The present invention relates to benzothiepine derivatives having an osteogenesis promoting effect and a chondrogenesis promoting effect, to a process for producing the same, and to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same as effective component.
Bone diseases are pathological states or disorders in which a certain symptom or risk occurs due to a decrease in bone quantity that has reached a certain level. For example, a major symptom of osteoporosis, one of the bone diseases, is kyphosis, and a fracture in dorsolumbar bone and vertebral centra, neck of the thigh bone, inferior extremity of radius, ribs, superior extremity of humerus, and the like. In osseous tissue, osteogenesis and destruction by bone resorption are repeated, while remaining balanced, and osteoblasts in osteogenesis and osteoclasts play a central role in bone resorption.
Loss of the balance between osteogenesis and destruction by bone resorption is accompanied by a decrease in quantity of the bone. Conventionally, as prophylactic or therapeutic agents, bone resorption-suppressing substances such as estrogens, calcitonins, bisphosphonates, and the like have primarily been used. However, these bone resorption suppressors fail to achieve a satisfactory effect in some cases, due to limitations of the subject or to uncertain efficacy.
So far it has been reported that benzothiepine derivatives have an osteogenesis promoting effect (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. (hereinafter referred to as JP-A) 3-232880/1991; JP-A 4-364179/1992; JP-A 8-231569/1996).
It is desirable to develop more effective prophylactic or therapeutic agents for bone diseases and chondropathy which have an osteogenesis promoting effect and a chondrogenesis promoting effect and which have excellent stability, absorption and bioavailability as oral preparations.
The present inventors synthesized a variety of benzothiepine derivatives and worked diligently to investigate the biological activity and pharmacological behavior of these derivatives. As a result, they discovered that compounds having a group of the formula: 
[wherein R1 is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group; R2 is a hydrogen atom or hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent] at the 2 position of benzothiepine structure exhibit an excellent osteogenesis promoting effect and a chondrogenesis promoting effect and are superior in oral absorption. The present inventors further investigated based on these findings and succeeded in establishing the present invention.
The present invention relates to:
(1) a compound (I) of the formula: 
xe2x80x83wherein the ring A is an optionally substituted benzene ring; R1 is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group; R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group; n is an integer of 0-3; or a salt thereof,
(2) a compound as described in the above item (1), wherein the ring A is a benzene ring which may be substituted by 1 or 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen atom, hydroxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, alkylenedioxy of the formula: xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)m-Oxe2x80x94 (wherein m is an integer of 1-4) and C1-10 alkylthio; and R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen atom, C1-6 alkyl or phenyl,
(3) a compound as described in the above item (1), wherein the ring A is a group of the formula: 
xe2x80x83wherein R4 and R5 are independently hydrogen atom or C1-10 alkyl or R4 and R5 may be bound to each other to form a C1-4 alkylene chain; and R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen atom or C1-6 alkyl,
(4) a compound as described in the above item (1) or (3), wherein the non-aromatic heterocyclic group of the optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by R1 is a 5- to 6-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atom, sulfur atom and oxygen atom,
(5) a compound as described in the above item (4), wherein the 5- to 6-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group is one containing at least 1 nitrogen atom,
(6) a compound as described in the above item (5), wherein the heterocycle of the 5- to 6-membered non-aromatic heterocyclic group is pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, oxazolidine, oxadiazolidine, piperidine, piperazine, thiomorpholine or morpholine,
(7) a compound as described in the above item (1), wherein the substituent or substituents in the optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by R1 are 1-3 of halogen atom, hydroxy or oxo, C1-10 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 acyl, amino, mono- or di-C1-6 alkylamino, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, carboxy or C1-6 alkoxy-carbonyl,
(8) a compound as described in the above item (3), wherein R2 is a hydrogen atom; R3 is C1-3 alkyl; and R4 and R5 may be bound to each other to form a C1-2 alkylene chain,
(9) a compound as described in the above item (3), wherein R2 and R3 are independently a hydrogen atom, and R4 and R5 are independently a C1-3 alkyl group,
(10)
N-[4-(4-morpholinylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-methylenedioxy-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-benzothiepine-2-carboxamide,
N-[4-(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-ylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-methylenedioxy-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-benzothiepine-2-carboxamide, or
N-[4-(2,4-dioxo-oxazolidin-5-ylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-methylenedioxy-4-methyl-5-oxo-3-benzothiepine-2-carboxamide, or a salt thereof,
(11) an optically active compound of the formula: 
xe2x80x83wherein the ring A is an optionally substituted benzene ring; R1 is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group; R2 is a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group; R31 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group; and n is an integer of 0-3; or a salt thereof,
(12) a process for producing a compound (I) of the formula: 
xe2x80x83wherein the ring A is an optionally substituted benzene ring; R1 is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group; R2 and R3 are independently a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group; and n is an integer of 0-3; or a salt thereof, which comprises reacting a compound (II) of the formula: 
xe2x80x83wherein each symbol has the same meanings as mentioned above; or a reactive derivative at the carboxy group thereof or a salt thereof, with a compound (III) of the formula: 
xe2x80x83wherein each symbol has the same meanings as mentioned above; or a reactive derivative at the amino group thereof or a salt thereof,
(13) a compound (IIIxe2x80x2) of the formula: 
xe2x80x83wherein R11 is pyrrolidinyl, dioxopyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, mono- or di-oxopiperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, dioxothiazolidinyl, dioxoimidazolidinyl, 1-methyldioxoimidazolidinyl, dioxooxazolidinyl, dioxotetrahydroisothiazolidinyl, momo- or di-oxooxazolidinyl, or dioxooxadiazolidinyl; or a salt thereof,
(14) a prodrug or a salt thereof of the compound as described in the above item (1),
(15) a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound (I) of the formula: 
xe2x80x83wherein the ring A is an optionally substituted benzene ring; R1 is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group; R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group; and n is an integer of 0-3; or a salt thereof,
(16) a pharmaceutical composition according to the above item (15), which is an osteogenesis promoting agent,
(17) a pharmaceutical composition according to the above item (15), which is a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for bone diseases,
(18) a pharmaceutical composition according to the above item (15), which is a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for fracture, and
(19) a pharmaceutical composition according to the above item (15), which is a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for chondropathy.
