
English: 
Black holes are structures in
the fabric of space and time
itself, and they're amongst
the most extraordinary objects
that we know that
exists in the universe.
Despite the
mathematical complexity
in describing black
holes, and the myriad ways
in which black holes can
form in the universe,
we also know that they possess a
very striking simplicity, which
is one of the things I
wanted to try and describe
to you tonight.
The modern conception of
black holes began in 2000--
sorry, 1915-- and
it took many years
before the properties of black
holes were properly understood,
and longer again until
we have found evidence
that black holes exist.
But we do know
black holes exist,

Albanian: 
Vrimat e zeza jane struktura ne thurrjen e vete hapesires dhe kohes,
dhe jane mes objekteve me te jashtezakonshme
qe ne dime se egzistojne ne univers.
Pavaresisht kompleksitetit matematikor
ne pershkrimin e vrimave te zeza, dhe mijera menyrave
me te cilat vrimat e zeza mund te krijohen ne univers,
ne dime gjithashtu qe ato zoterojne nje thjeshtesi te habitshme, e cila
eshte nje nga gjerat qe une doja te perpiqesha ta pershkruaj
per ju sonte.
Koncepti modern per vrimat e zeza ka filluar ne 2000--
me falni, 1915-- dhe u deshen shume vjet
para se vetite e vrimave te zeza te kuptoheshin siç duhet
dhe shume vite te tjere derisa ne gjetem prova
qe vrimat e zeza egzistojne.
Por ne e dime qe vrimat e zeza egzistojne,

English: 
and in 2015, there was
a dramatic confirmation
of the existence of black holes,
the first direct detection
of black holes by
the measurement
of the gravitational
waves emitted
by a system of two black holes.
This was a system
of two black holes
that were orbiting each other.
They coalesced to form a
single black hole, and then
that cataclysmic
explosion when they
formed that single
black hole, they
emitted a gravitational
radiation.
That gravitational waves
moves through the universe
and was measured by the
LIGO experiment in 2015.
That was the first direct
detection of black holes.
It was the first
direct detection
of a binary system
of black holes.
Before them we weren't
sure that they existed.
And it was also the
first direct detection
of gravitational waves.
So in short, that was a
truly spectacular discovery,
and that's something
I want to tell you
about in tonight's lecture.
In telling the story
of black holes,
we'll start with the beginning
of the story of gravity,

Albanian: 
dhe ne 2015, pati nje konfirmim dramatik
per egzistencen e vrimave te zeza, vrojtimi i pare direkt
i vrimave te zeza me ane te matjes
se valeve gravitacionale te emetuara
nga nje sistem prej dy vrimash te zeza.
Ky ishte nje sistem prej dy vrimash te zeza
qe vertiteshin ndaj njera tjetres.
Ato u bashkuan duke formuar nje vrime te zeze te vetme dhe pastaj
ai shperthim kataklizmik kur ato
formuan ate vrime te zeze te vetme, ato
emetuan rezatim gravitacional.
Ato vale gravitacionale levizen neper univers
dhe u maten nga eksperimenti LIGO ne 2015.
Ishte vrojtimi i pare direkt i vrimave te zeza.
Ishte vrojtimi i pare direkt
i nje sistemi binar te vrimave te zeza.
Para tyre ne nuk ishim te sigurte qe ato egzistonin.
Dhe ishte gjithashtu vrojtimi i pare direkt
i valeve gravitacionale.
Shkurt, kjo ishte me te vertete nje zbulim spektakolar,
dhe per kete gje dua te flas
ne leksionin e sotem.
Per te treguar historine e vrimave te zeza,
do te nisim me fillesat e historise se gravitetit,

English: 
or the modern story of
gravity, which is Isaac Newton.
And citing from
Isaac Newton, we'll
moved to general relativity,
Einstein's theory of gravity,
which is our best
theory of gravity,
and it's the arena where most
of the discussion of black holes
will happen tonight.
But we know that relativity
is not the final story.
It's not the most
fundamental story of gravity.
We know there's a new
chapter, and the new chapter
must include quantum theory.
So there is some way in
which general relativity
must be subsumed into a deeper,
more fundamental structure.
And I want to explain why
black holes, and the properties
of black holes, are the
key theoretical laboratory
for making that
next step forward
in the search for
fundamental physics.
So I want to begin
our journey in 1687,
which is when Isaac
Newton formulated
his theory of gravity.
And along with his
laws and mechanics,
that comprises,
really, the beginning

Albanian: 
ose historine moderne te gravitetit, qe eshte Isaac Newton.
Dhe duke cituar nga Isaac Newton, ne do te
zhvendosemi tek relativiteti i pergjithshem, teoria e gravitetit te Einstein-it,
e cila eshte teoria jone me e mire e gravitetit,
dhe eshte arena ku  sonte do te behet shumica  e diskutimeve
rreth vrimave te zeza.
Por ne e dime qe relativiteti nuk eshte historia perfundimtare.
Nuk eshte historia me themelore e gravitetit.
Ne e dime qe ka nje kapitull te ri, dhe kapitulli i ri
duhet te perfshije teorine kuantike.
Keshtu qe ka njefare menyre ne te cilin relativiteti i pergjithshem
duhet te perfshihet ne nje strukture me te thelle, me themelore.
Dhe dua t'ju shpjegoj perse vrimat e zeza, dhe vetite
e vrimave te zeza, jane laboratori  teorik kyç
per te bere hapin tjeter para
ne kerkim per fiziken themelore.
Keshtu qe une dua te filloje udhetimin tone ne 1687,
qe eshte kur Isaac Newton formuloi
teorine e tij te gravitetit.
Dhe bashke me ligjet dhe mekaniken e tij,
qe perfshin, ne te vertete, fillimin

English: 
of modern fundamental physics.
And Newton thought a lot
about how things fall.
So for example, this apple.
Famously, he thought
about how apples fall.
And he realised that everything
falls in a very similar way,
and in fact, in
exactly the same way.
So that apple falls, as
I've just demonstrated,
this ball similarly
falls in the same way.
And if I take this ball and
impart a small transverse
motion to it, it's still
falling to the Earth
in the same way the apple was.
But because of the
transverse motion I gave it,
the actual orbit was
slightly different.
And Newton thought
about this a lot,
and from these
simple observations,
he made the breathtaking
leap that the moon is also
falling to the earth in exactly
the same way the apple was

Albanian: 
e fizikes themelore moderne.
Dhe Newton-i mendoi shume se si bien gjerat.
Per shembul, kjo molle.
Eshte e famshme, ai mendoi se si bien mollet.
Dhe ai e kuptoi ç'do gje bie ne menyre te ngjashme,
dhe ne fakt, egzaktesisht ne te njejten menyre.
Keshtu qe molla bie, si sapo ua tregova,
ne menyre te ngjashme ky top bie po njesoj.
Dhe nese une e marr kete top dhe i jap atij nje levizje te vogel
terthore, ai perseri bie drejt Tokes
po njesoj si molla.
Por per shkak te levizjes terthore qe i dhashe
orbita aktuale ishte pak e ndryshme.
Dhe Newton-i mendoi shume per kete,
dhe nga keto vrojtime te thjeshta,
ai beri hapin e mahnitshem qe Hena gjithashtu
bie ne toke egzaktesisht ne te njejten menyre siç bie molla

Albanian: 
ne toke os siç bie ky top ne toke.
Dhe ai doli me nje eksperiment mendimi te zgjuar,
me shprese une mund t'ju bind ju,
duke ndjekur Newton-in, se perse kjo eshte e vertete.
Keshtu ja ku eshte nje skice qe e vizatoi Newton-i,
dhe eshte skice e nje planeti.
Une nuk jam shume i sigurte pse ka kaq shume te çara ne te.
Po sidoqofte, ai ka nje planet me nje vullkan te vogel,
nje mal i vogel ne krye te tij.
Dhe ai imagjinoi veten ne maj te atij mali
duke hedhur objekte.
ne fakt, ai mendoi te kishte nje top dhe te shtinte
gjyle topi me te.
Keshtu duke filluar nga pika V, ai gjuan nje gjyle topi.
Dhe nese ajo eshte hedhur me shpejtesi te vogel,
gjylja e topit do te binte ne toke dhe do te perfundonte tek pika D.
Nese ju e hidhni ate pak me tej, ajo do te perfundonte..
me falni, pak me shpejt..
ajo do te perfundonte tek pika E. Por ne te dy rastet,
po njesoj si topi qe une u tregova pak caste me pare,

English: 
falling to the earth or this
ball was falling to the earth.
And he came up with an
ingenious thought experiment,
which hopefully I
can convince you,
following Newton, of
why that's the case.
So here is a picture
that Newton drew,
and it's a picture of a planet.
I'm not quite sure why it
has all these fissures in it.
But in any case, he has a
planet with a little volcano,
a little mount on the top of it.
And he imagined standing
on top of that hill
and throwing objects.
In fact, he thought of having
a cannon and firing cannon
balls from it.
So starting from the point
V, he fires a cannon.
And if it was thrown
at a small velocity,
the cannonball would fall to the
earth and end up at the point
D. If you threw it a little
further, it would end up--
sorry, a little faster--
it would end up at the
point E. But in both cases,
just like the ball I
demonstrated a few moments ago,

English: 
it's falling to the
earth all the time.
Faster still, it would go
up to point F, and then G.
And if you took, at the
surface of the earth,
and I took that ball, and I was
able to throw that ball at 7.9
kilometres a second, which,
admittedly, I couldn't throw.
But if it could
be thrown, then it
would keep falling to
the earth the whole time,
but it would never
actually touch the earth.
It would come back and make the
orbit, which was the final line
that Newton drew.
So Newton understood
that all of these orbits,
these closed motion of
particles, like the moon,
are actually objects
that are falling.
So from simple thought
experiments of apples,
he made this leap to the
cosmos, and it was a brilliant,
but simple, insight.
But Newton didn't stop there.
He made this
mathematically precise.

Albanian: 
ajo bie ne toke ç'do here.
Me shpejte, ajo mund te shkoje deri tek pika F, dhe pastaj G.
Dhe nese ju merrni, ne siperfaqen e tokes,
dhe une e marr ate top, dhe do te isha i afte ta hidhja ate top me 7.9
kilometra ne sekonde, gje e cila, e pranoj, une nuk do te mund ta beja.
Por nese mund te hidhesh, atehere
do te vazhdonte te binte ne toke gjithe kohen,
por aktualisht nuk do ta prekte token kurre.
Do te vinte mbrapsh dhe dot bente orbiten, e cila ishte vija e fundit
qe vizatoi Newton-i.
Keshtu qe Newton-i e kuptoi qe gjithe keto orbita,
kjo levizje e mbyllur e grimcave, po ashtu si hena,
aktualisht jane objekte qe po bien.
Keshtu qe eksperimenti i thjeshte i mendimit me mollet,
ai beri kete hap drejt kosmosit, dhe ishte nje aresyetim
brilant, por i thjeshte.
Por Newton-i nuk u ndal atje.
Ai e beri kete te sakte matematikisht.

Albanian: 
Dhe ne teorine e gravietetit te Newton-it,
ai tha qe te gjithe objektet, te gjitha masat,
ndjejne nje force gravitacionale.
Ka force gravitacionale midis molles
dhe tokes
Dhe ne e perceptojme ate, si levizjen e molles
duke rene drejt tokes, ka po ashtu
force gravitacionale ndermjet tokes dhe henes.
Dhe ne e perceptojme ate, per shkak te levizjes terthore,
qe hena qendron ne orbite te qendrushme.
Teoria e Newton-it eshte madheshtore, dhe dominoi
per afro 200 vjet.
Ky ishte kuptimi yne me i thelle, me themelor
per gravitetin.
Ai parashikonte levizjen e te gjithe planeteve
ne sistemin diellor, dhe aktualisht
parashikoi ekzistencen e nje planeti te ri, planetin Neptun.
Keshtu duke studiuar levizjen e Uranit,
dhe duke perdorur matematiken e teorise se tij,
njerezit kuptuan qe pothuajse funksiononte,

English: 
And in Newton's
theory of gravity,
he said that all
objects, all masses,
feel a gravitational force.
There's a gravitational
force between the apple
and the earth.
And we perceive that, as
the motion of the apple
falling towards
the earth, there's
also a gravitational force
between the earth and the moon.
And we perceive that, because
of the transverse motion,
that the moon stays
in a stable orbit.
Newton's theory is
magnificent, and it held sway
for over 200 years.
This was our deepest, most
fundamental understanding
of gravity.
It predicted the motion
of all of the planets
in the solar system,
and it actually
predicted the existence of a
new planet, the planet Neptune.
So by studying the
motion of Uranus,
and it's using the
mathematics of his theory,
people realised that
it almost worked,

Albanian: 
qe kishte ca devijime te vogla.
Dhe ato devijime mund te llogariteshin
ne teorine e Newton-it nese kishte
nje planet tjeter ne nje orbite me te larget,
prane orbites se Neptunit.
Dhe teoria ishte mjafte e sakte sa te mund te beheshin parashikime.
Mire, astronomet parashikuan saktesisht se ku duhet te ndodhej
ky planet, dhe e gjeten.
Keshtu teoria e Newton-it ishte shume spektakolare.
Por kishte gjithashtu edhe diçka shume te çuditshme.
Dhe gjeja e çuditshme eshte qe ajo force, forca gravitacionale
e zbuluar nga Newton-i, komunikohet ne çast.
Keshtu me kete molle, nese une e leviz mollen,
forca mes tokes dhe molles
komunikohet ne çast.
Nuk merr as edhe nje pjese te vogel te sekondes
per tu komunikuar, eshte e menjehershme.
Dhe kjo e shqetesoi Newton-in, veprim i menjehershem
ne nje largesi.

