The present application relates to porous materials given coloured pigmentation with organic pigments localized in their pores and to a process for their preparation.
Porous materials are commonly coloured with dyes that are applied, for example, as stains. In order to achieve satisfactory colouring results with this method a requirement is that the porous material to be coloured has a high and uniform affinity for the dye; this requirement, however, is seldom met. Porous materials coloured with dyes possess, moreover, an undesirably low light stability, and in contact with water or organic liquids (beverages, for example) marks may be formed on articles that are in contact with the materials, since the dyes are in some cases leached out again.
Another method of imparting a coloured appearance to porous materials is to provide them with a pigmented coating. This method, however, has the disadvantage that the pores become sealed by the pigmented coating material, with the result that it becomes difficult if not impossible to perceive visually the nature of the porous material. This is a great disadvantage, especially with natural porous materials, since it is their properties, especially their natural appearance and their permeability, that are the most prized. The properties of the porous material, however, are impaired by a pigmented coating.
EP 648 770 and EP 648 817 disclose carbamate-functional, soluble chromophors which can be converted to the corresponding pigments by heating them to relatively high temperatures, with the ensuing elimination of the carbamate radicals. These compounds are suitable for the mass colouring of polymers and, according to EP 654 711, for the colouring of resists and of polymer coats to which they are applied. Compounds of the same type but with improved properties are known from EP 742 556 and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/013,659.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,243,052 discloses carbonates of quinophthalones, which are of limited solubility and can be used in heat-sensitive recording systems. The leuco dye is embedded within a polymer, preferably in polyethyloxazoline.
Soluble derivatives of triphenylmethane dyes are known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,976. They are likewise used in heat-sensitive recording systems, together with a binder such as cellulose acetate-butyrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone or copolymerized ethylene/maleic anhydride.
EP 742 556, furthermore, describes textured pigmentary coatings which are prepared from soluble or meltable precursors and which cover all or part of a substrate surface. The substrates mentioned include fibres and fabrics. It has been found, however, that these pigmentary coatings fail to meet high requirements in terms, in particular, of their rub fastness.
Also known, finally, are numerous heat-sensitive recording systems in which colourless precursors of colorantsxe2x80x94as solids, in the form, for example, of aqueous suspensions, together with binders and with or without fillersxe2x80x94are incorporated as the recording layer. For example, JP 04/123,175 describes leucoindigoid derivatives. Colorants in solid form, however, like conventional pigments, for example, make hardly any entry into the pores but for the most part remain, undesirably, on the surface.
It has now surprisingly been found that porous materials can be coloured without impairing their properties, and especially without clogging the pores, if fragmentable pigment precursors in melted or dissolved form are introduced into the pores and then converted to their pigmentary form.
Depending on the solvent, pressure, temperature and treatment time it is possible, surprisingly, to influence the depth of penetration of the pigment precursor and so with great advantage to obtainxe2x80x94in a targeted manner, for examplexe2x80x94colorations wherein the pigment is very close to the surface. Since in this case the entirety of the pigment contributes to colouring, it is possible with advantage to reduce its amount to the minimum necessary for coloration, and the colour of the material core remains unaltered.
It is, however, also possible to obtain very high colour saturations (chroma) by using high pigment concentrations. Thus, pigmented porous materials of fine particle size can be used as pigments for colouring high molecular mass organic material. The results are excellent with respect to hue and chroma as well as also to the transparency, when the porous material has a refraction index similar to that of the substrate into which it is incorporated. Very advantageously, these products are less dusting and more easily incorporated into substrates than usual transparent pigments, and rheology problems can be avoided.
Under appropriate conditions it is also possible, however, to provide porous materials with uniform colouring right through, hence allowing them with little or no change in colour to be processed, for example cut, milled, sanded, bent or joinedxe2x80x94by gluing, for instance. Consequently, either finished articles or raw material, as desired, can be coloured prior to its processing or shaping.
A particularly advantageous result of this is an increase in production flexibility, and possibilities for making savings, when producing articles from coloured porous materials.