In the above-mentioned formulae, as for the substituent on the optionally substituted benzene ring represented by the ring A, for example, halogen atom, hydroxy, nitro, optionally substituted alkyl group, optionally substituted hydroxy group, optionally substituted mercapto group, optionally substituted amino group, acyl group, mono- or di-alkoxyphosphoryl group, phosphono, optionally substituted aryl group, optionally substituted aralkyl group, or optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group may be used, and these may be the same or different, of which 1 to 4, preferably 1 or 2, may be substituted on the benzene ring.
The xe2x80x9chalogen atomxe2x80x9d includes, for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
The alkyl group of the xe2x80x9coptionally substituted alkyl groupxe2x80x9d includes, preferably, alkyl of 1-10 carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, dodecyl, and the like, and cycloalkyl of 3-7 carbon atoms, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl, and the like, which may be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents such as, for example, halogen atom, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc., hydroxy, alkoxy group of 1-6 carbon atoms, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, hexyloxy, etc., mono- or di-(C1-6 alkoxy)phosphoryl group, e.g., methoxyphosphoryl, ethoxyphosphoryl, dimethoxyphosphoryl, di-ethoxyphosphoryl, etc., phosphono, and the like.
The substituted alkyl group is exemplified by tri-fluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl, trichloromethyl, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, methoxyethyl, 1-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2,2-diethoxyethyl, 2-diethoxyphosphorylethyl, phosphono, phosphonomethyl, and the like.
The substituted hydroxy in the xe2x80x9coptionally substituted hydroxy groupxe2x80x9d is exemplified by alkoxy group, alkenyloxy group, aralkyloxy group, acyloxy group, aryloxy group, and the like. The xe2x80x9calkoxy groupxe2x80x9d includes, preferably, alkoxy group of 1-10 carbon atoms, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptyloxy, nonyloxy, and the like, and cycloalkoxy group of 4-6 carbon atoms, e.g., cyclobutoxy, cyclopentoxy, cyclohexyloxy, and the like. The xe2x80x9calkenyloxy groupxe2x80x9d includes, preferably, those of 2-10 carbon atoms, e.g., allyloxy, crotyloxy, 2-pentenyloxy, 3-hexenyloxy, 2-cyclopentenylmethoxy, 2-cyclohexenylmethoxy, and the like. The xe2x80x9caralkyloxy groupxe2x80x9d includes, preferably, those of 6-19 carbon atoms, more preferably, C6-14 aryl-C1-4 alkyloxy, e.g., benzyloxy, phenethyloxy, and the like. The xe2x80x9cacyloxy groupxe2x80x9d includes, preferably, alkanoyloxy group, for example, those of 2-10 carbon atoms, e.g., acetyloxy, propionyloxy, n-butyryloxy, hexanoyloxy, and the like. The xe2x80x9caryloxy groupxe2x80x9d includes, preferably, those of 6-14 carbon atoms, e.g., phenoxy, biphenyloxy, and the like. These groups may further be substituted by 1-3 substituents such as, for example, the above-mentioned halogen atom, hydroxy, alkoxy group of 1-6 carbon atoms, mono- or di-(C1-6 alkoxy)phosphoryl group, and the like. The substituted hydroxy group is exemplified by trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, difluoromethoxy, 2-methoxyethoxy, 4-chlorobenzyloxy, 2-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)ethoxy, and the like.
The mercapto group in the xe2x80x9coptionally substituted mercapto groupxe2x80x9d is exemplified by alkylthio group, aralkylthio group, acylthio group, and the like. The xe2x80x9calkylthio groupxe2x80x9d includes, preferably, alkylthio group of 1-10 carbon atoms, e.g., methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio, pentylthio, hexylthio, heptylthio, nonylthio, and the like, and cycloalkylthio group of 4-6 carbon atoms, e.g., cyclobutylthio, cyclopentylthio, cyclohexylthio, and the like. The xe2x80x9caralkylthio groupxe2x80x9d includes, preferably, those of 7-19 carbon atoms, more preferably, C6-14 aryl-C1-4 alkylthio, e.g., benzylthio, phenethylthio, and the like. The xe2x80x9cacylthio groupxe2x80x9d includes, preferably, alkanoylthio, for example, those of 2-10 carbon atoms, e.g., acetylthio, propionylthio, n-butyrylthio, hexanoylthio, and the like. These groups may further be substituted by 1-3 substituents such as, for example, the above-mentioned halogen atom, hydroxy, alkoxy group of 1-6 carbon atoms, mono- or di-(C1-6 alkoxy)phosphoryl group, and the like. The substituted thiol group is exemplified by trifluoromethylthio, 2,2,2-trifluoroethylthio, 2-methoxyethylthio, 4-chlorobenzylthio, 3,4-dichlorobenzylthio, 4-fluorobenzylthio, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylthio, and the like.
