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<meta property="og:title" content="Raster change between two nominal rasters — raster.change" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Compares two categorical rasters with a variety of 
             statistical options
This function provides a various statistics for comparing two classified maps. 
Valid options are:
kappa - Cohen's Kappa
wkappa - Cohen's Weighted Kappa (not yet implemented)
t.test - Two-tailed paired t-test
cor - Persons Correlation
entropy - Delta entropy
cross-entropy - Cross-entropy loss function
divergence - Kullback-Leibler divergence (relative entropy)


Kappa and t-test values &amp;lt; 0 are reported as 0. For a weighted kappa, a matrix must 
be provided that correspond to the pairwise weights for all values in both rasters. 
Delta entropy is derived by calculating Shannon's on each focal window then 
differencing  them (e(x) - e(y))" />




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    <h1>Raster change between two nominal rasters</h1>
    <small class="dont-index">Source: <a href='https://github.com/jeffreyevans/spatialEco/blob/master/R/raster.change.R'><code>R/raster.change.R</code></a></small>
    <div class="hidden name"><code>raster.change.Rd</code></div>
    </div>

    <div class="ref-description">
    <p>Compares two categorical rasters with a variety of 
             statistical options</p>
<p>This function provides a various statistics for comparing two classified maps. 
Valid options are:</p><ul>
<li><p>kappa - Cohen's Kappa</p></li>
<li><p>wkappa - Cohen's Weighted Kappa (not yet implemented)</p></li>
<li><p>t.test - Two-tailed paired t-test</p></li>
<li><p>cor - Persons Correlation</p></li>
<li><p>entropy - Delta entropy</p></li>
<li><p>cross-entropy - Cross-entropy loss function</p></li>
<li><p>divergence - Kullback-Leibler divergence (relative entropy)</p></li>
</ul>

<p>Kappa and t-test values &lt; 0 are reported as 0. For a weighted kappa, a matrix must 
be provided that correspond to the pairwise weights for all values in both rasters. 
Delta entropy is derived by calculating Shannon's on each focal window then 
differencing  them (e(x) - e(y))</p>
    </div>

    <pre class="usage"><span class='fu'>raster.change</span><span class='op'>(</span>
  <span class='va'>x</span>,
  <span class='va'>y</span>,
  d <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html'>c</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='fl'>3</span>, <span class='fl'>3</span><span class='op'>)</span>,
  stat <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html'>c</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='st'>"kappa"</span>, <span class='st'>"wkappa"</span>, <span class='st'>"t.test"</span>, <span class='st'>"cor"</span>, <span class='st'>"entropy"</span>, <span class='st'>"cross-entropy"</span>,
    <span class='st'>"divergence"</span><span class='op'>)</span>,
  w <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>NULL</span>,
  out.raster <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>NULL</span>,
  mask <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>FALSE</span>,
  force.memory <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>FALSE</span>
<span class='op'>)</span></pre>

    <h2 class="hasAnchor" id="arguments"><a class="anchor" href="#arguments"></a>Arguments</h2>
    <table class="ref-arguments">
    <colgroup><col class="name" /><col class="desc" /></colgroup>
    <tr>
      <th>x</th>
      <td><p>First raster for comparison, rasterLayer class object</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>y</th>
      <td><p>Second raster for comparison, rasterLayer class object</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>d</th>
      <td><p>Rectangular window size, must be odd but not necessarily 
square</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>stat</th>
      <td><p>Statistic to use in comparison, please see details for 
options.</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>w</th>
      <td><p>Weights if stat="kappa", must represent same classes as 
input rasters</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>out.raster</th>
      <td><p>Optional output raster</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>mask</th>
      <td><p>(FALSE/TRUE) mask output to original rasters</p></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th>force.memory</th>
      <td><p>(FALSE/TRUE) Force in memory processing, may fail with 
insufficient RAM</p></td>
    </tr>
    </table>

    <h2 class="hasAnchor" id="value"><a class="anchor" href="#value"></a>Value</h2>

    <p>A raster layer or stack object one of the following layers:</p><ul>
<li><p>kappa         Kappa or Weighted Kappa statistic (if stat = "kappa")</p></li>
<li><p>correlation   Paired t.test statistic  (if stat = "cor")</p></li>
<li><p>entropy       Delta entropy  (if stat = "entropy")</p></li>
<li><p>divergence    Kullback-Leibler divergence (if stat = "divergence")</p></li>
<li><p>cross.entropy Cross-entropy (if stat = "cross.entropy")</p></li>
<li><p>t.test        Paired t.test statistic  (if stat = "t.test")</p></li>
<li><p>p.value       p-value of the paired t.test statistic (if stat = "t.test")</p></li>
</ul>

    <h2 class="hasAnchor" id="references"><a class="anchor" href="#references"></a>References</h2>

