Shaw Air Force Base

Shaw Air Force Base (Shaw AFB)  is a United States Air Force base located approximately  west-northwest of downtown Sumter, South Carolina.  It is one of the largest military bases operated by the United States, and is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC).  The United States Air Force 20th Fighter Wing (20th FW) is the host unit.

History

Lt. Ervin David Shaw 
The base is named in honor of World War I pilot 1st Lieutenant Ervin David Shaw.  Lieutenant Shaw was one of the first Americans to fly combat missions in World War I. Shaw, a Sumter County native, was assigned to the Royal Air Force 48 Squadron, as a member of the Royal Canadian Air Service. Shaw died after three enemy aircraft attacked his Bristol F.2B while he was returning from a reconnaissance mission on 9 July 1918. Lt. Shaw downed one of his attackers before he was killed.

World War II

Shaw Field was activated on 30 August 1941 and placed under the jurisdiction of the Army Air Corps Southeast Air Corps Training Center.  The mission of the new airfield was a basic (Phase II) flying school to instruct air cadets in flying, and the  Air Corps Basic Flying School was activated at the field on 26 June to operate the school.  The airfield consisted of three  runways and several auxiliary airfields.
 Shaw AAF Aux No. 1 – (Burnt Gin Airfield), Wedgefield, South Carolina 
 Shaw AAF Aux No. 2 – (Rembert Airfield), Rembert, South Carolina 
 Shaw AAF Aux No. 3 – (Monaghan Airfield), Sumter, South Carolina 
 Shaw AAF Aux No. 4 – (Sumter Airfield), Sumter, South Carolina 

Flying activities at the field began on 22 October 1941 using Vultee BT-13 Valiants.  Enough construction was completed for the first group of cadets entered training 15 December 1941, and the first class completed training in February 1942.   The concrete parking ramp was completed during May 1942.

In October 1942, the flight training was changed to Advanced (Phase III) flying training and AT-6 Texan single-engine and Beech AT-10 twin-engine trainers were used.  During World War II, the Army Air Forces Pilot School, under the AAF Southeast Training Center trained more than 8,600 pilots in the basic and advanced flying curriculum, its graduates were then sent to Advanced Flight Training in single or multi-engine aircraft.

On 1 April 1945 jurisdiction of Shaw Field was transferred to First Air Force.   The 139th Army Air Force Base Unit, I Fighter Command became the host unit. and pilots were sent to Shaw for fighter transition training in Republic P-47 Thunderbolt single-engined fighters.

For a brief time, Shaw Field also served as a prisoner-of-war camp. The first group of German POWs arrived on 1 March 1945. Eventually, 175 of them lived in an encampment just off the main base, on Peach Orchard Road (also known as South Carolina Hwy 441) across from Shaw's (side) hospital (currently closed) gate and worked on local farms in the area. They departed in the early months of 1946 for the rebuilding of European cities and towns that were devastated during the war.  Those prisoners were eventually repatriated to Germany around 1947, with some returning to the Shaw and Sumter area and obtaining their U.S. citizenship.

Postwar era
Shaw Army Airfield was designated a permanent Army Air Forces installation after the war, being transferred to Continental
Air Forces on 16 April 1945.  After a period of reorganization, jurisdiction was transferred to Air Defense Command on 1 March 1946.  From July 1946 until May 1947 Shaw was the home of the 414th and 415th Night Fighter Squadrons.

The squadrons flew the P-61 Black Widow in Europe with Ninth Air Force during World War II, and were reassigned back to the United States after the end of hostilities.  The 414th was transferred to Caribbean Air Force at Rio Hato AB, Panama in March 1947 to perform an air defense mission of the Panama Canal.  The 415th was reassigned to Alaska Air Command at Adak Island, Alaska in May 1947 also to perform an air defense mission, over the Aleutian Islands and the territorial waters of western Alaska.

United States Air Force

20th Fighter Group

Jurisdiction of Shaw was again transferred to Tactical Air Command on 23 March 1946. The 20th Fighter Group was reassigned to Shaw on 20 October 1946 from Biggs Army Airfield, Texas which was transferred to Strategic Air Command.  The 20th FG came under Ninth Air Force.

After the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate military branch in September 1947, Shaw Army Airfield was renamed Shaw Air Force Base, on 13 January 1948 and the 20th Fighter-Bomber Wing was activated on 15 August 1947 with the implementation of the Hobson Plan.