The resulting colorations are surprisingly strong in colour, fast to weathering, light and heat, rubbing, water and solvent, and are also highly uniform optically provided the material itself is uniform in its porosity. With particular advantage this permits the use of materials whose quality would not enable any satisfactory results to be obtained on conventional colouring, a feature which, especially in the case of naturally occurring organic porous materials of complex structure, such as wood, leather or hair, for example, paves the way for ecologically significant, improved utilization of natural resources. A further great advantage is that following the colouring of the porous material its nature is, surprisingly, still apparent to the eye.
The present invention accordingly provides a coloured porous material comprising in its pores an effectively colouring amount of an organic pigment which is obtainable by fragmenting a meltable or solvent-soluble pigment precursor.
Porous materials can be mineral or organic, natural, refined or synthetic. The material may, for example, be chalk, pumice, fired clay, unglazed porcelain, gypsum, concrete, kieselguhr, silica gel, zeolites, wood, paper, leather, imitation leather or hair, in whatever form, or products derived from these. It is preferably a material composed of refined or unrefined organic components of natural origin or, with particular preference, is a refined or unrefined natural organic material. In particular, it can be either hard wood or soft wood.
In another preferred embodiment, however, the material consists of fine particles, most preferably inorganic particles, such as chalk, pumice, fired clay, unglazed porcelain, gypsum, kieselguhr, silica gel or zeolite powders. The particle size is preferably from 0.1 to 10 xcexcm, most preferably from 1 to 3 xcexcm. The organic pigment""s concentration may be low or high, depending of the desired colour saturation. A low concentration of the organic pigment in the powdered inorganic material leads to pastel tints, while a high concentration of the organic pigment in the powdered inorganic material leads to higher saturations.
Examples of high molecular mass organic materials which can be coloured or pigmented with the instant pigmented porous material powders are cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, such as ethylcellulose, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate and cellulose butyrate, natural resins or synthetic resins, such as addition polymerization resins or condensation polymerization resins, such as amino resins, especially urea-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins, alkyd resins, phenolic resins, polycarbonates, polyolefins, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyesters, ABS, polyphenylene oxides, rubber, casein, silicone and silicone resins, individually or in mixtures.
The abovementioned high molecular mass organic compounds can be present, individually or in mixtures, as plastic masses, as melts or in the form of spinning solutions, varnishes, coating materials or printing inks. Organic high molecular mass materials coloured with the instant pigmented porous material powders possess outstanding colour properties. This invention therefore also provides a composition comprising a high molecular mass organic material and an effective pigmenting amount of an instant pigmented porous material powder.
The instant pigmented porous material powders are preferably employed in an amount of from 0.1 to 50% by weight, most preferably from 1 to 30% by weight, based on the high molecular mass organic material to be pigmented.
The pigmenting of the high molecular mass organic substances with the instant pigmented porous material powders is carried out, for example, by mixing such solid solutions, in the form of masterbatches if desired, into these substrates using roller assemblies, mixers or milling apparatus. The pigmented material is subsequently brought into the desired final form by methods known per se, such as calandering, compression moulding, extrusion, coating, casting or injection moulding. So as to produce non-rigid mouldings, or to reduce their brittleness, it is often desirable to incorporate plasticizers into the high molecular mass compounds prior to their forming. Examples of compounds which can be used as such plasticizers are esters of phosphoric acid, phthalic acid or sebacic acid. The plasticizers can be incorporated into the polymers before or after the incorporation of the instant pigmented porous material powders. In order to achieve different colour effects, it is also possible to add to the high molecular mass organic substances not only the instant pigmented porous material powders but also fillers, reflecting metallic or inorganic particles, for example aluminium flakes or mica, and/or other colour-imparting constituents, such as white, coloured or black pigments, in any desired quantities.
For the pigmentation of varnishes, coating materials and printing inks, the high molecular mass organic materials and the instant pigmented porous material powders, together if desired with additives such as fillers, other pigments, siccatives or plasticizers, are finely dispersed or dissolved in an organic solvent or solvent mixture for them both. In this context it is possible to follow a procedure in which the individual components are dispersed or dissolved individually or else two or more of them are dispersed or dissolved together and only then to combine all of the components.
The instant pigmented porous material powders are particularly suitable for colouring plastics, especially polyvinyl chloride and polyolefins, and for colouring paints, preferably automotive or metallic finishes, for example those containing metal particles or mica particles.
