The present invention relates to cyclic compounds and salts thereof, to methods of using such compounds in treating protein tyrosine kinase-associated disorders such as immunologic and oncologic disorders, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are enzymes which, in conduction with ATP as a substrate, phosphorylate tyrosine residues in peptides and proteins. These enzymes are key elements in the regulation of cell signaling including cell proliferation and cell differentiation. PTKs comprise, inter alia, receptor tyrosine kinases (RPTKs), including members of the epidermal growth factor kinase family (e.g., HER1 and HER2), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and kinases that play a role in angiogenesis (Tie-2 and KDR); and, in addition, non-receptor tyrosine kinases, including members of the Syk, JAK and Src (e.g. Src, Fyn, Lyn, Lck and Blk) families (see Bolen, J. B., Rowley, R. B., Spana, C., and Tsygankov, A. Y., xe2x80x9cThe src family of tyrosine protein kinases in hemopoietic signal transductionxe2x80x9d, FASEB J., 6, 3403-3409 (1992); Ullrich, A. and Schlessinger, J., xe2x80x9cSignal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activityxe2x80x9d, Cell, 61, 203-212 (1990); and Ihle, J. N., xe2x80x9cThe Janus protein tyrosine kinases in hematopoetic cytokine signalingxe2x80x9d, Sem. Immunol., 7, 247-254 (1995)).
Enhanced activity of PTKs has been implicated in a variety of malignant and nonmalignant proliferative diseases. In addition, PTKs play a central role in the regulation of cells of the immune system. PTK inhibitors can thus impact a wide variety of oncologic and immunologic disorders. Such disorders may be ameliorated by selective inhibition of a certain receptor or non-receptor PTK, such as Lck, or due to the homology among PTK classes, by inhibition of more than one PTK by an inhibitor.
A PTK of particular interest is Lck which is found in T cells where it is involved in phosphorylating key protein substrates. It is required for productive antigen receptor signaling and cell activation. In the absence of Lck activity, the T cell receptor (TCR) zeta chain is not phosphorylated, the kinase ZAP-70 is not activated, and Ca2+ mobilization essential for T cell activation does not occur (see Weiss, A. and Littman, D. R., xe2x80x9cSignal transduction by lymphocyte antigen receptorsxe2x80x9d, Cell, 76, 263-274 (1994); Iwashima, M., Irving, B. A., van Oers, N. S. C., Chan, A. C., and Weiss, A., xe2x80x9cSequential interactions of the TCR with two distinct cytoplasmic tyrosine kinasesxe2x80x9d, Science, 263, 1136-1139 (1994); and Chan, A. C., Dalton, M., Johnson, R., Kong, G., Wang, T., Thoma, R., and Kurosaki, T., xe2x80x9cActivation of ZAP-70 kinase activity by phosphorylation of tyrosine 493 is required for lymphocyte antigen receptor functionxe2x80x9d, EMBO J., 14, 2499-2508 (1995)). Inhibitors of Lck are thus useful in the treatment of T-cell mediated disorders such as chronic diseases with an important T cell component, for example rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus, as well as acute diseases where T cells are known to play an essential role, for example acute transplant rejection and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions.
The present invention provides cyclic compounds of the following formula I and salts thereof, for use as protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors: 
where
Q is:
(1) a 5-membered heteroaryl ring;
(2) a 6-membered heteroaryl ring; or (3) an aryl ring;
optionally substituted with one or more groups R1;
Z is:
(1) a single bond;
(2) xe2x80x94R15Cxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94; or (3) xe2x80x94(CH2)mxe2x80x94, where m is 1 to 2;
X1 and X2 are each hydrogen, or together form xe2x95x90O or xe2x95x90S;
R1 is:
(1) hydrogen or R6,
where R6 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclo, or heterocycloalkyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with Z1, Z2 and one or more (preferably, one or two) groups Z3;
(2) xe2x80x94OH or xe2x80x94OR6;
(3) xe2x80x94SH or xe2x80x94SR6;
(4) xe2x80x94C(O)2H, xe2x80x94C(O)qR6, or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)qR6, where q is 1 or 2;
(5) xe2x80x94SO3H or xe2x80x94S(O)qR6;
(6) halo;
(7) cyano;
(8) nitro;
(9) xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94NR7R8;
(10) xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94N(R9)xe2x80x94Z5xe2x80x94NR10R11;
(11) xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94N(R12)xe2x80x94Z5xe2x80x94R6;
(12) xe2x80x94P(O)(OR6)2;
R2 and R3 are each independently:
(1) hydrogen or R6;
(2) xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94R6; or
(3) xe2x80x94Z13xe2x80x94NR7R8;
R4 and R5:
(1) are each independently hydrogen or R6;
(2) xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94N(R9)xe2x80x94Z5xe2x80x94NR10R11;
(3) xe2x80x94N(R9)Z4R6; or
(4) together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring which is unsubstituted or substituted with Z1, Z2 and Z3, which heterocyclic ring may optionally have fused to it a benzene ring itself unsubstituted or substituted with Z1, Z2 and Z3;
R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, and R12:
(1) are each independently hydrogen or R6;
(2) R7 and R8 may together be alkylene, alkenylene or heteroalkyl, completing a 3- to 8-membered saturated or unsaturated ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with Z1, Z2 and Z3; or
(3) any two of R9, R10, and R11 may together be alkylene or alkenylene completing a 3- to 8-membered saturated or unsaturated ring together with the nitrogen atoms to which they are attached, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with Z1, Z2 and Z3;
R13 is:
(1) cyano;
(2) nitro;
(3) xe2x80x94NH2;
(4) xe2x80x94NHOalkyl;
(5) xe2x80x94OH;
(6) xe2x80x94NHOaryl;
(7) xe2x80x94NHCOOalkyl;
(8) xe2x80x94NHCOOaryl;
(9) xe2x80x94NHSO2alkyl;
(10) xe2x80x94NHSO2aryl;
(11) aryl;
(12) heteroaryl;
(13) xe2x80x94Oalkyl; or (14) xe2x80x94Oaryl;
R14 is:
(1) xe2x80x94NO2;
(2) xe2x80x94COOalkyl; or
(3) xe2x80x94COOaryl;
R15 is:
(1) hydrogen;
(2) alkyl;
(3) aryl;
(4) arylalkyl; or
(5) cycloalkyl;
Z1, Z2 and Z3 are each independently:
(1) hydrogen or Z6, where Z6 is (i) alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkylaryl, heterocyclo, or heterocycloalkyl; (ii) a group (i) which is itself substituted by one or more of the same or different groups (i); or (iii) a group (i) or (ii) which is substituted by one or more of the following groups (2) to (16) of the definition of Z1, Z2 and Z3;
(2) xe2x80x94OH or xe2x80x94OZ6;
(3) xe2x80x94SH or xe2x80x94SZ6;
(4) xe2x80x94C(O)qH, xe2x80x94C(O)qZ6, or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)qZ6;
(5) xe2x80x94SO3H, xe2x80x94S(O)qZ6; or S(O)qN(Z9)Z6;
(6) halo;
(7) cyano;
(8) nitro;
(9) xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94NZ7Z8;
(10) xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94N(Z9)xe2x80x94Z5xe2x80x94NZ7Z8;
(11) xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94N(Z10)xe2x80x94Z5xe2x80x94Z6;
(12) xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94N(Z10)xe2x80x94Z5xe2x80x94H;
(13) oxo;
(14) xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Z6;
(15) any two of Z1, Z2, and Z3 may together be alkylene or alkenylene completing a 3- to 8-membered saturated or unsaturated ring together with the atoms to which they are attached; or
(16) any two of Z1, Z2, and Z3 may together be xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)rxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94, where r is 1 to 5, completing a 4- to 8-membered saturated or unsaturated ring together with the atoms to which they are attached;
Z4 and Z5 are each independently:
(1) a single bond;
(2) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94S(O)qxe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(3) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(4) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(5) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(6) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(7) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94; or
(8) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
Z7, Z8, Z9 and Z10:
(1) are each independently hydrogen or Z6;
(2) Z7 and Z8, or Z6and Z10, may together be alkylene or alkenylene, completing a 3- to 8-membered saturated or unsaturated ring together with the atoms to which they are attached, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with Z1, Z2 and Z3; or
(3) Z7 or Z8, together with Z9, may be alkylene or alkenylene completing a 3- to 8-membered saturated or unsaturated ring together with the nitrogen atoms to which they are attached, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with Z1, Z2 and Z3;
Z11 and Z12 are each independently:
(1) a single bond;
(2) alkylene;
(3) alkenylene; or
(4) alkynylene; and
Z13 is:
(1) a single bond;
(2) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94S(O)qxe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(3) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(4) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(5) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(6) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(7) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(8) xe2x80x94Z11xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94Z12xe2x80x94;
(9) xe2x80x94C(NR13)xe2x80x94;
(10) xe2x80x94C(CHR14)xe2x80x94; or
(11) xe2x80x94C(C(R14)2)xe2x80x94.