The 20th Fighter Group was first equipped with North American P-51D, then exchanged its P-51's in February 1948 for F-84B Thunderjets, the first TAC group to receive operational F-84s. The group was composed of the 55th, 77th and 79th Fighter Squadrons. The F-84s began arriving in February 1948 and ran through May when the full complement was received. Nine were lost in accidents before the remainder were returned to Republic Aircraft in May 1949 in exchange for F-84D models.  Control over the wing changed hands on 1 February 1949 with its assignment to Fourteenth Air Force.

On 23 September 1949 the 161st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was transferred to the 20th from the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Langley AFB Virginia. The 161st flew the Lockheed RF-80A reconnaissance version of the F-80 Shooting Star.  A reduction in Air Force units in April 1949 led to a consolidation of units at fewer bases.  With the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the mission of the 161st was to train replacement reconnaissance aircraft pilots. The 161st TFS became the nucleus on which the 363rd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing's mission at Shaw when the wing transferred there in 1951.

The 20th Fighter Group was reassigned to Langley AFB, Virginia on 1 December 1951 in preparation for a permanent overseas deployment to RAF Wethersfield, England to support NATO.

363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing 

On 1 April 1951, the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing was transferred to Shaw from Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.   The 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing would remain at Shaw, under various designations, for the next 43 years. The wing's mission was to fly photographic, electronic and electronic intelligence missions to support both air and ground operations by American or Allied ground forces through its operational component, the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group. In addition, the 363d provided combat crew training for reconnaissance aircrews.

In addition to the 363 TRW, Headquarters Ninth Air Force was transferred to Shaw from Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina on 1 September 1954.
During the tenure of the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Shaw AFB (1951–1993), the wing was the first USAF operational unit equipped with the following aircraft:
 Martin RB-57A Canberra
 Douglas RB-66 Destroyer
 McDonnell RF-101 Voodoo
 McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II

Over the next four decades, the squadrons under the 363 TRW changed frequently. Nearly all tactical reconnaissance aircraft aircrews in the United States Air Force were trained or stationed at Shaw Air Force Base.

432d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing 

On 23 March 1953, the 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Group was re-activated at Shaw. The group's mission at Shaw AFB was to assume the reconnaissance training mission that was handled previously by the 363d TRW.   When elevated to the 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing on 8 February 1958, the wing operated the USAF Advanced Flying Training School, Tactical Reconnaissance.  The 432d TRW and 363d TRW both were under the 837th Air Division, headquartered at Shaw.

The group initially conducted training with two squadrons (20th, 29th) flying the Republic RF-84F "Thunderflash" and two squadrons (41st, 43d) flying the Martin RB-57A "Canberra".  In 1957, the group upgraded the 20th and 29th to the McDonnell RF-101C "Voodoo", and the 41st and 43d transitioned to the electronic warfare EB-66C Destroyer.

In a budgetary move, the 432d TRW was inactivated on 8 April 1959.  The RF-101C equipped 17th and 18th TRSs were deployed to NATO, being reassigned to the 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Laon-Couvron Air Base, France.

4411th Combat Crew Training Group
The Shaw reconnaissance training mission was taken over by the 4411th Combat Crew Training Group, consisting of RF-101C and EB-66C aircraft.  The 4411 CCTG became an operational group under the 363d TRW and continued the training mission at Shaw for reconnaissance aircraft until both it and the 837th Air Division were inactivated on 1 February 1963.  All assets from these organizations were then transferred to the 363d TFW.

66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing

On 1 January 1953 the 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing was activated at Shaw, replacing the 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, the title of which reverted to the Tennessee Air National Guard after World War II, where the 66th Fighter Group served in the European theater as part of Eighth Air Force.  The 66th Reconnaissance (later, Strategic Reconnaissance) Group, was a part of Strategic Air Command (SAC) from July 1947 – May 1951, at Barksdale AFB, Louisiana as an Air Force Reserve corollary unit under the guidance of active duty units in order to train and maintain currency in reconnaissance operations for its reserve personnel.

The 66 TRW was formed at Shaw from the RB-26 assets of the 18 TRS and RF-80s transferred from South Korea. Wing and squadrons trained at Shaw prior to deployment to NATO.  The 66th had three operational squadrons: the 30th, 302d and 303d TRS. The 30 TRS flew the RB-26 Invader, equipped for night reconnaissance, while the 302d and 303d flew the RF-80A Shooting Star for day reconnaissance.

