- Stroke causes parts of the brain to become damaged or die.
- Quick treatment is critical for stroke.
- There are two types of stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic.
- A transient ischemic attack is sometimes called a “mini-stroke."
What it is
A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, occurs when something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts.
In either case, parts of the brain become damaged or die. A stroke can cause lasting brain damage, long-term disability, or even death.
What happens in the brain during a stroke?
The brain controls our movements, stores our memories, and is the source of our thoughts, emotions, and language. The brain also controls many functions of the body, like breathing and digestion.
To work properly, your brain needs oxygen. Your arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood to all parts of your brain. If something happens to block the flow of blood, brain cells start to die within minutes, because they can't get oxygen. This causes a stroke.
Learn more about the signs and symptoms of stroke.
There are two types of stroke:
- Ischemic stroke.
- Hemorrhagic stroke.
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is sometimes called a "mini-stroke." It is different from the major types of stroke. Blood flow to the brain is blocked for only a short time—usually no more than 5 minutes.1
Most strokes are ischemic strokes. An ischemic stroke occurs when blood clots or other particles block the blood vessels to the brain.
Fatty deposits called plaque can also cause blockages by building up in the blood vessels.
A hemorrhagic stroke happens when an artery in the brain leaks blood or ruptures (breaks open). The leaked blood puts too much pressure on brain cells, which damages them.
High blood pressure and aneurysms—balloon-like bulges in an artery that can stretch and burst—are examples of conditions that can cause a hemorrhagic stroke.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA or “mini-stroke”)
TIAs are sometimes known as "warning strokes." It's important to know that:
- A TIA is a warning sign of a future stroke.
- A TIA is a medical emergency, just like a major stroke.
- Strokes and TIAs require emergency care. Call 9-1-1 right away if you feel symptoms of a stroke or see signs in another person.
- There is no way to know in the beginning whether symptoms are from a TIA or from a major type of stroke.
- Like ischemic strokes, blood clots often cause TIAs.
- More than a third of people who have a TIA and don't get treatment have a major stroke within 1 year. As many as 10% to 15% of people will have a major stroke within 3 months of a TIA.1
Recognizing and treating TIAs can lower the risk of a major stroke. If you have a TIA, your health care team can find the cause and take steps to prevent a major stroke.
What CDC is doing
Million Hearts® and CDC Foundation
"Heart-Healthy Steps." This campaign encourages adults 55 and older to get back on track with the small steps: scheduling their medical appointments, getting active, and eating healthy, so they can get back to living big.
"Live to the Beat." This campaign focuses on empowering Black adults to pursue heart-healthy lifestyles on their own terms—finding what works best individually and consistently, as they live to their own beat.
- National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: What Is a Stroke?
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS): Stroke Information Page
- NINDS Know Stroke Campaign
- NINDS Know Stroke Campaign Spanish Toolkit
- American Stroke Association. Transient ischemic attack (TIA). American Heart Association. Accessed January 29, 2024. https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/types-of-stroke/tia-transient-ischemic-attack