphanage and told by the missionaries that he had to be white.
Then they sent John to Kinchela, a boys’ home on the
Macleay River, hundreds of miles from his home.
BRUCE SCATES: John was just ten years of age when
an iron gate clanged shut behind him. 
That same iron gate is the object of this
episode and 30 years on John remembered
every moment vividly.
[Reading from oral history testimony]
‘They took your bag from you, everything you owned, and threw it on a fire. Then they shaved your hair,
they stripped you down, they made you
dress in clothes stamped with a number.
They never called you by your name, 
they called you by your number.
Kinchela was a place they treated you like animals.’
SUSAN CARLAND: John remained at Kinchela for all
that was left of his childhood and in a way
his childhood was taken from him.
BRUCE SCATES: [Reading] ‘All you did was work, work, work. We never went into the town –
the boys’ home was just a prison.’
SUSAN CARLAND: Kinchela was a place of physical and emotional maltreatment.
White managers and white staff
controlled the lives of Aboriginal children.
Sometimes they even sexually
abused them.
And for the most part the authorities 
 turned a blind eye –
at Kinchela, at Cootamundra girls’ home,
at institutions for the so-called
‘half-caste’ children right across the country.
BRUCE SCATES: John was one of the Stolen Generations – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children
taken from their families, fostered out to white homes,
imprisoned in white institutions. 
His testimony is recorded in this report,
a National Inquiry into the Stolen Generations, 
and their pain, their hurt,
the great wrong that was done to them at Kinchela and a hundred places like it, is the subject of this episode.
SUSAN CARLAND: How and why 
were the children taken?
The answer lies in a fundamental inequality
enshrined in the Constitution of the Commonwealth.
In the early 20th century,
Australia’s first Parliament sat here in Melbourne,
and many government offices,
like the Old Treasury Buildings, became a
concern of the Commonwealth. 
Aboriginal people were denied the basic rights of
citizenship. They could not vote, they had
no say at all over the laws that governed their lives.
Indeed the early Australian Commonwealth
abdicated all responsibility for what
was commonly called
‘Native Affairs’. Indigenous Australians
were not even counted in the Census.
The nation we created in 1901 defined itself as white.
But the laws that administered Aboriginal Australia,
the rations and the rules, they were made at State rather
than national level.
Victoria’s Protection Board sat here, 
in this beautiful room.
Each state set up so-called Protection Boards to
‘manage the natives’ and it was here that decisions were made that changed the fate of thousands.
BRUCE SCATES: ‘Protection’, we called it, but it really involved a raft of repressive legislation.
Susan and I have
been charting the way that legislation
evolved in this dusty collection of old
parliamentary papers.
All these Acts – Western Australia, South Australia,
Queensland and so on – have a number of
things in common.
They decreed where Aboriginal people would live;
they displaced them from their traditional
lands and they drove them into missions
and reserves managed by white authorities.
Protection Boards determined where Aboriginal
people would work and who could employ
them and it’s here we see the first of
the Stolen Generations –
from these earliest debates in the Victorian Parliament,
Protection Acts progressively assumed more and more control over Aboriginal children.
SUSAN CARLAND: The white state decided where and how children like John would grow up,
not their Aboriginal or, in official parlance,
‘part-Aboriginal’ parents.
That very term ‘part-Aboriginal’ alerts us to the
confused racial ideologies that drove much
much official thinking. Today in Australia, Aboriginality is defined by Aboriginal people themselves.
Under the regime of ‘protection’, that choice 
was made for them.
This was a biological as much as a cultural criterion.
The black population was defined as ‘full-blood’,
‘half caste’ and so on. This 1936 Act from
Western Australia defines a so-called ‘quadroon’, 
a person of only one-fourth ‘Aboriginal blood.’
BRUCE SCATES: Racial theorists from the 19th
century and right into the 20th believed
that so-called ‘black stock’ would weaken
over time. Each generation, they said,
would become successively more European
until eventually they’d be ‘absorbed’ altogether.
Taking Aboriginal children from
their families, encouraging the lightest
to marry into white communities, was the
way, it was thought, to blend together
white and black and ‘breed the colour out
of them’. Assimilation, as eugenicists came
to call it, was a program of social and
biological engineering.
Like earlier protectionist policies, assimilation
involved the isolation,
the classification, the control, of
Australia’s so-called ‘Natives’;
the forced removal of children; a sustained attack
on any cultural practice deemed Aboriginal.
White administrators spoke of
‘tribalised’ and ‘de-tribalised blacks’,
the ‘semi-civilised’ and the ‘savage’. 
In the Social Darwinist discourse of the time,
Aboriginal people were destined to ‘die out’ and the oldest civilisation in the world
dismissed as ‘simple’ and ‘primitive’.
SUSAN CARLAND: Today we fly the Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander flags, but
back in the 1920s Australia had embarked
on a social experiment many would define
today as genocide. And where better to
see those policies at work then on the very last frontier of European settlement – Western Australia.
BRUCE SCATES: I’m walking along the banks of the Moore River
near Mugumber, in Western Australia. It’s summer and yesterday – yesterday the temperature
soared to over a hundred degrees Fahrenheit.
These brackish waters behind me flow right through the heart of the Moore River Native Settlement.
From 1917 to 1951, thousands of Aboriginal people
were sent to this reserve. They were taken,
taken from their traditional lands and
communities right across the length and breadth of WA.
Aboriginal people were isolated on the
reserve, and within the settlement itself
a strict geography of control served to
isolate them from one another.