On 25 June 1953, the 66 TRW departed Shaw, being reassigned to Sembach Air Base, West Germany.  Just prior to the wing's deployment to NATO, the 303 TRS was reequipped with RF-80As.

363d Fighter Wing

By 1980, the advent of reconnaissance satellites made the need for tactical aircraft reconnaissance less and less necessary.  The aging and phaseout of the 1960s-era RF-4C aircraft fleet and the utility of the Lockheed TR-1 in Europe for tactical reconnaissance led to the decision by the USAF to realign the mission of the 363rd TRW.   The reconnaissance training mission of the wing was terminated in 1981 and beginning in 1982, the wing would become 363d Tactical Fighter Wing (363d TFW), being equipped with General Dynamics F-16 aircraft. On 1 October 1981, the 363 TRW was re-designated .

The 363 TFW received its first F-16 on 26 March 1982. The 363 TFW flew F-16A/B Block 10 aircraft until 1984 then converted to Block 15s; F-16C/D Block 25s in autumn 1985 and Block 42s in late 1991. All aircraft carried the "SW" Tail Code.

On 9 August 1990, the 17 TFS and 33 TFS of 363 TFW became the first F-16 squadrons to deploy to the United Arab Emirates in Operation Desert Shield. Operating from Al Dhafra Air Base as the 363d Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional), along with the 10 TFS from the 50 TFW, Hahn Air Base, Germany. The wing flew combat missions to Iraq and Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm between 17 January and 28 February 1991.

Following Desert Storm, the 19th and 33d Tactical Fighter Squadrons deployed to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Southern Watch, a coalition effort to enforce the Iraqi "No Fly Zone" south of the 32nd parallel north. The 33 TFS made history when one of its pilots downed an Iraqi aircraft with an AIM-120 missile. The incident marked the first time an AIM-120 missile was fired in combat and was the first U.S. F-16 air-to-air kill.

With the closure of Myrtle Beach Air Force Base South Carolina and the inactivation of the 354th Fighter Wing, the 21st Tactical Fighter Squadron was activated at Shaw and received 30 Republic A/OA-10 Thunderbolt IIs from the inactivating 355th Fighter Squadron on 1 April 1992. All A-10 aircraft with the 21 TFS were designated as OA-10A.

As a result of the August 1992 destruction of Homestead AFB Florida by Hurricane Andrew in September 1992, the 31st Fighter Wing's 309th Fighter Squadron was initially evacuated to Shaw AFB prior to the hurricane making landfall.   With Homestead unusable for an extended period after the hurricane, on 1 October 1992 the squadron was permanently assigned to the 363 FW.

The 363rd Fighter Wing was inactivated at Shaw AFB on 31 December 1993. The next day, 1 January 1994, the 20th Fighter Wing inactivated at RAF Upper Heyford and reactivated without personnel or equipment at Shaw AFB, returning to the base it had left for duty with NATO forty-one years earlier.

20th Fighter Wing
As a result of the end of the Cold War, the Air Force made several dramatic changes with the inactivation and re-designation of wings and their units.  A significant reduction in forces in Europe was made in the early 1990s, which reflected the changes in Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

On 15 December 1993, the flight line at RAF Upper Heyford, England was closed and the host unit, the 20th Fighter Wing, was transferred from USAFE to Air Combat Command.   The 20th was reassigned to Shaw AFB, replacing the 363d Fighter Wing as part of the USAF heritage program, which kept senior units on active duty and inactivated newer ones.

Upon activation at Shaw, the 20 FW assumed the personnel and equipment of the inactivated 363 FW. The operational squadrons of the 363d Operations Group were assigned to the 20th Operations Group and re-designated as follows:
 17th Fighter Squadron -> 77th Fighter Squadron (F-16C/D)
 19th Fighter Squadron -> 78th Fighter Squadron (F-16C/D)
 21st Fighter Squadron -> 55th Fighter Squadron (OA-10A)
 309th Fighter Squadron -> 79th Fighter Squadron (F-16C/D)

Since moving to Shaw in 1994 the 20th has taken part and continues to take part in numerous operations.  In September 1994 the 20 FW provided fighter cover for US operations in Haiti during Operation Uphold Democracy. This operation restored democratically elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide who had been ousted in September 1991 by military forces within Haiti.