Compounds within formula I include compounds of the following formula II and salts thereof: 
where
n is 1 or 2
A is selected from carbon and nitrogen;
B is selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur;
X3 is oxygen or sulfur; and
R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are as described above.
The following are definitions of terms used in this specification. The initial definition provided for a group or term herein applies to that group or term throughout the present specification, individually or as part of another group, unless otherwise indicated.
The terms xe2x80x9calkxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d refer to straight or branched chain hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms. The expression xe2x80x9clower alkylxe2x80x9d refers to alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
The term xe2x80x9calkenylxe2x80x9d refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbon groups of 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 4, carbon atoms having at least one double bond. Where an alkenyl group is bonded to a nitrogen atom, it is preferred that such group not be bonded directly through a carbon bearing a double bond.
The term xe2x80x9calkynylxe2x80x9d refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbon groups of 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 4, carbon atoms having at least one triple bond. Where an alkynyl group is bonded to a nitrogen atom, it is preferred that such group not be bonded directly through a carbon bearing a triple bond.
The term xe2x80x9calkylenexe2x80x9d refers to a straight chain bridge of 1 to 5 carbon atoms connected by single bonds (e.g., xe2x80x94(CH2)xxe2x80x94 wherein x is 1 to 5), which may be substituted with 1 to 3 lower alkyl groups.
The term xe2x80x9calkenylenexe2x80x9d refers to a straight chain bridge of 2 to 5 carbon atoms having one or two double bonds that is connected by single bonds and may be substituted with 1 to 3 lower alkyl groups. Exemplary alkenylene groups are xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C(CH3)2CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 and xe2x80x94CH(C2H5)xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94.
The term xe2x80x9calkynylenexe2x80x9d refers to a straight chain bridge of 2 to 5 carbon atoms that has a triple bond therein, is connected by single bonds, and may be substituted with 1 to 3 lower alkyl groups. Exemplary alkynylene groups are xe2x80x94Cxe2x89xa1Cxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94Cxe2x89xa1Cxe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94Cxe2x89xa1Cxe2x80x94 and xe2x80x94Cxe2x89xa1Cxe2x80x94CH(C2H5)CH2xe2x80x94.
The terms xe2x80x9carxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d refer to aromatic cyclic groups (for example 6 membered monocyclic, 10 membered bicyclic or 14 membered tricyclic ring systems) which contain 6 to 14 carbon atoms. Exemplary aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl and anthracene.
The terms xe2x80x9ccycloalkylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9ccycloalkenylxe2x80x9d refer to cyclic hydrocarbon groups of 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
The terms xe2x80x9chalogenxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9chaloxe2x80x9d refer to fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
The term xe2x80x9cunsaturated ringxe2x80x9d includes partially unsaturated and aromatic rings.
The terms xe2x80x9cheterocyclexe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cheterocyclicxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cheterocycloxe2x80x9d refer to fully saturated or unsaturated, including aromatic (i.e. xe2x80x9cheteroarylxe2x80x9d) cyclic groups, for example, 4 to 7 membered monocyclic, 7 to 11 membered bicyclic, or 10 to 15 membered tricyclic ring systems, which have at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring. Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and/or sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized. The heterocyclic group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring or ring system.
Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclic groups include pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, 1,3-dioxolane and tetrahydro-1,1-dioxothienyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, and the like.
Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclic groups include indolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzothienyl, quinuclidinyl, quinolinyl, tetra-hydroisoquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyranyl, indolizinyl, benzofuryl, chromonyl, coumarinyl, benzopyranyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridyl, furopyridinyl (such as furo[2,3-c]pyridinyl, furo[3,2-b]pyridinyl] or furo[2,3-b]pyridinyl), dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroquinazolinyl (such as 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinazolinyl), tetrahydroquinolinyl and the like.
Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, benzidolyl, phenanthrolinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, xanthenyl and the like.
The term xe2x80x9cheteroarylxe2x80x9d refers to aromatic heterocyclic groups.
Exemplary heteroaryl groups include pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furyl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, and the like.
Where q is 1 or 2, xe2x80x9cxe2x80x94C(O)qHxe2x80x9d denotes xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94H or xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94OH; xe2x80x9cxe2x80x94C(O)qR6xe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cxe2x80x94C(O)qZ6xe2x80x9d denote, respectively, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94OR6, or xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Z6 or xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94OZ6; xe2x80x9cxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)qR6xe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)qZ6xe2x80x9d denote, respectively, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R6 or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94OR6, or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Z6 or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94OZ6; and xe2x80x9cxe2x80x94S(O)qR6xe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cxe2x80x94S(O)qZ6xe2x80x9d denote, respectively, xe2x80x94SOxe2x80x94R6 or xe2x80x94SO2xe2x80x94R6, or xe2x80x94SOxe2x80x94Z6 or xe2x80x94SO2xe2x80x94Z6.