The substituent of the substituted amino group in the xe2x80x9coptionally substituted amino groupxe2x80x9d includes the above-mentioned alkyl group of 1-10 carbon atoms, alkenyl group of 2-10 carbon atoms, e.g., allyl, vinyl, 2-penten-1-yl, 3-penten-1-yl, 2-hexen-1-yl, 3-hexen-1-yl, 2-cyclohexenyl, 2-cyclopentenyl, 2-methyl-2-propen-1-yl, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, and the like, aryl group of 6-14 carbon atoms, and aralkyl group of 7-19 carbon atoms, and these may be used alone or as two identical or different groups. These groups may be substituted by the above-mentioned halogen atom, alkoxy group of 1-6 carbon atoms, mono- or di-(C1-6 alkoxy)phosphoryl group, phosphono, and the like. The substituted amino group is exemplified by methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, di-ethylamino, dibutylamino, diallylamino, cyclohexylamino, phenylamino or N-methyl-N-phenylamino, N-methyl-N-(4-chlorobenzyl)amino, N,N-di(2-methoxyethyl)amino, and the like.
As for the xe2x80x9cacyl groupxe2x80x9d, an organic carboxylic acyl group or sulfonic acyl group having a hydrocarbon group of 1-6 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, hexyl, phenyl, etc.) may be used. The xe2x80x9corganic carboxylic acyl groupxe2x80x9d used includes, for example, formyl, alkyl-carbonyl group of 1-10 carbon atoms, e.g., acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl, pivaloyl, hexanoyl, octanoyl, cyclobutanecarbonyl, cyclohexanecarbonyl, cyclo-heptanecarbonyl, etc., alkenyl-carbonyl group of 2-10 carbon atoms, e.g., crotonyl, 2-cyclohexenecarbonyl, etc., aryl-carbonyl group of 6-14 carbon atoms, e.g., benzoyl, etc., aralkyl-carbonyl group of 7-19 carbon atoms, e.g., benzylcarbonyl, benzhydrylcarbonyl, etc., 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic carbonyl group, e.g., nicotinoyl, 4-thiazolyl-carbonyl, etc., 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic acetyl group, e.g., 3-pyridylacetyl, 4-thiazolylacetyl, etc. The xe2x80x9csulfonic acyl group having a hydrocarbon group of 1-6 carbon atomsxe2x80x9d used includes, for example, methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfonyl, and the like. These groups may be substitued by 1-3 substituents, for example, the above-mentioned halogen atom, hydroxy, alkoxy group of 1-6 carbon atoms, amino, and the like. The acyl group is exemplified by trifluoroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, 4-methoxybutyryl, 3-cyclohexyloxypropionyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl, and the like.
The xe2x80x9cmono- or di-alkoxyphosphoryl groupxe2x80x9d used includes, for example, mono-C1-6 alkoxyphosphoryl group such as methoxyphosphoryl, ethoxyphosphoryl, propoxyphosphoryl, isopropoxyphosphoryl, butoxyphosphoryl, pentyloxyphosphoryl, hexyloxyphosphoryl, and the like, and di-C1-6 alkoxyphosphoryl group such as dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl, di-propoxyphosphoryl, diisopropoxyphosphoryl, dibutoxy-phosphoryl, dipentylbxyphosphoryl, dihexyloxyphosphoryl, and the like. Preferably, di-C1-6 alkoxyphosphoryl group, for example, dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl, di-propoxyphosphoryl, diisopropoxyphosphoryl, ethylenedioxy-phosphoryl, dibutoxyphosphoryl, and the like may be used.
The aryl group in the xe2x80x9coptionally substituted aryl groupxe2x80x9d used includes, preferably, those of 6-14 carbon atoms, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl and the like. These groups may be substituted by 1-3 substituents such as alkyl group of 1-10 carbon atoms, halogen atom, hydroxy, alkoxy group of 1-6 carbon atoms, and the like. The substituted aryl group is exemplified by 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 4-cyclohexylphenyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl, and the like.
The aralkyl group in the xe2x80x9coptionally substituted aralkyl groupxe2x80x9d used includes, preferably, those of 7-19 carbon atoms, for example, benzyl, naphthylethyl, trityl, and the like, and these groups may be substituted on the aromatic ring by 1-3 substituents such as alkyl group of 1-10 carbon atoms, halogen atom, hydroxy, alkoxy group of 1-6 carbon atoms, and the like. The substituted aralkyl group is exemplified by 4-chlorobenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 4-cyclohexylbenzyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthylethyl, and the like.
The aromatic heterocyclic group in the xe2x80x9coptionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic groupxe2x80x9d used includes, preferably, 5- or 6-membered ones having 1 to 4 of nitrogen atom, oxygen atom and/or sulfur atom, for example, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, thidiazolyl, and the like. These groups may be substituted by 1-3 substituents such as alkyl group of 1-10 carbon atoms, halogen atom, hydroxy, alkoxy group of 1-6 carbon atoms, and the like.