A feature of porous materials is the presence of pores, by which are meant cavities within the physical shell of the material, which may be partly or totally filled with a gas, for example air, or with a liquid, for example water. Preferably, the pores extend at least in part to the surface of the material. The volume of the pores is preferably at least 5% relative to the volume of the geometric shell of the material. With particular preference the volume of the pores is from 20 to 90% relative to the volume of the geometric shell of the material. Preferably, the cross-section of the pores is so fine that by virtue of capillary force an aqueous liquid does not flow out under gravity. With particular preference the average cross-section of the pores is from 1xc2x710xe2x88x9216 to 10xe2x88x926 m2, determined at a transverse section through the material, by dividing the total pore area by the number of pores.
Introducing the pigment precursor into the pores of the porous material is effected by applying a solution or melt of the pigment precursor to the porous material using any desired, known method, for example by spraying or impregnation in a bath. The methods of and conditions for treatment of certain materials are known in the technical literature, to which express reference is hereby made. For example, the methods of and conditions for treating wood and wood products with solutions are described in detail in Ullmann""s Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A28, 305-393 (5th Edition 1996) and Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 24, 579-611 (3rd Edition 1978). The application temperature can be an elevated temperature but is judiciously kept low enough for the dissolved or melted pigment precursor not to undergo any, or any significant, decomposition during the minimum time required for the application. If desired, the solution or melt of the pigment precursor may be augmented with further substances known for treating the material, examples being fungicides, antibiotics, flame retardants or moisture repellents.
Suitable solvents are water or, preferably, any desired protic or aprotic solvents, examples being hydrocarbons, alcohols, amides, nitriles, nitro compounds, N-heterocycles, ethers, ketones and esters which may also be either mono- or polyunsaturated or chlorinated: examples are methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, diethyl ether, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, 2-methoxyethanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, nitrobenzene, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacet-amide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, pyridine, picoline, quinoline, trichloroethane, benzene, toluene, xylene, anisole and chlorobenzene. Further examples of solvents are described in numerous tabular and reference works. Instead of a single solvent it is also possible to employ mixtures of two or more solvents.
Preference is given to those solvents which do not corrode the substrate that is to be coloured, or do so only very slowly, and which have a boiling point of between 40xc2x0 C. and 170xc2x0 C., especially to aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones and esters. Particular preference is given to toluene, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, and mixtures thereof.
The concentration of the pigment precursor in water or a solvent is usually from 0.01% by weight, based on the weight of the solution, to approximately 99% by weight of the saturation concentration, it also being possible in certain cases to employ supersaturated solutions without premature precipitation of the solvate. For many pigment precursors the optimum concentration is around xcx9c0.1-50% by weight, often around 1-20% by weight, based on the weight of the solution.
Conversion of the pigment precursor into the pigmentary form takes place by fragmentation under known conditions, for example thermally. in the presence or absence of a catalyst, such as an acid or a cationic photoinitiator which can be introduced into the pores of the porous material before, at the same time as or after the pigment precursor.
Fragmentation can be carried out individually, or simultaneously with any further known, subsequent treatment; for example, in the course of curing an additional transparent coating film.
By an effectively colouring amount is meant that amount which is sufficient to bring about a colour difference xcex94E*(CIE-L*a*b*) of xe2x89xa72 when the coloured material is compared with the uncoloured material under the standard illuminant D65 and at a viewing angle of 10xc2x0. This amount is preferably from 0.01 to 30% by weight, most preferably from 0.1 to 15% by weight, based on the weight of the coloured material.
Judicious fragmentable pigment precursors are those whose structure includes a complete pigment framework substituted on at least one heteroatom N, O or S. The substituent involved is preferably an oxycarbonyl radical. Where the heteroatom is part of the chromophor or bonded directly to the chromophor, in the course of fragmentation the oxycarbonyl radical is generally eliminated and replaced by a hydrogen atom, so that the structure of the resulting pigment corresponds to that of the unsubstituted pigment framework. Where, on the other hand, the heteroatom is bonded to a substituent of the chromophor, then the fragmentation process is sometimes more complex, and the precise structure of the resulting pigment cannot always be clearly ascertained.