Compounds of the formula I may in some cases form salts which are also within the scope of this invention. Reference to a compound of the formula I herein is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term xe2x80x9csalt(s)xe2x80x9d, as employed herein, denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids and bases. Zwitterions (internal or inner salts) are included within the term xe2x80x9csalt(s)xe2x80x9d as used herein (and may be formed, for example, where the R substituents comprise an acid moiety such as a carboxyl group). Also included herein are quaternary ammonium salts such as alkylammonium salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred, although other salts are useful, for example, in isolation or purification steps which may be employed during preparation. Salts of the compounds of the formula I may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound I with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acid or trihaloacetic acid, for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, 2-naphthalenesulfonates, nicotinates, nitrates, oxalates, pectinates, persulfates, 3-phenylpropionates, phosphates, picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates (such as those formed with sulfuric acid), sulfonates (such as those mentioned herein), tartrates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates, undecanoates, and the like.
Exemplary basic salts (formed, for example, where the R substituents comprise an acidic moiety such as a carboxyl group) include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as benzathines, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines, N-methyl-D-glucamines, N-methyl-D-glucamides, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. The basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g. dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g. decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g. benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein. The term xe2x80x9cprodrugxe2x80x9d, as employed herein, denotes a compound which, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound of the formula I, or a salt and/or solvate thereof. Solvates of the compounds of formula I are preferably hydrates.
All stereoisomers of the present compounds, such as those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on the R substituents of the compound of the formula I, including enantiomeric and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this invention. Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers, or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or other selected, stereoisomers. The chiral centers of the present invention can have the S or R configuration as defined by the IUPAC 1974 Recommendations.
Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen to provide stable moieties and compounds.
Preferred compounds of the present invention are compounds of the formula I, and salts thereof, wherein Q is thiazole and wherein one or more, and especially all, of Z, X1, X2, R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are selected from the following definitions:
Z is a single bond;
R1 is selected from hydrogen, halo, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or aryloxycarbonyl and is more preferably hydrogen;
X1 and X2 together form xe2x95x90O or xe2x95x90S and more preferably form xe2x95x90O;
R2 is hydrogen;
R3is selected from xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94R6 or xe2x80x94Z13xe2x80x94NR7R8 and is more preferably xe2x80x94Z4xe2x80x94R6 wherein Z4 is a single bond and R6 is aryl or heteroaryl which is unsubstituted or substituted with Z1, Z2 and one or more (preferably, one or two) groups Z3;
R4 is hydrogen; and
R5 is selected from aryl groups or heteroaryl groups which are substituted with Z1, Z2 and one or more (such as one or two) groups Z3.
The compounds of the formula I may be prepared by methods such as those illustrated in the following Schemes A through E and I through XI. Solvents, temperatures, pressures, and other reaction conditions may readily be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art. All documents cited are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Starting materials are commercially available or readily prepared by one of ordinary skill in the art. Constituents of compounds are as defined elsewhere in the specification or as specifically defined in a scheme.
The methods described herein may be carried out with starting materials and/or reagents in solution or alternatively, where appropriate, with one or more starting materials or reagents bound to a solid support, (see (1) Thompson, L. A., Ellman, J. A., Chemical Reviews, 96, 555-600 (1996); (2) Terrett, N. K., Gardner, M., Gordon, D. W., Kobylecki, R. J., Steele, J., Tetrahedron, 51, 8135-8173 (1995); (3) Gallop, M. A., Barrett, R. W., Dower, W. J., Fodor, S. P. A., Gordon, E. M., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 37, 1233-1251 (1994); (4) Gordon, E. M., Barrett, R. W., Dower, W. J., Fodor, S. P. A., Gallop, M. A., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 37, 1385-1401 (1994); (5) Balkenhohl, F., von dem Bussche-Hxc3xcnnefeld, Lansky, A., Zechel, C., Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 35, 2288-2337 (1996); (6) Balkenhohl, F., von dem Bussche-Hxc3xcnnefeld, Lansky, A., Zechel, C., Angewandte Chemie, 108, 2436-2487 (1996); and (7) Sofia, M. J., Drugs Discovery Today, 1, 27-34 (1996)). 
Scheme A illustrates a general method for forming compound Ia, which is a compound of the formula I where X1 and X2 together form xe2x95x90O. As shown in Scheme A, compound Ia where R2 and R3 are hydrogen may be formed by saponification of i, (R* is a carboxyl protecting group such as alkyl or arylalkyl) followed by reaction with amine iii by methods known in the art. Alternatively i may be reacted with R2L, where L is a leaving group such as halogen (for example, in equimolar portions), optionally followed by reaction with R3L (for example, in equimolar portions) to form ii. Also alternatively, i may be subjected to reductive amination using the appropriate aldehyde or ketone to form ii. The compound ii may then be saponified and reacted with amine iii, under conditions known to those skilled in the art, to form Ia where R2 and/or R3 are other than hydrogen.
Methods for preparing preferred substituents on the compounds I are illustrated in the following Schemes I to XI. 
Scheme B illustrates a general method for forming compound Ib, which is a compound of formula I where Z is xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 and X1 and X2 together form xe2x95x90O. As shown in Scheme B, a 2-halo-compound vi can be prepared by reacting an appropriately substituted 2-amino-compound ia with copper (ii) halide and an alkyl nitrite such as tert-butyl nitrite in an aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile to form 2-halo-compound iv (see J. Het. Chem. 22, 1621 (1985)). Compound iv can be reduced with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride in ethanol or aqueous tetrahydrofuran to form an alcohol, which can be oxidized with an oxidizing agent such as pyridinium chlorochromate or pyridinium dichromate to form aldehyde v. Compound v can be reacted with an alkyl(triphenylphosphorylidene) acetate to form carboxylate vi. Compound vi can be saponified and then reacted with an amine iii by methods known to those skilled in the art to form vii. Compound vii can be reacted with an amine R2R3NH to form Ib where Z is xe2x80x94CHxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 and X1, X2 together form xe2x95x90O. Alternatively, compounds of formula Ib where R2 and R3 are H, can be formed by reacting compound vii with an appropriately substituted benzyl amine such as 4-methoxybenzyl amine to form compound ix, which can be hydrogenolyzed or treated with an acid such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of anisole to form Ib where R2 and R3 are hydrogen.
Methods for preparing preferred substituents on the compounds I are illustrated in the following Schemes I to XI. 
Scheme C illustrates a general method for forming compound Ic, which is a compound of formula I where Z is xe2x80x94R15Cxe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 and X1 and X2 together form xe2x95x90O. As shown in Scheme C, a 2-amino-compound ia can be reacted with a chloroformate or dicarbonate to form x, which can be saponified and treated with an organolithium reagent to form compound xi. Compound xi may be reacted with an alkyl(triphenylphosphorylidene)acetate, followed by deprotection of the carbamate protecting group to form xii. Alternatively, compound Ic where R2 and R3 are hydrogen may be formed by saponification of xii followed by reaction with an amine R4R5NH by methods known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, compound xii may be reacted with R2L where L is a leaving group such as halogen (for example, in equimolar portions), optionally followed by reaction with R3L (for example, in equimolar portions) to form xiii, which may be saponified and reacted with an amine R4R5NH by methods known to those skilled in the art to form Ia where R2 and/or R3 are other than hydrogen.