When two alkyl groups are placed adjacent to each other on the benzene ring A, they may be bound to each other to form an alkylene group of the formula: xe2x80x94(CH2)Lxe2x80x94 [wherein L is an integer of 3-5] (e.g., trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, etc.), and when two alkoxy groups are placed adjacent to each other, they may form an alkylenedioxy group of the formula: xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)mxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94 [wherein m is an integer of 1-4] (e.g., methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, trimethylenedioxy, etc.). In such a case, a 5- to 8-membered ring is formed together with the carbon atoms on the benzene ring.
The preferred substituent on the ring A includes, for example, halogen atom, C1-10 alkyl group, C1-10 alkoxy group, alkylenedioxy group of the formula: xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)mxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94 [wherein m is an integer of 1-4], C1-10 alkylthio group, and the like, wherein the number of the substituent is preferably 1 or 2.
In the above-mentioned formulae, the non-aromatic heterocycle in the optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by R1 includes 3- to 8-membered ones containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atom, sulfur atom and oxygen atom. Such a heterocycle is exemplified by oxirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, thiolane, piperidine, tetrahydropyran, morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperazine, homopiperidine, pyrroline, imidazolidine, thiazoline, iso-thiazoline, thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, imidazoline, oxazoline, oxazolidine, oxadiazolidine, oxathiazolidine, dithiazolidine, thiadiazolidine, and the like. In particular, the 4- to 7-membered non-aromatic heterocycle is preferred, and especially, 5- or 6-membered one is preferred.
In the above-mentioned formulae, the substituent on the optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group includes, for example, (i) halogen atom (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.), (ii) hydroxy or oxo, (iii) alkoxy group of 1-6 carbon atoms (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, etc.), (iv) amino group optionally substituted by alkyl group of 1-6 carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, etc.)(e.g., amino, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino, etc.), (v) amino group substituted by an acyl group (e.g., alkanoyl group of 1-10 carbon atoms, etc.)(e.g., acetylamino, propionylamino, benzoylamino, etc.), (vi) carbamoyl group optionally substituted by an alkyl group or groups of 1-6 carbon atoms (e.g., carbamoyl, methylcarbamoyl, dimethylcarbamoyl, diethylcarbamoyl, etc.), (vii) alkoxy-carbonyl group of 1-6 carbon atoms (e.g., methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, etc.), and the like. The number of substituents is preferably 1 to 4.
The substituent includes, preferably, halogen atom, hydroxy or oxo, C1-10 alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 acyl, amino, mono- or di-C1-6 alkylamino, mono- or di-C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, carboxy or C1-6 alkoxy-carbonyl, and the like, and the number of the substituent is preferably 1 to 3.
The optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group is exmplified by oxiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thiolanyl, piperidyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperidyl, 4-oxopiperidyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 4-formylpiperadinyl, 4-methanesulfonylpiperadinyl, 3-hydroxypyrrolidinyl, 2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-yl, 2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl, hydantoin-3-yl, 2,6-dioxopiperidinyl, 1-methylhydantoin-3-yl, succinimido, 2-oxazolidon-3-yl, 2,4-dioxooxazolidin-5-yl, 2,4-dioxooxazolidin-3-yl, 1,1-dioxotetrahydro-2H-1-isothiazol-2-yl, 3,5-dioxo-1,2,4-oxadiazolidin-2-yl, and the like. These non-aromatic heterocyclic groups may be condensed with a benzene ring, a 6-membered ring containing 2 or less nitrogen atoms, or a 5-membered ring containing one sulfur atom. The condensed non-aromatic heterocyclic group is exemplified by chromanyl, isochromanyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, thiochromanyl, isothiochromanyl, and the like.
In the above-mentioned formulae, the preferred non-aromatic heterocycle of the optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group includes 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic heterocycles containing at least one nitrogen atom, 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic heterocycles containing one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom or oxygen atom, and the like.
The preferred 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic heterocycles containing at least one nitrogen atom include, for example, pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, oxazolidine, oxadiazolidine, piperidine, piperazine, thio-morpholine, morpholine, and the like.
The preferred 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic heterocycles containing one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom or oxygen atom include, for example, thiazolidine, oxazolidine, thio-morpholine, morpholine, and the like.
As the hydrocarbon group in xe2x80x9cthe optionally substituted hydrocarbon groupxe2x80x9d represented by R2, R3 or R31 in the above-mentioned formulae or by R21 as mentioned below, the same group as mentioned above, that is, alkyl group (preferably, alkyl of 1-10 carbon atoms), alkenyl group (preferably, alkenyl of 2-10 carbon atoms), aryl group (preferably, aryl of 6-14 carbon atoms), aralkyl group (preferably, aralkyl of 7-19 carbon atoms), and the like may be used. As the substituent on the hydrocarbon group, the above-mentioned halogen atom, di-C1-6 alkoxyphosphoryl group, phosphono, and the like may be used.
As the hydrocarbon group in xe2x80x9cthe optionally substituted hydrocarbon groupxe2x80x9d, for example, a straight or branched C1-6 alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, and the like, is preferred. Particularly, a C1-4 alkyl group is preferred.
As the above-mentioned groups R2, R3, R21 and R31, an unsubstituted hydrocarbon group is particularly preferred. The C1-10 alkyl group represented by R4 and R5 in the above-mentioned formulae includes, for example, straight or branched alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, and the like. In particular, a C1-6 alkyl group, especially, a C1-4 alkyl group, is preferred.
