L 339/70 Official Journal of the European Union 24.12.2003 COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2003/124/EC of 22 December 2003 implementing Directive 2003/6/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the definition and public disclosure of inside information and the definition of market manipulation (Text with EEA relevance) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Having regard to Directive 2003/6/EC of the European Parlia- ment and of the Council of 28 January 2003 on insider dealing and market manipulation (market abuse) ('), and in particular the second paragraph of Article 1 and the first, second and third indents of Article 6(10) thereof, After consulting the Committee of European Securities Regula- tors (CESR) (%) for technical advice, Whereas: (1)  Reasonable investors base their investment decisions on information already available to them, that is to say, on ex ante available information. Therefore, the question whether, in making an investment decision, a reasonable investor would be likely to take into account a particular piece of information should be appraised on the basis of the ex ante available information. Such an assessment has to take into consideration the anticipated impact of the information in light of the totality of the related issuer's activity, the reliability of the source of information and any other market variables likely to affect the related financial instrument or derivative financial instrument related thereto in the given circumstances. (2)  Ex post information may be used to check the presump- tion that the ex ante information was price sensitive, but should not be used to take action against someone who drew reasonable conclusions from ex ante information available to him. (3)  Legal certainty for market participants should be enhanced through a closer definition of two of the elements essential to the definition of inside information, namely the precise nature of that information and the significance of its potential effect on the prices of finan- cial instruments or related derivative financial instru- ments. (4)  Not only does the protection of investors require timely public disclosure of inside information by issuers, it also requires such disclosure to be as fast and as synchronised as possible between all categories of investors in all @ OJ L 96, 12.4.2003,5. 16. (*) CESR was established by Commission Decision 2001/527/EC (O] L 191,13.7.2001, p. 43). Member States in which the issuer has requested or approved admission of its financial instruments to trading on a regulated market, in order to guarantee at Community level equal access of investors to such infor- mation and to prevent insider dealing. To this end Member States may officially appoint mechanisms to be used for such disclosure. (5)  In order to protect the legitimate interests of issuers, it should be permissible, in closely defined specific circum- stances, to delay public disclosure of inside information. However, the protection of investors requires that in such cases the information be kept confidential in order to prevent insider dealing. (6)  In order to guide both market participants and compe- tent authorities, signals have to be taken into account when examining possibly manipulative behaviours. (7  The measures provided for in this Directive are in accordance with the opinion of the European Securities Committee, HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: Atrticle 1 Inside information 1. For the purposes of applying point 1 of Article 1 of Directive 2003/6/EC, information shall be deemed to be of a precise nature if it indicates a set of circumstances which exists or may reasonably be expected to come into existence or an event which has occurred or may reasonably be expected to do so and if it is specific enough to enable a conclusion to be drawn as to the possible effect of that set of circumstances or event on the prices of financial instruments or related derivative financial instruments. 2. For the purposes of applying point 1 of Article 1 of Directive 2003/6/EC, ‘information which, if it were made public, would be likely to have a significant effect on the prices of financial instruments or related derivative financial instru- ments’ shall mean information a reasonable investor would be likely to use as part of the basis of his investment decisions.