Methods for preparing preferred substituents on the compounds I are illustrated in the following Schemes I to XI. 
Scheme D illustrates a general method for forming compound Id, which is a compound of the formula I where X1 and X2 together form xe2x95x90S. The compounds of the formula Ia obtained in Scheme A may be converted into the corresponding thioamide Id using a reagent such as Lawesson""s reagent (2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetane-2,4-disulfide (see Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 87, 223 (1978)).
Methods for preparing preferred substituents on the compounds I are illustrated in the following Schemes I to XI. 
Scheme E illustrates a general method for forming compound Ie, which is a compound of the formula I where X1 and X2 are each hydrogen. As shown in Scheme E, the compound of the formula Id obtained in Scheme D may be converted into the corresponding amine Ie by reduction, for example, by reaction with Raney nickel.
Methods for preparing preferred substituents on the compounds I are illustrated in the following Schemes I to XI. 
As shown in Scheme I, carboxylate i can be reacted with a chloroformate or dicarbonate to form 1. Compound 1 can be treated with a base such as sodium hydride, sodium/potassium hexamethyldisilazide, or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), and an alkylating agent R2X where X is halogen and R2 is preferably alkyl, arylalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, and then saponified with an aqueous base such as potassium hydroxide to give 2. Alternatively, 1 can the subjected to reductive amination using the appropriate aldehyde or ketone and saponified with an aqueous base such as potassium hydroxide to give 2. Compound 1 may, alternatively, be simply saponified with an aqueous base such as potassium hydroxide to give 3 where R2 is hydrogen.
Acid 2 may be reacted with an amine iii using reaction conditions well known in the art for peptide bond synthesis (see, for example, Bodanszky and Bodanszky, The Practice of Peptide Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, 1984; Bodanszky, Principles of Peptide Synthesis, Springer-Verlag, 1984) to give the compound Id which a compound of the formula I where X1 and X2 together form xe2x95x90O, R3 is COOR6, and, since 2 is the starting material, R2 is preferably alkyl, arylalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl. For example, reagents which activate the carboxyl group of 2 for reaction with the amine iv include bis-(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride (BOP chloride), benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP reagent), [O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium] hexafluorophosphate (HATU), and carbodiimides such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or 3-ethyl-3xe2x80x2-(dimethylamino)propylcarbodiimide (EDCI) either alone or in combination with a hydroxybenzotriazole. Alternatively, the activated ester intermediate can be isolated and then treated with the appropriate amine iv in a nonprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of a base, for example, an organic base such as sodium/potassium hexamethyldisilazide, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), or an inorganic base such as sodium, potassium or cesium carbonate or sodium or potassium hydride. Alternatively, the acid halide of 2 may be prepared, for example, by reaction with thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride, followed by subsequent reaction with amine iii to provide compound If, which is a compound of the formula I where R3 is COOR6, X1 and X2 together form xe2x95x90O, and R2 is alkyl, arylalkyl or chycloalkylalkyl.
Similar reactions as employed above for the conversion of 2 to If may be used to convert 3 to If where R3 is COOR6, X1 and X2 together form xe2x95x90O, and R2 is hydrogen. 
As shown in Scheme II, acid 4 where R2 and R3 are not hydrogen and are selected such that the nitrogen to which they are attached is non-basic, is reduced to the aldehyde 5 by methods well know in the art (see March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, 1985). For example, the acid 4 may be converted to its corresponding ester followed by reduction with diisobutylaluminum hydride. Alternatively, the acid 4 may be reduced to the corresponding primary alcohol, for example, by treatment with borane/THF, LiAlH4, or via reduction of a mixed anhydride, followed by subsequent oxidation to the aldehyde 5 using Cr(VI) (e.g., pyridinium chlorochromate, xe2x80x9cPCCxe2x80x9d) or under Swern or Moffatt conditions (e.g., (COCl)2/dimethylsulfoxide). The starting acid 4 may be obtained, for example, by saponification of ii.
Reductive amination (see Hudlicky, Reductions in Organic Chemistry, Wiley, 1984) of aldehyde 5 with amine iii in the presence of a reducing agent such as NaBH3CN, NaBH(OAc)3(Ac=acetyl) or hydrogen and a palladium catalyst produces the amine compound Ig, which is a compound of the formula I where X1 and X2 are each hydrogen and R2 and R3 are each not hydrogen. 
As shown in Scheme III, reduction of the acid 4 to a primary alcohol (for example, by treatment with borane/tetrahydrofuran, LiAlH4, or via reduction of a mixed anhydride), followed by conversion by methods well known in the art (see March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, 1985), provides 6 which contains a leaving group such as a halide, tosylate (OTs), mesylate (OMs) or triflate (OTf). The groups R2 and R3 are selected such that the resulting nitrogen to which they are attached is non-basic. Compound 6 can then be converted into compound Ih, which is a compound of the formula I where X1 and X2 are each hydrogen and R2 and R3 are each not hydrogen, by a displacement reaction with amine iii, preferably where amine iii is used in excess. 
Scheme IV illustrates methods which may be used for the preparation of compounds Ij, Ik, Il, Im and In. Ij, Ik, Il, Im and In are compounds of the formula I where R2 is any group as defined, R3 is an acyl or thioacyl group, X1 and X2 are not hydrogen, and R1 is not a primary or secondary amine. Ij, Ik, Il, Im and In have other particular substituents which are specified in this Scheme and below. The starting compound Ii can be prepared by suitable methods described in Schemes A and D.
Amide Ij can be prepared by treatment of amine compound Ii with a carboxylic acid 7 in the presence of reagents which activate the carboxyl group for reaction as described above, for example BOP reagent, HATU, and carbodiimides such as DCC or EDCI either alone or in combination with a hydroxybenztriazole. Alternatively, the acid halide 8 may be reacted with amine compound Ii in the presence of an acid scavenger such as diisopropylethylamine. The corresponding thioamide Ik can be prepared by the treatment of amide Ii (where X1,X2xe2x89xa0O) with Lawesson""s reagent as described above.
Carbamate Il can be prepared by treatment of amine compound Ii with a chloroformate 9 or dicarbonate 10 in the presence of an acid scavenger such as diisopropylethylamine.
The urea Im may be prepared by treatment of amine compound Ii with either: 1) a chloroformate 9, such as phenylchloroformate, followed by reaction with an amine 11; 2) a carbamoyl chloride 12 in the presence of an acid scavenger such as diisopropylethylamine; or 3) reaction with an isocyanate 13a (where Rc in Imxe2x95x90H). The corresponding thiourea In may be prepared by treatment of amine compound Ii with a thioisocyanate 13b.