English: 
that there were some
small deviations.
And those deviations
would be accounted
for in Newton's
theory if there was
another planet in
a further orbit,
just outside the
orbit of Neptune.
And the theory was precise
enough that you could predict.
Well, astronomers predicted
exactly where that planet
should be, and it was found.
So Newton's theory
was quite spectacular.
But there's something very odd
about Newton's theory as well.
And the odd thing is that the
force, the gravitational force
that Newton invoked, is
instantaneously communicated.
So with this apple,
if I move the apple,
the force between the
earth and the apple
is instantaneously communicated.
It doesn't take a little
split second for it
to be communicated,
it's instantaneous.
And this troubled Newton,
instantaneous action
at a distance.

Albanian: 
Dhe une dua t'ju tregoj pjese nga nje leter
qe Isaac Newton i shkroi Bentley-it ne 1692.
Bentley ishte Master i Trinity College ne Cambridge.
Dhe une isha me mjaft fat
ta shihja kete volum tek Wren Library, vetem pak
muaj me pare
Dhe ishte shume emocionuese te shihja doreshkrimin e Newton-it,
dhe ndjeva nje prani fizike, nje lidhje,
e perhapur ne keto shekuj, qe na ndajne
ne kohe.
Ne kete leter, diku afer fundit,
Newton-i thote diçka krejt te jashtezakonshme,
keshtu une e kam nenvizuar ate ketu.
Ai thote, "graviteti duhet te jete veti e lindur, e brendeshme,
dhe themelore e lendes, ne menyre te tille qe nje trup te mund
te veproje ndaj nje tjetri ne largesi permes  vakumit
pa ndermjetesine e tjeter gjeje,
eshte per mua nje absurditet kaq i madh saqe une besoj
se askush qe ka aftesi mendore kompetente ne ceshtjet filozofike,

English: 
And I want to put up
this fragment of a letter
that Isaac Newton wrote
to Bentley in 1692.
Bentley was the Master of
Trinity College in Cambridge.
And I was actually
fortunate enough
to see this volume at the
Wren Library, just a couple
of months ago.
And I found it very moving
to see Newton's handwriting,
and I felt a physicality,
a connection,
spanning us across these
centuries, that separating us
in time.
In this letter, somewhere
towards the bottom,
Newton said something
quite extraordinary,
so I've highlighted it here.
It says, "that gravity
should be innate, inherent,
and essential to matter,
so that one body may
act upon another at a
distance through a vacuum
without the mediation
of anything else,
is, to me, so great an
absurdity that I believe
no man who has in philosophical
matters, any competent faculty

Albanian: 
mund ta besoje ate."
Keshtu qe ky veprim ne largesi po e shqeteson ate
ne nje nivel themelor, shume te thelle,
dhe ja vlen ta ruajme kete per nje cast.
Keshtu ai eshte i shqetesuar per bazen e teorise se tij.
Por megjithate, pavaresisht shqetesimeve te tij dhe atyre pengesave,
ai kishte mundur te ngrinte teorine e tij.
Dhe teoria, siç e thashe, eshte me te vertete madheshtore.
Nuk eshte nje teori rremuje.
Eshte nje teori e madhe.
Dhe eshte nje model, mendoj une,
se sa shpesh perparimet mund te ndodhin ne fiziken teorike.
Njeriu nuk mund ta kete perfytyrimin e gjere
dhe perfytyrimin e plote, dhe mund te kete
ane shqetesuse ne mendimin tuaj,
por eshte akti krijues per te qene i afte te depertosh mes asgjese
t'ja dalesh mbane dhe te krijosh nje trup te ri dijesh,
megjithese thelle ne vetedijen tuaj keni
dyshime te thella qe kjo nuk eshte historia perfundimtare
dhe gjerat do te ndryshojne.

English: 
of thinking, can
ever fall into it."
So this action of
distance is disturbing him
at this very deep,
fundamental level,
and it's worth registering
this for a moment.
So at the very foundations
of his theory, he's troubled.
But nevertheless, despite his
troubles and those obstacles,
he's been able to
build his theory.
And the theory, as I was just
saying, is truly magnificent.
It's not a hodgepodge theory.
It's a great theory.
And it's a little
template, I think,
for how often progress can
happen in theoretical physics.
One doesn't necessarily
have the big picture
and the complete
picture, and there
can be troubling aspects
in your understanding,
but it's the creative act to be
able to pierce through the void
and come through and create
some new body of knowledge,
even though you have at
the back of your mind
some deep reservations that
this is not the final story
and that things will change.

English: 
The next chapter began in 1905.
1905, Einstein came up and
developed his special theory
of relativity.
And one of the aspects of the
special theory of relativity
is that Einstein
discovers it and he said
the universe has a speed limit.
And the speed limit is
300,000 kilometres per second.
That's the speed of light.
At this point,
Newton's theory, which
has just been happily existing
as the most fundamental
understanding of
gravity, suddenly
ran into a contradiction,
or a paradox.
If forces instantaneously
communicated in his theory,
and Einstein says that
nothing goes faster
than speed of light,
something has to give.
In a remarkably
short amount of time,
Einstein himself was
the one who worked out
what the next step was.

Albanian: 
Kapitulli tjeter filloi ne 1905.
Ne 1905, Einstein doli dhe zhvilloi teorine e tij speciale
te relativitetit.
Nje nga aspektet e teorise speciale te relativitetit
eshte qe Einstein e zbulon dhe thote
universi ka nje limit shpejtesie.
Dhe limiti i shpejtesise eshte 300,000 kilometra ne sekonde.
Kjo eshte shpejtesia e drites.
Ne kete pike, teoria e Newton-it, i cili
sapo gezonte egzistencen si kuptimi me themelor
i gravitetit, papritmas
ndeshet me nje kontradikte, ose paradoks.
Nese forcat ne teorine e tij komunikonin ne menyre te menjehershme,
dhe Einstein thote se asgje nuk mund te shkoje me shpejt
se shpejtesia e drites, diçka nuk shkon.
Ne nje kohe shume te shkurter,
Einstein-i vete ishte ai qe zbuloi
cili ishte hapi tjeter.

English: 
In 1915, Einstein developed his
general theory of relativity,
and he swept away completely the
notion that gravity is a force.
There is no force of
gravity in Einstein's theory
of relativity.
Instead, gravity is the
manifestation of the curvature
of space and time, space-time.
So we can draw some
pictures to get
some intuition and understanding
of what this means.
So imagine that space
is a rubber sheet
and you place a heavy object
into the rubber sheet,
like a shot put, it would
curve the rubber sheet,
much like in the
picture of the earth
curving the space in the
picture that you can see.
So the Earth's0 curving
space around it,
and now the moon is
orbiting the earth,
not because of
force pulling on it,
but just like a marble rolling
on that curved rubber sheet.
If there was no friction, that
ball, the moon, the marble,
would just roll around on that
rubber sheet indefinitely.

Albanian: 
Ne 1915, Einstein zhvilloi teorine e tij te pergjithshme te relativitetit
dhe ai e hodhi tej teresisht nocionin qe graviteti eshte nje force.
Nuk ka force graviteti ne teorine e relativitetit
te Einstein-it
Pernjimend, graviteti eshte manifestim i perkuljes
se hapesires dhe kohes, hapesire-kohe.
Keshtu mund te vizatojme disa skica per te krijuar
nje ide dhe kuptim se çdomethene kjo.
Keshtu imagjinoni qe hapesira eshte nje flete gome
dhe ju vendosni nje objekt te rende ne kete flete gome,
nje gjyle pershembull, ajo do ta perkule fleten e gomes,
po njesoj si pamja e tokes
qe perkul hapesiren ne skicen qe mund te shihni.
Keshtu qe Toka po perkul hapesiren rreth saj,
dhe tani hena po rrotullohet rreth tokes,
jo per shkak te forces qe e terheq ate,
por pikerisht si nje zar qe rrokulliset mbi ate flete gome te perkulur.
Nese nuk ka ferkim, ai top, hena, zari,
do te rrokulliset verdalle ne ate flete gome pafundesisht.

English: 
So the slogan of
general relativity
is that matter curves
space and time,
and curved space-time
informs how matter moves.
It's important to
understand and emphasise
that general relativity doesn't
prove Newton's theory is wrong.
That's not the way
science progresses.
What Einstein did, or
what his theory does,
is subsumes Newton's
theory into a deeper, more
profound structure.
And if you take the domain
in which Newton's theory was
developed, essentially,
the solar system,
then Einstein's theory, as
a very good approximation,
does reduce to Newton's theory.
So Einstein's theory
incorporates Newton's theory.
It extends it.
It makes new predictions.
And one of the most stunning
predictions it makes
is that there
exists black holes.

Albanian: 
keshtu parulla e relativitetit te pergjithshem
eshte qe lenda perkul hapesiren dhe kohen,
dhe hapesire-kohe e perkulur jep informacionin se si leviz lenda.
Eshte e rendesishme te kuptojme dhe te theksojme
qe relativiteti i pergjithshem nuk provon qe teoria e Newton-it eshte gabim.
Nuk eshte kjo menyre se si shkenca perparon.
Ajo ç'fare beri Einstein-i, ose ajo qe teoria e tij ben,
eshte perfshirja e teorise se Newton-it ne nje strukture
me te thelle, me kuptimplote.
Dhe nese ju merrni fushen ne te cilen u zhvillua teoria e Newton-it,
ne thelb, sistemi diellor,
atehere teoria e Einstein-it, me nje perafrim shume te mire,
nuk e zhvlereson teorine e Newton-it.
Keshtu teoria e Einstein-it e perfshin teorine e Newton-it.
E shtrin ate me tej.
Ben parashikime te reja.
Dhe nje nga parashikimet me impresionuese qe ben
eshte qe egzistojne vrimat e zeza.

English: 
Two or three weeks
after Einstein
wrote down these field
equations, Karl Schwarzschild,
who was a German
scientist who was
in the Prussian front, a
soldier on the Prussian front,
and a few weeks after Einstein
wrote down these field
equations, he found the
first black hole solution.
A black hole is a
region of space and time
in which, once you go
inside the black hole,
you can never escape.
The boundary of the black hole
is called the event horizon.
So if we imagine
we're in a spaceship
and we cross the event
horizon, going from the outside
to the inside of the black hole,
once past the event horizon,
no matter how you
fire rockets, you're
always going to stay
inside the black hole.
Similarly, if you
shine a light beam--
you shine a torch, or
any other light beam--
from inside the black
hole, it necessarily stays

Albanian: 
Dy ose tre jave pasi Einstein-i
shkroi keto ekuacione te fushes, Karl Schwarzschild,
i cili ishte nje shkencetar gjerman qe ndodhej
ne frontin Prusian, nje ushtar ne frontin Prusian,
dhe pak jave pasi Einstein-i shkroi keto ekuacione
te fushes, ai gjeti zgjidhjen e pare per vrimat e zeza.
Nje vrime e zeze eshte nje rajon i hapesires dhe kohes
ne te cilen, pasi ke hyre ne brendesi te vrimes se zeze,
ju nuk mund te largoheni me kurre.
Kufiri i vrimes se zeze quhet horizonti i eventit.
keshtu nese imagjinojme sikur jemi ne nje anije kozmike
dhe kalojme horizontin e eventit, duke shkuar nga jashte
brenda ne vrimen e zeze, sapo kalon horizontin e eventit,
pavaresisht se si i ndez raketat, ne ç'do rast
ju do te qendroni  brenda vrimes se zeze.
Ne menyre te ngjashme, nese hidhni nje reze drite-
ju ndriconi me nje drite dore, ose me nje reze drite tjeter ç'faredo--
nga brenda vrimes se zeze, ajo qendron me doemos

Albanian: 
brenda vrimes se zeze dhe nuk do te
ndriçoje ndonjehere matane kufirit te vrimes se zeze, horizontit te eventit.
Meqe drita nuk mund te vije nga brenda jashte,
ajo eshte e zeze.
Ato nuk emetojne drite.
Nje nga menyrat qe vrimat e zeza mund te formohen
eshte ne stadet finale te evolucionit te yjeve.
Dhe evolucioni i nje ylli eshte nje beteje.
Eshte nje beteje, ne nje ane, ndermjet lendes qe kerkon
te kolaps ne vetvete, dhe presionit
te shkaktuar nga reaksionet termonukleare qe ndodhin thelle
brenda berthames se diellit, qe e mban ate presion,
forcen e gravitetit, te balancuar.
keshtu per pjesen me te madhe te evolucionit te yllit,
ato dy forca, duke perdorur gjuhen Newton-iane,
forca e gravitetit qe terheq lenden brenda
dhe presioni qe e shtyn ate jashte, jane ne ekuiliber.

English: 
inside the black
hole and won't ever
emanate past the boundary of the
black hole, the event horizon.
So since light can't come
from inside to the outside,
out black.
They don't emit any light.
One of the ways in which
black holes conform
is in the final stages
of evolution of stars.
And evolution of
star is a battle.
It's a battle, on the one hand,
between the matter of wanting
to collapse in on
itself, and the pressure
caused by the thermonuclear
reactions happening deep
inside the core of the
sun, holding that pressure,
the force of gravity, at bay.
So for most the
evolution of the star,
those two forces, using
that Newtonian language,
the force of gravity
pulling the matter in
and the pressure pushing
it out, are at equilibrium.

