
Chinese: 
二战期间有数百万德国士兵被苏联俘虏
根据资料来源的不同，对所涉及的男性人数的估计有所不同
苏联称约有240万德国战俘
但据德国人估计，约有350万德国战俘
战俘的人数存在差异
因为德国人将从其他轴心国部队俘虏的士兵
包括匈牙利人，也计算在内
但在大多数情况下，百万人的数字差异
仅仅是因为在战争混乱使各种记录存在巨大差距
我是主持人大卫，这里是冷战频道
苏联大规模俘虏德国士兵，是从德国对斯大林格勒包围失败后开始
直到1945年德国最终战败为止

English: 
Millions of German soldiers were taken prisoner
by the Soviet Union during the course of the
Second World War. Estimates on the number
of men involved vary, depending on the sources;
Soviet sources claim approximately 2.4 million
German prisoners while German figures estimate
there were closer too 3.5 million German POWs
taken. Some of this discrepancy is accounted
for because the German figures include soldiers
captured from other Axis forces, including
Hungarians but for the most part, the million-man
difference is simply because of large gaps
in proper record keeping due to the chaos
of war. I am your host David and this is the
Cold War.
The large-scale capture of German soldiers
by the Soviet Union began with the encirclement
and defeat of Germany at Stalingrad and continued

English: 
apace until the final defeat of Germany in
1945. German soldiers knew that conditions
in Soviet captivity would be harsh, to say
the least, and whenever possible, they would
opt to surrender to the Western Allies, where
captivity would be better. The Western Allies
however, in the interests of maintaining cordial
working relations while the war was still
being fought, and in the hopes of avoiding
direct conflict once Germany was defeated,
handed to the Soviets thousands of German
POWs.
Less well-known was the prisoner of war situation
in East Asia, as Japan surrendered. The Soviet
Union had declared war on Japan in the very
last days of the war in Asia, not anticipating
the sudden surrender of Japan in the wake
of the Atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Between a half a million and one million Japanese
soldiers were taken prisoner by the Soviet
Union as the Red Army occupied Manchuria,
Korea, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Islands.

Chinese: 
德国士兵知道苏联的囚禁非常恐怖
所以只要有可能，他们就会选择向西方盟军投降
毕竟在西方盟国那里坐牢比在苏联强
然而，为了在战争仍然进行时与苏联保持亲切的合作关系
并希望在德国被击败后避免与苏联发生直接冲突
西方盟国将成千上万的德国战俘交给了苏联
而鲜为人知的是日本投降后东亚的战俘情况
苏联在亚洲战场的最后时刻才向日本宣战
他们并不寄希望于美国对广岛和长崎发动的原子弹袭击
能使日本投降
日本投降后，苏联俘虏了五十万到一百万日本士兵
苏联红军占领了满洲、朝鲜、千岛群岛和萨哈林岛

English: 
So this puts perhaps as many as four and a
half million Prisoners of War in the hands
of the Soviet Union. How were they treated?
What were their living conditions like? What
did they DO as prisoners? Lets answer these
questions.
Let’s start off by quickly outlining where,
geographically, the POWs were being held.
Although there is some overlap, most Japanese
POWs remained in Siberia and the Russian Far
East while German POWs were held in European
Russia, up the Ural mountains. This isn’t
a vital piece of information but might help
give some orientation as we talk about various
specific geographic locations.
Both German and Japanese prisoners were used
as a source of free labour for the Soviet
Union. Japanese POWs were heavily involved
in the construction of large infrastructure
projects. They built new housing projects

Chinese: 
因此，多达四百五十万日本战俘被苏联控制在手中
苏联是怎么对待他们的？他们的生活条件是怎么样的？
他们是囚犯吗？让我们开始回答这些问题
我们首先概述抓获战俘的地理位置
虽然有一些明知故问
但大多数日本战俘是被留在西伯利亚和苏联远东地区的
而德国战俘则被留在苏联欧洲部分以及乌拉尔山脉地区
这不是一个至关重要的信息，但对我们讨论特定的地理位置有所帮助
德国和日本的的战俘都被作为苏联的免费劳动力
日本战俘参与了大型基础设施项目的建设
他们建造了新的住房和伊尔库茨克、哈巴罗夫斯克、