Ra is selected from those groups included in the definition of R6 such that the group xe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90A)xe2x80x94Ra is an acyl or thioacyl group within the definition of R3. Rb and Rc are selected from those groups included in the definitions of R7 and R8, such that the group xe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90A)xe2x80x94N(Rb)(Rc) is an acyl or thioacyl group within the definition of R3. 
Scheme V illustrates a method which can be used for the preparation of Ip, which is a compound of the formula I where R2 is any group as defined other than acyl, and which is selected such that the nitrogen to which it is attached is basic, R3 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, aralkyl, or saturated heterocycle, and X1 and X2 are not hydrogen. The starting compounds Io and Iq can be prepared by suitable methods described in Schemes A and D.
As shown in Scheme V, amine compound Io is reacted with an aldehyde or ketone 14 under reductive amination conditions described above to give the amine Ip. Compound Ip may also be prepared by treatment of an amine compound Iq, where R2 and R3 are hydrogen, with t-butyl nitrite or sodium nitrite in the presence of a copper (II) halide to give the halo-substituted compound 15, followed by displacement with amine 16 in the presence of a base such as sodium or potassium hydride or the like (see Lee et al., J. Heterocyclic Chemistry, 22, 1621 (1985)).
Rd and Re are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, or together are alkylene or alkenylene completing a 3- to 8-membered saturated or unsaturated ring, such that the group xe2x80x94CH(Rd)(Re) is a group within the definition of R3. 
As shown in Scheme VI, when R2 is any group as defined other than acyl, and is selected such that the nitrogen to which it is attached is basic, R3 is aryl or heteroaryl, and X1 and X2 are not hydrogen, amine compound Ir may be reacted with a halophenyl or haloheteroaromatic group 17 in the presence of a palladium (0) catalyst (see J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 7215 (1996)) to give amine Is, which is a compound of the formula I having the particular substituents described in this Scheme. The starting compound Ir can be prepared by suitable methods described in Schemes A and D. 
As shown in Scheme VII, when R2 is any group as defined and R3 is a heteroaromatic group, amine compound It may be reacted, in the presence of a base if needed, with a 2-halosubstituted heteroaromatic compound 17 where Q1, together with atoms to which is is bonded, forms a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or 10- to 12-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic group (such as forming 2-chloropyridine or 2-chloropyrimidine) to give the amine Iu, where Iu is a compound of the formula I having the particular substituents described in this Scheme. The starting compound It can be prepared by suitable methods described in Schemes A and D. 
As shown in Scheme VIII, thiourea compound In (where X1 and X2 are not hydrogen) may be reacted with the appropriate amine in the presence of bis-(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride (BOP chloride) benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP-reagent), [Oxe2x80x94(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium]hexafluorophosphate (HATU) and carbodiimide, such as dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC) or 3-ethyl-3xe2x80x2-(dimethylamino)propyl carbodiimide (EDCI) or diisopropyl carbodiimide (DIC) in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or dimethylaminopyridine in solvents such as dimethylformamide, dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran to form compound Iv, which is a compound of the formula I having the particular substituents described in this Scheme.
Alternatively, Compound In can be reacted with the appropriate amine in the presence of a mercury (II) salt such as mercuric chloride, or by other methods known in the literature, to form Iv. 
As shown in Scheme IX, amine Ir (where X1 and X2 are not hydrogen) can be reacted with diphenylcyanocarbonimidate either alone or in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride, sodium hexamethyldisilazide or dimethylaminopyridine in acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, or dimethylformamide at room temperature or elevated temperature to form intermediate compound Iw. Compound Iw can be reacted with an amine R7R8NH to form compound Iv, which is a compound of the formula I having the particular substituents described in this Scheme. 
As shown in Scheme X, compound Ir (where X1 and X2 are not hydrogen) can be reacted with 18 or 19 either alone or in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride, sodium hexamethyl disilazide or dimethylaminopyridine in dimethyl formamide or tetrahydrofuran at room temperature or at higher temperature to form compounds Ix or Iy respectively, which can be reacted with an amine R7R8NH at room temperature or elevated temperature to form compounds Iz or Iz* respectively. Compound Iz is a compound of the formula I having the particular substituents described in this Scheme. Compound Iz* is a compound of the formula I having the particular substituents described in this Scheme. 
As shown in Scheme XI, compounds of formula I can also be prepared from 15 by treatment with the defined amine in the presence of an acid catalyst (for example, see: Gunzenhauser et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 71, 33 (1988)).
The compounds of the present invention inhibit protein tyrosine kinases, especially Src-family kinases such as Lck, Fyn, Lyn, Src, Yes, Hck, Fgr and Blk, and are thus useful in the treatment, including prevention and therapy, of protein tyrosine kinase-associated disorders such as immunologic and oncologic disorders. The compounds inhibit also receptor tyrosine kinases including HER1 and HER2 and are therefore useful in the treatment of proliferative disorders such as psoriasis and cancer. The ability of these compounds to inhibit HER1 and other receptor kinases will also permit their use as anti-angiogenic agents to treat disorders such as cancer and diabetic retinopathy. xe2x80x9cprotein tyrosine kinase-associated disordersxe2x80x9d are those disorders which result from aberrant tyrosine kinase activity, and/or which are alleviated by the inhibition of one or more of these enzymes. For example, Lck inhibitors are of value in the treatment of a number of such disorders (for example, the treatment of autoimmune diseases), as Lck inhibition blocks T cell activation. The treatment of T cell mediated diseases, including inhibition of T cell activation and proliferation, is a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention. Compounds which selectively block T cell activation and proliferation are preferred. Compounds of the present invention which block the activation of endothelial cell PTK by oxidative stress, thereby limiting surface expression of adhesion molecules that induce neutrophil binding, and which inhibit PTK necessary for neutrophil activation are useful, for example, in the treatment of ischemia and reperfusion injury.
The present invention thus provides methods for the treatment of protein tyrosine kinase-associated disorders, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof at least one compound of the formula I in an amount effective therefor. Other therapeutic agents such as those described below may be employed with the inventive compounds in the present methods. In the methods of the present invention, such other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, simultaneously with or following the administration of the compound(s) of the present invention.