English: 
But as the nuclear
material is exhausted,
the nuclear fuel is
exhausted inside the star,
if the star is big enough,
it will collapse in on itself
and a supernova will happen.
That will collapse in
and then explode off
and, again, if the
star is big enough,
there will be a core of matter
inside the interior of the star
that will keep
collapsing in on itself
and will form a black hole.
One of the most extraordinary
facts about general relativity
and these black holes is,
despite the complexity
of what I've just said,
how a black hole can form--
after all, the star could be 20
solar masses, 50 solar masses--
you think of the complexity
of the supernova explosion,
how much matter is ejected,
and so on and so forth,
the final black
hole that is created

Albanian: 
Por ndersa materiali nuclear harxhohet,
lenda djegese berthamore harxhohet brenda yllit,
nese ylli eshte mjaft i madh, ai do te kolaps ne vetvete
dhe do te ndodhe nje supernova.
Ajo do te kolaps perbrenda dhe do te shpertheje jashte
dhe, perseri, nese ylli eshte mjaft i madh,
do te kete nje berthame lende ne brendesi te yllit
qe do te vazhdoje te kolaps ne vetvete
dhe do te formoje nje vrime te zeze.
Nje nga faktet me te jashtezakonshme te relativitetit te pergjithshem
dhe ketyre vrimave te zeza eshte, se pavaresisht kompleksitetit
te gjithçka sa thame, se si nje vrime e zeze mund te formohet--
mesefundi, ylli mund te jete 20 masa diellore, 50 masa diellore--
mendoni kompleksitetin e shperthimit te supernoves,
sa shume lende eshte hedhur, a keshtu me radhe e me tej,
vrima e zeze perfundimtae qe krijohet

Albanian: 
percaktohet nga dy numra, masa e saj dhe spini i saj.
I gjithe informacioni tjeter per vrime e zeze--
me falni, i gjithe informacioni tjeter se si
u formua vrima e zeze--
eshte i humbur, dhe ju keni vetem ato dy numra.
Ne fakt, per te qene me i sakte, ka
tre numra, saktesisht tre.
Keshtu tanime ky eshte nje fakt.
Numri i trete eshte ngarkesa elektrike, por ne praktike,
ngarkesa elektrike ne vrimat e zeza astrofizike
do te jete fare e vogel, ose inegzistente,
sepse ngarkesa do te neutralizoje natyrshem vrimen e zeze shume
shpejt.
Por matematika e relativitetit thote qe eshte e percaktuar
nga tre, dhe praktikisht, do te jete vetem masa
dhe spini, te cilat do te percaktojne vetite
e vrimes se zeze.
Kjo ishte ajo qe doja te permendja.
Kjo eshte ajo qe permenda ne fillim te leksionit,
qe vrimat e zeza, ne pergjithesi, jane fare te thjeshta.

English: 
is specified by two numbers,
its mass and its spin.
All the other information
about the black hole--
sorry, all the other
information about how
the black hole was formed--
is lost, and you just left
with those two numbers.
Actually, to be more
precise, there's
three numbers,
and exactly three.
So now this is a fact.
The third number is the electric
charge, but in practise,
the electric charge in
astrophysical black holes is
going to be extremely
small, or non-existent,
because charge will naturally
neutralise the black hole very
quickly.
But the mathematics of
relativity says it's specified
by three, and in practise,
it will be just the mass
and the spin, which will
determine the properties
of the black hole.
So that's what I
wanted to mention.
That's what I mentioned at
the beginning of the lecture,
that black holes, in general,
extremely are extremely simple.

Albanian: 
Nese vrimat e zeza jane te zeza, si i dallojme ato?
Ja ku eshte, une e shtoj shpejt, nje impresion artistic
te nje ylli ne nje vrime te zeze.
Eshte nje sistem shoqerues, nje sistem binar.
Dhe vrima e zeze po vertitet.
Dhe ju e shihni qe ka zhveshur,
ose vazhdon te zhveshe, lende nga ylli.
Dhe nderkohe qe zhvesh lenden, per shkak se vrima e zeze
po rrotullohet, ajo lende peshtillet perreth vrimes se zeze
dhe fillon te formoje.., te nxehet ne formen e plazmes.
Ne fakt, ajo plazme, qe gjeneron fusha manjetike,
ajo gjithashtu shtie lart keto rryma grimcash pergjate aksit
rreth te cilit po rrotullohet.
Kjo plazme arrin temperatura shume te larta
dhe fillon te emetoje reze X.
Dhe zbulimi i pare indirekt i vrimave te zeza

English: 
If black holes are black,
how do we detect them?
Here is, I quickly add,
an artist's impression
of a star in a black hole.
It's a companion
system, a binary system.
And the black hole is spinning.
And you can see that
it's stripped off,
or it is continuing to strip
off, matter from the star.
And as it strips off the
matter, because the black hole
is rotating, that matter gets
swirled around the black hole
and starts to form,
heat up from a plasma.
In fact, that plasma, as it
generates magnetic fields,
it also shoots up these jets
along the axis of the direction
which it's spinning.
This plasma reaches
very high temperatures
and starts to emit X-rays.
And the first indirect
detection of black holes

Albanian: 
erdhi nga matja e rezeve X te prodhuara nga vrimat e zeza,
si ne kete skice.
Ne e dime qe ka shume vrima te zeza ne univers
nepermjet ketyre testeve indirekte.
Dhe ne vecanti, ka nje vrime te zeze supermasive
ne qender te galaksise sone--
galaksise sone, Udha e Qumeshtit.
Eshte ne kostelacionin Shigjetari,
dhe ajo peshon tre ose kater milion here sa masa
e diellit tone.
Ne fakt, shumica e galaksive ne univers ne mendojme
kane nje vrime te zeze me permasa te ngjashme, ose ndoshta edhe me te madhe.
Ka edhe nje evidence te bukur indirekte
per existencen e kesaj vrime te zeze ne qender
te galaksise sone.
Ja ku eshte nje skice e--
Une do te tregoj nje video te shkurter, dhe eshte nje video e levizjes

English: 
came from measuring the X-rays
produced by black holes,
as in this picture.
We now know that there's many
black holes in the universe
by these indirect tests.
And in particular, there's
a supermassive black hole
at the centre of our galaxy--
our galaxy, the Milky Way.
It's in the constellation
of Sagittarius,
and it weighs three or
four million times the mass
of our sun.
In fact, most galaxies
in the universe we think
has a similar sized black
hole, or even bigger.
There's another very beautiful
piece of indirect evidence
for the existence of this
black hole in the centre
of our galaxy.
So here is a picture of--
I'm going to run a little video,
and it's a video of the motion

English: 
of stars right at the
centre of our galaxy.
It was taken over 14
years, and the red cross
is the place where we think the
supermassive black hole exists,
and there's no light being
emitted from that region.
So the date was taken
from 1992 to 2006,
and let's have a look at it.
So one thing I
should quickly add.
This is not a simulation.
Often, you see simulations,
but this is real data.
This is real observations
of individual stars around
the centre of our galaxy.
And if I just stop
at about here,
you see we have these
nice elliptical orbits
of these stars going
around the central object.
And by studying the detailed
shape of those orbits

Albanian: 
se yjeve ne qender te galaksise sone.
Eshte marre pergjate 14 vjeteve, dhe kryqi i kuq
eshte vendi ku ne mendojme qe vrima e zeze supermasive egziston,
dhe nuk ka drite qe emetohet nga ai rajon.
Keshtu te dhenat jane marre nga 1992 deri ne 2006,
dhe le ti hedhim nje sy atyre.
Nje gje dua te shtoj shpejt e shpejt.
Ky nuk eshte nje simulim.
Shpesh, ju shihni simulime, por keto jane te dhena te verteta.
Keto jane vrojtime te verteta te yjeve te vetem perreth
qendres se galaksise sone.
Dhe nese une ndalem diku ketu,
ju shihni qe kemi keto orbita te bukura eliptike
te ketyre yjeve perreth objektit qendror.
Dhe nepermjet studimit formes se hollesishme te ketyre orbitave

Albanian: 
dhe te kohes qe u duhet yjeve te kryejne nje orbite te plote,
ne mund te perdorim matematiken e relativitetit te pergjithshem
per te nxjerre masen e objektit
rreth te cilit ata vertiten, dhe kjo eshte
tre deri kater milion here sa masa e diellit tone.
Per me teper, nese vazhdoj pak me perpara,
jane dy orbita qe gjenden fare
prane objektit qendror, por nuk e ndeshin ate çfaredo qofte ai.
Keshtu ne njohim permasat, gjithashtu edhe masen
dhe ne nuk dime ndonje objekt tjeter qe
mund te peshoje tre apo kater milion here sa masa e diellit
dhe te permblidhet ne ate sasi hapesire, me perjashtim te nje vrime te zeze.
Keshtu qe ne besojme se ka nje vrime te zeze ne qender
te galaksise sone.
Keto jane menyrat indirekte per te provuar
egzistencen e vrimave te zeza.
Lejomeni te vij te menyra direkte.

English: 
and the time taken for the stars
to go around a complete orbit,
we can use the mathematics
of general relativity
to deduce what the
mass of the object
is that they're
orbiting, and that's
three to four million
times the mass of our sun.
And in addition, if I just
take it a little bit forward,
there's two orbits
that get extremely
close to the central object,
but don't hit whatever it is.
So we know the size,
as well as the mass,
and we know of no
other object that
can weigh three or four million
times the mass of the sun
and squeeze into that amount
of space, except a black hole.
So we believe there is a
black hole at the centre
of our galaxy.
So these are the
indirect ways to check
the existence of black holes.
Let me come on to
the direct way.

English: 
In 1916, just one year after
Einstein formulated his theory
of general relativity,
he realised that general
relativity predicts that
gravitational waves exists.
As matter moves
through space and time,
it forms gravitational waves.
And the picture you
can have in your mind
is that as you move your hand
through the surface of a pond,
you form ripples on the
surface of the pond.
Similarly, as mass moves
through space and time ,
it forms gravitational waves.
In fact, as we're
moving around, we're
forming gravitational waves.
However, these gravitation
waves of the motion of ourselves
are extremely tiny.
The gravitational waves caused
by the Earth orbiting the sun
are also extremely tiny.
As the Earth orbits
the sun, it's
emitting gravitational
waves in all directions,

Albanian: 
Ne 1916, vetem nje vit pasi Einstein-i formuloi teorine e tij
te relativitetit te pergjitheshem, ai e kuptoi qe relativiteti
i pergjithshem parashikon egzistence e valeve gravitacionale.
Kur lenda leviz permes hapesires dhe kohes,
ajo formon vale gravitacionale.
Dhe pamja qe mund te keni ne mendjen tuaj
eshte se kur levizni doren permes siperfaqes se nje pellgu,
ju formoni rrudha ne siperfaqen e pellgut.
Ne menyre te ngjashme, kur masa leviz permes hapesires dhe kohes,
ajo formon vale gravitacionale.
Ne fakt, kur ne leveizim perreth, ne po
formojme vale gravitacionale.
Sidiqofte, keto vale gravitacionale te shkaktuara nga levizja jone
jane fare te vogla.
Valet gravitacionale te shkatuara nga Toka ne orbiten rreth Diellit
jane gjithashtu fare te vogla.
Kur Toka vertitet rreth Diellit, ajo
emeton vale gravitacionale ne te gjitha drejtimet,

English: 
and you can calculate what
the total amount of power
is from all those gravity waves.
So imagine you gather
them all together
and say, how powerful is that?
That would be powerful enough
just to light up a light bulb.
So even though these are
existing, the sun and the earth
is only producing these
tiny, tiny little ripples
in space and time.
There's a reason for
why these are so small.
And the reason is that gravity
is an extremely weak force.
So I'm going to use
the Newtonian language
because it's convenient here.
We're not used to thinking
of gravity as being weak.
For example, if we jump,
we fall to the ground
and it feels like
gravity is pulling us
down with a strong force.
But we can do a very
simple experiment
which compares gravity, and
the strength of gravity,
to another force.
And it's a very
simple experiment,
but it's an
important experiment.

Albanian: 
dhe ju mund te llogarisni se sa eshte tere sasia e fuqise
nga gjithe keto vale gravitacionale.
Keshtu imagjinoni ti mblidhni ato te gjitha sebashku
dhe thoni, sa e fuqishme eshte kjo?
Ajo do te kishte fuqi te mjaftueshme per te ndricuar nje llampe te vetme.
Keshtu megjithese keto egzistojne, dielli dhe toka
prodhojne vetem keto rrudha fare, fare te vogla
ne hapesire dhe ne kohe.
Ka nje aresye perse keto jane kaq te vogla.
Dhe aresyeja eshte se graviteti eshte nje force fare e dobet.
Keshtu une do te perdor gjuhen Newtoniane
sepse eshte e volitshme ketu.
Ne nuk jemi mesuar te mendojme qe graviteti eshte i dobet.
Per shembull, nese hidhemi, ne biem pertoke
dhe ndihet sikur graviteti na terheq
poshte me shume force.
Por ne mund te bejme nje eksperiment shume te thjeshte
i cili e krahason gravitetin, dhe fuqine e gravitetit,
me nje force tjeter.
Dhe eshte nje eksperiment shume i thjeshte,
por eshte nje eksperiment i rendesishem.