The pigment precursors can be employed individually or else in mixtures with other pigment precursors or with colorantsxe2x80x94for example, dyes customary for the corresponding application. Where the pigment precursors are employed in mixtures, the components of the mixture are preferably those whose colour in the pigmentary form is red, yellow, blue, brown or black. From these it is possible to produce brown shades having a particularly natural occurrence. Any dyes added are likewise preferably red, yellow, blue, brown or black.
Preferred pigment precursors are, for example, compounds of the formula (I)
A(B)xxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(I),
in which x is an integer from 1 to 8,
A is the radical of a chromophor of the quinacridone, anthraquinone, perylene, indigo, quinophthalone, indanthrone, isoindolinone, isoindoline, dioxazine, azo, phthalocyanine or diketopyrrolopyrrole series which is attached to x groups B via one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S and forming part of the radical A,
B is hydrogen or a group of the formula 
where at least one group B is not hydrogen and, if x is from 2 to 8, the groups B can be identical or different, and
L is any suitable solubilizing group, for example tert.-butyl or tert.-amyl. Many other groups suitable for solubilizing pigments are known, for example, from the publications referred to above.
Except in the case of phthalocyanines, A preferably contains at least one directly adjacent or conjugated carbonyl group at each heteroatom attached to x groups B.
A is the radical of known chromophores having the basic structure
A(H)x,
examples being 
and all known derivatives thereof.
Preferred compounds of the formula I are:
a) perylenecarboximides of the formula 
in which D is hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, unsubstituted or halo- or C1-C6alkyl-substituted phenyl, benzyl or phenethyl or B,
b) quinacridones of the formula 
in which R1 and R2 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, C1-C24alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy or phenyl,
c) dioxazines of the formula 
in which R3 is hydrogen, halogen or C1-C24alkyl,
or of the formula 
in which R4, R5 and R6 independently of one another are hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, NECOC1-C4alkyl, NECOphenyl or N(E)2 where at least one of the radicals R4, R5 and R6 is NECOC1-C4alkyl, NECOphenyl or N(E)2,
d) isoindolines of the formulae 
in which R7 is a group 
R8 is hydrogen, C1-C24alkyl, benzyl or a group 
R9 is hydrogen, E or R7,
R10, R11, R12 and R13 independently of one another are hydrogen, C1-C24alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, halogen or trifluoromethyl,
e) isoindolinones of the formula 
in which R14 and R15 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen or C1-C4alkyl,
f) anthraquinonoid compounds of the formula 
in which R16 is hydrogen or halogen,
g) phthalocyanines of the formula 
in which
M is H2, a divalent metal selected from the group consisting of Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Ni(II), Ru(II), Rh(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), Mn(II), Mg(II), Be(II), Ca(II), Ba(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Sn(II), Co(II) and Pb(II), preferably Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Ni(II) or Pd(II), or a divalent oxo metal selected from the group consisting of V(O), Mn(O) and TiO,
T1 is xe2x80x94CHR18xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94COxe2x80x94 or xe2x80x94SO2xe2x80x94,
R17 is hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, xe2x80x94N(E)R18, N(E)2, xe2x80x94NECOR19, xe2x80x94COR19 or 
R18 is hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl, R19 is C1-C6alkyl and
R20 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6alkyl or C1-C6alkoxy,
z is zero or 1 and y is a number from 1 to 8,
h) pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroles of the formula 
in which G1 and G2 independently of one another are a group of the formula 
in which
R21 and R22 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, C1-C24alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C18alkylthio, C1-C18alkylamino, xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94NO2, -phenyl, trifluoromethyl, C5-C6cycloalkyl
xe2x80x94Cxe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94(C1-C24alkyl), 
xe2x80x83imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl,
T2 is xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C(CH3)2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94Nxe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94SOxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94SO2xe2x80x94 or xe2x80x94NR2Txe2x80x94,
R23 and R24 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy or xe2x80x94CN, R25 and R26 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen or C1-C6alkyl and R27 is hydrogen or C1-C6-alkyl,
i) quinophthalones of the formula 
in which R27 is H or Oxe2x80x94E,
R28 to R31 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, xe2x80x94COOxe2x80x94C1-C6alkyl or xe2x80x94CONExe2x80x94C1-C6alkyl,
j) azo compounds of the formula 
in which R32 to R36 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6alkyl,
C1-C6alkoxy, nitro, acetyl or SO2NEC1-C6alkyl, and
R37 is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6alkyl or C1-C6alkoxy,
k) anthraquinones of the formula 
in which R38 and R39 independently of one another are hydrogen, C1-C12alkyl, or C6-C12aryl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, nitro, acetyl, SO2NEC1-C6alkyl or SO2NE2,
R40 and R41 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, nitro, cyano, CONE2, SO2NEC1-C6alkyl, SO2NE2, SO3E, SO3Na or C6-C12aryl w unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, nitro, acetyl, SO2NEC1-C6alkyl or SO2NE2, and
R42 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxyl or C1-C6alkoxy, and
l) indigo derivatives of the formula 
in which R43 is hydrogen, CN, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy or halogen,
where in each case in the abovementioned formulae each E independently of the others is hydrogen or B, with the proviso that in each formula E is B on at least one occasion, and B is as defined above.
