America is opening up relations with Cuba,
and it's a big deal, ending decades of hostility,
and beginning a new era between the two countries.
But to understand just how big of a deal , where
that hostility really came from, and why it
took so long to end, you've go to go back
— way back, not to the 1950s as many Americans
think, but to the 1850s.
The story starts with America divided between
pro-slavery and anti-slavery politics.
And one of their many fights is over the Spanish
colony of Cuba.
Pro-slavery lawmakers want to buy Cuba from
Spain, or take it by force, to turn into a
new slave state.
Anti-slavery politicians oppose this, calling
it imperialism.
In 1898, after slavery ends, Americans have
a different version of this argument again,
when Cubans rise up against Spain.
The US joins them, starting the Spanish-American
war.
But Americans divide: should the US seize
Cuba from Spain for itself, or liberate it?
This is part of a much bigger debate at the
time over whether the US should explicitly
become a European-style imperial power.
So this is an argument about Cuba, but it's
also an argument about America and what kind
of country it should be.
Should America be the kind of country that
controls Cuba, or that respects it as a fellow
sovereign nation?
That argument has continued, in different
forms, ever since
At this point, in 1898, the fight happens
in Congress.
Each side passes laws trying to force their
way.
It ends with a weird split-baby policy, with
Cuba winning independence, but under quasi-imperial
rule.
The US would take over Guantanamo Bay, dictate
Cuba's foreign policy, and give itself the
right to intervene in Cuban affairs.
Then come the next American interventions
in Cuba, in 1906 and 1917.
Each time, the US military takes over for
a few years, ostensibly to resolve some political
crisis, but that usually means protecting
American interests, such as sugar imports.
Today, when Americans think about the US and
Cuba, we think of the Cold War, but Cubans
often think back to this imperial era.
That era technically ends in 1933, with an
uprising against Cuba's government.
Under US law, America is supposed to intervene,
but President Franklin Roosevelt want to end
America's imperial era, so he declares neutrality.
Over the next 20 years, Cuba becomes a democracy,
and one that's generally friendly with the
US.
That changes in 1952, when a former president
and military leader named Fulgencio Batista
seizes power in a coup, suspends the constitution,
and imposes an increasingly oppressive rule.
Cuba's Communist uprising begins the next
year, led by a young Fidel Castro.
American politics at this point is obsessed
with fears of communism, so the US backs Batista
in the war, no matter how brutal he becomes.
For Americans, this feels like a front in
the struggle against communism.
But for Cubans, it feels like Batista is an
extension of American imperialism, and the
guerrilla war a continuation of their long
fight for freedom.
The communists win in 1959 and Castro takes
power.
The US, fearing communism's expansion, sets
up the embargo to strangle Cuba's economy,
tries to assassinate Castro, even, in the
disaster known as Bay of Pigs, sends in CIA-trained
Cubans to try to take over the island.
Castro turns to the Soviets for help, and
in 1962 they nearly start World War Three
when the US blocks Soviet efforts to put nuclear
missiles in Cuba.
The incident scares everyone enough that things
settle into a tense but peaceful status quo.
Over time, ordinary Cubans are squeezed between
the US embargo and Castro's dictatorship.
In 1980, Castro tries to relieve some political
dissent by briefly allowing Cubans to leave
the island, and 125,000 arrive in Florida.
No one realizes it at the time, but this adds
a completely new dimension to the conflict.
It's now also about the internal Cuban battle
between Castro and Cuban dissidents, which
plays out through American politics.
This becomes really important in the 1990s.
After the Soviet Union collapses, President
Clinton, seeing Cuba poses no threat, wants
to end the conflict.
So does Castro, who can't count on Soviet
aid any more.
But Cubans in America, who suffered terribly
at Castro's hand, want to see him fall, and
push for keeping the embargo.
In 1996, Cuba shoots down two private planes
chartered by Cuban-American activists.
There's a big backlash in the US, and Clinton
backs down.
20 years later, President Obama tries again
to end the conflict.
By now, Americans don't really support the
embargo.
Lots of Cuban-Americans are now economic migrants,
rather than political exiles, so they want
openness.
Fidel is getting old, and in 2008 hands power
to his brother Raul, who knows the country
needs to change.
The US and Cuba start secret talks in 2013.
The new Pope, Francis, helps negotiate.
In 2014, they reveal their agreement to end
the conflict, and the next year Obama becomes
the first president to visit since Calvin
Coolidge in 1928.
The US and Cuba have never really had "normal"
relations until now, and that's crucial to
understanding why it took so long for this
to happen.
So much has passed between the two countries
over the past century, and the US has at times
treated Cuba as more of a colony than a real
country.
It's a lot to get over.
But it looks like they might both finally
be ready.