    <p>Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational  
  and Psychological Measurement, 20:37-46</p>
<p>McHugh M.L. (2012) Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. 
  Biochemia medica, 22(3):276–282.</p>
<p>Kullback, S., R.A. Leibler (1951). On information and sufficiency. Annals of 
   Mathematical Statistics. 22(1):79–86</p>
    <h2 class="hasAnchor" id="author"><a class="anchor" href="#author"></a>Author</h2>

    <p>Jeffrey S. Evans  &lt;jeffrey_evans@tnc.org&gt;</p>

    <h2 class="hasAnchor" id="examples"><a class="anchor" href="#examples"></a>Examples</h2>
    <pre class="examples"><div class='input'><span class='co'># \donttest{</span>
 <span class='kw'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html'>library</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'><a href='https://github.com/edzer/sp/'>sp</a></span><span class='op'>)</span>
 <span class='kw'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html'>library</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'><a href='https://rspatial.org/raster'>raster</a></span><span class='op'>)</span>
 <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/utils/data.html'>data</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>meuse.grid</span><span class='op'>)</span>
 <span class='va'>r1</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'>sp</span><span class='fu'>::</span><span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/pkg/sp/man/SpatialGridDataFrame.html'>SpatialPixelsDataFrame</a></span><span class='op'>(</span>points <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='va'>meuse.grid</span><span class='op'>[</span><span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html'>c</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='st'>"x"</span>, <span class='st'>"y"</span><span class='op'>)</span><span class='op'>]</span>, 
                                  data <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='va'>meuse.grid</span><span class='op'>)</span>
<span class='va'>r1</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/pkg/raster/man/raster.html'>raster</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r1</span><span class='op'>)</span>
  <span class='va'>na.idx</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/which.html'>which</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='op'>!</span><span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/NA.html'>is.na</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r1</span><span class='op'>[</span><span class='op'>]</span><span class='op'>)</span><span class='op'>)</span>
  <span class='va'>r1</span><span class='op'>[</span><span class='va'>na.idx</span><span class='op'>]</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html'>round</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/stats/Uniform.html'>runif</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html'>length</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>na.idx</span><span class='op'>)</span>, <span class='fl'>1</span>,<span class='fl'>5</span><span class='op'>)</span>,<span class='fl'>0</span><span class='op'>)</span>
 <span class='va'>r2</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'>sp</span><span class='fu'>::</span><span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/pkg/sp/man/SpatialGridDataFrame.html'>SpatialPixelsDataFrame</a></span><span class='op'>(</span>points <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='va'>meuse.grid</span><span class='op'>[</span><span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html'>c</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='st'>"x"</span>, <span class='st'>"y"</span><span class='op'>)</span><span class='op'>]</span>, 
                                  data <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='va'>meuse.grid</span><span class='op'>)</span> 
<span class='va'>r2</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/pkg/raster/man/raster.html'>raster</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r2</span><span class='op'>)</span>
  <span class='va'>r2</span><span class='op'>[</span><span class='va'>na.idx</span><span class='op'>]</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/Round.html'>round</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/stats/Uniform.html'>runif</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/length.html'>length</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>na.idx</span><span class='op'>)</span>, <span class='fl'>1</span>,<span class='fl'>5</span><span class='op'>)</span>,<span class='fl'>0</span><span class='op'>)</span>
  
