23. 12. 95 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 312/1 (Acts whose publication is obligatory) COUNCIL REGULATION (EC, EURATOM) No 2988/95 of 18 December 1995 on the protection of the European Communities financial interests THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 235 thereof, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, and in particular Article 203 thereof, Having regard to the proposal from the Commission (), Having regard to the opinion of the European Parli- ament (?), Whereas the general budget of the European Communi- ties is financed by own resources and administered by the Commission within the limit of the appropriations autho- rized and in accordance with the priaciple of sound financial management; whereas the Commission works in close cooperation with the Member States to that end ; Whereas more than half of Community expenditure is paid to beneficiaries through the intermediary of the Member States ; Whereas detailed rules governing this decentralized admi- nistration and the monitoring of their use are the subject of differing detailed provisions according to the Commu- nity policies concerned ; whereas acts detrimental to the Communities’ financial interests must, however, be coun- tered in all areas; Whereas the effectiveness of the combating of fraud against the Communities’ financial interests calls for a common set of legal rules to be enacted for all areas covered by Community policies ; () OJ No C 216, 6. 8. 1994, p. 11. () OJ No C 89, 10. 4. 1995, p. 83 and opinion delivered on 30 November 1995 (not yet published in the Official Journal). Whereas irregular conduct, and the administrative measures and penalties relating thereto, are provided for in sectoral rules in accordance with this Regulation ; Whereas the aforementioned conduct includes fraudulent actions as defined in the Convention on the protection of the European Communities’ financial interests ; Whereas Community administrative penalties must provide adequate protection for the said interests; whereas it is necessary to define general rules applicable to these penalties ; Whereas Community law has established Community administrative penalties in the framework of the common agricultural policy ; whereas such penalties must be esta- blished in other fields as well; Whereas Community measures and penalties laid down in pursuance of the objectives of the common agricultural poilcy form an integral part of the aid systems ; whereas they pursue their own ends which do not affect the assessment of the conduct of the economic operators concerned by the competent authorities of the Member States from the point of view of criminal law; whereas their effectiveness must be ensured by the immediate effect of Community rules and by applying in full Community measures as a whole, where the adoption of preventive measures has not made it possible to achieve that objective ; Whereas not only under the general principle of equity -and the principle of proportionality but also in the light of the principle of ne bis in idem, appropriate provisions must be adopted while respecting the acquis communau- taire and the provisions laid down in specific Community rules existing at the time of entry into force of this Regu- lation, to prevent any overlap of Community financial penalties and national criminal penalties imposed on the same persons for the same reasons;