Chinese: 
符拉迪沃斯托克（海参崴）和塔什干等地的工业设施
它们是贝加尔—阿穆尔干线（一条战略铁路）与西伯利亚大陆线
以及靠近中国北方边境的铁路线建设的重要项目
根据苏联的数据，26%的日本战俘被派往林业和伐木业工作
23%的日本战俘从事采矿业工作，包括俄罗斯欧洲部分的顿巴斯地区
12%从事农业工作，16%从事重工业和民用建筑项目
当你考虑其中的联系时，这些数字是有意义的
这表明苏联亚洲部分非常不发达，林业和采矿业是那儿的主导产业
那么德国战俘在苏联欧洲部分又发生了什么呢？
在这里引用苏联外交部长维亚切斯拉夫· 莫洛托夫的话
“德国战俘将留在苏联，直到斯大林格勒重建”

English: 
and industrial facilities in places such as
Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, and Tashkent.
They were a vital part of the construction
of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, a strategic rail
line that ran parallel to the Trans Siberian
line, but further to the north, away from
the Chinese border. According to Soviet figures,
26% of Japanese POWs were sent to work in
the forest and logging industries, 23.5% in
mining, including in the Donbass in European
Russia, 12.2% in agricultural work and a little
over 16% to heavy industry and industrial
and civil construction projects. These figures
make sense when you consider the relative
underdevelopment of Asian Russia; forests
and mining were THE dominant industries!
So what was happening in European Russia with
the German POWs? To quote the Soviet foreign
minister at the end of the war, Vyacheslav
Molotov, “German POWs will stay in the Soviet

Chinese: 
德国战俘重建了斯大林格勒这座在战争中被摧毁的著名城市
德国战俘被全部投入使用，他们建立了格鲁吉亚的石油工业
在苏联的波罗的海加盟国的维尔纽斯和塔林建造了机场和住房
他们被迫在顿巴斯的煤矿工作
并在全国各地建造住房和公共基础设施。其中包括列宁格勒和莫斯科
苏联对德国监狱劳工的使用非常普遍
据估计，在1947年，苏联每六个工人建造一个电站
每四个人参与建筑材料生产，其中就有一个是德国劳工
苏联的军备工业中20%的冶金工人和30%航空工业工人都是德国人
德国的工业专业知识被用来推动苏联军工业向前发展

English: 
Union until Stalingrad is rebuilt”. And
they did rebuild Stalingrad, the city famously
destroyed during the war. Of course, German
POWs were put to work all over; they worked
to build the Georgian oil industry, they built
airports and housing in Vilnius and Tallinn
in the Baltic Republics. They were forced
to labour in the coal mines of the Donbass
and to build housing and public infrastructure
all around the country including in Leningrad
and Moscow. The use of German prison labour
was so widespread that in 1947 it was estimated
that every sixth worker building electric
stations and every fourth person involved
in the production of construction materials
was a German labourer. Crucially for the Soviet
armaments industry, 20% of metallurgy workers
and 30% in the aviation industry were Germans.
German industrial expertise was being used
to propel the Soviet arms industry forward

English: 
while at the same time, captured German scientists
were put to work in the Soviet nuclear and
ballistic rockets programs.
OK, now we have an idea of where these POWs
were and what, generally, they were doing.
So let's talk about what life was like for
these prisoners. In short, conditions were
gruesome. They often were working 10-14 hours
days, despite the official requirement that
they were only to work for 8 hours per day.
And keep in mind, this didn’t include the
amount of time required for them to walk to
their worksite, which could be anywhere from
5 to 18 kilometers away from their camp.
The Soviet Union was ill prepared for the
rapid influx of such a large number of prisoners
and lacked sufficient accommodations. As a
result, the accommodations that did exist
were both overcrowded and in poor condition.
For many of the Japanese POWs, at the start
of their captivity, there were actually no
camps at all and they were forced to sleep

