This invention is directed to a method of enhancing heat transfer in fluids and to fluids embodying means for enhancing heat transfer. In particular, it is a method of increasing heat transfer in fluids by dispersing nanoconducting particles in the fluids, and it is fluids containing dispersed nanoconducting particles.
Despite considerable previous research and development focusing on industrial heat transfer requirements, major improvements in cooling capabilities have been held back because of a fundamental limit in the heat transfer properties of conventional fluids. It is well known that metals in solid form have orders-of-magnitude larger thermal conductivities than those of fluids. For example, the thermal conductivity of copper at room temperature is about 700 times greater than that of water and about 3000 times greater than that of engine oil or pump oil, as shown in Table 1. The thermal conductivities of metallic liquids are much larger than those of nonmetallic liquids. Therefore, fluids containing suspended solid metallic particles are expected to display significantly enhanced thermal conductivities relative to conventional heat transfer fluids.
Low thermal conductivity is a primary limitation in the development of energy-efficient heat transfer fluids required in many industrial applications. To overcome this limitation, a new class of heat transfer fluids called nanofluids has been developed by suspending nanocrystalline particles in liquids such as water, oil, or ethylene glycol. The term nanocrystal is defined to mean a particle having a major dimension of less than 100 nanometers. For a spherical particle, the major dimension is the diameter of the sphere; for particles that are not spherical, the major dimension is the longest dimension. The resulting nanofluids possess extremely high thermal conductivities compared to the liquids without dispersed nanocrystalline particles. For example, 5 volume % of nanocrystalline copper-oxide particles suspended in water results in an improvement in thermal conductivity of almost 60% compared to water without nanoparticles. Excellent suspension properties are also observed, with no significant settling of nanocrystalline oxide particles occurring in stationary fluids over time periods longer than several days. Direct evaporation of copper nanoparticles into pump oil results in similar improvements in thermal conductivity compared to oxide-in-water systems, but importantly, requires far smaller concentrations of dispersed nanocrystalline powder.
Numerous theoretical and experimental studies of the effective thermal conductivity of dispersions containing particles have been conducted since Maxwell's theoretical work was published more than 100 years ago. However, all previous studies of the thermal conductivity of suspensions have been confined to those containing millimeter- or micron-sized particles. Maxwell's model shows that the effective thermal conductivity of suspensions containing spherical particles increases with the volume fraction of the solid particles. It is also known that the thermal conductivity of suspensions increases with the ratio of the surface area to volume of the particle. Using Hamilton and Crosser's model, we have calculated that, for constant particle size, the thermal conductivity of a suspension containing large particles is more than doubled by decreasing the sphericity of the particles from a value of 1.0 to 0.3 (the sphericity is defined as the ratio of the surface area of a particle with a perfectly spherical shape to that of a non-spherical particle with the same volume). Since the surface area to volume ratio is 1000 times larger for particles with a 10 nm diameter than for particles with a 10 mm diameter, a much more dramatic improvement in effective thermal conductivity is expected as a result of decreasing the particle size in a solution than can obtained by altering the particle shapes of large particles.
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