Preferred quinacridones are those in which in formula III R1 and R2 independently of one another are hydrogen, chlorine or methyl.
Preferred pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroles are those in which in formula XIII G1 and G2 are the same and are a group of the formula 
where R21 and R22 independently of one another are hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, C1-C4alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylamino, CN or phenyl,
T2 is xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94NR27xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94Nxe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94 or xe2x80x94SO2xe2x80x94, and
R27 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
Preferred azo compounds are those in which in the formulae XVa to XVf R32 to R36 independently of one another are hydrogen, halogen, methyl, methoxy, nitro, acetyl or SO2NECH3, and R37 is halogen or methoxy.
Particularly preferred are quinacridones of the formula 
in which E is hydrogen or B, with the proviso that in each formula E is B on at least one occasion, and B is as defined above,
dioxazines of the formula 
in which R44 and R45 independently of one another are C1-C4alkyl, and E is hydrogen or B,
with the proviso that E is B on at least one occasion, and B is as defined above,
pyrrolopyrroles of the formula 
in which R46 and R47 independently of one another are hydrogen, methyl, tert-butyl, chlorine, bromine, CN or phenyl, and E is hydrogen or B, with the proviso that E is B on at least one occasion, and B is as defined above,
phthalocyanines of the formula (XII) in which M is Cu(II) and R16 is hydrogen or E, and z is 1 and y is a number from 1 to 4, with the proviso that E is B on at least one occasion, and B is as defined above,
isoindolinones of the formula 
in which R48 is hydrogen or C1-C4alkyl, and E is hydrogen or B, with the proviso that E is B on at least one occasion, and B is as defined above,
indanthrones of the formula 
in which E is hydrogen or B, with the proviso that E is B on at least one occasion, and B is as defined above, and
azo compounds of the formula XVa, XVb, XVe or XVf, in which
R32 to R36 independently of one another are hydrogen, chlorine, methoxy, nitro, acetyl or SO2NECH3, and R37 is halogen or methoxy, with the proviso that in each formula E is B on at least one occasion, and B is as defined above.
Particularly noteworthy soluble chromophores are those which can be prepared from Colour Index Pigment Yellow 73, Pigment Yellow 74, Pigment Yellow 83, Pigment Yellow 109, Pigment Yellow 139, Pigment Orange 71, Pigment Orange 73, Pigment Red 122, Pigment Red 185, Pigment Red 202, Pigment Red 254, Pigment Red 255, Pigment Red 264, Pigment Blue 25, Pigment Blue 26, Pigment Blue 60, Pigment Blue 64, Pigment Violet 19, Pigment Violet 29 and Pigment Violet 37.
The compounds of the formulae I to XXI are known or can be prepared in analogy to methods known per se, as described, for example, in EP 648 770, EP 648 817 and EP 742 556.