Use of the compounds of the present invention in treating protein tyrosine kinase-associated disorders is exemplified by, but is not limited to, treating a range of disorders such as: transplant (such as organ transplant, acute transplant or heterograft or homograft (such as is employed in burn treatment)) rejection; protection from ischemic or reperfusion injury such as ischemic or reperfusion injury incurred during organ transplantation, myocardial infarction, stroke or other causes; transplantation tolerance induction; arthritis (such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis or osteoarthritis); multiple sclerosis; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), such as emphysema; inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn""s disease; lupus (systemic lupus erythematosis); graft vs. host disease; T-cell mediated hypersensitivity diseases, including contact hypersensitivity, delayed-type hypersensitivity, and gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease); psoriasis; contact dermatitis (including that due to poison ivy); Hashimoto""s thyroiditis; Sjogren""s syndrome; Autoimmune Hyperthyroidism, such as Graves"" Disease; Addison""s disease (autoimmune disease of the adrenal glands); Autoimmune polyglandular disease (also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome); autoimmune alopecia; pernicious anemia; vitiligo; autoimmune hypopituatarism; Guillain-Barre syndrome; other autoimmune diseases; cancers, including cancers where Lck or other Src-family kinases such as Src are activated or overexpressed, such as colon carcinoma and thymoma, and cancers where Src-family kinase activity facilitates tumor growth or survival; glomerulonephritis; serum sickness; uticaria; allergic diseases such as respiratory allergies (asthma, hayfever, allergic rhinitis) or skin allergies; scleracierma; mycosis fungoides; acute inflammatory responses (such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ishchemia/reperfusion injury); dermatomyositis; alopecia areata; chronic actinic dermatitis; eczema; Behcet""s disease; Pustulosis palmoplanteris; Pyoderma gangrenum; Sezary""s syndrome; atopic dermatitis; systemic schlerosis; and morphea. The present invention also provides a method for treating the aforementioned disorders such as atopic dermatitis by administration of any compound capable of inhibiting protein tyrosine kinase.
Src-family kinases other than Lck, such as Hck and Fgr, are important in the Fc gamma receptor responses of monocytes and macrophages. Compounds of the present invention inhibit the Fc gamma dependent production of TNF alpha in the monocyte cell line THP-1 that does not express Lck. The ability to inhibit Fc gamma receptor dependent monocyte and macrophage responses results in additional anti-inflammatory activity for the present compounds beyond their effects on T cells. This activity is especially of value, for example, in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease. In particular, the present compounds are of value for the treatment of autoimmune glomerulonephritis and other instances of glomerulonephritis induced by deposition of immune complexes in the kidney that trigger Fc gamma receptor responses leading to kidney damage.
In addition, Src family kinases other than Lck, such as Lyn and Src, are important in the Fc epsilon receptor induced degranulation of mast cells and basophils that plays an important role in asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other allergic disease. Fc epsilon receptors are stimulated by IgE-antigen complexes. Compounds of the present invention inhibit the Fc epsilon induced degranulation responses, including in the basophil cell line RBL that does not express Lck. The ability to inhibit Fc epsilon receptor dependent mast cell and basophil responses results in additional anti-inflammatory activity for the present compounds beyond their effect on T cells. In particular, the present compounds are of value for the treatment of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other instances of allergic disease.
The combined activity of the present compounds towards monocytes, macrophages, T cells, etc. may be of value in the treatment of any of the aforementioned disorders.
In a particular embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of the aforementioned exemplary disorders irrespective of their etiology, for example, for the treatment of transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, graft v. host disease, T-cell mediated hypersensitivity disease, psoriasis, Hashimoto""s thyroiditis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, cancer, contact dermatitis, allergic disease such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, ischemic or reperfusion injury, or atopic dermatitis whether or not associated with PTK.
By virtue of their ability to inhibit HER1 and HER2 kinases, compounds of the present invention can also be used for the treatment of proliferative diseases, including psoriasis and cancer. The HER1 receptor kinase has been shown to be expressed and activated in many solid tumors including non-small cell lung, colorectal, and breast cancer. Similarly, the HER2 receptor kinase has been shown to be overexpressed in breast, ovarian, lung and gastric cancer. Monoclonal antibodies that downregulate the abundance of the HER2 receptor or inhibit signaling by the HER1 receptor have shown anti-tumor effficacy in preclincal and clinical studies. It is therefore expected that inhibitors of the HER1 and HER2 kinases will have efficacy in the treatment of tumors that depend on signaling from either of the two receptors. These compounds are expected to have efficacy either as single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents such as placlitaxel (Taxol), doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin), and cisplatin (Platinol). See the following documents and references cited therein: Cobleigh, M. A., Vogel, C. L., Tripathy, D., Robert, N. J., Scholl, S., Fehrenbacher, L., Wolter, J. M., Paton, V., Shak, S., Lieberman, G., and Slamon, D. J., xe2x80x9cMultinational study of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic diseasexe2x80x9d, J. of Clin. Oncol. 17(9), p. 2639-2648 (1999); Baselga, J., Pfister, D., Cooper, M. R., Cohen, R., Burtness, B., Bos, M., D""Andrea, G., Seidman, A., Norton, L., Gunnett, K., Falcey, J., Anderson, V., Waksal, H., and Mendelsohn, J., xe2x80x9cPhase I studies of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor chimeric antibody C225 alone and in combination with cisplatinxe2x80x9d, J. Clin. Oncol. 18(4), p. 904-914 (2000).
The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one of the compounds of the formula I capable of treating a protein tyrosine kinase-associated disorder in an amount effective therefor, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or diluent. The compositions of the present invention may contain other therapeutic agents as described below, and may be formulated, for example, by employing conventional solid or liquid vehicles or diluents, as well as pharmaceutical additives of a type appropriate to the mode of desired administration (for example, excipients, binders, preservatives, stabilizers, flavors, etc.) according to techniques such as those well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation.
The compounds of the formula I may be administered by any suitable means, for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually; buccally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions); nasally such as by inhalation spray; topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; or rectally such as in the form of suppositories; in dosage unit formulations containing non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or diluents. The present compounds may, for example, be administered in a form suitable for immediate release or extended release. Immediate release or extended release may be achieved by the use of suitable pharmaceutical compositions comprising the present compounds, or, particularly in the case of extended release, by the use of devices such as subcutaneous implants or osmotic pumps. The present compounds may also be administered liposomally.
Exemplary compositions for oral administration include suspensions which may contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners or flavoring agents such as those known in the art; and immediate release tablets which may contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and/or lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants such as those known in the art. The present compounds may also be delivered through the oral cavity by sublingual and/or buccal administration. Molded tablets, compressed tablets or freeze-dried tablets are exemplary forms which may be used. Exemplary compositions include those formulating the present compound(s) with fast dissolving diluents such as mannitol, lactose, sucrose and/or cyclodextrins. Also included in such formulations may be high molecular weight excipients such as celluloses (avicel) or polyethylene glycols (PEG). Such formulations may also include an excipient to aid mucosal adhesion such as hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC), maleic anhydride copolymer (e.g., Gantrez), and agents to control release such as polyacrylic copolymer (e.g., Carbopol 934). Lubricants, glidants, flavors, coloring agents and stabilizers may also be added for ease of fabrication and use.
Exemplary compositions for nasal aerosol or inhalation administration include solutions in saline which may contain, for example, benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents such as those known in the art.
Exemplary compositions for parenteral administration include injectable solutions or suspensions which may contain, for example, suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer""s solution, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
Exemplary compositions for rectal administration include suppositories which may contain, for example, a suitable non-irritating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
Exemplary compositions for topical administration include a topical carrier such as Plastibase (mineral oil gelled with polyethylene).