The C1-4 alkylene chain formed by taking R4 and R5 together in the above-mentioned formulae, includes, for example, methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, and the like. In the above-mentioned formulae, n is an integer of 0-3, preferably, 1 or 2.
In the above-mentioned formulae, R11 indicates dioxo-pyrrolidinyl, mono- or di-oxopiperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, dioxothiazolidinyl, 1-methyldioxoimidazolinyl, dioxooxazolidinyl, dioxotetrahydroisothiazolinyl, dioxooxadiazolidinyl, and the like, and in particular, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidinyl, 4-oxopiperidinyl, 2,6-dioxopiperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 2,4-dioxothiazolidinyl, 1-methyl-2,4-dioxoimidazolinyl, 2,4-dioxooxazolidinyl, 1,1-dioxotetrahydro-2H-isothiazolinyl, and 2,4-dioxooxadiazolidinyl are preferred.
The compounds of the invention represented by the formula (I) (hereinafter referred to as Compound (I)) include preferably optically active compounds of (2R,4S)-configuration represented by the formula: 
xe2x80x83wherein each symbol has the same meanings as mentioned above. Moreover, it is preferred that the compounds substantially contain no compounds of (2S,4R)-configuration and their optical purity is approximately 100%.
Compounds (I) of the invention can be prepared by reacting compounds of the formula (II) (including their optically active isomers), reactive derivatives thereof at the carboxyl group or salts thereof, with compounds of the formula (III), reactive derivatives thereof at the amino group or salts thereof, as shown in the following reaction scheme. 
The preferred reactive derivatives at the carboxyl group of compounds of the formula (II) (including their optically active isomers) include, for example, acid halides (e.g., acid chlorides, etc.); acid azides; acid anhydrides [for example, mixed acid anhydrides with acids, e.g., substituted phosphoric acids such as dialkylphosphoric acids, phenylphosphoric acid, diphenylphosphoric acid, dibenzylphosphoric acid, halogeno-phosphoric acids, etc., dialkylphosphorous acids, sulfurous acid, thiosulfuric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, etc., aliphatic carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, pivalic acid, pentanoic acid, isopentanoic acid, trichloroacetic acid, etc., or aromatic carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, etc.; symmetric acid anhydrides], active amides [e.g., activated amides with imidazole, 4-substituted imidazoles, dimethylpyrazole, triazole, or tetrazole], active esters [e.g., activated esters such as cyanomethyl esters, methoxymethyl esters, dimethyliminomethyl esters, vinyl esters, propargyl esters, p-nitrophenyl esters, trichlorophenyl esters, pentachlorophenyl esters, mesylphenyl esters, phenylazophenyl esters, phenyl thioesters, p-nitrophenyl esters, p-cresyl thioesters, carboxymethyl thioesters, pyranyl esters, pyridyl esters, piperidinyl esters, 8-quinolyl thioesters, etc.]; esters [e.g., esters with N-hydroxy compounds such as N,N-dimethylhydroxyamine, 1-hydroxy-2-(1H)-pyridone, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxyphthalimide, 1-hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole, etc.]. These reactive derivatives may optionally be selected in accordance with the species of the compounds of the formula (II) to be used.
The preferred salts of the reactive derivatives of the compounds represented by the formula (II) include, for example, alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium salts, potassium salts, etc., alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium salts, magnesium salts, etc., ammonium salts, for example, such base salts as organic base salts, e.g., trimethylamine salts, triethylamine salts, pyridine salts, picoline salts, dicyclohexylamine salts, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine salts, etc.
The preferred reactive derivatives at the amino group in the compounds of the formula (III) include, for example, Schiff base-type imino derivatives or their enamine-type tautomers produced by reaction of the compounds of the formula (III) with carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, etc.; silyl derivatives produced by reaction of the compounds of the formula (III) with silyl compounds such as bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, mono(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, bis(trimethylsilyl)urea, etc.; derivatives produced by reaction of the compounds of the formula (III) with phosphorus trichloride or phosgene; and the like.
The reaction of the invention as shown in the above-illustrated Reaction Scheme 1 may be carried out in an organic solvent giving no adverse effect to the reaction, for example, alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, 3-pentanol, etc.), aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene, etc.), halogenohydrocarbon (e.g., carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, monochloromethane, ethylene chloride, etc.), saturated hydrocarbon (e.g., hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, etc.), ether (e.g., diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, isopropyl ether, etc.), ketone (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.), nitrile (e.g., acetonitrile, propionitrile, etc.), sulfoxide (e.g., dimethylsulfoxide, etc.), amide (N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, etc.), ester (e.g., methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, etc.), carboxylic acid (e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid), tertiary amine (e.g., pyridine, etc.), or the like, or in an aqueous mixture with any of these conventional solvents.
Particularly, the reaction is preferably carried out in water or a conventional solvent, for example, an alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, etc.), acetone, dioxane, acetonitrile, chloroform, dichloromethane, ethylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, N,N-dimethylformamide, pyridine, or the like.