English: 
It involves a magnet
and a paperclip.
And obviously, just like the
beginning of the lecture,
if we drop the paperclip,
it falls to earth
under the influence of gravity.
But I can compare the
gravitational force
of the whole of the planet
Earth on that paperclip
to the electromagnetic force
on this tiny little magnet.
And we know what will happen.
It holds it up.
And it's a simple observation,
but it's a profound one.
It tells us that gravity
is extremely weak.
It's just that when all the
other forces are not around,
gravity is the only
one left, and it
dictates what's going on.
So gravity is weak.
Gravitational waves
are very small.
If we're going to have
any hope of detecting
gravitational waves, we're
going to have to look

Albanian: 
Ka te beje me nje magnet dhe nje kapese letre.
Dhe padyshim, njesoj si ne fillim te leksionit,
nese une e leshoj kapesen e letres, ajo bie ne toke
nen ndikimin e gravitetit.
Por une mund ta kragasoj forcen gravitacionale
te te gjithe planetit mbi ate kapese letre
me forcen elektromanjetike te ketij magneti fare te vogel.
Dhe ne e dime se ç'do te ndodhe.
Ajo e mban.
Dhe eshte nje vrojtim i thjeshte, por nje vrojtim kuptimplote.
Na thote qe graviteti eshte fare i dobet.
Ndodh vetem qe kur forcat e tjera nuk jane perreth,
graviteti eshte i vetmi qe mbetet, dhe ai
percakton se ç'fare ndodh.
Keshtu graviteti eshte i dobet.
Valet gravitacionale jane shume te vogla.
Nese do te kishim njefare shprese per te dalluar
valet gravitacionale, do te na duhej te kerkonim

English: 
for a cataclysmic explosion.
And a cataclysmic explosion
is the coalescence
of two black holes.
So we imagine we have a
system of two black holes,
perhaps formed like the
picture we had before--
one went supernova,
formed the black hole,
and then the companion star
later also formed a supernova
and turned into a black hole.
And those black
holes were rotating,
spinning on their own
axes, but they're also
rotating around each other.
Because of the simplicity
of black holes,
specified by their
mass and their spin,
we can calculate how much
gravitational waves would
be admitted by the system.
If every black
hole was different
and a highly complicated
individual object,
we wouldn't be able to do this.
But that simplicity
of black holes
allows us to
calculate the gravity
waves that are produced.

Albanian: 
per nje shperthim kataklizmik.
Dhe nje shperthim kataklizmik eshte bashkimi
i dy vrimave te zeza.
Keshte ne imagjinojme te kemi nje sistem me dy vrima te zeza,
te formuar ndoshta si ne pamjen qe kishim me pare--
nje u be supernova, formoi vrimen e zeze,
dhe me pas ylli shoqeruesformon nje supernova
dhe shnderohet ne vrime te zeze.
Dhe ato vrima te zeza ishin duke u rrotulluar,
duke u vertitur rreth akseve te tyre, por ato gjithashtu
jane duke u  rrotulluar rreth njera tjetres.
Per shkak te thjeshtesise se vrimave te zeza,
te percaktuara nga mas dhe spini i tyre,
ne mund te llogarisim se sa vale gravitacionale do te
emetoheshin nga sistemi.
Nese ç'do vrime e zeze do te ishte nje objekt individual
i ndryshem dhe shume kompleks,
ne nuk  do te ishim ne gjendje ta benim kete.
Por thjeshtesia e vrimave te zeza
na lejon te logarisim valet
gravitacionale qe prodhohen.

Albanian: 
Dhe ja ku eshte nje parashikim nga relativiteti i pergjithshem
i valeve te gravitetit qe prodhohen.
Keshtu ne jemi duke imagjinuar dy vrima te zeza ne orbite rreth njera tjetres.
Ato emetojne vale gravitacionale.
Nderkohe qe ato emetojne vale gravitacionale, ato humbasin energji
dhe ato gjenden gjithnje e me afer me njera tjetren,
dhe eventualisht ato futen ne nje spirale dhe formojne nje vrime te zeze te vetme.
Keshtu ne kete grafik, ne aksin vertikal,
Une kam fuqine e valeve gravitacionale,
dhe ne aksin horizontal, eshte nje shkalle kohe.
Dhe ju do te vini re qe shkalla e kohes eshte afersisht ne te dhjetat
e sekondes.
Keshtu ne je duke pare ne pjesen perfundimtare te bashkimit
te ketyre vrimave te zeza.
Per miliona vjet, ato ne fakt do te rrotullohen
rreth njera tjetres, duke prodhuar vale gravitacionale

English: 
And here is a prediction
from general relativity
of the gravity waves
that are produced.
So we're imagining the two
black holes orbiting each other.
Their emitting
gravitational waves.
As they emit the gravitational
waves, they lose energy
and they get closer and
closer to each other,
and they eventually inspiral
and form a single black hole.
So on this graph, on
the vertical axis,
I've got the strength of
the gravitational waves,
and on the horizontal
axis, it's a time scale.
And you'll notice that the
time scale is in roughly tenths
of seconds.
So we're looking at the very
final part of the coalescence
of these black holes.
For millions of years,
they'll be actually rotating
around each other, producing
gravitational waves

English: 
at a constant frequency,
like on the left-hand side
of the graph.
As they get closer, in the
final inspiral and coalescence,
the frequency of the
gravitational waves goes up
and the amplitude goes up.
They form a single
black hole, and then
the strength of the
gravitational waves dies away.
In fact, this frequency of
these gravitational waves
being produced in
this process of almost
the same as audio frequency.
So people talk about the
gravitational waves signals
using the analogy of sound.
So the frequency is constant,
and then as they coalesce,
it goes up in
frequency and louder,
and then it suddenly rings down.
So it's called a
chirp and ring down.
So it would be
something like wooop.
That's a sound
version of that graph,
if you don't like
looking at graphs.

Albanian: 
me nje frekuence konstante, si ne anen e majte
te grafikut.
Ndersa ato afrohen edhe me prane, ne spiralen perfundimtare dhe bashkimin,
frekuenca e valeve gravitacionale rritet
po ashtu rritet dhe amplituda.
Ato formojne nje vrime te zeze te vetme, dhe me tej
fuqia e valeve gravitacionale shuhet.
Ne fakt, kjo frekuence e ketyre valeve gravitacionale
qe prodhohen ne kete proces jane pothuajse
te njejta me frekuencen e zerit.
Keshtu njerezit flasin per sinjalet e valeve gravitacionale
duke perdorur analogjine e zerit.
Keshtu frekuenca eshte konstante, dhe nderkohe qe ato bashkohen,
frekeunca rritet dhe me ze te larte,
dhe pastaj menjehere zeri shuhet.
Keshtu quhet nje britme dhe heshtje.
Keshtu qe dote ishte diçka si vuuup.
Ky eshte nje version zeri i atij grafiku,
nese nuk ju pelqen te shihni grafike.

English: 
The point here is that the
simplicity those black holes
and general relativity allows
us to determine that signal.
So we know, out of prediction
from Einstein's theory
of relativity, of what
gravity waves are produced,
gravitational waves, are
produced by these systems.
How do we measure them?
The technique is
laser interferometry.
And being a theorist,
I love the fact
that I can now play around
with some equipment here,
and hopefully not break it.
What I brought in is a
laser interferometer.
And maybe if we can just have--
yeah, the picture there,
let me just switch this on.
It should just start
warming up in a second.

Albanian: 
Aresyetimi ketu eshte qe thjeshtesia e atyre vrimave te zeza
dhe relativiteti i pergjithshem na lejon te percaktojme ate sinjal.
Keshtu ne dime, nga parashikimet e teorise se realtivitetit
te  Einstein-it, se ç'fare i prodhen valet e gravitetit,
valet gravitacionele, prodhohen nga keto sisteme.
Si i masim ato?
Teknika eshte interformetria me lazer.
Duke qene nje teorist, me pelqen fakti
qe tani mund te defrehem me ca pajisje ketu,
me shprese se nuk do ta prish.
Ajo ç'fare kam sjelle eshte nje lazer interferometer.
Dhe ndoshta mend te kemi--
po, pamjen atje, lejomeni ta hap kete.
Duhet te filloje te nxehet ne pak sekonda.

Albanian: 
OK, ne rregull.
Keshtu ç'fare kemi ketu?
Une e kam futur ate ne nje kuti te zeze.
Nuke eshte shume e rrezikshem, por eshte pak e rrezikshme.
keshtu ju nuka mund ta shihni ate, por ju mund shihni
nga siper se ç'po ndodh.
Ketu kemi lazerin, dhe po emeton nje reze lazer
drejt fundit ketu.
Ky objekt i vogel ketu eshte nje ndares rezeje.
Keshtu gjysma e rezes reflektohet ketu siper
ne nje pasqyre, qe me pas reflektohet mbrapsh,
dhe pastaj do te shkoje drejt perpara.
Dhe gjysma tjeter do te pershkoje drejt kesaj pasqyre
dhe pastaj kthehet te ndaresi
dhe pastaj largohet ne kete drejtim.
Keshtu kemi nje reze lazer koherente qe
ndahet ne dy reze dhe pastaj dergohet pergjate ketij aksi.
Keshtu le te shohim ç'fare ndodh.
Dhe nes mund ti fikim dritat.

English: 
OK, right.
So what have we got here?
I've got it in a black box.
It's not very dangerous, but
it's a little bit dangerous.
So you can't see
it, but you can see
from above what's happening.
We have the laser here, and
it's emitting a laser beam
straight out the end here.
And this little object
here is a beam splitter.
So half of the light
gets reflected up here
to a mirror, which then
gets reflected back,
and then will go
straight forward.
And the other half will
go through to this mirror
and then come back
to the splitter
and then go off
in this direction.
So there is a coherent
laser light beam that's
split into two beams and then
is sent down in this access.
So let's have a
look what happens.
And if we can have
the lights down.

English: 
There are the two
beams I mentioned.
And something interesting
happens if we manipulate them
So they're sitting
on top of each other.
This is the phenomenon
of interference.
Light is a wave, and just
like water waves on a pool--
on the surface of a pond,
or something like that--
interferes, light
wave also interferes.
The point about this set up is
that this interference pattern
is very sensitive.
And if you change the
geometry a little bit,
fire a sound wave, then you see
that the interference pattern
changes.
This is exactly the
principle that's
being used in the
LIGO experiment
to detect gravitational waves.
Taking laser beams,
interfering them,

Albanian: 
Siç e permenda jane dy reze.
Dhe diçka interesante ndodh nese i manipulojme ato.
Keshtu ato vendosen mbi njera tjetren.
Ky eshte fenomeni i interferences.
Drita eshte nje vale, dhe njesoj si valet e ujit ne nje pellg--
ne siperfaqen e nje pellgu, ose diçka e tille--
interferojne, po ashtu interferojne edhe valet e drites.
Aresyeja e kesaj vendosjeje eshte eshte qe kjo menyre interference
eshte shume e ndjeshme.
Dhe nese ju ndryshoni sadopak gjeometrine,
duke leshuar nje vale zeri, atehere ju shihni qe shiritat e interferences
ndryshojne.
Ky eshte pikerisht parimi qe
perdoret ne eksperimentin LIGO
per te dalluar valet gravitacionale.
Duke marre reze lazer, duke i interferuar ato,

Albanian: 
dhe pastaj shohim qe kur vala gravitacionale nderhyn,
shiritat e interferences jane zhvendosur.
Keshtu a mund ti ndizni dritat perseri?
Faleminderit.
Dhe a mund ti kemi gjithashtu edhe pamjet perseri?
Faleminderit.
Keshtu ja ku eshte nje fotografi, dy fotografi, te dy detektoreve.
Nje ne Hanford ne Washington, ne anen e siperme majtas
te Shteteve te Bashkuara, dhe tjetri ne Livingston
ne Louisiana, ne anen e poshtme djathtas.
Dhe pamjet mbi to jane te dy detektoreve
LIGO.
Dhe ju mund te shihni qe atje jane dy krahe te gjate,
dhe neper secilin prej atyre ktaheve, te cilet
jane aktualisht kater kilometra te gjate,
leshohet nje reze lazer.
Leshohet rezja dhe ndodhet nje pasqyre te madhe
ne fund te njerit krah.
Ndodhet nje pasqyre e madhe ne fund te krahut tjeter.

English: 
and then seeing when the
gravitational wave comes in,
that the interference
pattern has moved.
So can I have the
lights back up again?
Thank you.
And can we have the
slides back as well?
Thank you.
So here is a photograph, two
photographs, of two detectors.
One in Hanford in Washington,
the upper left-hand side
of the United States, and
the other one in Livingston
in Louisiana, down
in the lower right.
And the pictures above them are
pictures of the two jet LIGO
detectors.
And you can see that
there's two long arms,
and down each of
those arms, which
are actually four
kilometres long,
a laser beam is being sent.
It's being sent and
there's a big mirror
at the end of one arm.
There's a big mirror at
the end of another arm.