Chinese: 
与此同时，被抓获的德国科学家投入到苏联的核工业
和弹道火箭计划中
所以，现在我们知道了这些战俘的位置，以及他们从事什么
那么让我们来谈谈这些战俘的生活是什么样的
简而言之，他们的生活听起来令人毛骨悚然
他们经常每天工作10-14个小时
尽管官方宣传他们每天只工作8小时
请记住，这并不包括他们步行到工地所需的时间
而工地距离营地有足足5至18公里
苏联对这么多战俘的迅速涌入没有做准备
这使战俘缺乏足够的住房
这导致他们住的拥挤不堪，而且住宿条件不佳
而对于许多日本战俘来说，他们刚被囚禁时

English: 
in the open air. This, combined with the fact
that they were not provided warm clothing,
meant that illness and disease began to run
rampant among the POWs. If you have ever spent
one night sleeping outside with no shelter,
you know how cold that can be...now imagine
doing that for weeks and even months!
As for what they prisoners ate, on paper,
they were fed quite well, as they were supposed
to get 300 to 400 grams of bread, 300 grams
of rice, and 100 grams of grain as well as
50 to 100 grams of meat or fish, 600 grams
of vegetables and up to 20 grams of sugar
per day. Of course, that was just on paper;
in reality, even most Soviet citizens didn’t
eat that well. Now, there was a difference,
even on paper, between how much food the Japanese
prisoners would receive compared to what the

Chinese: 
实际上根本没有营地，他们被迫露天睡觉
这与苏联人没有提供保暖衣物相结合
使疾病开始在战俘中蔓延
如果你曾经试过晚上在外面睡觉，没有避难所
你就会知道有多冷了
现在想象一下，如果是这样做几周甚至几个月呢？
这些战俘在纸面上所能吃的东西很好
因为他们应该得到300至400克面包、300克米饭、
100克谷物以及50至100克肉或鱼
还有600克蔬菜和每天高达20克的糖
当然，这些只是纸面上的而已
实际上，即使是大多数苏联公民也没有吃得这么好
他们实际得到的和纸面上的有区别
拿日本战俘获得的食物与德国战俘相比

English: 
German prisoners received. The Japanese portion
received daily cost on average 4.06 roubles
while a German prisoner would get food that
only cost 2.94 roubles, 25% less. After December
of 1947, there was some revision to the food
program, where the Japanese POWs were being
fed food costing an average of 11.27 roubles
per day while the German POWs, although they
were getting more food than before, it only
came to 6.35 roubles per day, almost half
of the Japanese portion.
Why this stark difference? While the Soviet
Union had only gone to war with Japan at the
very last moment before their surrender, they
had been at war with Germany since 1941, locked
in a bitter struggle for survival. The Germans
were seen by both Soviet soldiers and citizens
as fascist invaders and occupiers that had
brought hardship, death and destruction to
the rodina, the motherland. The deep animosity,

Chinese: 
日本战俘平均每日消耗价值4.06卢布的食物
而德国战俘得到的只有价值2.94卢布的食物
比日本战俘少25%
1947年十二月以后，苏联修改了战俘食品供应标准
日本战俘将获得价值11.27卢布的食物
而德国战俘每天只有价值6.35卢布的食物
他们所能得到的食物仅有日本战俘的一半
为什么有这么鲜明的区别？
因为苏联直到日本投降之前的最后一刻，才与日本开战
而他们自1941以来一直与德国开战，他们为了生存一直在艰苦抵抗
德国人被苏联士兵和公民视为法西斯入侵者和占领者
这帮人给俄罗斯母亲带来了艰辛、死亡和破坏
苏联人对德国人怀有深深的敌意

Chinese: 
甚至对那些为苏联重建工作多年的德国人也是如此
而苏联人对日本人并不存在这种仇恨
战争结束后，苏联对这两个国家战俘待遇最为明显的差异
体现在战俘死亡人数上
虽然苏联声称在240万德国战俘中大约有35万人死亡
德国战俘死亡率为15%
但德国人称，在350万德国战俘中，死亡人数约为130万人
死亡率为37%
现在，将这与日本战俘的死亡率进行比较
这取决于战俘总人数和记录的死亡人数
日本战俘的死亡率为“低”，仅有12%
这是一个惊人的差异
但是，这是与战俘受到苏联狱卒的整体待遇直接相关的