In the above reaction, when the compounds of the formula (II) are used in a form of free acids or salts thereof, it is appropriate to carry out the reaction so as to be accelerated in the presence of a conventional condensing agent, for example, N,Nxe2x80x2-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; N-cyclohexyl-Nxe2x80x2-morpholinoethylcarbodiimide; N-cyclohexyl-Nxe2x80x2-(4-diethylaminocyclo-hexyl)carbodiimide; N,Nxe2x80x2-diethylcarbodiimide, N,Nxe2x80x2-diiso-propylcarbodiimide, N-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide; N,Nxe2x80x2-carbonylbis-(2-methylimidazole); penta-methyleneketene-N-cyclohexylimine; diphenylketene-N-cyclo-hexylimine; ethoxyacetylene; 1-alkoxy-1-chloroethylene; trialkyl phosphate; ethyl polyphosphate; isopropyl polyphosphate; phosphorus oxychloride; diphenylphosphorylazide; thionyl chloride; oxalyl chloride; lower alkyl haloformate, e.g., ethyl chloroformate, isopropyl chloroformate, etc.; triphenylphosphine; 2-ethyl-7-hydroxybenzisoxazolium salt, 2-ethyl-5-(m-sulfophenyl)isoxazolium hydroxide inner salt; N-hydroxybenzotriazole; 1-(p-chlorobenzenesulfonyloxy)-6-chloro-1H-benzotriazole; so-called Vilsmeier""s reagent prepared from N,Nxe2x80x2-dimethylformamide on reaction with thionyl chloride, phosgene, trichloromethyl chloroformate, phosphorus oxychloride, etc.; and the like.
The reaction may also be carried out in the presence of an inorganic base or organic base, for example, alkali metal hydrogencarbonate (e.g., sodium hydrogencarbonate), tri(C1-4)alkylamine (e.g., trimethylamine), pyridine, N-(C1-4)-alkylmorpholine (e.g., N-methylmorpholine), N,N-di(C1-4)-alkylbenzylamine (N,N-dimethylbenzylamine), and the like.
The reaction temperature is not limited specifically, and the reaction may be carried out usually under cooling or warming (about xe2x88x9210 to 120xc2x0 C., preferably, about xe2x88x925 to 50xc2x0 C.). The reaction time is usually abut 0.5 to about 100 hours, preferably, about 1 to about 50 hours.
When the compounds of the formula (III) have any other active substituent disturbing the reaction, such a substituent may preferably be protected prior to the reaction according to a conventional way and then deprotected after the reaction completion.
Thus resulting compounds (I) or salts thereof can be isolated and purified by means of a well-known procedure for separation and purification, such as condensation, evaporation under reduced pressure, extraction with a solvent, crystallization, recrystallization, dissolution to another solvent, chromatography, and the like.
The compounds of the formula (II) or reactive derivatives thereof at the carboxy group (used as the starting compounds in the method of the invention) can be prepared according to a per se known method, for example, the method as disclosed in JP-A 08-231569/1996 or its analogous methods.
In the compounds of the formula (III), the compounds wherein n is 1 and the non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by R1 has a bond attached to the nitrogen atom, can be prepared according to the method as illustrated in the following Reaction Scheme or its equivalent method, or alternatively according to the method as described in Reference Examples as mentioned below or its equivalent method. 
More specifically, the reaction of the 1st step is carried out by reacting 4-nitrophenylalkyl halides with optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocycles (represented by HR11; R11 represents a non-aromatic heterocyclic group having a bond attached to the nitrogen atom) in the presence of a base in an appropriate solvent. As the 4-nitrophenylalkyl halides, 4-nitrobenzyl chloride is exemplified.
The preferred base includes, for example, inorganic bases such as sodium hydride, potassium carbonate, etc., and organic bases such as triethylamine, pyridine, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecen-7-ene (DBU), etc.
The solvent includes, for example, ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.), nitriles (e.g., acetonitrile), ethers (e.g., tetrahydrofuran), esters (e.g., ethyl acetate), amides (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide), and the like. The reaction temperature is about 0 to 60xc2x0 C. The reaction time is about 0.5 to 50 hours.
In the 2nd step, reduction is conducted. The reducing agent or method used in the reduction includes, for example, a combination of a metal (e.g., iron, zinc, zinc amalgam, etc.) or a salt of chromium compound (e.g., chromous chloride, chromous acetate, etc.) with an organic or inorganic acid (e.g., acetic acid, propionic acid, hydrochloric acid, etc.); catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of a metal catalyst (e.g., palladium-carbon, Raney nickel, etc.); and the like.
The solvent used in the reaction includes, for example, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol), ethers (e.g., tetra-hydrofuran), esters (e.g., ethyl acetate), carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic acid), and the like. The reaction temperature is about 0 to 60xc2x0 C. The reaction time is approximately 0.5 to 50 hours.
In the 3rd step, the group R21 (R21 is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group) is introduced into the amino group. The reaction may be carried out in the same manner as described in Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France Partie 2, 1970, Issue 5, 1901-1907, or its equivalent method.
The compounds (III) [including the compounds (IIIxe2x80x2)] can be used as the starting compounds in producing Compounds (I) of the invention.
As the salts of the starting compounds (II), (III) and the objective compounds (I) of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are preferred, including, for example, salts with inorganic bases, salts with organic bases, salts with inorganic acids, salts with organic acids, salts with basic or acidic amino acids, and the like. The preferred salts with inorganic bases are exemplified by alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium salts, potassium salts, etc.; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium salts, magnesium salts, etc.; as well as aluminum salts, ammonium salts, and the like. The preferred salts with organic bases are exemplified by salts of trimethylamine, triethylamine, pyridine, picoline, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, N,Nxe2x80x2-dibenzylethylenediamine, and the like. The preferred salts with inorganic acids are exemplified by those of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. The preferred salts with organic acids are exemplified by those of formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzensulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like. The preferred salts with basic amino acids are exemplified by those of arginine, lysine, ornithine, and the like, and the salts with acidic amino acids are those of aspartic acid, glutaric acid, and the like.