English: 
And the light's coming back,
and it's being interfered,
much in the same way we
just demonstrated here,
at that central
detection facility
at the apex of the two arms.
If a gravitational wave
comes through this system,
it tends to squeeze
one of the arms,
makes a little bit shorter,
makes the other arm longer,
or vise versa.
The gravitational waves that
were caused by the two black
holes colliding, that
were observed in 2015,
changed the length
of these arms,
these four kilometre arms, by
1,000th the size of an atomic
nucleus.
This is truly
breathtaking engineering.
All vibrations-- for example,
me hitting the table,
just like a few moments
ago-- would completely

Albanian: 
Dhe drita kthehet prapa, dhe interferohet,
po ne te njejten menyre qe sapo treguam ketu,
tek ajo pajisje qendrore e detektimit
ku puqen te dy krahet.
Nese nje vale gravitacionale kalon permes ketij sistemi,
ajo tenton te rrudhe nje nga krahet,
e ben ate pak me te shkurter, e ben krahun tjeter pak me te gjate,
ose anasjelltas.
Valet gravitacionale qe u shkaktuan nga perplasja e dy
vrimave te zeza, qe u vrojtuan ne 2015,
ndryshoi gjatesine e ketyre kraheve,
ketyre kraheve kater kilometra, me nje te mijten e permases se nje
berthame atomike.
Kjo eshte me te vertete inxhinieri mahnitese.
Te hjtha dridhjet--pershembull, kur une godas tryezen,
pikerisht si pak caste me pare-- do ta turbullonte

Albanian: 
sinjalin krejtesisht.
Gjithe dridhjet-- gjithe dridhjet
ne laborator, e te tjera-- gjithshka
duhet te menjanohet me ane mjetesh inxhinierike komplekse
dhe te sofistikuara.
Dhe mbasi kjo ndodh, ju keni kete sistem perfekt
te qendrueshem.
Nese nje vale gravitacionale nderhyn, ajo prodhin nje sinjal.
Dhe ju po prisni nje zhvendosje sa nje e mijta e permases
se diametrit ne kater kilometra.
Nje nga vetite kyce te ketij eksperimenti
eshte qe duhet te jene dy prej tyre.
Largesia ndermjet dy detektoreve
eshte afersisht 3,000 kilometra
Keshtu duke diture qe valet gravitacionale
levizin me shpejtesine e drites, koha qe duhet--
vala gravitacionale do te godase se pari njerin nga detektoret,
dhe do te godase te dytin pak me vone.
Dhe se sa pak me vone eshte e llogaritshme me saktesi.
Eshte afersisht dhjete milisekonda.

English: 
swamp the signal.
All seismic vibrations--
all vibrations
of machinery in the laboratory,
et cetera-- all of that
has to be shielded away by
elaborate and sophisticated
engineering.
And once that's happened, you
have this perfectly stable
system.
If a gravitational wave comes
in, it produces a signal.
And you're waiting for the
movement of 1,000th of the size
of the diameter over
four kilometres.
One of the key aspects
of this experiment
is that there should be two.
The distance between
the two detectors
is about 3,000 kilometres.
So given that
gravitational waves
move at the speed of
light, the time taken--
the gravitational wave will
hit one of the detectors first,
and it will hit the second
one a little bit later.
And a little bit later
is exactly quantifiable.
It's about 10 milliseconds.

English: 
So if a gravitational
wave signal has come in,
the two signals,
when you move them
on top of each other
separated by 10 milliseconds,
should be the same.
And in the lower right-hand of
the figure of the image, that
is actually the real data
that was published by the LIGO
experiment, saying we have
detected gravitational waves.
Now, it's true that there's
a lot of noise there,
but the main feature that
I want you to pick up on
is that they are exactly
in phase, especially
towards the latter
part of the event.
They're exactly in phase.
You can see that constant
frequency process,
the increasing amplitude, the
chirp, and then the ring down.
As I said before, this was
the first direct detection
of black holes, the
first direct detection

Albanian: 
Keshtu nese nje sinjal vale gravitacionale nderhyn,
dy sinjalet, kur ju i vendosni ato
mbi njeri tjetrin te ndare nga dhjete milisekonda,
duhet te jene te njejte.
Dhe ne anen e poshtme djathtas te figures se pamjes, ato
jane aktualisht te dhenat reale qe u publikuan nga eksperimenti
LIGO, duke thene ne kemi vrojtuar valet gravitacionale.
Tani, eshte e vertete qe ka shume zhurma atje,
por tipari kryesor te i cili dua qe ju ta dalloni
eshte qe ato jane saktesisht ne faze, vecanerisht
drejt pjeses se fundit te eventit.
Ato jane saktesisht ne faze.
Ju mund te shihni procesin e frekuences konstante,
rritje e amplitudes, britmen, dhe pastaj heshtjen.
Siç e thashe me pare, ky ishte vrojtimi i pare direkt
i vrimave te zeza, vrojtimi i pare direkt

Albanian: 
i valeve gravitacionale, dhe vrojtimi i pare direkt
i nje sistemi binar vrimash te zeza.
Keshtu nese mendoni nje cast per kete,
eshte shume e veshtire ta dini qe ju keni
nje sistem binar vrimash te zeza.
Nje vrime e zeze dhe nje yll, ju kerkoni per reze X,
dhe ju gjithashtu shikoni driten qe vjen nga nje yll.
Por nese keni vetem dy vrima te zeza,
ato mund te prodhojne reze X nga pak mbetje, akumulime
qe jane rreth tyre.
Por ju nuk mund ta dini nese atje eshte nje vrime e zeze apo dy
vrima te zeza.
Keshtu kjo eshte prova e pare direkte
qe ka sisteme binar vrimash te zeza ne univers.
Une ju mahnita njehere, shpresoj,
per arritjen inxhinierike.
Une dua t'ju mahnis perseri.
Duke studiuar ate sinjal dhe duke e krahasuar ate
me parashikimet e shqyrtimeve teorike
nga relativiteti i pergjithshem, ne e dime qe masat e dy
vrimave te zeza ishin 36 here sa masa e diellit tone dhe 29 here
sa masa e diellit tone.
Ne fakt, para ketij eksperimenti, ne

English: 
of gravitational waves, and
the first direct detection
of a binary system
of black holes.
So if you think about
it for a moment,
it's very hard to
know that you have
a binary system of black holes.
A black hole and a star,
you look for X-rays,
and you also see the
light coming from a star.
But if you have just
two black holes,
they might be producing X-rays
from some remnant, accretion
that surrounds them.
But you wouldn't know if
that's one black hole or two
black holes.
So this is the first
direct evidence
that there are binary systems
of black holes in the universe.
I've blown your mind
once, hopefully,
about the engineering feat.
I want to blow your mind again.
By studying that
signal and comparing it
to the theoretical
observations predictions
from general relativity, we
know that the masses of the two
black holes were 36 times the
mass of our sun and 29 times
the mass of our sun.
In fact, before
this experiment, we

English: 
didn't know such black
holes of that mass existed.
They coalesced to form a black
hole, which weighs 62 times
the mass of our sun.
So there's one equation in
this talk, and here it is.
36 plus 29 minus
62, and that's 3.
So after they coalesced,
there was three times
the mass of the sun of
matter that was ejected
into gravitational waves.
And the amount of energy
that is, you use the famous E
equals mc squared
equation of Einstein.
And that was released in
a tenth of a second, which
was that final chirp on the
graph that I showed before.
The amount of power that
was produced in that moment
was 3 times 10 to the 49 watts.

Albanian: 
nuk e dinim se vrima te tilla me te tille mase egzistonin.
Ato u bashkuan per te formuar nje vrime te zeze, e cila peshon 62 here
sa masa e diellit tone.
Keshtu ka nje ekuacion ne keto fjale, dhe ja ku eshte.
36 plus 29 minus 62, qe bejne 3.
Keshtu pasi ato u bashkuan, nje lende sa tre here
masa e diellit tone qe u leshua
ne valet gravitacionale.
Dhe sasia e energjise qe eshte, ju perdorni
ekuacionin e famshem te Einstein-it E=mc2.
Dhe ajo eshte leshuar ne nje te dhjeten e sekondes, e cila
ishte britma perfundimtare ne grafikun qe ju tregova me pare.
Sasia e energjise qe prodhua ne ate cast
ishte 3 her 10 ne fuqi 49 watt.

Albanian: 
Edhe nese ju e keni te lehte me numrat--
nese jeni matematikan ose fizikant--
kur arrini ne numra te tille, 10 ne fuqi 49,
qe eshte njesh i ndjekur nga 49 zero, ju e humbisni intuiten.
Ky eshte nje numer teper i madh.
Keshtu ju mund te mendoni per te,  a dini ju
ndonje objekt ne univers qe eshte kaq i fuqishem?
Ju mund te filloni ne toke me objekte te fuqishme,
reaktoret berthamore, per shembull.
Harrojini ato.
Le te vemi te dielli.
Le te mendojme per diellin per nje cast.
E gjithe energjia e diellit qe arrin te ne nga rreth 90 milion
milje larg, qe ushqen gjithe jeten mbi Toke, ajo energji,
e gjithe energjia e emetuar nga dielli,
eshte rreth 10 ne fuqi 24 wat, njeshi i ndjekur nga 24 zero.
Keshtu kjo eshte shume, shume me e fuqishme se gjithe
energjia e emetuar nga dielli

English: 
Even if you have
facility with numbers--
you're a mathematician
or you're a physicist--
when you get numbers
like this, 10 to the 49,
that's 1 with 49 0's following
it, you lose intuition.
This is a huge number.
So you can try and
think about, what's
a powerful object that you
know about in the universe?
You might begin on earth
with powerful objects,
nuclear reactors, for example.
Forget that.
Let's go to the sun.
Let's think of the
sun for a moment.
All of the power from the sun
reaching us about 90 million
miles away, driving all of
life on Earth, that power,
the total power
emitted by the sun,
is about 10 to the 24
watts, 1 followed by 24 0's.
So this is much, much
more powerful than all
of the power emitted by the sun.

English: 
In fact, it's more power
emitted by all of the stars,
not just in our
galaxy, but in all
of the galaxies in the universe.
So when I mentioned
cataclysmic explosion earlier,
this simplicity of space-time,
just the mass and the spin
swirling around each other, that
rearrangement of space and time
into a single black hole
is truly cataclysmic,
and that's despite the
fact that gravity is weak,
in the sense that I was
describing it before.
We also know that the
event happened about 1.3
billion light years away.
That means the
gravitational waves
were emitted about
1.3 billion years ago
and then arrived
at Earth in 2015.
And I find that kind of poetic.

Albanian: 
Ne fakt, eshte me shume energji se ajo e emetuar nga gjithe yjet,
jo vetem ne galaksine tone, por ne gjithe
galaksite ne univers.
Keshtu kur une permenda me heret shperthimin kataklizmik,
kjo thjeshtesi e hapesire-kohes, vetem masa dhe spini
duke u vertitur perreth njera tjetres, kjo rivendosje e hapesire dhe kohes
ne nje vrime te zeze te vetme eshte me te vertete kataklizmike,
dhe kjo pavaresisht faktit qe graviteti eshte i dobet,
ne kuptimin qe isha duke e pershkruar ate me pare.
Ne gjithashtu dime qe kjo ngjarje ka ndodhur rreth
1.3 miliarde vite drite larg nesh.
Kjo do te thote qe valet gravitacionale
ishin emetuar 1.3 miliarde vite me pare
dhe mberrite ne Toke ne 2015.
Dhe mua kjo me duket disi poetike.

English: 
1.3 billion years
ago, Earth had just
evolved from single
celled organisms
to multicellular organisms.
And we wait a little bit longer,
and multicellular organisms
become fish and reptiles.
Dinosaurs come, dinosaurs go.
Mammals come, evolve.
Humans evolve.
Isaac Newton comes.
Einstein comes.
We start building this detector.
And I say we because it is we.
It is humanity who does this.
We build this detector, and
finally, when it's ready to go,
it has its upgrade,
we switch it on.
And actually very soon after
the upgrade, we switched on.
Bang, the signal is
there, coming towards us.
I also want to
emphasise at this point
that gravitational waves,
observations that we've had,
and there's been
three more since then,
there was just one two days ago.
You may have noticed
that in the news--

Albanian: 
1.3 miliarde vjet me pare, Toka sapo kishte
evoluar nga organizmat njeqelizore
ne organizma shumeqelizore.
Dhe ne presim pake me gjate, dhe organizmat shumeqelizore
behen peshq dhe zvarranike.
Vijne dinosauret, ikin dinosauret.
Vijne gjitaret, evoluojne.
Njerezit evoluojne.
Vjen Newton-i.
Vjen Einstein-i.
Ne fillojme te ndertojme kete detektor.
Dhe une them 'ne' sepse eshte ne.
Eshte njerezimi qe e ben kete.
Ne ndertojme kete detektor, dhe perfundimisht, kur eshte gati per pune,
i behen permiresimet, ne e ndezim.
Dhe aktualisht menjehere pasi u bene permiresimet, ne e ndezem.
Bang, sinjali eshte atje, duke ardhur drejt nesh.
Une dua gjithashtu ta theksoje ne kete pike
qe valet gravitacionale, vrojtimet qe ne kemi pasur,
dhe kane qene tre te tjere qysh atehere,
ishte nje vetem nje apo dy dite me pare.
Ju mund te keni vene re qe ne lajmet--

English: 
it's not just verifying
that Einstein was right.
It's not verifying that,
oh, black holes really do
exist, confirming what we knew.
That's all true, but the
really exciting thing
is it's a new type of
astronomy that's being created.
We now have a new window
at looking at the universe.
Not through electric
electromagnetic radiation,
like in the telescopes
we've been using,
but by gravitational waves.
And we're going to learn
more about black holes
and their properties
and their distribution,
and we probably are
going to learn things
that are brand new
that we haven't
thought about before as well.
So gravitational wave
astronomy and observations
over the next 10,
20, 30, 40 years
is going to be an extremely
exciting field in science,
or fundamental science.
OK, so let's leave
the observations
and let's go back to some
theoretical pondering.