The wing was called to send F-16s in support of NATO operations during the Kosovo War in April 1999. On 4 May 1999 an F-16, 91–0353, from the 78th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron flying out of Aviano Air Base, Italy, shot down a Yugoslavian MiG-29 (aircraft number 109). On 10 June 1999 NATO air operations were suspended.

Throughout the 1990s the 20 FW routinely rotated squadrons to enforce the no-fly zones over Iraq. Southern Watch began in August 1992 and ended with the invasion of Iraq in 2003. 20 FW squadrons rotated in and out of the Middle East to support enforcement of the no-fly zone.  The 20th routinely sent squadrons to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey supporting the no-fly zone in northern Iraq between January 1997 and March 2003.

After the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001, the Defense Department developed Noble Eagle to protect US soil in the War on Terrorism. The 20 FW has been tasked with providing patrols over New York City, Washington, DC and any other location the wing is called upon to protect. In addition to Noble Eagle tasking the 20th provides fighter cover for the President (POTUS) when traveling and at Camp David.

In February 2003 the 20 FW deployed approximately 1,300 service members and 15 aircraft to the 363 AEW at Prince Sultan AB, Saudi Arabia, attached to the provisional CENTAF 363d Air Expeditionary Wing. This deployment was part of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), the United States actions for the removal of Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq. In May 2008 the 77 FS deployed its aircraft and airmen along with maintainers from the 20 MXG to Joint Base Balad, where they conducted operations until relieved by the 55 FS in October 2008. The 55th carried out operations in Iraq until January 2009.

During 2009 the three squadrons concentrated on regaining aircrew skill sets that atrophy during a combat deployment, in preparation for the next round of deployments. During 2010 the 55th and 77th once again fought in Iraq. The 77 FS again was the lead 20 FW unit deploying to Joint Base Balad, Iraq in January 2010. The 77th carried out operations there until relieved by the 55 FS in May 2010. The 55th finished its tour in Iraq in October 2010.

The wing has been called to send both personnel and aircraft in support of operations in Afghanistan. One such deployment was in January 2007 when 150 Airmen deployed as part of an Air Expeditionary Force. During the October 2009 to February 2010 the 79 FS deployed its aircraft and airmen along with maintainers from the 20 MXG to Bagram AB, Afghanistan.

Third US Army 

In its 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission Recommendations, DoD recommended to relocate the Third US Army Headquarters from Fort Gillem and Fort McPherson, Georgia, to Shaw AFB as a tenant unit on the base. This was a portion of a larger recommendation that would close Fort Gillem and Fort McPherson.

On 1 June 2011, Third Army Headquarters at Shaw, Patton Hall, was dedicated during a ribbon cutting ceremony for their new headquarters.  Third Army continued the transfer of its personnel and equipment in order to be fully operational at Shaw AFB by 15 June 2011. An estimated 3,000 people relocated to the Sumter area, including families.  This includes approximately 1,200 service members, who will be working out of the $100 million,  command and control facility. The new Patton Hall took 22 months to build, has 42 conference rooms, a 200-seat auditorium and can support up to 1,500 personnel.

Major commands to which assigned

 Southeast Air Corps Training Center, 26 June 1941

 Redesignated: AAF Southeast Training Center, 29 October 1942
 Redesignated: Army Air Forces Eastern Flying Training Command, 31 July 1943

First Air Force, 1 April 1945
Continental Air Forces, 16 April 1945
Air Defense Command, 1 March 1946
Tactical Air Command, 23 March 1946
Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948
Tactical Air Command, 1 December 1950
Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 – present

Major units assigned

 77th Air Base Squadron, 1 August 1941 – 10 July 1942
 Redesignated: 77th Base HQ and Air Base Squadron
 10 July 1942 – 20 April 1944
 2142d AAF Base Unit, 30 April 1944 – 31 March 1945
 139th AAF Base Unit, 31 March 1945 – 31 March 1946
 67th Reconnaissance Group, 11 February 1946 –  31 March 1946
 316th AAF Base Unit, 31 March 1946 – 25 August 1948
 20th Fighter Group (later Wing)
 20 October 1946 – 1 December 1951; 1 January 1994 – present
 161st (later 18th) Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (Declassified Unit History, August 1944 – April 1945)
 23 September 1949 – 25 May 1959