English: 
hatred even towards the Germans that had been
built up over years of bitter fighting simply
didn’t exist towards the Japanese.
At the end of the day, the difference in the
Soviet treatment of prisoners from the two
nations can been seen most starkly in the
number of prisoner deaths. While Soviet sources
claim there were approximately 350,000 German
prisoner deaths, out of a total of 2.4million
prisoners or about 15%, German sources claim
a death toll of around 1.3 million deaths
out of 3.5 million prisoners. That’s about
37%. Now, compare this with the death rate
among Japanese POWs; depending on the estimates
used of the total number of prisoners taken
and the number of deaths recorded, the death
toll among the Japanese prisoners was as “low”
as 12%. This is a staggering difference but
is directly related to the overall treatment
the prisoners received at the hands of their

Chinese: 
当然，苏联人抓住了这个机会
正如我们刚才所讨论的那样
苏联人不仅让他们的战俘工作
他们还花时间尝试对战俘进行灌输
试图将他们变成为苏联未来服务的工具
甚至早在1943年，这些灌输计划就已经开始了
苏联在克拉斯诺戈尔斯克建立了自由德国国家委员会
它由德国移民诗人、共产主义者埃里希·韦纳特
以及其他一些被俘德国军官领导
该委员会的目的是终结德国纳粹政权
与此同时，德国军官联盟成立了
其目标是对德国战俘进行反纳粹宣传运动
这个联盟的队伍中包括陆军元帅弗里德里希·保罗斯
他率德国第六军在斯大林格勒投降
军官联盟很快就接受了自由德国委员会的目标
并很快就被其吸收了

English: 
Soviet gaolers.
Of course, the Soviets took the opportunity
to not only work their prisoners into the
ground, literally as we’ve just discussed,
they also spent time trying indoctrinate them
and turn them into assets to serve the Soviet
state in the future. Even as early as 1943,
these indoctrination programs had begun with
the creation of the Free German National Committee
in Krasnogorsk. It was headed by the German
immigrant poet, and Communist, Erich Weinert
as well some other German officers that had
been taken prisoner. The aim of the committee
was to bring about the end of the Nazi regime
in Germany.
At the same time, the Union of German Officers
was established, whose goal was to conduct
anti-Nazi propaganda campaigns among German
prisoners. Included in the ranks of this union
was Field-Marshal Friedrich Paulus, the commander
of the German 6th Army that had surrendered
at Stalingrad. The Union quickly accepted
the aims of the Free Germany Committee and
was soon absorbed into it.

English: 
The Free Germany Committee was instrumental
in the establishment of the German Democratic
Government and especially its armed forces.
POWs participated in anti fascist schools
and were provided with pro-Soviet, and by
default anti-capitalist, literature. Re-education
classes were held in all the camps, led by
the political departments that were also in
each and every camp.
The indoctrination itself did not lead to
significant results amongst the majority of
prisoners. Although upwards of 70% of POWs
took part in these ideological reeducation
classes, many were just doing it to take advantage
of better food rations, reduced working hours,
the ability to send more letters home, and
even the opportunity for earlier repatriation
back home.
For those prisoners however that DID take
the classes seriously, they could be sent
for further ideological training in larger
centres in Moscow , Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk

Chinese: 
自由德国委员会在民主德国建立中发挥了重要作用
特别是在其武装部队建立上
战俘们参加了反法西斯学校
并且创作了亲苏的，被认为是反资本主义的文学
所有战俘营地都开办了再教育课程
课程由同样在那里的每个营地的政治部门管理
灌输本身对大多数战俘并没有太大影响
虽然有超过70%的战俘参加了这些意识形态再教育课程
但许多人只是为了利用这些课程获得更好的口粮
并减少工作时间和寄更多信件回家
他们甚至有机会因此被早日遣返回国
对于战俘而言，如果认真对待这些课程
他们就会被送到莫斯科、哈巴罗夫斯克、克拉斯诺戈尔斯克
和其他大城市的大型中心进行进一步的意识形态培训

