We live in a world full of electric fields.
Animals, plants -- even the earth itself -- creates
them. But only a handful of creatures
can actually sense them.
Sharks -- also rays and skates... a whole
group, animals called elasmobranchs -- can
actually detect electricity
Maybe it's like feeling the presence of someone
hiding in a dark room.
A different way of experiencing their world
- an extra sense that we don't have.
And for sharks and rays? an extra edge for
finding their prey.
The discovery of this exceptional sense dates
back three hundred years -- long before the
discovery of electricity -- to a man named
Stefano Lorenzini.
Lorenzini was a doctor with a passion for
anatomy, who one day found himself dissecting
a ray.
...which is where he noticed the strangest
thing:
tiny pores that dotted the ray’s skin.
He drew a picture. It shows how each pore
led to a tube full of goo, and each tube
ended in a little pouch.
Those little round pouches reminded him of
ancient roman flasks, called ampullae, so
that’s what he called them.
But when it came to the function of those
ampullae, Lorenzini was stumped.
Three hundred years later, we’re still
figuring out exactly how electroreception
works...
and a big part of that is studying what makes
these electrical fields in the first place.
Every time a fish opens its mouth to breathe
it exposes its mucus membranes to the salty
water, creating a tiny voltage that disappears
every time the mouth closes.
At Florida Atlantic University, scientists
are actually able to measure this phenomenon.
That repeating on off pattern is an electric
frequency, carried easily through salt water.
2 hertz. 2 breaths a second.
Stingrays like these can tune in to that same
frequency, like a radio channel.
Take a close look at a stingray, and you can
see those pores.
They lead to long canals, that cluster together.
When an electric charge enters a pore, it
travels through the highly conductive gel
in the canal to the ampulla... where special
cells detect the current and send a message
along nerves to the brain.
That’s how stingrays can spot prey hidden
beneath them, even though their eyes are
on top of their heads.
But the ampullae aren’t just for hunting.
Pores on the ray’s back also let it know
if someone’s trying to sneak up on it from
behind.
Here, the researchers place diodes on the floor
of a tank-- replicating the same electric
frequency as a breathing fish.
They flip the current from circle to circle,
and the ray strikes at the active target.
Maybe by studying how this sense works we
can learn better ways to coexist with these
ancient creatures. Find new ways to keep them
out of our nets and away from our surfers.
Of course none of this really explains what
it’s like to feel electricity.
Is it as simple as flipping a switch on and
off?
or as varied and subtle as smell or taste?
A whole spectrum of experiences hidden to
the rest of us.