Albanian: 
nuk eshte vetem per te verifikuar qe Einsein-i kishte te drejte.
Nuk eshte per te verifikuar qe, oh, vrimat e zeza vertet
egzistojne, duke konfirmuar ate ç'fare dinim.
E gjithe kjo eshte e vertete, por gjeja vertete eksituese
eshte nje lloj i ri astronomie qe eshte duke u krijuar.
Ne tani kemi nje dritare per te pare universin.
Jo nepermjet rezatimit elektrik, elektromanjetik,
si ne teleskopet qe kemi qene duke perdorur,
por nepermjet valeve gravitacionale.
Dhe ne do te mesojme me shume per vrimat e zeza
dhe vetive dhe shperndarjen e tyre,
dhe ne ndoshta do te mesojme gjera
qe jane krejt te reja qe nuk i kishim
menduar aq mire me pare.
Keshtu valet gravitacionale dhe vrojtimet
per 10, 20, 30, 40 vitet qe vijne
do te jene nje fushe shume eksituese ne shkence,
ose ne shkencen themelore.
OK, keshtu le ti leme vrojtimet
dhe te kthehemi tek mendimi teorik.

Albanian: 
Le ti kthehemi pyetjes se ç'fare
ndodh brenda vrimes se zeze.
Keshtu dy figurat ketu jane Stephen Hawking,
natyrisht, dhe Rogers Penrose, i cili ne vitet 60 dhe vitet e para te 70-es
ishte pionieri i vertete dhe ai qe hodhi themelet per kuptimin
e vetive te verteta te vrimave te zeza,
dhe ne veçanti, ç'fare ndodh thelle ne brendesi te vrimes se zeze.
Nese kalon brenda horizontit te eventit, siç pata thene me pare,
ju nuk mund te dilni me kurre jashte nga horizonti i eventit.
Ne fakt, nese takoni nje vrime te zeze mjaft te madhe,
ju bile nuk do te dallonit qe ndonje gje ishte e ndryshme
Ju do te ndihet saktesisht njelloj sikur une te qendroja mbi kete tryeze
dhe te hidhesha nga tryeza, keshtu une do te
isha ne renie te lire per nje cast.
Ajo ndjenje e renies se lire eshte me saktesi ajo ç'fare
ju do te ndjenit, nese vrima e zeze eshte mjaft e madhe,
nderkohe qe ju kaloni brenda horizontit te eventit.
Ndersa koha kalon,  ju do te shikoni, aktualisht,
ju do te ngushtoheni e terhiqeni.

English: 
Let's return to the
question about what
happens inside a black hole.
So the two figures here
are Stephen Hawking,
of course, and Roger Penrose,
who in the '60s and early '70s
really pioneered and laid the
foundations for understanding
the true properties
of black holes,
and in particular, what happens
deep inside the black hole.
If you cross into the event
horizon, as I've said before,
you are never coming out
past the event horizon.
In fact, if you crossed
a big enough black hole,
you wouldn't even notice
that anything was different.
You would feel exactly the same
as if I stood on this table
and jumped off the
table, so I would
be in freefall for a moment.
That sense of freefall
would be exactly what
you would feel, if the
black hole was big enough,
as you crossed
the event horizon.
As time went on, you
would then find, actually,
you would be squeezed
and stretched.

English: 
It's called spaghettification.
You'd be squeezed and
stretched, and eventually, you
would confront what's
inside the black hole,
this space-time singularity.
And this space-time
singularity is inevitable.
And the picture I've drawn
doesn't capture a key feature
of space-time singularities.
And the key feature of
space-time singularities
inside black holes is that
they're singularities in time
and not in space.
If a singularity was
a point in space--
let's imagine it was in
the centre of this room--
you have this strong sense that
you should be able to avoid it.
If you find your
rocket, surely I
could just move away from
the space-time singularity.
Why do I have to hit the
space-time time singularity?
That's true, and that's because
space-time singularities
and black holes are
not of that form.
Space-time singularity
is a singularity in time,

Albanian: 
Kjo quhet spagetifikim.
Ju do te ngushtoheni dhe terhiqeni, dhe eventualisht, ju
do te perballeni me ç'fare ka brenda vrimes se zeze,
me kete njeshmeri hapesire-kohe.
Dhe kjo njeshmeri hapesire-kohe eshte e pashmangshme.
Dhe skica qe kam vizatuar nuk kap nje veti kyçe
te njeshmerise hapesire-kohe.
Dhe vetia kyçe e njeshmerise hapesire-kohe
brenda vrimes se zeze eshte qe ato jane njeshmeri ne kohe
dhe jo ne hapesire.
Nese njeshmeria do te ishte nje pike ne hapesire--
le te imagjinojme se do te ishte ne mesin e kesaj dhome--
ju keni kete ndjenje te forte qe ju mund te jeni ne gjendje ta shmangnit ate.
Nese gjeni raketen tuaj, sigurisht une
do te mundesha thjesht te zhvendosesha larg njeshmerise hapesire-kohe.
Perse me duhet mua te ndeshem me njeshmerine hapesire-kohe?
Kjo eshte e vertete, dhe kjo per shkak se njeshmeria hapesire kohe
dhe vrimat e zeza nuk jane te asaj forme.
Njeshmeria hapesire-kohe eshte nje njeshmeri ne kohe,

Albanian: 
dhe ju duhet te mendoni ne cast te kohes ne te ardhmen
te cilin ju nuk mund ta shmangni.
Ne nuk mund ta shmangim te Marten e ardhshme, dh kjo eshte pikerisht--
jo afersisht, saktesisht--se si nuk mundeni
te shmangni njeshmerine hapesire kohe ne nje vrime te zeze.
Dhe eshte ky ndryshim ne gramatike qe eshte aktualisht i rendesishem.
Nje njeshmeri hapesire-kohe ndodh.
Ju shkoni brenda horizontit te eventit dhe njeshmeria hapesire-kohe
do te ndodhe ne menyre te pashmangshme.
Per vrimat e zeza qe ne i dime.
Ajo eshte ne rendin e 100 oreve.
Brenda vrimes se zeze ne qender te galaksise sone,
eshte rreth tre ore, mendoj une.
Ose ndoshta nje ore.
Eshte afersisht aq.
Interesante eshte, sa me shume kohe te keni para se te ndodhe njeshmeria
eshte kohe per tu relaksuar.
Ju thjesht jeni ne renie te lire, dhe kjo eshte koha me gjate qe mund te zgjase.
C'do levizje tjeter qe ju beni, nese ndez raketat,
ajo e ben--

English: 
and you should think of a
moment in time in the future
that you can't avoid.
We can't avoid next Tuesday,
and that's exactly--
not rough, exactly--
how you can't
avoid the space-time
singularity in a black hole.
And it's this change of grammar
that's actually important.
A space-time
singularity happens.
You go inside the event horizon
and the space-time singularity
will inevitably happen.
For the biggest black
holes that we know of.
It's of the order of 100 hours.
Inside the black hole in
the centre of our galaxy,
it's about three hours, I think.
Or maybe it's one hour.
It's roughly that.
Interestingly, the longest you
have before the singularity
happens is just to relax.
You just freefall, and that's
the longest you've got.
Any other motion you do, if
you switch on your rockets,
it makes your--

Albanian: 
njeshmeria ndodh me shpejt.
Besoj ka nje mesim per jeten diku atje,
por nuk jam i sigurt se ç'eshte.
Por eshte interesante.
Une mendoj qe nuk eshte theksuar mjaft,
qe nje nivel tjeter i asaj analogjise me te Marten
eshte qe te ndezesh raketat per te shmangur
per te shmangur njeshmerine hapesire kohe do te ishte saktesisht e ngjashme si te thuash
Une do te hipi ne makinen time dhe nuk jam
i sigurt ne cilin drejtim jeni duke ngare,
por ju thjesht po perpiqeni te largoheni nga e Marta tjeter.
Eshte e pakuptimte.
Dhe ne menyre te ngjashme, kjo eshte saktesisht ç'fare
ndodh brenda vrimes se zeze.
Keshtu ç'fare eshte nje njeshmeri hapesire-kohe.
Keshtu nje njeshmeri hapesire kohe eshte vendi ku
ligjet e relativitetit te pergjithshem nuk funksionojne me.
Keshtu relativiteti i pergjithshem nuk eshte me
i vlefshem tek njeshmeria hapesire kohe.
Dhe kur e degjon kete per here te pare, kjo tingellon si nje gje shume e keqe.

English: 
the singularity happens quicker.
I think there's a life
lesson there somewhere,
but I'm not sure what it is.
But it's interesting.
I think it's not
emphasised enough,
that one more level of
that analogy with Tuesday
is firing your rockets
trying to avoid
the space-time singularity would
be exactly analogous to say,
I'm going to hop in
my car and I'm not
sure which direction
you are driving,
but you just try and drive
away from next Tuesday.
It's meaningless.
And similarly,
that's exactly what's
happening inside the black hole.
So what is a
space-time singularity?
So a space-time
singularity is where
the laws of general
relativity break down.
So general relativity
is no longer
valid at the
space-time singularity.
And at first hearing this, that
sounds like a very bad thing.

English: 
It sounds like general
relativity is no longer--
it's somehow a flawed theory.
It can't tell us what we need
to know about what would happen
deep inside a black hole.
But, in fact, that's completely
the wrong way of looking at it.
What the space-time
singularities are telling
us is that there's
an opportunity
for deeper insight into the
fundamental laws of physics.
We know that general
relativity is not
the theory of everything.
After all, it
doesn't describe any
of the quantum
forces, which we'll
be discussing in a moment.
So there must be a bigger
theoretical framework,
deeper fundamental physics,
beyond general relativity.
And what the result of Stephen
Hawking and Roger Penrose says
is that black holes
are a great place
to think about where you
should go beyond our existing
knowledge.
Black holes aren't
the only place

Albanian: 
Tingellon sikur relativiteti i pergjithshem nuk eshte me--
eshte ne nje fare menyre nje teori me gabime.
Ajo nuk mund te na thote ate qe na duhet te dime per ç'fare ndodh
thelle ne brendesi te nje vrime te zeze.
Por, ne fakt, ky eshte nje kendveshtrim krejt i gabuar per te.
Ajo qe njeshmerite hapesire-kohe po na thone
eshte qe ka nje mundesi
per nje kuptim me te thelle ne ligjet themelore te fizikes.
Ne e dime qe relativiteti i pergjithshem nuk eshte
teoria e gjithshkaje.
Mbi te gjitha, ajo nuk pershkruan ndonjeren
nga forcat kuantike, te cilat ne do te
jemi duke diskutuar pas pak.
Keshtu duhet te jete nje kornize teorike me e madhe,
fizike themelore me e thelle, tej relativitetit te pergjithshem.
Dhe ajo qe na thone rezultatet e Stephen Hawking dhe Roger Penrose
eshte qe vrimat e zeza jane nje vend shume i mire
per te menduar ku duhet te shkoni tej njohurive
tona egzistuese.
Vrimat e zeza nuk jane i vetmi vend

English: 
that space-time
singularities exist.
They also exist at the very
beginning of the Big Bang.
So if you look at all
the galaxies today,
they're all expanding
away from each other.
If you run the history of the
universe backwards in time,
those galaxies will be getting
closer and closer and closer.
And about 14 billion years
ago, all of those galaxies
would be on top of each other,
and that would be the Big Bang.
And that moment if the
Big Bang, in the context
of Einstein's theory
of general relativity,
is a space-time singularity.
So another place to think
about fundamental physics
beyond general relativity is the
very beginning of the Big Bang,
or the very early
part of the universe.
Up until now, I've just been
just describing gravity,
but I now introduce
another player
into the game, which
is the quantum world.
All of fundamental physics
rests on two pillars.

Albanian: 
ku egzistojne njeshmerite hapesire-kohe.
Ato egzistojne gjithashtu qe ne krye te fillimit te Big Bang.
Keshtu nese shihni drejt gjithe galaksive sot,
ato po shperndahen larg nga njera tjetra,
Nese ju ktheni historine e universit mbrapsh ne kohe,
ato galaksi do te gjendeshin gjithnje e me afer.
Dhe rreth 14 miliarde vjet me pare, te gjitha ato galaksi
do te ishin mbi njera tjetren, dhe ajo do te ishte Big Bang-u.
Dhe ne ate çast nese Big Bang-u, ne kontekstin
e teorise se relativitetit te pergjithshem te Einstein-it,
eshte nje njeshmeri hapesire-kohe.
Keshtu nje vend tjeter per te menduar rreth fizikes themelore
tej relativitetit te pergjithshem eshte fillimi i hershem i Big Bang-ut,
ose pjeset shume te hershme te universit.
Derimetani, une kam qene duke shpjeguar gravitetin,
Por tani une do t'ju bej te njohur nje lojtar tjeter
ne loje, i cili eshte bota kuantike.
E gjithe fizika themelore mbahet ne dy shtylla.