The effective amount of a compound of the present invention may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, and includes exemplary dosage amounts for an adult human of from about 0.1 to 100 mg/kg of body weight of active compound per day, which may be administered in a single dose or in the form of individual divided doses, such as from 1 to 4 times per day. It will be understood that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the species, age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject, the mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and severity of the particular condition. Preferred subjects for treatment include animals, most preferably mammalian species such as humans, and domestic animals such as dogs, cats and the like, subject to protein tyrosine kinase-associated disorders.
The compounds of the present invention may be employed alone or in combination with each other and/or other suitable therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of protein tyrosine kinase-associated disorders such as PTK inhibitors other than those of the present invention, antiinflammatories, antiproliferatives, chemotherapeutic agents, immunosuppressants, anticancer agents and cytotoxic agents.
Exemplary such other therapeutic agents include the following: cyclosporins (e.g., cyclosporin A), CTLA4-Ig, antibodies such as anti-ICAM-3, anti-IL-2 receptor (Anti-Tac), anti-CD45RB, anti-CD2, anti-CD3 (OKT-3), anti-CD4, anti-CD80, anti-CD86, monoclonal antibody OKT3, agents blocking the interaction between CD40 and gp39, such as antibodies specific for CD40 and/or gp39 (i.e., CD154), fusion proteins constructed from CD40 and gp39 (CD40Ig and CD8gp39), inhibitors, such as nuclear translocation inhibitors, of NF-kappa B function, such as deoxyspergualin (DSG), non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, steroids such as prednisone or dexamethasone, gold compounds, antiproliferative agents such as methotrexate, FK506 (tacrolimus, Prograf), mycophenolate mofetil, cytotoxic drugs such as azathiprine and cyclophosphamide, TNF-xcex1 inhibitors such as tenidap, anti-TNF antibodies or soluble TNF receptor such as etanercept (Enbrel), rapamycin (sirolimus or Rapamune), leflunimide (Arava), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors such as celecoxib (Celebrex) and rofecoxib (Vioxx), or derivatives thereof, and the PTK inhibitors disclosed in the following U.S. Patent Applications, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety: Ser. No. 60/056,770, filed Aug. 25, 1997, Ser. No. 60/069,159, filed Dec. 9, 1997, Ser. No. 09/097,338, filed Jun. 15, 1998, Ser. No. 60/056,797, filed Aug. 25, 1997, Ser. No. 09/094,797, filed Jun. 15, 1998, Ser. No. 60/065,042, filed Nov. 10, 1997, Ser. No. 09/173,413, filed Oct. 15, 1998, Ser. No. 60,076,789, filed Mar. 4, 1998, and Ser. No. 09,262,525, filed Mar. 4, 1999. See the following documents and references cited therein: Hollenbaugh, D., Douthwright, J., McDonald, V., and Aruffo, A., xe2x80x9cCleavable CD40Ig fusion proteins and the binding to sgp39xe2x80x9d, J. Immunol. Methods (Netherlands), 188(1), p. 1-7 (Dec. 15, 1995); Hollenbaugh, D., Grosmaire, L. S., Kullas, C. D., Chalupny, N. J., Braesch-Andersen, S., Noelle, R. J., Stamenkovic, I., Ledbetter, J. A., and Aruffo, A., xe2x80x9cThe human T cell antigen gp39, a member of the TNF gene family, is a ligand for the CD40 receptor: expression of a soluble form of gp39 with B cell co-stimulatory activityxe2x80x9d, EMBO J (England), 11(12), p 4313-4321 (December 1992); and Moreland, L. W. et al., xe2x80x9cTreatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75)-Fc fusion protein, New England J. of Medicine, 337(3), p. 141-147 (1997).
Exemplary classes of anti-cancer agents and cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to: alkylating agents, such as nitrogen mustards, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas, ethylenimines, and triazenes; antimetabolites, such as folate antagonists, purine analogues, and pyrimidine analogues; antibiotics, such as anthracyclines, bleomycins, mitomycin, dactinomycin, and plicamycin; enzymes, such as L-asparaginase; farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors; hormonal agents, such as glucocorticoids, estrogens/antiestrogens, androgens/antiandrogens, progestins, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone anatagonists, octreotide acetate; microtubule-disruptor agents, such as ecteinascidins or their analogs and derivatives; microtubule-stabilizing agents such as paclitaxel (Taxol(copyright)), docetaxel (Taxotere(copyright)), and epothilones A-F or their analogs or derivatives; plant-derived products, such as vinca alkaloids, epipodophyllotoxins, taxanes; and topoisomerase inhibitors; prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors; and miscellaneous agents such as, hydroxyurea, procarbazine, mitotane, hexamethylmelamine, platinum coordination complexes such as cisplatin and carboplatin; and other agents used as anti-cancer and cytotoxic agents such as biological response modifiers, growth factors; immune modulators, and monoclonal antibodies. The compounds of the invention may also be used in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Representative examples of these classes of anti-cancer and cytotoxic agents include, but are not limited to, mechlorethamine hydrochlordie, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, ifosfamide, busulfan, carmustin, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin, thiotepa, dacarbazine, methotrexate, thioguanine, mercaptopurine, fludarabine, pentastatin, cladribin, cytarabine, fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride, daunorubicin, idarubicin, bleomycin sulfate, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, safracins, saframycins, quinocarcins, discodermolides, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine tartrate, etoposide, teniposide, paclitaxel, tamoxifen, estramustine, estramustine phosphate sodium, flutamide, buserelin, leuprolide, pteridines, diyneses, levamisole, aflacon, interferon, interleukins, aldesleukin, filgrastim, sargramostim, rituximab, BCG, tretinoin, irinotecan hydrochloride, betamethosone, gemcitabine hydrochloride, altretamine, and topoteca and any analogs or derivatives thereof.
Preferred members of these classes include, but are not limited to paclitaxel, cisplatin, carboplatin, doxorubicin, carminomycin, daunorubicin, aminopterin, methotrexate, methopterin, mitomycin C, ecteinascidin 743, porfiromycin, 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, gemcitabine, cytosine arabinoside, podophyllotoxin or podophyllotoxin derivatives such as etoposide, etoposide phosphate or teniposide, melphalan, vinblastine, vincristine, leurosidine, vindesine, and leurosine.
Examples of anti-cancer and other cytotoxic agents include the following: epothilone derivatives as found in U.S. Ser. No. 09/506,481 filed Feb. 17, 2000; German Patent No. 4138042.8; WO 97/19086, WO 98/22461, WO 98/25929, WO 98/38192, WO 99/01124, WO 99/02224, WO 99/02514, WO 99/03848, WO 99/07692, WO 99/27890, WO 99/28324, WO 99/43653, WO 99/54330, WO 99/54318, WO 99/54319, WO 99/65913, WO 99/67252, WO 99/67253, and WO 00/00485; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors as found in WO 99/24416; and prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors as found in WO 97/30992 and WO 98/54966.
The above other therapeutic agents, when employed in combination with the compounds of the present invention, may be used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the Physicians"" Desk Reference (PDR) or as otherwise determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
The following assays can be employed in ascertaining the degree of activity of a compound (xe2x80x9ctest compoundxe2x80x9d) as a PTK inhibitor.