English: 
and other large cities. These prisoners were
then sent back to the camps to act as ideological
instructors for other prisoners and also,
after their release it was hoped they would
act in the interests of Socialism once back
home.
But how effective was this, really? Although
there were some recorded cases of Japanese
POWs singing the International on the ships
sailing home, for the most part, it would
seem most prisoners were quite indifferent
to the propaganda. Activists were thoroughly
investigated upon their return home and ultimately
provided very little real help back to the
Soviet Union.
Since we’ve already mentioned repatriation,
we should talk about what that looked like.
It was a long and often painful process for
the German prisoners but by 1947, it was underway.
The first to be released and sent home were
the weakest and most ill...and before you
assume this was a humanitarian gesture, let's
be honest, they were not fit to work but still
needed to be fed and provided for; of course

Chinese: 
然后，这些战俘会被送回战俘营作为其他战俘的意识形态教师
这也是在他们被释放后，苏联希望他们愿意
一旦回到家乡，就会为社会主义的利益行事
但这真的有效吗？
虽然有一些记录说日本战俘在回家的船上唱国际歌
但似乎大多数战俘对宣传漠不关心。
政治活动家在战俘回家后对他们进行了调查
但结果表明他们只对苏联提供了很少的实际帮助
既然我们已经提到了遣返，我们应该谈谈那看起来像什么
对德国战俘来说，这是一个漫长且饱经磨难的过程
但到了1947年，遣返已经开始了
第一批被释放并送回家的是最虚弱和重病缠身的人
在你认为这是一种人道主义姿态之前，让我们来告诉你真相
因为这些人虽然不适合工作，但仍然需要赡养和供应

Chinese: 
苏联人自然会先释放他们
1947年莫洛托夫在给斯大林的一封信中提到
多达80万德国战俘已被送回德国
但到1949年民主德国成立时
只有大约85000 名战俘离开苏联
剩下的战俘大多被定罪为战争罪
并被判处长达25年的有期徒刑
这直到1956年才结束
那时西德总理康拉德·阿登纳使二战的最后一批德国战俘
被遣返回国
至于日本战俘，他们的遣返工作早在1946年就开始了
那时就有2万名战俘被释放
接下来是年复一年的释放
大多数日本战俘在1947年至1949年间被送回家
最后一批日本战俘没有被送回家

English: 
the Soviets would release them first! According
to a letter from Molotov to Stalin, written
in 1947, up to 800,000 German POWs had already
been sent back to Germany and by 1949, when
the German Democratic Republic was created,
there were only an approximate 85,000 POWs
left in the Soviet camps. These remaining
prisoners had mostly been convicted as war
criminals and given long labour sentences,
up to 25 years. It wasn’t until the 1956
intervention of the West German Chancellor,
Konrad Adenauer that the last of these war
convicts were repatriated.
As for the Japanese POWs, repatriation began
as early as 1946, when almost 20,000 prisoners
were released. This followed with further
releases, year over year, with the majority
of them being sent home between 1947 and 1949.

Chinese: 
直到苏联和日本在1956年达成共识
并最终签署了关于战争实际结束的协议
其实早在战争结束之前
斯大林就告诉盟军，他需要多达四百万战俘来用于重建
这是根据波茨坦关于赔偿的协议而制定的
这些战俘极其廉价，他们提供的劳动几乎是免费的
这些战俘对苏联重建以及苏联经济和科学技术的进步起了重要作用
苏联已开始追求成为超级大国了，我们将在未来的视频中讨论这一切

English: 
The last remaining Japanese POWs weren’t
sent home however until 1956, when an agreement
was finally signed between the Soviet Union
and Japan regarding the actual end of the
war.
Even before the end of the war, Stalin had
told the Allies that he would need up to four
million prisoners to be used in the reconstruction
and this was built in to the agreement made
at Potsdam regarding reparations. The cheap,
almost free, labour that those prisoners provided
was instrumental for the reconstruction of
the Soviet economy and advancement of scientific
technology, as the nation pursued its goal
of being a global Superpower. We will discuss
it all in our future videos, so make sure
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