English: 
On the one hand, Einstein's
theory of general relativity,
describing gravity.
And on the other,
the quantum world,
which describes all of
elementary particle physics--
electrons, protons,
neutrons, quarks.
All of the elementary
particles that
are observed in the particle
accelerators, including
the Large Hadron Collider, are
described by the quantum world.
And there's something
called the standard model
of particle physics, which
encapsulates our deepest
understanding of
elementary particles
and their interactions.
Both of these fundamental
theories are extremely accurate
and describe nature with
exquisite precision and beauty,
but they're mathematically
inconsistent.
And that's a paradox
when you first hear it,
but it has a very
simple explanation.

Albanian: 
Ne njeren ane, teoria e relativitetit te pergjithshem e Einstein-it,
qe pershkruan gravitetin.
Dhe ne anen tjeter, bota kuantike,
e cila pershkruan te gjithe fiziken e grimcave elementare--
elektronet, protonet, neutronet, quarket.
Te gjitha grimcat elementare qe
jane vrojtuar ne pershpejtuesit e grimcave, duke perfshire
Large Hadron Collider, jane pershkruar nga bota kuantike.
Dhe eshte nje gje qe quhet modeli standard
i grimcave fizike, i cili mbulon kuptimin tone
me te thelle te grimcave elementare
dhe nderveprimin e tyre.
te dyja keto teori themelore jane shume te sakta
dhe e pershkruajne natyren bukur e me shume saktesi,
por ato jane matematikisht jo konsistente.
Dhe ky eshte nje paradoks kur e degjoni per here te pare,
por ka nje shpjegim fare te thjeshte.

Albanian: 
Kur une isha duke pershkruar gravitetin,
Une po lija krejt menjane boten kuantike.
Dhe ne mund ta bejme  kete sepse te gjitha forcat kuantike--
per shembull, forca elektromanjetike eshte njera nga ato forca--
jane te neutralizuara ne shkallen qe une isha duke pershkruar.
Keshtu qe vetmja force qe eshte e rendesishme,
duke perdorur gjuhen Newtoniane te gravitetit
ne shkallet e vrimave te zeza dhe galaksive e keshtu me tej,
eshte vete graviteti.
Dhe ne perdorim teorine e relativitetit te pergjithshem te Einstein-it
dhe leme menjane boten kuantike.
Ne menyre te ngjashme, kur njerezit bejne eksperimente ne Gjeneve
tek Large Hadron Collider, ata
kuptojne dhe çmojne qe nderveprimet gravitacionale
jane fare te vogla ne krahasim me nderveprimet qe ata
po shohin.
Mendoni per kapesen e letres dhe magnetin.
Dhe ata, perseri, bejne sikur gravitety nuk egziston fare.
Ata bejne sikur ai nuk eshte aty.

English: 
When I've been
describing gravity,
I've literally been forgetting
about the quantum world.
And we can do that because
all of the quantum forces--
for example, the electromagnetic
force is one of those forces--
are neutralised over the scales
that I've been describing.
So the only force
that's important,
using the Newtonian
language of gravity
on the scales of black holes
and galaxies and so on,
is gravity itself.
And we use Einstein's
theory of general relativity
and forget about
the quantum world.
Similarly, when people
do experiments in Geneva
at the Large Hadron
Collider, they
understand and appreciate that
the gravitational interactions
are extremely tiny compared
to the interactions they're
looking at.
Think of the paperclip
and the magnet.
And they, again, pretend that
gravity doesn't exist at all.
They just pretend
it's not there.

Albanian: 
Keshtu ne te dy fushat, ne e parafrojme ate qe ndodh.
Bota kuantike, ne perafrojme
duke thene qe nuk ka gravitet.
Dhe ne keto pershkrime te vrimave te zeza
dhe valeve gravitacionale, e keshtu me radhe,
ne perafrojme duke thene qe bota kuantike nuk egziston.
Por megjithate, ne do na pelqente te kishim diçka me te mire se aq.
Ne do na pelqente ti vendosnim te dyja sebashku
ne nje kornize logjike kohezive.
Dhe atehere, pyetja qe mbetet eshte
si i njesojme keto dy shtylla te medha te dijes?
Keshtu ne pjesen e mbetur te fjales, dua thjesht tu jap ju ca
shije pse ne mendojme qe vrimat e zeza jane laboratori kyç,
ose nje laborator kyç, per ate faze tjeter te njesimit
ne fiziken themelore.
Une mund t'ju them tani nje gje per teorine kuantike
per te motivuar ate qe doja te thoja.

English: 
So in both domains, we're
approximating what's going on.
The quantum world,
we approximate
by saying there's no gravity.
And in these descriptions
of black holes
and gravitational
waves, and so on,
we approximate by saying the
quantum world doesn't exist.
But nevertheless, we would
like to do better than that.
We would like to put
these both together
into a cohesive,
logical framework.
And the question
remains, then, is
how do we unify these two
great pillars of knowledge?
So in the rest of the talk,
I want to just give you some
flavour why we think black
holes are the key laboratory,
or a key laboratory, for that
next stage of unification
in fundamental physics.
I can just tell you one
thing about quantum theory
to motivate what
I wanted to say.

English: 
In quantum theory, the
vacuum, empty space and time,
is actually not as empty
as you might think.
A way of thinking
about it, it's a sea
of virtual particles
and anti-particles
coming into existence out of
nothing, literally nothing,
existing for a little while,
and then annihilating away
to nothing.
So in this picture, I've got--
a red arrow might
represent an electron
coming into being with its
anti-particle, a positron.
They exist for a little,
short amount of time,
and then they annihilate away.
And we call these
particles virtual,
because they're not
directly detected.
However, they can be
indirectly detected,
or their effects can
be indirectly detected.
And they can be measured, and
we know that these are real,
So our conception of what the
vacuum is in quantum theory

Albanian: 
Ne teorine kuantike, vakumi, hapesira boshe dhe koha,
ne fakt nuk eshte aq boshe sa ç'mund ta mendoni ju.
Nje menyre per te menduar mbi te, eshte si nje det
me grimca virtuale dhe anti-grimca
qe vijne ne egzistence nga asgjeja, nga asgjeja fare,
existojne per nje fare kohe, dhe pastaj asgjesohen tutje
ne asgje.
Keshtu ne pamje, une kam--
nje shigjete e kuqe mund te perfaqesonte nje elektron
qe shfaqet me antigrimcen e tij, nje pozitron.
Ata egzistojne per pak, nje kohe te shkurter
dhe pastaj ata asgjesohen tej.
Dhe ne i quajme keto grimca virtuale,
spese ato nuk dallohen ne menyre direkte.
Megjithate, ato mund te dallohen ne menyre indirekte,
ose efektet e tyre mund te dallohen ne menyre indirekte.
Dhe ato mund te maten, dhe ne e dime qe keto jane te verteta.
Keshtu koncepti yne se ç'eshte vakumi ne teorine kuantike

English: 
is changed from
our naive picture.
Stephen Hawking asked
the great question,
in essence, what happens to
these processes in the presence
of a black hole?
Now, Stephen
Hawking did not have
the theory of quantum gravity.
This is a work in progress.
But he's taking one component
of the quantum theory
and taking a component
of general relativity,
a black hole, and
fusing them together
to obtain some insight.
And by doing a
specific calculation,
he showed that the
following happens.
Away from the black
hole, these processes,
these virtual
processes, continue
much as they were happening as
if there wasn't a black hole.
But near the event
horizon, occasionally

Albanian: 
ka ndryshuar nga ideja naive.
Stephen Hawking beri pyetjen e madhe,
ne thelb, çfare u ndodh ketyre proceseve ne  prani
te nje vrime te zeze?
Tani, Stephen Hawking nuk kishte
teorine e gravitetit kuantik.
Kjo pune eshte duke u bere.
Por ai merr nje perberes te teorise kuantike
dhe merr nje perberes te relativitetit te pergjithshem,
nje vrime te zeze, dhe i shkrin te dyja sebashku
per te perftuar njefare kuptimi.
Dhe duke bere nje llogaritje te veçante
ai tregoi qe ndodh kjo qe vjen me pas.
Larg nga vrima e zeze, keto procese,
keto procese virtuale, vazhdojne
njesoj siç ndodhnin sikur aty te mos kishte nje vrime te zeze.
Por prane horizontit te eventit, ne ndonje rast

English: 
one of these particles
can be stripped off,
one of the virtual particles
can be stripped off,
it goes inside
the event horizon,
and the singularity
will happen for it.
The other particle can escape
away from the black hole.
And in this process, the
particle that escapes
turns into a real particle.
So the net effect
of this process
is the black hole, with this
virtual processes happening
all over the place, is
such that, effectively,
the black hole is
emitting particles.
And it's not just emitting
particles in any old way.
It's emitting them in
a very precise way.
It's emitting them it as
if it was a hot object
with a temperature.
And this Stephen Hawking's
famous Hawking radiation.

Albanian: 
nje nga keto grimca mund te rripet,
nje nga keto grimca mund te rripet,
dhe shkon brenda horizontit te eventit,
dhe njeshmeria do te ndodhe per te.
Grimca tjeter mund te largohet tej nga vrima e zeze.
Dhe ne kete proces, grimca qe largohet
behet nje grimce e vertete.
Keshtu qe efekti neto ne kete proces
eshte vrima e zeze, me keto procese virtuale qe ndodhin
nga te gjitha anet, ne menyre te tille qe efektivisht
vrima e zeze eshte duke emetuar grimca.
dhe nuke duke emetuar grimca ne ndonje menyre te vjeter.
Ajo eshte duke  emetuar grimca ne nje menyre shume te percaktuar.
Ajo po i emeton ato sikur te ishte nje objekt i nxehte
me nje temperature.
Dhe ky eshte i famshmi rezatimi Hawking  i Stephen Hawking.

Albanian: 
Por ka edhe me.
Vetite e vrimave te zeza i binden nje vargu
ligjesh, te cilat kane te njejten forme si ligjet qe kontrollojne
sistemet termike.
Nje sistem termik eshte ç'do sistem qe ka te beje me nxehtesine,
keshtu mendoni nje motor me avull.
Jane ligje shume prçize qe u zhvilluan
ne shekullin e 19-te per te pershkruar fiziken e moterve me avull,
dhe te ç'do objekti qe ka te beje me nxehtesine.
Dhe keto ligje jane universale
qe jane nje tjeter arritje e madhe
ne perpjekjet per te kuptuar fiziken themelore.
Ato shpjegojne, per shembull, nese ju pomponi nje gome biçiklete,
valvola gjithnje nxehet.
Nese ju hapni valvolen dhe ajri del me vrull jashte,
valvola do te ftohet.
Nese eshte dite e nxehte me diell dhe ju jeni ne guzhinen tuaj
dhe ju mendoni se ju pelqen te freskoheni pak,

English: 
There's more.
The properties of black
holes obey a series
of laws, which have the same
form as the laws governing
thermal systems.
A thermal system is any
system involving heat,
so think of a steam engine.
There's very precise
laws that were developed
in the 19th century to describe
the physics of steam engines,
and any objects involving heat.
And these laws have
a great universality,
that are another
great achievement
in the quest for understanding
fundamental physics.
They explain, for example, if
you pump up a bicycle tyre,
the valve will always get hot.
If you release the valve and
the air comes rushing out,
the valve will get cold.
If it's a hot, sunny day
and you're in your kitchen
and you think you'd like
to be cooled down a bit,

Albanian: 
ju mund te keni shtyse te hapni deren e frigoriferit
dhe ajri i ftohte del jashte.
Por ligjet qe une jam duke pershkruar
do te thone se nese e beni ate, gjithesej,  temperatura
ne dhome do te rritet, sepse nxehtesia qe prodhohet
tek ana e pasme e frigoriferit do te jete
gjithnje me e madhe se ajri i ftohte qe del jashte
frigoriferit, ose ulja e temperatures.
Keshtu keto ligje, ne baze ato rregullojne ç'do gje
ne jeten e perditshme per gjithshka qe ka te beje me nxehtesine.
Eshte krejt e veçante qe vrimat e zeza
u binden te njejta ligjeve.
Keto ligje te sistemeve termike u
zhvilluan ne mes te shekullit te 19-te,
para se atomet te ishin pranuar ne menyre universale
si blloqe themelore ndertuese te lendes.

English: 
you might be tempted
to open the fridge door
and the cold air comes out.
But these laws
that I'm describing
would say if you do that,
overall, the temperature
the room will increase,
because the heat being produced
at the back of the
fridge will always
be bigger than the
cold air coming out
of the fridge, or the
reduction of temperature.
So these laws, they
basically govern everything
in everyday life with
anything to do with heat.
It's quite remarkable
that black holes
obey these same kinds of laws.
These laws of
thermal systems were
developed in the
mid-19th century,
before atoms were
universally accepted
as fundamental building
blocks of matter.

English: 
When the atomic
theory came along,
people realised that it
explained where these thermal
those came from.
The thermal laws have a
microscopic explanation.
So for example, take
a hot cup of tea.
It has heat.
It has a temperature.
But we from the point
of view of atoms, that
can be explained in terms
of the individual motions
of the atoms.
So heat is this disordered
motion of the atoms.
That's what it is, in terms
of this atomistic big picture.
And for example, the
temperature of the tea
is determined by the average
speed of these atoms.
So the atomic picture
provided a deeper, more
profound understanding of
what these thermal laws were.

