<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html><head><title>R: Waite's data on Patterns in Fingerprints</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="R.css">
</head><body>

<table width="100%" summary="page for Fingerprints"><tr><td>Fingerprints</td><td align="right">R Documentation</td></tr></table>

<h2>
Waite's data on Patterns in Fingerprints
</h2>

<h3>Description</h3>


<p>Waite (1915) was interested in analyzing the association of patterns in fingerprints,
and produced a table of counts for 2000 right hands, classified by the number of fingers
describable as a &quot;whorl&quot;, a &quot;small loop&quot; (or neither).
Because each hand contributes five fingers, the number of <code>Whorls + Loops</code> cannot exceed 5,
so the contingency table is necessarily triangular.
</p>
<p>Karl Pearson (1904) introduced the test for independence in contingency tables, and by 1913
had developed methods for &quot;restricted contingency tables,&quot; such as the triangular table
analyzed by Waite.  The general formulation of such tests for association in restricted
tables is now referred to as models for quasi-independence.
</p>


<h3>Usage</h3>

<pre>data(Fingerprints)</pre>


<h3>Format</h3>


<p>A frequency data frame with 36 observations on the following 3 variables, 
representing a 6 x 6 table giving
the cross-classification of the fingers on 2000 right hands as a whorl, small loop
or neither.
</p>

<dl>
<dt><code>Whorls</code></dt><dd><p>Number of whorls, an ordered factor with levels <code>0</code> &lt; <code>1</code> &lt; <code>2</code> &lt; <code>3</code> &lt; <code>4</code> &lt; <code>5</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><code>Loops</code></dt><dd><p>Number of small loops, an ordered factor with levels <code>0</code> &lt; <code>1</code> &lt; <code>2</code> &lt; <code>3</code> &lt; <code>4</code> &lt; <code>5</code></p>
</dd>
<dt><code>count</code></dt><dd><p>Number of hands</p>
</dd>
</dl>



<h3>Details</h3>


<p>Cells for which <code>Whorls + Loops&gt;5</code> have <code>NA</code> for <code>count</code>
</p>


<h3>Source</h3>


<p>Stigler, S. M. (1999).
<EM>Statistics on the Table</EM>.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, table 19.4.
</p>


<h3>References</h3>


<p>Pearson, K. (1904).
Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. XIII.
On the theory of contingency and its relation to association and normal correlation.
Reprinted in <EM>Karl Pearson's Early Statistical Papers</EM>, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1948, 443-475.
</p>
<p>Waite, H. (1915).
The analysis of fingerprints, <EM>Biometrika</EM>, 10, 421-478.
</p>


<h3>Examples</h3>

<pre>
data(Fingerprints)
xtabs(count ~ Whorls + Loops, data=Fingerprints)
</pre>


</body></html>