Preferably xe2x80x94L is a group of the formula 
in which R49, R50 and R51 independently of one another are C1-C6alkyl,
R52 and R53 independently of one another are C1-C6alkyl, O, S or N(R60)2-interrupted C1-C6alkyl, unsubstituted or C1-C6alkyl-, C1-C6alkoxy-, halo-, cyano- or nitro-substituted phenyl or biphenylyl,
R54, R55 and R56 independently of one another are hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl,
R57 is hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl or a group of the formula 
R58 and R59 independently of one another are hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, N(R60)2, unsubstituted or halo-, cyano-, nitro-, C1-C6alkyl- or C1-C6alkoxy -substituted phenyl,
R60 and R61 are C1-C6alkyl, R62 is hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl and R63 is hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl unsubstituted or C1-C6alkyl-substituted phenyl,
Q is p,q-C2-C6alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted one or more times by C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio or C2-C12dialkylamino, p and q being different numeric locants,
X is a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, where m is 0 if X is O or S and is 1 if X is N, and
L1 and L2 independently of one another are unsubstituted or mono- or poly-C1-C12alkoxy-, xe2x80x94C1-C12alkylthio-, xe2x80x94C2-C24dialkylamino-, xe2x80x94C6-C12aryloxy-, xe2x80x94C6-C12arylthio-, xe2x80x94C7-C24alkylarylamino- or xe2x80x94C12-C24diarylamino-substituted C1-C6alkyl or [xe2x80x94(pxe2x80x2,qxe2x80x2xe2x80x94C2-C6alkylene)xe2x80x94Zxe2x80x94]nxe2x80x94C1-C6alkyl, where n is a number from 1 to 1000, pxe2x80x2 and qxe2x80x2 are different numeric locants, each Z independently of the others is a heteroatom O, S or C1-C12alkyl-substituted N, and C2-C6alkylene in the repeating units [xe2x80x94C2-C6alkylene-Z xe2x80x94] can be identical or different,
and L1 and L2 can be saturated or mono- to deca-unsaturated, uninterrupted or interrupted in any desired points by from 1 to 10 groups selected from the group consisting of xe2x80x94(Cxe2x95x90O)xe2x80x94 and xe2x80x94C6H4xe2x80x94, and may carry no or 1 to 10 further substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano and nitro.
Of particular interest are compounds of the formula (I) in which L is C1-C6alkyl or 
in which Q is C2-C4alkylene and L1 and L2 are [xe2x80x94C2-C12alkylenexe2x80x94Zxe2x80x94]nxe2x80x94C1-C12alkyl or are C1-C12alkyl which is substituted one or more times by C1-C12alkoxy, C1-C12alkylthio or C2-C24dialkylamino, and m and n are as defined above.
Of very particular interest are compounds of the formula (I) in which L is C4-C5alkyl (especially tert.-butyl or tert.-amyl) or 
in which Q is C2-C4alkylene, X is O and m is zero, and L2 is [xe2x80x94C2-C12alkylene xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94]nxe2x80x94C1-C12alkyl or is C1-C12alkyl which is substituted one or more times by C1-C12alkoxy, especially those in which xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94Xxe2x80x94 is a group of the formula xe2x80x94C(CH3)2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94.
Alkyl or alkylene can be straight-chain, branched, monocyclic or polycyclic.
Thus C1-C12alkyl is, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl, trimethylcyclohexyl, decyl, menthyl, thujyl, bornyl, 1-adamantyl, 2-adamantyl or dodecyl.
If C2-C12alkyl is mono- or polyunsaturated it is C2-C12alkenyl, C2-C12alkynyl, C2-C12alkapolyenyl or C2-C12alkapolyynyl in which two or more double bonds may if appropriate be isolated or conjugated, examples being vinyl, allyl, 2-propen-2-yl, 2-buten-1-yl, 3-buten-1-yl, 1,3-butadien-2-yl, 2-cyclobuten-1-yl, 2-penten-1-yl, 3-penten-2-yl, 2-methyl-1-buten-3-yl, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-yl, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, 1,4-pentadien-3-yl, 2-cyclopenten-1-yl, 2-cyclohexen-1-yl, 3-cyclohexen-1-yl, 2,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl, 1-p-menthen-8-yl, 4(10)-thujen-10-yl, 2-norbornen-1-yl, 2,5-norbornadien-1-yl, 7,7-dimethyl-2,4-norcaradien-3-yl or the various isomers of hexenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl or dodecenyl.