<span class='va'>s</span> <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='fl'>11</span>    
 <span class='op'>(</span> <span class='va'>r.kappa</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'>raster.change</span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r1</span>, <span class='va'>r2</span>, d <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='va'>s</span>, mask <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>TRUE</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>)</span>   
</div><div class='output co'>#&gt; class      : RasterLayer 
#&gt; dimensions : 104, 78, 8112  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
#&gt; resolution : 40, 40  (x, y)
#&gt; extent     : 178440, 181560, 329600, 333760  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#&gt; crs        : NA 
#&gt; source     : memory
#&gt; names      : kappa 
#&gt; values     : 0, 0.254459  (min, max)
#&gt; </div><div class='input'> <span class='op'>(</span> <span class='va'>r.ttest</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'>raster.change</span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r1</span>, <span class='va'>r2</span>, d <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='va'>s</span>, stat<span class='op'>=</span><span class='st'>"t.test"</span>, mask <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>TRUE</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>)</span>
</div><div class='output co'>#&gt; class      : RasterBrick 
#&gt; dimensions : 104, 78, 8112, 2  (nrow, ncol, ncell, nlayers)
#&gt; resolution : 40, 40  (x, y)
#&gt; extent     : 178440, 181560, 329600, 333760  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#&gt; crs        : NA 
#&gt; source     : memory
#&gt; names      :        ttest,       pvalue 
#&gt; min values : 0.0000000000, 0.0001283928 
#&gt; max values :     3.892935,     1.000000 
#&gt; </div><div class='input'> <span class='op'>(</span> <span class='va'>r.ent</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'>raster.change</span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r1</span>, <span class='va'>r2</span>, d <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='va'>s</span>, stat<span class='op'>=</span><span class='st'>"entropy"</span>, mask <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>TRUE</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>)</span>   
</div><div class='output co'>#&gt; class      : RasterLayer 
#&gt; dimensions : 104, 78, 8112  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
#&gt; resolution : 40, 40  (x, y)
#&gt; extent     : 178440, 181560, 329600, 333760  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#&gt; crs        : NA 
#&gt; source     : memory
#&gt; names      : entropy 
#&gt; values     : -0.04694469, 0.05922219  (min, max)
#&gt; </div><div class='input'> <span class='op'>(</span> <span class='va'>r.cor</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'>raster.change</span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r1</span>, <span class='va'>r2</span>, d <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='va'>s</span>, stat<span class='op'>=</span><span class='st'>"cor"</span>, mask <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>TRUE</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>)</span>
</div><div class='output co'>#&gt; <span class='warning'>Warning: the standard deviation is zero</span></div><div class='output co'>#&gt; class      : RasterLayer 
#&gt; dimensions : 104, 78, 8112  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
#&gt; resolution : 40, 40  (x, y)
#&gt; extent     : 178440, 181560, 329600, 333760  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#&gt; crs        : NA 
#&gt; source     : memory
#&gt; names      : cor 
#&gt; values     : -0.2445502, 0.2680207  (min, max)
#&gt; </div><div class='input'> <span class='op'>(</span> <span class='va'>r.ce</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'>raster.change</span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r1</span>, <span class='va'>r2</span>, d <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='va'>s</span>, stat <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='st'>"cross-entropy"</span>, mask <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>TRUE</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>)</span>
</div><div class='output co'>#&gt; class      : RasterLayer 
#&gt; dimensions : 104, 78, 8112  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
#&gt; resolution : 40, 40  (x, y)
#&gt; extent     : 178440, 181560, 329600, 333760  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#&gt; crs        : NA 
#&gt; source     : memory
#&gt; names      : cross.entropy 
#&gt; values     : 4.845537, 8.961636  (min, max)
#&gt; </div><div class='input'> <span class='op'>(</span> <span class='va'>r.kl</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'>raster.change</span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r1</span>, <span class='va'>r2</span>, d <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='va'>s</span>, stat <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='st'>"divergence"</span>, mask <span class='op'>=</span> <span class='cn'>TRUE</span><span class='op'>)</span> <span class='op'>)</span>  
</div><div class='output co'>#&gt; class      : RasterLayer 
#&gt; dimensions : 104, 78, 8112  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
#&gt; resolution : 40, 40  (x, y)
#&gt; extent     : 178440, 181560, 329600, 333760  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#&gt; crs        : NA 
#&gt; source     : memory
#&gt; names      : divergence 
#&gt; values     : 0.0003018903, 0.3576438  (min, max)
#&gt; </div><div class='input'>     
 <span class='va'>opar</span> <span class='op'>&lt;-</span> <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/graphics/par.html'>par</a></span><span class='op'>(</span>no.readonly<span class='op'>=</span><span class='cn'>TRUE</span><span class='op'>)</span>
 <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/graphics/par.html'>par</a></span><span class='op'>(</span>mfrow<span class='op'>=</span><span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/base/c.html'>c</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='fl'>3</span>,<span class='fl'>2</span><span class='op'>)</span><span class='op'>)</span>
   <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/pkg/raster/man/plot.html'>plot</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r.kappa</span>, main<span class='op'>=</span><span class='st'>"Kappa"</span><span class='op'>)</span>
   <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/pkg/raster/man/plot.html'>plot</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r.ttest</span><span class='op'>[[</span><span class='fl'>1</span><span class='op'>]</span><span class='op'>]</span>, main<span class='op'>=</span><span class='st'>"Paired t-test"</span><span class='op'>)</span>
   <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/pkg/raster/man/plot.html'>plot</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r.ent</span>, main<span class='op'>=</span><span class='st'>"Delta Entropy"</span><span class='op'>)</span>
   <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/pkg/raster/man/plot.html'>plot</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r.cor</span>, main<span class='op'>=</span><span class='st'>"Rank Correlation"</span><span class='op'>)</span>
   <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/pkg/raster/man/plot.html'>plot</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r.kl</span>, main<span class='op'>=</span><span class='st'>"Kullback-Leibler"</span><span class='op'>)</span>
   <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/pkg/raster/man/plot.html'>plot</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>r.ce</span>, main<span class='op'>=</span><span class='st'>"cross-entropy"</span><span class='op'>)</span>
</div><div class='img'><img src='raster.change-1.png' alt='' width='700' height='433' /></div><div class='input'> <span class='fu'><a href='https://rdrr.io/r/graphics/par.html'>par</a></span><span class='op'>(</span><span class='va'>opar</span><span class='op'>)</span>

<span class='co'># }</span>

</div></pre>
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