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<h1>
<img border="0" src="../../../boost.png" align="center" width="300" height="86">Path 
Name Portability 
Guide</h1>

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<p>
<a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a><br>
<a href="#name_check­_functions">name_check functions</a><br>
<a href="#recommendations">File and directory name recommendations</a></p>
<h2><a name="Introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<p>Like any other C++ program which performs I/O operations, there is no 
guarantee that a program using Boost.Filesystem will be portable between 
operating systems. Critical aspects of I/O such as how the operating system 
interprets paths are unspecified by the C and C++ Standards.</p>
<p>It is not possible to know  if a file or directory name will be 
valid (and thus portable) for an unknown operating system. There is always the possibility that an operating system could use 
names which are unusual (numbers less than 4096, for example) or very 
limited in size (maximum of six character names, for example). In other words, 
portability is never absolute; it is always relative to specific operating 
systems or 
file systems.</p>
<p>It is possible, however, to know in advance if a directory or file name is likely to be valid for a particular 
operating system.&nbsp;It is also possible to construct names which are 
likely to be portable to a large number of modern and legacy operating systems.</p>

<p>Almost all modern operating systems support multiple file systems. At the 
minimum, they support a native file system plus a CD-ROM file system (Generally 
ISO-9669, often with Juliet extensions).</p>

<p>Each file system 
may have its own naming rules. For example, modern versions of Windows support NTFS, FAT, FAT32, and ISO-9660 file systems, among others, and the naming rules 
for those file systems differ. Each file system may also have 
differing rules for overall path validity, such as a maximum length or number of 
sub-directories. Some legacy systems have different rules for directory names 
versus regular file names.</p>

<p>As a result, Boost.Filesystem's <i>name_check</i> functions 
cannot guarantee directory and file name portability. Rather, they are intended to 
give the programmer a &quot;fighting chance&quot; to achieve portability by early 
detection of common naming problems.</p>

<h2><a name="name_check­_functions">name_check functions</a></h2>

<p>A <i>name_check</i> function 
returns true if its argument is valid as a directory and regular file name for a 
particular operating or file system. A number of these functions are provided.</p>

<p>The <a href="#portable_name">portable_name</a> function is of particular 
interest because it has been carefully designed to provide wide 
portability yet not overly restrict expressiveness.</p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
  <tr>
    <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Library Supplied name_check Functions</b></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td align="center"><b>Function</b></td>
    <td align="center"><b>Description</b></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td align="left" valign="top"><code><a name="portable_posix_name">portable_posix_name</a>(const 
    std::string&amp;<i> name</i>)</code></td>
    <td><b>Returns:</b> <i>true</i> if <code>!name.empty() &amp;&amp; name</code> contains only the characters 
    specified in<i> Portable Filename Character Set</i> rules as defined in by 
    POSIX (<a href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html">www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html</a>).<br>
    The allowed characters are <code>0-9</code>, <code>a-z</code>, <code>A-Z</code>, 
    <code>'.'</code>, <code>'_'</code>, and <code>'-'</code>.<p><b>Use:</b> 
    applications which must be portable to any POSIX system.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td align="left" valign="top"><code><a name="windows_name">windows_name</a>(const 
    std::string&amp;<i> name</i>)</code></td>
    <td><b>Returns:</b>&nbsp; <i>true</i> if <code>!name.empty() &amp;&amp; name</code> contains 
    only the characters specified by the Windows platform SDK as valid 
    regardless of the file system <code>&amp;&amp; (name</code> is <code>&quot;.&quot;</code> or
    <code>&quot;..&quot;</code>&nbsp; or does not end with a trailing space or period<code>)</code>.&nbsp; 
    The allowed characters are anything except <code>0x0-0x1F</code>, <code>'&lt;'</code>,
    <code>'&gt;'</code>, <code>':'</code>, <code>'&quot;'</code>, <code>'/'</code>,
    <code>'\'</code>, and <code>'|'</code>.<p>
    <b>Use:</b> applications which must be portable to Windows.</p>
    <p><b>Note:</b> Reserved device names are not valid as file names, but are 
    not being detected because they are still valid as a path. Specifically, 
    CON, PRN, AUX, CLOCK$, NUL, COM[1-9], LPT[1-9], and these names followed by 
    an extension (for example, NUL.tx7).</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td align="left" valign="top"><code><a name="portable_name">portable_name</a>(const 
    std::string&amp;<i> name</i>)</code></td>
    <td><b>Returns:</b> <code>&nbsp;windows_name(name) &amp;&amp; portable_posix_name(name) 
    &amp;&amp; (name</code> is <code>&quot;.&quot;</code> or <code>&quot;..&quot;</code>, and the first character not a period or hyphen<code>)</code>.<p><b>Use:</b> applications which must be portable to a wide variety of 
    modern operating systems, large and small, and to some legacy O/S's. The 
    first character not a period or hyphen restriction is a requirement of 
    several older operating systems.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td align="left" valign="top"><code><a name="portable_directory_name">
    portable_directory_name</a>(const std::string&amp;<i> name</i>)</code></td>
    <td><b>Returns:</b> <code>portable_name(name) &amp;&amp; (name</code> is <code>&quot;.&quot;</code> 
    or <code>&quot;..&quot;</code>&nbsp; or contains no periods<code>)</code>.<p><b>Use:</b> applications 
    which must be portable to a wide variety of platforms, including OpenVMS.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td align="left" valign="top"><code><a name="portable_file_name">
    portable_file_name</a>(const std::string&amp;<i> name</i>)</code></td>
    <td><b>Returns:</b> <code>portable_name(name) &amp;&amp; </code>any period is followed by one to three additional 
    non-period characters.<p><b>Use:</b> 
    applications which must be portable to a wide variety of platforms, 
    including OpenVMS and other systems which have a concept of &quot;file extension&quot; 
    but limit its length.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td align="left" valign="top"><code><a name="native">native</a>(const 
    std::string&amp;<i> name</i>)</code></td>
    <td><b>Returns:</b> Implementation defined. Returns <i>
    true</i> for names considered valid by the operating system's native file 
    systems.<p><b>Note:</b> May return <i>true</i> for some names not considered valid 
    by the operating system under all conditions (particularly on operating systems which support 
    multiple file systems.)</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<h2>File and directory name <a name="recommendations">recommendations</a></h2>