C2-C4alkylene is, for example, 1,2-ethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,2-butylene, 1,3-butylene, 2,3-butylene, 1,4-butylene or 2-methyl-1,2-propylene. C5-C12alkylene is, for example, an isomer of pentylene, hexylene, octylene, decylene or dodecylene.
C1-C12alkoxy is Oxe2x80x94C1-C12alkyl, preferably Oxe2x80x94C1-C4alkyl.
C6-C12aryloxy is Oxe2x80x94C6-C12aryl, for example phenoxy or naphthoxy, preferably phenoxy.
C1-C12alkylthio is Sxe2x80x94C1-C12alkyl, preferably Sxe2x80x94C1-C4alkyl.
C6-C12arylthio is Sxe2x80x94C6-C12aryl, for example phenylthio or naphthylthio, preferably phenylthio.
C2-C24dialkylamino is N(alkyl1)(alkyl2), where the sum of the carbon atoms in the two groups alkyl1 and alkyl2 is from 2 to 24, preferably N(C1-C4alkyl)-C1-C4alkyl.
C7-C24alkylarylamino is N(alkyl1)(aryl2), where the sum of the carbon atoms in the two groups alkyl1 and aryl2 is from 7 to 24, for example methylphenylamino, ethyinaphthylamino or butylphenanthrylamino, preferably methylphenylamino or ethylphenylamino.
C12-C24diarylamino is N(aryl1)(aryl2), where the sum of the carbon atoms in the two groups aryl1 and aryl2 is from 12 to 24, for example diphenylamino or phenylnaphthylamino, preferably diphenylamino.
Halogen is chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine, preferably fluorine or chlorine.
n is preferably a number from 1 to 100, with particular preference a number from 2 to 12.
In addition to the pigment, the porous material may also contain other compounds in its pores, for example binders or surfactants known in the art to improve the pigment""s dispersibility. It has however surprisingly been found, that improved results are obtained when the porous material is treated with a silane or siloxane compound, particularly when the porous material is inorganic, for example silica gel. The amount of silane or siloxane compound is preferably from 1 to 100% by weight, most preferably from 5 to 20% by weight, based on the weight of the organic pigment.
The silane or siloxane compound is preferably of structure 
wherein R64 to R67 are independently OH, 
or phenyl or OC1-C16alkyl which are unsubstituted or substituted by OH, OC1-C16alkyl, 
Most preferred silane or siloxane compounds are diphenylsilanediol, diphenylmethoxysilane, glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane.
The invention also provides a process for preparing a coloured porous material of the invention whose pores comprise an effectively colouring amount of an organic pigment, comprising
(a) the treatment of the porous material with a solution or melt of a pigment precursor such that at least part of the pigment precursor enters the pores of the material, and
(b) the fragmentation of the pigment precursor that has entered the pores of the material in accordance with treatment (a), to form a pigment, by means of heating or irradiation.
Heating or irradiation step be carried out by any desired means; for example, by treatment in a thermal oven or by electromagnetic radiation, for example visible light, UV or IR radiation, or microwaves, in the presence or absence of a catalyst. The conditions required for fragmentation are known per se for each class of pigment precursors.
Of course, it is judicial to choose pigment precursors the fragmentation temperature of which is lower than the decomposition point of the porous material to be pigmented, so that fragmentation can be accomplished without altering the material""s properties. Thus, step (b) is usually accomplished by heating to a temperature of from 100 to 250xc2x0 C., preferably from 150 to 200xc2x0 C., particularly preferably from 160 to 200xc2x0 C., or by irradiating with an amount of energy sufficient for said pigment precursor to be heated to said temperature. It is known that the fragmentation temperature may be lowered by using a catalyst, for example an acid.
The heating time is not critical, as long as care is taken that it is sufficiently long for the fragmentation to be completed. Typically, it ranges from several seconds to several hours, preferably from about 1 to about 30 minutes. The required heating time can be decreased by elevating the temperature.
In addition to the steps (a) and (b), the process may of course comprise additional steps which are known per se, for example a prior bleaching and/or a subsequent overcoating with, for example, a colourless nitrocellulose lacquer.
When the porous material also contains other compounds in its pores, it is preferred to add the latter at the latest before step (b), most preferred before step (a).
The examples which follow illustrate the invention:
USPTO Backgrounds
USPTO Backgrounds