
Spanish: 
[Música]
Bueno, me parece que, en el caso de la intervención temprana en particular, 
tenemos pocas investigaciones que satisfarían estándares rigurosos.
Por otra parte, tenemos grandes cantidades de investigaciones de menor envergadura,   
con muestras más convenientes y menos aleatorias,
con o sin grupo de control, etc., respecto a las cuales, sin poder decir que sean definitivas,
podemos decir que las prácticas estudiadas por lo menos se muestran prometedoras.
Quiero decir que por lo menos son algo que alguien podría poner a prueba con alguien.
También me parece, sin que sea una excusa o razón para no tener investigaciones basadas en pruebas,  
que las personas con discapacidades y los niños con discapacidades son muy, muy diferentes entre sí 

English: 
[Music]
Well, I think that as a whole, in early intervention in particular, 
we have very little research that would meet the rigor standards, right,
meet the gold star standards or whatever, but I think we have a lot of research that is maybe smaller in size   
or maybe had more convenient sample and less random sample
or maybe had a control group or maybe didn't where although we can't say those practices were definitive,
that they at least show promise.
I mean, they are at least something that somebody could try with somebody.
The other thing I think although this is not an excuse or reason not to have evidence-based research  
is that people with disabilities and children with disabilities are very, very different

English: 
and when we're talking about early intervention we're talking about children in the context of family. 
So it's not just that the children are different, it's that the families are different.
So two children let's say with spastic diplegia or you know 
some kind of Down syndrome – some kind of known disability – 
who are in two different families are probably going to have two different outcomes.  
Or who are in two different neighborhoods 
or social-economic statuses or language environments or whatever.  
And while I do think that we have used this, maybe not as an excuse,  
and maybe not appropriately as an excuse, it really is hard 
to get together the kind of sample that really would meet rigorous standards 
unless we're talking about children with more high incidence disabilities when,
you know, if you are talking about a child that doesn't read, you find lots of kids that don't read. 
If you are talking about a child that has a language delay, 

Spanish: 
y que, cuando hablamos de intervención temprana, hablamos de niños en el contexto de una familia. 
De manera que no es sólo que los niños sean diferentes entre sí sino que las familias también lo son.
Así es como, por ejemplo, dos niños con diplejía espástica 
o síndrome de Down –alguna discapacidad conocida– 
de dos familias diferentes probablemente tengan resultados diferentes.  
Lo mismo ocurriría con dos niños de diferentes vecindarios, 
niveles socioeconómicos, ambientes lingüísticos, etc.  
Aunque me parece que hemos utilizado esto, quizás no como excusa,  
y quizás no apropiadamente como excusa, 
es realmente difícil reunir el tipo de muestra que realmente satisfaga estándares rigurosos, 
a menos que se trate de niños con discapacidades frecuentes;
cuando se trata de niños que no pueden leer, se encuentran muchos niños que no pueden leer. 
Si trata de niños con retraso del lenguaje o retraso del habla, 

Spanish: 
se pueden encontrar muchos. 
Pero cuando se trata de un niño sordo y ciego o algo así,  
o de un niño con una discapacidad complicada, realmente hay que recurrir a investigaciones de un solo caso 
o a investigaciones que muestran prácticas que vale la pena poner a prueba pero que no son necesariamente definitivas.
[Música]

English: 
or a delay in speech, you can find a lot of those kinds of children. 
But when you are talking about a child that is deaf-blind or something like that,  
or a child with more complicated disability then you really have to rely on single case research 
or other types of research that show us practices that are worth trying but are not necessarily definitive.
[Music]
