It is well recognized by persons skilled in the art of oil recovery that there are formations which contain petroleum whose viscosity is so great that little or no primary production is possible. Some form of supplemental oil recovery must be applied to these formations in order to decrease the viscosity of the petroleum sufficiently that it will flow or can be displaced through the formation to production wells to the surface of the earth. Thermal recovery techniques are quite suitable for viscous oil formations, and steam flooding is the most successful thermal oil recovery technique yet employed in commercial application. Steam may be utilized for thermal stimulation for viscous oil formations by means of a "huff and puff" technique in which steam is injected into a well, allowed to remain in the formation for a soak period, and then oil is recovered from the formation by means of the same well as was used for steam injection. Another technique employing steam stimulation is a steam drive or steam throughput process, in which steam is injected into the formation on a more or less continuous basis by means of an injection well and oil is recovered from the formation from a spaced-apart production well. This technique is somewhat more effective in many applications than the "huff and puff" steam stimulation process since it both reduces the viscosity of the petroleum and displaces petroleum through the formation, thus encouraging production from a production well. While this process is very effective with respect to the portions of the recovery zone between the injection well and production well through which the steam travels, poor vertical conformance is often experienced in steam drive oil recovery processes. A major cause of poor vertical conformance is that steam density is less than the density of other fluids present in the permeable formation, and so steam migrates to the upper portion of the permeable formation and channels across the top of the oil formation to the remotely located production well. Once steam channeling has occurred in the upper portion of the formation, the permeability of the steam-swept zone is increased due to the desaturation or removal of petroleum from the portions of the formation through which steam has channeled. Thus subsequently-injected steam will migrate almost exclusively through the steam-swept channel and very little of the injected steam will move into the lower portions of the formation, and thus very little additional petroleum from the lower portions of the formation will be experienced. While steam drive processes effectively reduce the oil saturation in the portion of the formation through which steam passes by a significant amount, a portion of the recovery zone between the injection and production systems actually contacted by steam is often less than 50 percent of the total volume of that recovery zone, and so a significant amount of oil remains in the formation after completion of the steam drive oil recovery process. The severity of the poor vertical conformance problem increases with the thickness of the oil formation and with the viscosity of the petroleum contained in the oil formation.
Additionally, since the viscosity of steam is much less than the viscosity of petroleum, poor horizontal or areal conformance is usually encountered in steam throughput processes.
In view of the foregoing discussion, and the large deposits of viscous petroleum from which only a small portion can be recovered because of the poor conformance problem, it can be appreciated that there is a serious need for an improved steam drive thermal oil recovery method suitable for use in recovering viscous petroleum from relatively thick formations which will result in improved vertical conformance.
USPTO Backgrounds
USPTO Backgrounds