The prodrugs of Compounds (I) of the invention are compounds convertible into Compounds (I) on action of enzymes or gastric acid under physiological conditions in a living body, that is, compounds which are enzymatically oxidized, reduced or hydrolyzed to give Compounds (I), or compounds which are hydrolyzed with gastric acid or the like to give Compounds (I). The prodrugs of Compounds (I) of the invention include: when Compounds (I) have an amino group as substituent, then acylated, alkylated or phosphorylated compounds at the amino group; when Compounds (I) have a hydroxy group as substituent, then acylated, alkylated, phosphorylated or borated compounds at the hydroxy group; and when Compounds (I) have a carboxyl group as substituent, then esterified or amide-formed compounds. These compounds may be prepared from Compounds (I) in a per se known method.
Alternatively, the prodrug of Compounds (I) may be those which can be converted into Compounds (I) in a physiological condition as described in xe2x80x9cDevelopment of Drugsxe2x80x9d, vol. 7, Molecular Design, pp. 163-198 (1990), Hirokawa Publishing Company.
Compounds (I) of the invention and salts thereof have a potent osteogenesis promoting effect, chondrogenesis promoting effect, cartilage destruction suppressing effect, and cartilage cell differentiation induction promoting effect, and in addition they are superior in clinically useful characteristics such as stability, absorption (particularly, oral absorption), bioavailability, and the like. In addition, their toxicity is low. Compounds (I) of the invention and salts thereof, accordingly, can be used in prevention and treatment of a variety of bone diseases, for example, osteoporosis, fracture, cartilage defect, chronic rheumatoid arthritis involving cartilage, and osteoarthritis of a knee involving cartilage in mammals (e.g., human, rat, mouse, dog, rabbit, cat, cattle, swine, etc.).
Compounds (I) of the invention and salts thereof, since they exhibit a potent alkaline phosphatase-inducing activity, have an excellent osteogenesis promoting effect and chondrogenesis promoting effect, and are useful as prophylactic or therapeutic agents for metabolic bone diseases and metabolic cartilage diseases including osteoporosis. Moreover, the osteogenesis promoting agents and chondrogenesis promoting agents which contain Compounds (I) of the invention or salts thereof having such effects, can be used as prophylactic or therapeutic agents for bone diseases and cartilage diseases such as fracture, refracture, bone defect, osteomalacia, Paget""s syndrome in bone, rigid myelitis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis (e.g., osteoarthritis of the knee), osteoarthritis involving cartilage, and the like in the orthopaedic region, as well as used as osseous tissue restoration agents after surgery for multiple myeloma, lung cancer, breast cancer, and the like. Moreover, in the dental field, they are expected to apply to treatment of periodontal diseases, restoration of periodontal tissue defects in periodontal diseases, stabilization of artificial tooth roots, residual ridge formation and repair of cleft palate.
Compounds (I) of the invention and salts thereof, when used as prophylactic or therapeutic agents for osteoporosis, fracture, cartilage defect, etc., may be administered orally at a daily dose of about 5 mg to about 1000 mg, preferably about 10 mg to about 500 mg, as active ingredient [Compound (I) or salt thereof of the invention] for an adult (body weight 50 kg) in 1 to 3 divided doses while the dose varies depending on the state or weight of a patient, the administration manner and the like.
In parenteral administration, they may be administered at a daily dose of about 1 mg to about 3000 mg, preferably about 10 mg to 300 mg, as active ingredient [Compound (I) or salt thereof of the invention] for an adult (body weight 50 kg) in 1 to 3 divided doses.
Compound (I) or salt thereof of the invention can be used in combination with other bone resorption promoting agents or osteogenesis promoting agents. The agents used in combination are exemplified by vitamins D3 (e.g., 1xcex1-hydroxyvitamin D3, 1xcex1-2,5-dihydroxyvitamin D3, flocalcitriol, secalciferol, etc.), calcitonins (e.g., eel calcitonin, salmon calcitonin, porcine calcitonin, avicatonin, etc.), bisphosphonic acids (e.g., etidronate, simadronate, alendronate, tiludronate, risedronate, clodronate, etc.), sex hormone related compounds (e.g., tibolone, estradiol, osaterone, raloxifene, droloxifene, ormeloxifene, tamoxifene, mifepristone, etc.), ipriflavone, vitamins K2 (e.g., menatetrenone), sodium fluoride, parathyroid hormones (PTH)(e.g., PTH (1-34), PTH (1-84), PTH (1-36), etc.), and the like.
Compounds (I) or salts thereof of the invention may be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers to form solid preparations such as tablets, capsules, granules, powder, and the like; or liquid preparations such as syrup, injection, and the like, and administered orally or parenterally. They may also be formed into percutaneously administrable preparations such as patch, poultice, ointment (including cream), plaster, tape, lotion, liquid preparation, suspension, emulsion, aerosol, and the like.