<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">

  <tr>
    <td align="center" valign="top"><strong>Recommendation</strong></td>
    <td align="center" valign="top"><strong>Rationale</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">Limit file and directory names to the characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9, period, hyphen, and
    underscore.<p>Use any of the &quot;portable_&quot; <a href="#name_check­_functions">
    name check functions</a> to enforce this recommendation.</td>
    <td valign="top">These are the characters specified by the POSIX standard for portable directory and
    file names, and are also valid for Windows, Mac, and many other modern file systems.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">Do not use a period or hyphen as the first 
    character of a name. Do not use period as the last character of a name.<p>
    Use <a href="#portable_name">portable_name</a>,
    <a href="#portable_directory_name">portable_directory_name</a>, or
    <a href="#portable_file_name">portable_file_name</a> to enforce this 
    recommendation.</td>
    <td valign="top">Some operating systems treat have special rules for the 
    first character of names. POSIX, for example. Windows does not permit period 
    as the last character.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">Do not use periods in directory names.<p>Use
    <a href="#portable_directory_name">portable_directory_name</a> to enforce 
    this recommendation.</td>
    <td valign="top">Requirement for ISO-9660 without Juliet extensions, OpenVMS filesystem, and other legacy systems.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">Do not use more that one period in a file name, and limit 
    the portion after the period to three characters.<p>Use
    <a href="#portable_file_name">portable_file_name</a> to enforce this 
    recommendation.</td>
    <td valign="top">Requirement for ISO-9660 level 1, OpenVMS filesystem, and 
    other legacy systems. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">Do not assume names are case sensitive. For example, do not expected a directory to be
    able to hold separate elements named &quot;Foo&quot; and &quot;foo&quot;. </td>
    <td valign="top">Some file systems are case insensitive.&nbsp; For example, Windows 
    NTFS is case preserving in the way it stores names, but case insensitive in 
    searching for names (unless running under the POSIX sub-system, it which 
    case it does case sensitive searches). </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">Do not assume names are case insensitive.&nbsp; For example, do not expect a file
    created with the name of &quot;Foo&quot; to be opened successfully with the name of &quot;foo&quot;.</td>
    <td valign="top">Some file systems are case sensitive.&nbsp; For example, POSIX.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">Don't use hyphens in names.</td>
    <td valign="top">ISO-9660 level 1, and possibly some legacy systems, do not permit 
    hyphens.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">Limit the length of the string returned by path::string() to 
    255 characters.&nbsp; 
    Note that ISO 9660 has an explicit directory tree depth limit of 8, although 
    this depth limit is removed by the Juliet extensions.</td>
    <td valign="top">Some operating systems place limits on the total path length.&nbsp; For example,
    Windows 2000 limits paths to 260 characters total length.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">Limit the length of any one name in a path.&nbsp; Pick the specific limit according to
    the operating systems and or file systems you wish portability to:<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp; Not a concern::&nbsp; POSIX, Windows, MAC OS X.<br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp; 31 characters: Classic Mac OS<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; 8 characters + period + 3 characters: ISO 9660 level 1<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; 32 characters: ISO 9660 level 2 and 3<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; 128 characters (64 if Unicode): ISO 9660 with Juliet extensions</td>
    <td valign="top">Limiting name length can markedly reduce the expressiveness of file names, yet placing
    only very high limits on lengths inhibits widest portability.</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->29 December, 2014<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="38652" --></p>

<p>&copy; Copyright Beman Dawes, 2002, 2003</p>
<p> Use, modification, and distribution are subject to the Boost Software 
License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file <a href="../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">
www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</p>

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