Compounds described in the following Examples have been tested in one or more of these assays, and have shown activity.
The following assay has been carried out using the protein tyrosine kinases Lck, Fyn, Lyn, Hck, Fgr, Src, Blk and Yes.
The protein tyrosine kinase of interest is incubated in kinase buffer (20 mM MOPS, pH7, 10 mM MgCl2) in the presence of the test compound. The reaction is initiated by the addition of substrates to the final concentration of 1 xcexcM ATP, 3.3 xcexcCi/ml [33P] gamma-ATP, and 0.1 mg/ml acid denatured enolase (prepared as described in Cooper, J. A., Esch, F. S., Taylor, S. S., and Hunter, T., xe2x80x9cPhosphorylation sites in enolase and lactate dehydrogenase utilized by tyrosine protein kinases in vivo and in vitroxe2x80x9d, J. Biol. Chem., 259, 7835-7841 (1984)). The reaction is stopped after 10 minutes by the addition of 10% trichloroacetic acid, 100 mM sodium pyrophosphate followed by 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin. The labeled enolase protein substrate is precipitated at 4 degrees, harvested onto Packard Unifilter plates and counted in a Topcount scintillation counter to ascertain the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity of the test compound (activity inversely proportional to the amount of labeled enolase protein obtained). The exact concentration of reagents and the amount of label can be varied as needed.
This assay is advantageous as it employs an exogenous substrate (enolase) for more accurate enzyme kinetics, and can be conducted in a 96-well format that is readily automated. In addition, His-tagged protein tyrosine kinases (described below) offer much higher production yields and purity relative to GST-protein tyrosine kinase fusion protein.
The protein tyrosine kinase may be obtained from commercial sources or by recombinant methods described herewith. For the preparation of recombinant Lck, human Lck was prepared as a His-tagged fusion protein using the Life Technologies (Gibco) baculovirus vector pFastBac Hta (commercially available) in insect cells. A cDNA encoding human Lck isolated by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was inserted into the vector and the protein was expressed using the methods described by the manufacturer. The Lck was purified by affinity chromatography. For the production of Lck in insect cells using baculovirus, see Spana, C., O""Rourke, E. C., Bolen, J. B., and Fargnoli, J., xe2x80x9cAnalysis of the tyrosine kinase p56lck expressed as a glutathione S-transferase protein in Spodoptera frugiperda cells,xe2x80x9d Protein expression and purification, Vol. 4, p. 390-397 (1993). Similar methods may be used for the recombinant production of other Src-family kinases.
Compounds of interest were assayed in a kinase buffer that contained 20 mM Tris.HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MnCl2, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol, bovine serum albumin at 0.1 mg/ml, poly(glu/tyr, 4:1) at 0.1 mg/ml, 1 xcexcM ATP, and 4 xcexcCi/ml [gamma-33P]ATP. Poly(glu/tyr, 4:1) is a synthetic polymer that serves as a phosphoryl acceptor and is purchased from Sigma Chemicals. The kinase reaction is initiated by the addition of enzyme and the reaction mixtures were incubated at 26xc2x0 C. for 1 h. The reaction is terminated by the addition of EDTA to 50 mM and proteins are precipitated by the addition of trichloroacetic acid to 5%. The precipitated proteins are recovered by filtration onto Packard Unifilter plates and the amount of radioactivity incorporated is measured in a Topcount scintillation counter.
For the preparation of recombinant HER1, the cytoplasmic sequence of the receptor were expressed in insect cells as a GST fusion protein, which was purified by affinity chromatography as described above for Lck. The cytoplasmic sequence of HER2 was subcloned into the baculovirus expression vector pBlueBac4 (Invitrogen) and was expressed as an untagged protein in insect cells. The recombinant protein was partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography.
(1) Cellular Tyrosine Phosphorylation
Jurkat T cells are incubated with the test compound and then stimulated by the addition of antibody to CD3 (monoclonal antibody G19-4). Cells are lysed after 4 minutes or at another desired time by the addition of a lysis buffer containing NP-40 detergent. Phosphorylation of proteins is detected by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting. Detection of phosphorylation of specific proteins of interest such as ZAP-70 is detected by immunoprecipitation with anti-ZAP-70 antibody followed by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting. Such procedures are described in Schieven, G. L., Mittler, R. S., Nadler, S. G., Kirihara, J. M., Bolen, J. B., Kanner, S. B., and Ledbetter, J. A., xe2x80x9cZAP-70 tyrosine kinase, CD45 and T cell receptor involvement in UV and H2O2 induced T cell signal transductionxe2x80x9d, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 20718-20726 (1994), and the references incorporated therein. The Lck inhibitors inhibit the tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins induced by anti-CD3 antibodies.
For the preparation of G19-4, see Hansen, J. A., Martin, P. J., Beatty, P. G., Clark, E. A., and Ledbetter, J. A., xe2x80x9cHuman T lymphocyte cell surface molecules defined by the workshop monoclonal antibodies,xe2x80x9d in Leukocyte Typing I, A. Bernard, J. Boumsell, J. Dausett, C. Milstein, and S. Schlossman, eds. (New York: Springer Verlag), p. 195-212 (1984); and Ledbetter, J. A., June, C. H., Rabinovitch, P. S., Grossman, A., Tsu, T. T., and Imboden, J. B., xe2x80x9cSignal transduction through CD4 receptors: stimulatory vs. inhibitory activity is regulated by CD4 proximity to the CD3/T cell receptorxe2x80x9d, Eur. J. Immunol., 18, 525 (1988).
(2) Calcium Assay
Lck inhibitors block calcium mobilization in T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 antibodies. Cells are loaded with the calcium indicator dye indo-1, treated with anti-CD3 antibody such as the monoclonal antibody G19-4, and calcium mobilization is measured using flow cytometry by recording changes in the blue/violet indo-1 ratio as described in Schieven, G. L., Mittler, R. S., Nadler, S. G., Kirihara, J. M., Bolen, J. B., Kanner, S. B., and Ledbetter, J. A., xe2x80x9cZAP-70 tyrosine kinase, CD45 and T cell receptor involvement in UV and H2O2 induced T cell signal transductionxe2x80x9d, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 20718-20726 (1994), and the references incorporated therein.
(3) Proliferation Assays
Lck inhibitors inhibit the proliferation of normal human peripheral blood T cells stimulated to grow with anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies. A 96 well plate is coated with a monoclonal antibody to CD3 (such as G19-4), the antibody is allowed to bind, and then the plate is washed. The antibody bound to the plate serves to stimulate the cells. Normal human peripheral blood T cells are added to the wells along with test compound plus anti-CD28 antibody to provide co-stimulation. After a desired period of time (e.g., 3 days), the [3H]-thymidine is added to the cells, and after further incubation to allow incorporation of the label into newly synthesized DNA, the cells are harvested and counted in a scintillation counter to measure cell proliferation.
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