SpaceX recently launched its first batch of
60 satellites into low-Earth orbit, getting
us one step closer to global internet coverage.
Dubbed Starlink, this program will eventually
form a mega constellation of nearly 12,000
satellites hovering about 550km above Earth.
But as the twinkling post-launch satellite
train moved its way across the sky, astronomers
across the globe watched and wondered—are these things always going to be so...bright?
Many astronomers fear that Starlink will interfere
with scientific observations.
Starlink’s solar-powered, roughly 225kg
satellites communicate with one another through
optical and radio links, and connect with
ground terminals that can operate from pretty
much anywhere.
These satellites are expected to dramatically
improve data transfer speeds and connectivity
compared with existing technologies, like
Iridium satellites, of which there are currently
66 in active orbit.
Starlink is also poised to drastically improve
bandwidth—potentially surpassing fiber optics—and
reduce latency, or lag, which will be great
for industries that rely on getting information
fast.
And the biggest selling point here?
Internet for all.
That’s great news!
But what about the risks of Starlink cluttering
our night sky?
Roughly 5,000 satellites currently crowd Earth’s
immediate environment, and Starlink is set
to nearly triple that number.
So astronomers aren’t exactly starstruck with this idea.
In recent statements, astronomical groups
strongly recommended that a regulatory framework
be developed to address a number of new challenges
posed by the potential increase in satellite
bodies.
As the plan currently stands, some of the
satellites will utilize frequencies neighboring
those that radio astronomers use to study
the sky.
This interference could make it tricky for
ground-based instruments, like the Event Horizon
Telescope, to clearly view distant objects
in space.
I mean if it hadn’t been for a sky free of radio interference, researchers may never have captured
our first image of a black hole.
And then there’s the problem of all the
light that Starlink generates.
Like Iridium satellites, they can “flare”
by throwing bursts of reflected sunlight back from
their solar arrays down toward Earth.
Flares aside, it’s suggested that the satellites
will also be consistently bright.
Initial estimates of the satellites’ visibility
suggested they’d sit at an apparent magnitude
just slightly dimmer than the North star.
While updated reports indicate that they’ll
now sit within a lower magnitude range of
about 5 to 7, and this suggests that Starlink
will remain visible to the naked eye.
And all that satellite contamination really
adds up.
These reflective objects could confuse sensitive
optical telescopes designed to survey the
entire sky, like the Large Synoptic Survey
Telescope in Chile.
Once all 12,000 satellites are in orbit, estimates
say up to four Starlink satellites will
likely appear in every single one of the telescope’s
images in the hours approaching twilight.
Musk has said that they’ll need at least
“six more launches of 60 satellites” for
minor coverage.
Each satellite is designed to only last for
a few years, dropping from the wider Starlink
array and burning up upon entry into Earth’s
atmosphere.
And that’s just it.
With Starlink’s satellites in space, traffic
increases—and the risk of satellite collisions
goes up, too.
Collisions pose a national security threat,
and current guidelines to safely manage orbiting
objects are pretty flimsy.
If a collision does occur, it would add to
the already half a million pieces of space
junk present in Earth’s orbit.
And in response to all this, Elon Musk has focused
on the need for internet access for all, and
that “we need to move telescopes to orbit
anyway.”
But where does that leave astronomers who
don’t have the ability to travel into space
on a whim?
Or even those of us who just love to stargaze?
Space is basically a regulatory wild west,
which presents a whole lot of unknowns for
us here on Earth.
To address astronomers' worries that communication
satellites could ruin their careers, SpaceX
has been working with the National Science Foundation and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory
to try and keep observations clear of any disturbance.
It’s also announced plans to redesign the
next Starlink batch to appear less bright.
But SpaceX isn’t the only company casting
an Internet into the galactic sea.
OneWeb launched a fleet of comms satellites
earlier this year, and is also working on
ways to reduce radio frequency interference
and low-Earth orbit clutter.
Canadian company Telestat promises to operate
its satellites at higher orbits so they’ll
appear fainter.
Amazon, too, is quietly developing tech for
its own Project Kuiper.
As the market for space real estate heats
up, projects like Starlink are destined to
become more common.
Close collaboration between astronomers and
these companies will be essential to keep
internet connections strong and our observations
of the sky clear.
Because after all, astronomers are kind of
like our very own guardians of the galaxy.
So what do you think, is it time to move astronomy
into space, or figure out a way to move satellites
away from Earth?
Let us know in the comments below, and don’t
forget to subscribe for more Seeker.
I’ll see you next time, thanks for watching.