As the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, a variety of conventional organic or inorganic carrier materials usually added to pharmaceutical preparations can be used, including excipients, lubricants, binders, disintegrators, etc., in solid preparations; solvents, dissolution aids, suspending agents, isotonization agents, buffering agents, soothing agents, etc., in liquid preparations. If required, pharmaceutical additives such as preservatives, antioxidants, stabilizers, coloring agents, sweeteners, and the like may be added. The preferred excipients include, for example, lactose, refined sugar, D-mannitol, starch, crystalline cellulose, light silicic anhydride, and the like. The preferred lubricants include, for example, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, talc, colloidal silica, and the like. The preferred binders include, for example, crystalline cellulose, xcex1-starch, refined sugar, D-mannitol, dextrin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the like. The preferred disintegrators include, for example, starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, croscarmellose sodium, carboxymethyl starch sodium, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the like. The preferred solvents include, for example, water for injection, alcohol, propylene glycol, macrogol, sesame oil, corn oil, and the like.
If required, the oral preparation may be coated in a per se conventional manner in order to mask its taste or give enteric coating preparations or sustained-release preparations. The coating agents include, for example, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene glycol, Tween 80, Pluronic F68, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, hydroxymethyl cellulose acetate succinate, Eudragit (methacrylic acid/acrylic acid copolymer; Rohm Pharma GmbH, Germany), and the like.
The preferred dissolution aids include, for example, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, D-mannitol, benzyl benzoate, ethanol, trisaminomethane, cholesterol, triethanolamine, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and the like. The preferred suspending agents include, for example, surface activators such as stearyl triethanolamine, sodium lauryl sulfate, laurylaminopropionic acid, lecithin, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, glycerin monostearate, etc.; and hydrophilic high molecular weight materials such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, etc. The preferred isotonization agents include, for example, sodium chloride, glycerin, D-mannitol, and the like. The preferred buffering agents include, for example, buffer solutions containing phosphate, acetate, carbonate, citrate, and the like. The preferred soothing agents include, for example, benzyl alcohol, etc. The preferred preservatives include, for example, peroxybenzoic acid esters, chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, dehydroacetic acid, sorbic acid, and the like. The preferred anti-oxidants include, for example, sulfites, ascorbic acid, and the like.
In addition to the formulations prepared according to the above-mentioned conventional pharmaceutical technique, Compounds (I) or salts thereof of the invention may also be formulated into sustained-release preparations according to a technique for sustained-release formulation. A method for preparing sustained-release preparations, as described in JP-A 9-263545/1997, comprises dispersing Compound (I) into an aliphatic polyester such as lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer according to the in-water drying method, phase separation methods spray drying method, and the like. The sustained-release preparations prepared by these methods can be applied locally as a suspension of microcapsules or microspheres.
Compounds (I) or salts thereof of the invention are preferably added to a pharmaceutical composition together with polyethylene glycol, as described in JP-A 10-338646/1998.
Moreover, when administered directly into the cavitas articularis as a local medicament, Compound (I) or salt thereof may be dispersed into a hyaluronic acid preparation for injection (for example, Kaken Pharm. Co., Ltd.; ALTZ injection) as a dispersing agent. Hyaluronic acid used in a dispersing medium may be used in a form of non-toxic salts, for example, alkali metal salts, e.g., salts with sodium, potassium, etc., or alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., salts with magnesium, calcium, etc., and particularly, the sodium salt is preferably used. The average molecular weight of hyaluronic acid or its non-toxic salts to be used is approximately 200,000-5,000,000, preferably, approximately 500,000-3,000,000, more preferably, approximately 700,000-2,500,000 (viscometrically).
The final concentration of hyaluronic acid or its sodium salt in the dispersing medium is preferably fixed at less than 1% (w/v) giving appropriate viscosity in view of ease of various operations or administration, particularly less than 0.02-1%, more preferably about 0.1-1% (w/v).
Into the above-mentioned dispersing medium, it is possible to add a pH regulator, local anesthetic, antibiotic, dissolution aid, isotonization agent, adsorption preventing agent, glycosaminoglycan, polysaccharide, and the like in a per se known manner. The preferred additives are, for example, mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride, glycine, ammonium acetate, or substantially pharmaceutically inactive water-soluble proteins injectable to the body. The glycosaminoglycan includes, for example, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin, chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C, dermatan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, keratin sulfate, and the like. The polysaccharide includes acidic ones such as alginic acid.
The above-mentioned water-soluble proteins include those that are soluble in water, physiological saline, or buffer solution, for example, human serum albumin, human serum globulin, collagen, gelatin, and the like. When a water-soluble protein is contained in a dispersing medium, the content of the protein is preferably in 0.05-50 mg per dosage, more preferably 0.5-20 mg, particularly 0.75-10 mg.
The above-mentioned pH regulator includes, for example, glycine, ammonium acetate, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and the like. The above-mentioned local anesthetic includes, for example, chlorobutanol, lidocaine hydrochloride, and the like. The above-mentioned antibiotics include, for example, gentamicin, etc. The above-mentioned dissolution aids include, for example, glycerin, polyethylene glycol 400, and the like. The above-mentioned isotonization agents include, for example, mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride, and the like. The above-mentioned adsorption preventing agents include, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate, etc.
The pharmaceutical preparation may also contain phosphoric acid or its salts (for example, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, etc.). When the preparation for injection contains phosphoric acid or its salts, the concentration of sodium phosphate or potassium phosphate is in about 0.1 mM to 500 mM, preferably about 1 mM to 100 mM.
USPTO Backgrounds
USPTO Backgrounds