 437th Troop Carrier Wing, 1 August 1950 – 16 October 1950
 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing (later Tactical Fighter), 6 November 1951 – 31 December 1993
 66th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 1 January 1953 – 25 June 1953
 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Group (later Wing), 18 March 1954 – 18 June 1959
 Ninth Air Force (later dual-hatted as US Air Forces Central), 20 August 1954 – present
 837th Air Division, 8 February 1958 – 1 February 1963
 4411th Combat Crew Training Group, 8 April 1959 – 15 June 1969
 4416th Test Squadron, 15 June 1963 – 1 May 1970
 682nd Air Support Operations Squadron, 1 December 1971 – 15 June 2011

Role and operations 
Today the 20th Fighter Wing remains at Shaw. As the host wing, it also retains the responsibility for providing facilities, personnel and material for the base's operation.   Major components of the 20 FW are:

 20th Operations Group (20 OG) (Tail Code "SW")
 The 20th Operations Group employs approximately 80 F-16CJ fighter aircraft in conventional and anti-radiation suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD), strategic attack, counter-air, air interdiction, joint maritime operations and combat search-and-rescue missions.
 20th Maintenance Group
 The 20th Maintenance Group includes the 20th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, the 20th Component Maintenance Squadron, the 20th Equipment Maintenance Squadron and the 20th Maintenance Operations Squadron.
 20th Mission Support Group
 The 20th Mission Support Group supports more than 5,400 military and civilian employees and 11,000 family members. The 20 MSG is also responsible for thousands of acres of land, including the  outdoor recreation area located  northwest on Lake Wateree, and the approximately  Poinsett Electronic Combat Range located about  southwest of the base.
 20th Medical Group
 The 20th Medical Group provide ambulatory medical and dental services to the 20th Fighter Wing, Headquarters 9th Air Force and associate units. It is an outpatient clinic with 24-hour ambulance transport service.

Tenant units located on Shaw AFB are:
 Headquarters Ninth Air Force (9 AF)
 United States Air Forces Central (USAFCENT), the air component of United States Central Command (arrived 20 August 1954).
 Detachment 1, 609th Air and Space Operations Center (609 AOC)
 United States Army Central (USARCENT), the United States Army Component of United States Central Command.

Based units 
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Shaw Air Force Base.

Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Shaw, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.

United States Air Force

Air Combat Command (ACC)

 Ninth Air Force
 Headquarters Ninth Air Force
 20th Fighter Wing (Host Wing)
 Headquarters 20th Fighter Wing
 20th Operations Group
 20th Operations Support Squadron
 55th Fighter Squadron – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
 77th Fighter Squadron – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
 79th Fighter Squadron – F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
 20th Maintenance Group
 20th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 20th Component Maintenance Squadron
 20th Equipment Maintenance Squadron
 20th Maintenance Operations Squadron 
 20th Medical Group
 20th Aerospace Medicine Squadron
 20th Dental Squadron
 20th Medical Operation Squadron
 20th Medical Support Squadron
 20th Mission Support Group
 20th Civil Engineer Squadron
 20th Communications Squadron
 20th Contracting Squadron
 20th Force Support Squadron
 20th Logistics Readiness Squadron
 20th Security Forces Squadron
 495th Fighter Group
 Headquarters 495th Fighter Group
 609th Air Operations Center
 Detachment 1 (GSU)
 US Air Forces Central Command
 Headquarters US Air Forces Central Command

United States Army 
US Army Central (ARCENT)

 Headquarters United States Army Central

See also 

 20th Fighter Group (World War II)
 South Carolina World War II Army Airfields
 27th Flying Training Wing (World War II)
 609th Information Warfare Squadron

References

 USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers — 1908 to present
 Early Photo Jet Recon, Colonel Jean K. Woodyard, USAF Retired

External links

 Shaw AFB, public website
Lt. D. E. Shaw's Find a Grave memorial  1 September 2016
 Ninth Air Force
 
 

Category:Installations of the United States Air Force in South Carolina
Category:1941 establishments in South Carolina
Category:Initial United States Air Force installations
Category:Airports in South Carolina
Category:Sumter, South Carolina
Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in South Carolina
Category:Buildings and structures in Sumter County, South Carolina