Albanian: 
Kur doli teoria atomike,
njerezit e kuptuan qe ajo e shpjegonte se nga vinin
keto ligje termike.
Ligjet termike kane nje shpjegim mikroskopik.
Keshtu pershembull, merrni nje kupe me çaj te nxehte.
Ajo ka nxehtesi.
Ajo ka temperature.
Por ne nga pikepamja e atomeve, qe
kjo mund te shpjegohet me termat e levizjeve individuale
te atomeve.
Keshtu nxehtesia eshte levizje e parregullt e atomeve.
Eshte pikerisht kjo, ne termat e kesaj pikepamjeje atomike.
Dhe pershembull, temperatura e çajit
percaktohet nga shpejtesia mesatare e ketyre atomeve.
Keshtu pikpamja atomike dha nje kuptim me te thelle
se ç'fare jane keto ligje termike.

English: 
And that's the status of
black hole thermodynamics,
or thermal physics,
at the moment.
We know that they
obey a series of laws,
but we don't have the
underlying picture
of atoms of space and time
which explains those laws.
So that's one of the big
outstanding question, what
is the microscopic
description in understanding
of these thermal laws?
What happens when the black
hole emits its particles,
more and more particles?
Eventually, it will
reduce to nothing.
And remember, I said
in general relativity,
black holes are very
simple, that no matter how
they were formed, from all
the matter of the collapsing
star, material in the
star, they were then
specified by the mass and the
charge, the mass and the spin.

Albanian: 
Dhe ky eshte statusi i termodinamikes se vrimave te zeza,
i fizikes termike, ne kete kohe.
Ne dime se ato i binden nje vargu ligjesh,
po ne nuk e kemi pamjen nen te te
atomeve te hapesires dhe kohes qe i shpjegon keto ligje.
Keshtu kjo eshte nje pyetje e madhe pa pergjigje, ç'eshte
pershkrimi mikroskopik ne kuptimin
e ketyre ligjeve termike?
C'fare ndodh kur vrima e zeze emeton grimcat e saj,
gjithnje e me shume grimca?
Eventualisht, do te reduktohet ne asgje.
Dhe mbani mend, une thashe ne relativitetin e pergjithshem,
qe vrimat e zeza jane shume te thjeshta, qe pavaresisht se si
ato jane formuar, nga e gjithe lenda e yllit qe shperbehet,
lenda ne yll, ajo ishte ne ate kohe
e percaktuar nga masa dhe ngarkesa, nga masa dhe spini.

English: 
If the black hole
then evaporates,
producing all this
thermal radiation,
it seems like we have a process
in which information has turned
into pure thermal
radiation, and that
goes against the grain
of quantum theory.
That's a major
outstanding question,
what happens to the black
hole as it fully evaporates?
A variation of that
question is the singularity
inside the black
hole will be revealed
when the black hole evaporates.
So what is the nature of the
singularity, and what is that?
These new atoms of space and
time tell us what that is
and how it's resolved.
This is the cutting
edge of research
into black hole physics today.
So I just wanted to end the talk
with some comments about string
theory.

Albanian: 
Nese vrima e zeze dikur avullon,
duke prodhuar gjithe kete rezatim termik,
duket sikur kemi nje proces ne te cilin informacioni eshte shnderuar
ne rezatim termik te paster, dhe kjo
kjo eshte ne kundershtim me faren e teorise kuantike.
Kjo eshte nje pyetje kryesore pa pergjigje,
ç'fare ndodh me vrimen e zeze ndersa avullon teresisht?
Nje variacion i asaj pyetje eshte njeshmeria
brenda vrimes se zeze do te shfaqet
kur vrima e zeze avullon.
Keshtu si eshte natyra e njeshmerise, dhe ç'fare eshte ajo?
Keto atome te hapesires dhe kohes na thone ç'fare eshte
si zgjidhet ajo.
Kj eshte tehu i punes i kerkimeve
ne fiziken e vrimes se zeze sot.
Keshtu une doja ta mbaroja fjalen me disa komente mbi
teorine e fijeve.

Albanian: 
Keshtu teoria e fijeve eshte nje perpjekje per te unifikuar teorine kuantike
me teorine e relativitetit te pergjithshem te Enstein-it.
Dhe idea themelore e teorise se fijeve
eshte fare e thjeshte.
Idea eshte kjo.
Nese ju fokusoheni brenda atomit, ju
do te gjeni nje re elektronesh qe rrethojne nje berthame
me protone dhe neutrone.
Nese ju fokusoheni brenda protoneve dhe neutroneve,
ju do te gjenit kuarke.
Nese ju do te fokusoheshit me tej brenda kuarkeve,
ne nuk e dime se ç'fare do te gjeni,
por ne mendojme se ju do te gjeni diçka, nje strukture
me te thelle.
Por mos shkoni tek hapi tjeter, shkoni deri ne fund,
dhe ku eshte pika perfundimtare ne ate proces?
Dhe fundi i procesit, mendohet,
eshte qe blloqet ndertuese themelore
jane fije, keto filamente nje dimensionale te energjise
te cilat nuk kane nen strukture tjeter me tej.

English: 
So string theory is an attempt
to unify quantum theory
with Einstein's theory
of general relativity.
And the fundamental
idea of string theory
is extremely simple.
The idea is this.
If you zoomed in
into the atom, you
would find a halo of electrons
surrounding a nucleus
of protons and neutrons.
If you zoomed into the
protons and neutrons,
you would find quarks.
If you zoomed further
into the quarks,
we don't know what
you would find,
but we think you'll find
something, some deeper
structure.
But don't go to the next step,
go all the way to the end,
and what is the endpoint
of that process?
And the end process,
it's postulated,
is that the fundamental
building blocks
are strings, these one
dimensional filaments of energy
which would have no
further substructure.

Albanian: 
Dhe nje nga gjerat me terheqese ne fijet
eshte qe dridhjet e ndryshme te fijes
do ti korespondonin grimcave te ndryshme elementare.
Keshtu nje fije, nese dridhet, si nje tel violine,
nje note do ti korespondonte nje elektroni,
nota tjeter do ti korespondonte nje kuarku, nje note tjeter
nje fotoni, grimces se drites,
dhe gjithashtu nje dridhje do ti korespondonte nje gravitoni,
nje grimce kuantike e gravitetit.
Keshtu ne nuk e dime ende nese teoria e fijeve eshte korekte,
por kerkime ne teorine e fijeve, ose nje dege e gjere e kerkimeve,
po perpiqet tu pergjigjet ketyre pyetjeve
te vetive termike te vrimave te zeza
per te patur nje kuptim me te thelle se ç'fare jane vrimat e zeza,
gjithashtu edhe per te gjetur prova qe teoria e fijeve eshte aktualisht

English: 
And one of the most
appealing things in strings
is that the different
vibrations of the string
would correspond to different
elementary particles.
So the one string, if it's
vibrating, just like a violin
string, one note would
correspond to an electron,
another note would correspond
to a quark, another note
to a photon, a
particle of light,
and also another vibration
would correspond to a graviton,
a quantum particle of gravity.
So we don't know yet if
string theory is correct,
but research in string theory,
or a large branch of research,
is trying to address
these questions
of the thermal
properties of black holes
to have a deeper understanding
of what black holes are,
as well as to get evidence
that string theory is actually

Albanian: 
ne rrugen e drejte, dhe qe eshte teoria qe unifikon
teorine kuantike dhe gravitetin.
Keshtu ne leksionin e sotem, une doja
to thoja disa gjera.
E para ishte qe vrimat e zeza jane vertet terheqese.
Ato jane struktura ne vete thurrjen e hapesires dhe kohes.
Ato kane kete thjeshtesi shume te bukur,
Dhe ato jane mes objekteve me te jashtezakonshme
qe egzistojne ne univers.
Vrimat e zeza jane te verteta.
Ne kemi pasur prova indirekte qe vrimat e zeza
jane te verteta prej shume kohesh, por tani
ne kemi kete detektim direkt shume te bukur per vrimat e zeza
qe u krye nga eksperimentet LIGO
ne 2015, dhe me pas tre here te tjera qysh atehere.
Dhe ky seksion i valeve gravitacionale
po paralajmeron nje epoke te re te astronomise.
Ky nuk eshte fundi i nje historie.
Si shume zhvillime ne fizike, nderkohe qe nje histori mbaron,
nje tjeter fillon.
Dhe e reja qe po fillon

English: 
on the right track, and it
is the theory that unifies
quantum theory and gravity.
So in tonight's
lecture, I wanted
to tell you several things.
The first was that black
holes are really cool.
They're structures in the
fabric of space and time itself.
They have this
beautiful simplicity,
and they really are amongst
the most extraordinary objects
that exist in the universe.
Black holes are real.
We've had indirect
evidence that black holes
are real for a long
time, but we now
have this beautiful direct
detection of black holes
that was made by
the LIGO experiments
in 2015, and then
three times since then.
And this section of
gravitational waves
is presaging in a
new era of astronomy.
This is not the end of a story.
Like many developments in
physics, as one story ends,
a new one opens up.
And the new one
that's opening up

Albanian: 
eshte epoka e re e astronomise me perdorimin e valeve gravitacionale.
Per shembull, nje nga gjerat qe ne do te bejme--
ne, une perfshij njerezimin ne kete ne--
ka vendosur satelite lart ne hapesire, dhe ata do te jene
me miliona kilometra larg njeri tjetrit.
dhe ne do te jemi duke pare vale gravitacionale qe
mund te ndryshojne gjatesine, ate milion kilometra me nje te mijten
e permases se diametrit te nje protoni.
Eshte mahnitese ajo qe ne po mendojme te bejme,
she po planifikohet te behet
ne 20, 30, 40 vitet e ardhshme.
Keshtu vrimat e zeza jane te verteta, dhe perfundimisht vrimat e zeza
jane rruga perpara.
duke menduar per teorine kuantike,
ne e dime qe ka objekte termike.
Ne dime qe ka njeshmeri hapesire kohe, ku
ne kemi nevoje per nje teori kuantike te gravitetit
te na thote se ç'ndodh.
Dhe vrimat e zeza, dhe duke menduar per vetite e tyre,

English: 
is this new era of astronomy
using gravitational waves.
For example, one of the things
that we're going to do--
we, I include humanity
in the we there--
is put satellites up in
space, and they're going to be
separated a million
kilometres apart,
and we're going to be looking
to the gravitational waves that
might change the length, that
million kilometres by 1,000th
of the size of the
diameter of a proton.
It's breathtaking what we
are thinking about doing,
and it's being
planned to be done
in the next 20, 30, 40 years.
So black holes are real,
and finally, black holes
are the way forward.
By thinking about
quantum theory,
we know that there
are thermal objects.
We know there are space-time
singularities, where
we need a quantum
theory of gravity
to tell us what's going on.
And black holes, and thinking
about their properties,

Albanian: 
eshte arena ne te cilen ne mendojme se ne mund te gjejme me shume
njeohuri ne hapin tjeter.
aresyetimi i fundit qe dua te bej eshte nje teme e perseritur
qe shkon neper gjithe fjalimin eshte qe, shpesh, jane
shkalle te kohes shume te gjata ndermjet zhvillimeve, qofte ne teori--
zhvillimi i fizikes teorike themelore
ne nje shkalle prej qindra vjetesh.
Nganjehere eshte shenuar nga zhvillime te shpejta,
por shpesh eshte ne nje shkalle prej 100 vjetesh--
dhe gjithashtu, verifikimi eksperimental.
Parashikimet dalin nga teorite e reja,
por nganjehere na duhet te presim 10, 20, 30
perseri, deri ne 100 vjet para se te gjejme prova
dhe te konfirmojme parashikimet.
Por kjo eshte natyra e aktiviteteve qe po ndermarrim.
Por edhe pse procesi mund te jete i ngadalte,
mesazhi me i qarte qe vjen nepermjet saj

English: 
is the arena in which we
think that we can get the most
insight in that next step.
The last point I wanted to
make was a recurring theme
that's gone throughout the
talk is that, often, there's
very long time scales between
developments, both in theory--
development of fundamental
theoretical physics
over the scale of
hundreds of years.
Sometimes it's punctuated
by rapid development,
but often it's over the
scale of 100 years--
and also, experimental
verification.
Predictions come up
with new theories,
but we sometimes have
to wait 10, 20, 30,
again, up to 100 years
before we get evidence
and confirm the predictions.
But that's the nature of the
activity we are undertaking.
And even though the
progress can be slow,
the clearest message
that comes through

Albanian: 
eshte qe progresi behet.
Ne po bejme progres te pandalshem ne perftimin e nje kuptimi
me te thelle te ligjeve themelore te fizikes,
dhe une mendoj se ajo eshte me siguri nje nga arritjet e medha
intelektuale dhe kulturore te gjithe njerezimit.
Faleminderit.
Kjoe eshte aktualisht--do te kete nje fjalim tjeter--
qe eshte aktualisht nje tjeter nga rrefyesit
si te unifikojme teorine kuantike dhe gravitetin.

English: 
is that progress does get made.
We do make inexorable
progress in obtaining a deeper
understanding of the
fundamental laws of physics,
and I think that's surely
one of the great intellectual
and cultural achievements
of all of humanity.
Thank you.
So this is actually--
there'll be another talk--
it's actually another
of the deep clues
to how to unify quantum
theory and gravity.
