If you ask a particle physicist like me what
they're thinking about, the answer will likely
be very big or very small.
(Or maybe- maybe about lunch.)
But most of the time, we like to think of
very big questions like why the universe is
the way it is and does it have to be that
way.
This leads us to think about the tiny subatomic
world
The reason we do that is simple.
If you want to understand the universe, one
thing you have to do is to figure out what
it's made of and the rules that hold it together.
Once that's done, you can answer questions
like why planets exist, instead of, for instance,
a diffuse gas that permeates the cosmos.
There are criticisms to this sort of reductionist
approach, like those who claim that it is
hard to predict phenomena like turbulence
and animal biology knowing just the laws of
particle physics; and there is some merit
to that statement.
Still, all phenomena must not only conform
to the rules of the microrealm, these phenomena
originate in those subatomic rules.
So it's at least important to have an understanding
of the most fundamental building blocks.
Our current understanding of these tiny bits
of matter is that there exist two classes
of particles, called quarks and leptons.
Quarks are found in the nucleus of atoms,
while the most familiar lepton is the electron.
In addition, there are four forces, which
are mediated by force-carrying particles jumping
between the quarks and leptons.
The name we have for this model is called
The Standard Model of Particle Physics and
if you want to know more about it, I made
a video that gives a bunch more details.
The problem is that if we want to get at the
ultimate building blocks of the universe,
what we currently know doesn't seem to completely
fit the bill.
We have six types of quarks, three charged
leptons, three neutral ones and four force
carrying particles.
Plus, when you include the mysterious world
of dark matter and a so-far-undiscovered particle
called a graviton, the situation is a, is
a ridiculous mess.
Some have charge; some don't.
Some particles feel some forces, but not others.
It's hard to imagine that the ultimate building
blocks and most fundamental rules are found
in this complexity.
It seems there must be something simpler underlying
all of this.
As we dive into the world of the super small,
we encounter molecules, then atoms, then protons,
neutrons and electrons.
Digging deeper, we find quarks and leptons.
So could there be another layer?
Or two?
Or three?
Well, sure.
Even though they haven't been found and, to
be honest, may not even exist, we already
have a name for the layer below quarks and
leptons.
These smaller particles are called preons.
But there is no reason there couldn't be pre-preons
and pre-pre-preons and so forth.
In short, there could be a long line of undiscovered
particles before we find the ultimate and
smallest particle of all.
This seemingly endless ladder of particles
isn't the only idea out there.
One very interesting idea is that when we
get to the smallest size of all, we don't
find a particle, but rather an ultra-tiny
vibrating string.
So how does that work?
How can a string explain the variety of subatomic
particles we know about?
Essentially, scientists assign the various
different vibrational patterns of the string
to be the various known particles.
You can get a sense of this by seeing what
happens with a single string.
If you vibrate a string slowly, you get a
single big vibration.
If the vibration is increased, you get two
big vibrations.
Increase the vibration more and you get three
vibrations, and so on.
In the superstring model, each vibration pattern
represents a specific subatomic particle.
This is really cool because it means that
all particle types originate from a single
kind of string.
The complexity of vibrations is even more
obvious in two dimensions.
Take some salt; put it on a metal plate and
drive it with a speaker and remarkable patterns
arise.
In this example, the white lines are where
the salt is stationary and the plates aren't
moving.
Where you see the metal of the plate, it's
vibrating like mad, so no salt can sit there.
While two-dimensional vibrations are already
pretty complex, scientists think that superstrings
vibrate in way more dimensions' as in like
seven dimensions.
Yes, imagining more dimensions is hard to
get your head around, but it's what the theory
needs to work.
The dimensions we're talking about here are
much smaller than the ones you're familiar
with.
You can get your head around smaller dimensions
using this hula hoop.
The hula hoop can move in the familiar x,
y and z dimensions of left and right, up and
down and forward and backward.
But you'll notice that the hoop has a little
paper sleeve wrapped around it.
If you want to explain the location of the
piece of paper, one way to do that is to locate
the hoop's center in x, y and z and then state
the position of the paper on the hoop: bottom,
side, top and so on.
Now imagine that the hula hoop is small, so
small that you can't see it.
The location of the hoop still needs three
dimensions to describe it, but there is still
the question of where the paper is.
To answer that question, you need four dimensions.
Now I know that some of you will say that
as I move the paper around the loop, it is
also moving in the ordinary 3 dimensions.
And you're right.
Just remember, I'm using an analogy to describe
a very complex mathematical idea.
The analogy is imperfect.
But I hope it conveys the right idea.
So in superstrings, you need the three spatial
dimensions of x, y and z, plus the dimension
of time.
That makes four.
But you also need seven small extra dimensions,
making a total of 11.
Pretty mind blowing, to be sure.
But if you just remember a small string vibrating
in 7 dimensions, you get a decent idea of
what the theory predicts.
If you want to understand at a deeper level,
I have four words for you: go to grad school.
A very important question should be on your
mind.
Are superstrings real?
Should I believe in them?
The answer is clear and unequivocal.
Superstrings might be real, but you absolutely
should not believe in them.
They are currently a very cool mathematical
idea and there is exactly zero experimental
evidence to support them.
The reason is simple.
The extra dimensions of superstring theory
are incredibly small - much smaller than we
can access using our particle accelerators.
Physicists imagine that the size of strings
might be the Planck length, which is about
10 to the minus 35 meters.
That's far smaller compared to a proton than
a proton is compared to you.
There is no accelerator built or even imagined
that can explore such tiny sizes.
So why do scientists study this idea that
is so hard to prove?
Well, first the idea is just plain cool; but
second, it is a nice and simplifying explanation
that finally gives us a simple and fundamental
building block that can then explain the complex
world we actually live in.
When people ask me if I believe in superstrings,
I have to say no.
But I'd like to.
The idea is intriguing and compelling and
I want theoretical physicists to keep thinking
about the idea.
Maybe they will eventually come up with a
way to experimentally verify the model.
Then we'll know if superstrings are a brilliant
explanation or just another idea that didn't
work.