On the riverbank, the so called ‘black camp’ was
set up. It was just a makeshift assembly
of tents and tin sheeting.
There was no sanitation, no heating, no electricity.
This was a place where the ‘least Europeanised’ of the so-called ‘natives’ would live.
The white managers of
this mission believed that ‘black blood’
and ‘black ways’ set them apart from the
settlement's civilising mission.
SUSAN CARLAND: The youngest of the settlement's inmates, plus those considered most receptive to white
education, lived here, in a place called ‘the compound’. It’s on the high ground
about two kilometres from the river camp.
Here too conditions were primitive.
This school hall behind me doubled as a
church, a concert hall, and even a hospital.
There’s little left of the
compound today, just the remains of old
Nissan huts and rusting agricultural
machinery. Boys lived in one dormitory, girls in another.
In the bakehouse, kitchen and laundry,
girls learnt the domestic skills needed to
work in white households.
Boys were given equally menial tasks on the settlement’s farm, training for future lives as labourers.
For all the talk of assimilation into white society,
or rescuing children from lives of neglect,
the opportunities offered by Moore River
were harshly limited. This was a place of
overcrowding, hunger and disease.
In the classroom, kitchen, church and paddock,
‘part-Aboriginal’ children were taught the
white man’s virtues of work, discipline and obedience,
and around 200 children under the age of five 
would die here.
BRUCE SCATES: As a working farm, Moore River quickly proved a failure.
The soil here, really, it’s not
much better than sand and once this land
had been cleared it struggled to support
an orchard or a vegetable garden.
Many of the white managers here were inept
and some of them – some of them were very, very cruel.
Now it’s true that in the
early 20th century the confinement and
beating of children, white and black
was not uncommon. But surely nothing,
nothing can excuse what happened behind these walls.
The brutality of Moore River shocked even the white authorities.
SUSAN CARLAND: At Moore River, and a hundred places
like it, the authorities placed a strict ban on
any practice deemed Aboriginal.
‘Speaking the language’, as Aboriginal people called it, was forbidden.
English, the so-called civilised tongue, was all that 
was allowed here.
Other overt traditional practices, such as dances, song and ceremony, were viewed with hostility and suspicion.
Education and the Church could be a source of strength and solace for Aboriginal people.
But on settlements like this it could also be an instrument of dispossession.
At Moore River, Aboriginal children were told to live
and think like whites; learn the virtues of
industry and frugality; adopt the
trappings of respectability but never
act above their station. So-called ‘uppity
blacks’ were what the managers couldn’t
stand, Aboriginal people who assumed
equality with white men.
BRUCE SCATES: And the powers at the Department's
disposal, they were formidable. 
For the best part of three decades
AO Neville was the Chief Protector of Aborigines here in Western Australia.
Under the Act, he assumed legal custody 
of all ‘native’ children.
He could order their removal from their families;
he selected the lightest and the best-behaved for work in white households.
The treatment of adults was equally
paternalistic. Neville alone could decide
who could marry and to whom. 
Aboriginal people could not leave the reserve
without the manager’s permission. 
Their rations could be withheld.
They were not permitted to drink alcohol or to vote.
The same police charged with their
removal as children were appointed as their ‘protectors’.
The Department also regulated employment. Aboriginal men were farmed out, farmed out as labourers.
They were put to work clearing fields like this 
or harvesting timber.
Those men were paid well below the going rate for
whites and often those wages were withheld –
they were placed in trusts they never saw, 
controlled by the Department.
SUSAN CARLAND: You could escape life ‘Under the Act’, as Aboriginal people called it.
Exemption certificates were granted to Aboriginal
people who proved themselves law-abiding
and industrious, who achieved acceptance
in wider white society, who agreed not to
consort with other Aboriginal people.
But the privileges of white citizenship
were only extended to those prepared to
repudiate their Aboriginality.
Most Indigenous people held the exemption
clauses in contempt – the ‘Dog License’, they called it.
BRUCE SCATES: But the control that was
sought by men like Neville, it was never total,
and it was never uncontested. 
At Moore River, and reserves like it all across the state,
Aboriginal people still spoke the language, 
they absconded and disobeyed,
they kept alive the old ways,
they performed the old ceremonies,
and they resisted, time and time again, the
attempt by whites to destroy their
culture, manage their lives and take away
their children. Men like Neville had hoped
that segregating and controlling
Aboriginal people would achieve what he
saw as a ‘civilising mission’. It was
supposed to destroy the physical and the
emotional fabric of their society. 
But settlements like this also threw
Aboriginal people together and fostered
a sense of enduring common identity.
So at Moore River today,
Aboriginal communities from all across WA
are rebuilding their lives.
They are reclaiming the years
that were stolen from them.
[Music]
[Excerpt from the Apology, read by Kevin Rudd]
We apologise especially for the removal
of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
children from their families, their
communities and their country.
For the pain, suffering and hurt of these Stolen
Generations, their descendants and for
their families left behind we say sorry.
To the mothers and the fathers,
the brothers and the sisters, for the
breaking up of families and communities,
we say sorry.
And for the indignity and degradation
thus inflicted on a proud people and a
proud culture we say sorry.
[Music]
BRUCE SCATES: If you’d like to learn more about the
issues raised in this episode
why not catch ‘Susan Carland: In Conversation.’
This time Susan’s talking to historian Peter Read
on the banks of Yarra in Melbourne.
[Music]
