5.12.2002 Official Journal of the European Communities L 328/17 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2002/90/EC of 28 November 2002 defining the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and residence THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Commu- nity, and in particular Article 61(a) and Article 63(3)(b) thereof, Having regard to the initiative of the French Republic (), Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament (), Whereas: (1)  One of the objectives of the European Union is the gradual creation of an area of freedom, security and justice, which means, inter alia, that illegal immigration must be combated. (2)  Consequently, measures should be taken to combat the aiding of illegal immigration both in connection with unauthorised crossing of the border in the strict sense and for the purpose of sustaining networks which exploit human beings. (3)  To that end it is essential to approximate existing legal provisions, in particular, on the one hand, the precise definition of the infringement in question and the cases of exemption, which is the subject of this Directive and, on the other hand, minimum rules for penalties, liability of legal persons and jurisdiction, which is the subject of Council framework Decision 2002/946[JHA of 28 November 2002 on the strengthening of the penal framework to prevent the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and residence (¥). (4)  The purpose of this Directive is to provide a definition of the facilitation of illegal immigration and conse- quently to render more effective the implementation of framework Decision 2002/946[JHA in order to prevent that offence. (5)  This Directive supplements other instruments adopted in order to combat illegal immigration, illegal employment, trafficking in human beings and the sexual exploitation of children. (6)  As regards Iceland and Norway, this Directive constitutes a development of provisions of the Schengen acquis within the meaning of the Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the association of those two States with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis (%), which fall within the area referred to in Article 1(E) of Council Decision 1999/437/EC of 17 May 1999 on certain arrangements for the application of that Agree- ment (°). 0] C 253, 4.9.2000, p. 1. 0] C 276, 1.10.2001, p. 244. See page 1 of this Official Journal. OJ L 176,10.7.1999, p. 36. OJL 176,10.7.1999, p. 31. (7)  The United Kingdom and Ireland are taking part in the adoption and application of this Directive in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Treaties. (8)  In accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of the Protocol on the position of Denmark annexed to the Treaty on European Union and to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Denmark is not taking part in the adoption of this Directive and is not bound by it or subject to its application. Given that this Directive builds upon the Schengen acquis under the provisions of Title IV of Part Three of the Treaty establishing the European Community, Denmark shall, in accordance with Article 5 of the said Protocol, decide within a period of six months after the Council has adopted this Directive whether it will implement it in its national law, HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: Article 1 General infringement 1. Each Member State shall adopt appropriate sanctions on: (a) any person who intentionally assists a person who is not a national of a Member State to enter, or transit across, the territory of a Member State in breach of the laws of the State concerned on the entry or transit of aliens; (b) any person who, for financial gain, intentionally assists a person who is not a national of a Member State to reside within the territory of a Member State in breach of the laws of the State concerned on the residence of aliens. 2. Any Member State may decide not to impose sanctions with regard to the behaviour defined in paragraph 1(a) by applying its national law and practice for cases where the aim of the behaviour is to provide humanitarian assistance to the person concerned. Article 2 Instigation, participation and attempt Each Member State shall take the measures necessary to ensure that the sanctions referred to in Article 1 are also applicable to any person who: (a) is the instigator of, (b) is an accomplice in, or (c) attempts to commit an infringement as referred to in Article 1(1)(a) or (b).