% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
% Please edit documentation in R/metamerge.R
\name{metamerge}
\alias{metamerge}
\title{Merge results of two meta-analyses on the same data set}
\usage{
metamerge(
  meta1,
  meta2,
  common1 = meta1$common,
  random1 = meta1$random,
  prediction1 = meta1$prediction,
  common2 = meta2$common,
  random2 = meta2$random,
  prediction2 = meta2$prediction,
  label1 = NULL,
  label2 = NULL,
  label1.common = label1,
  label2.common = label2,
  label1.random = label1,
  label2.random = label2,
  label1.predict = label1,
  label2.predict = label2,
  label1.subgroup = label1,
  label2.subgroup = label2,
  hetlabel1 = label1.random,
  hetlabel2 = label2.random,
  taulabel1 = label1.random,
  taulabel2 = label2.random,
  text.pooled1 = NULL,
  text.pooled2 = NULL,
  text.w.pooled1 = NULL,
  text.w.pooled2 = NULL,
  text.common1 = text.pooled1,
  text.common2 = text.pooled2,
  text.random1 = text.pooled1,
  text.random2 = text.pooled2,
  text.predict1 = text.pooled1,
  text.predict2 = text.pooled2,
  text.w.common1 = text.w.pooled1,
  text.w.common2 = text.w.pooled2,
  text.w.random1 = text.w.pooled1,
  text.w.random2 = text.w.pooled2,
  keep = FALSE,
  keep.Q = keep,
  keep.I2 = keep.Q,
  keep.w = keep,
  common = common1 | common2,
  random = random1 | random2,
  overall = common | random,
  overall.hetstat = common | random,
  prediction = prediction1 | prediction2,
  backtransf,
  warn.deprecated = gs("warn.deprecated"),
  pooled1,
  pooled2
)
}
\arguments{
\item{meta1}{First meta-analysis object (see Details).}

\item{meta2}{Second meta-analysis object (see Details).}

\item{common1}{A logical indicating whether results of common
effect model should be considered for first meta-analysis.}

\item{random1}{A logical indicating whether results of random
effects model should be considered for first meta-analysis.}

\item{prediction1}{A logical indicating whether prediction interval
should be considered for first meta-analysis.}

\item{common2}{A logical indicating whether results of common
effect model should be considered for second meta-analysis.}

\item{random2}{A logical indicating whether results of random
effects model should be considered for second meta-analysis.}

\item{prediction2}{A logical indicating whether prediction interval
should be considered for second meta-analysis.}

\item{label1}{Default setting for arguments 'label1.common',
'label1.random', 'label1.predict' and 'label1.subgroup'.}

\item{label2}{Default setting for arguments 'label2.common',
'label2.random', 'label2.predict' and 'label2.subgroup'.}

\item{label1.common}{A character string ...}

\item{label2.common}{A character string ...}

\item{label1.random}{A character string ... (default label for
arguments 'hetlabel1' and 'taulabel1').}

\item{label2.random}{A character string ... (default label for
arguments 'hetlabel2' and 'taulabel2').}

\item{label1.predict}{A character string ...}

\item{label2.predict}{A character string ...}

\item{label1.subgroup}{A character string ...}

\item{label2.subgroup}{A character string ...}

\item{hetlabel1}{A character string used to label heterogeneity
statistics of the first meta-analysis.}

\item{hetlabel2}{A character string used to label heterogeneity
statistics of the second meta-analysis.}

\item{taulabel1}{A character string used to label estimate of
between-study variance of the first meta-analysis.}

\item{taulabel2}{A character string used to label estimate of
between-study variance of the second meta-analysis.}

\item{text.pooled1}{A character string used in printouts and forest
plot to label the results from the first meta-analysis.}

\item{text.pooled2}{A character string used in printouts and forest
plot to label the results from the second meta-analysis.}

\item{text.w.pooled1}{A character string used to label weights of
the first meta-analysis; can be of same length as the number of
pooled estimates requested in argument \code{pooled1}.}

\item{text.w.pooled2}{A character string used to label weights of
the second meta-analysis; can be of same length as the number of
pooled estimates requested in argument \code{pooled1}.}

\item{text.common1}{A character string used in printouts and forest
plot to label results for common effect models from the first
meta-analysis.}

\item{text.common2}{A character string used in printouts and forest
plot to label results for common effect models from the second
meta-analysis.}

\item{text.random1}{A character string used in printouts and forest
plot to label results for random effects models from the first
meta-analysis.}

\item{text.random2}{A character string used in printouts and forest
plot to label results for random effects models from the second
meta-analysis.}

\item{text.predict1}{A character string used in printouts and
forest plot to label prediction interval from the first
meta-analysis.}

\item{text.predict2}{A character string used in printouts and
forest plot to label prediction interval from the second
meta-analysis.}

\item{text.w.common1}{A character string used to label common
effect weights of the first meta-analysis; can be of same length
as the number of common effect estimates.}

\item{text.w.common2}{A character string used to label common
effect weights of the second meta-analysis; can be of same length
as the number of common effect estimates.}

\item{text.w.random1}{A character string used to label random
effects weights of the first meta-analysis; can be of same length
as the number of random effects estimates.}

\item{text.w.random2}{A character string used to label random
effects weights of the second meta-analysis; can be of same
length as the number of random effects estimates.}

\item{keep}{A logical indicating whether to keep additional
information from second meta-analysis.}

\item{keep.Q}{A logical indicating whether heterogeneity statistic
Q of second meta-analysis should be kept or ignored.}

\item{keep.I2}{A logical indicating whether heterogeneity statistic
I2 of second meta-analysis should be kept or ignored.}

\item{keep.w}{A logical indicating whether weights of the second
meta-analysis should be kept or ignored.}

\item{common}{A logical indicating whether results of common effect
meta-analyses should be reported.}

\item{random}{A logical indicating whether results of random
effects meta-analyses should be reported.}

\item{overall}{A logical indicating whether overall summaries
should be reported.}

\item{overall.hetstat}{A logical value indicating whether to print
heterogeneity measures for overall treatment comparisons.}

\item{prediction}{A logical indicating whether prediction intervals
should be reported.}

\item{backtransf}{A logical indicating whether results should be
back transformed in printouts and plots. If
\code{backtransf=TRUE} (default), results for \code{sm="OR"} are
printed as odds ratios rather than log odds ratios, for example.}

\item{warn.deprecated}{A logical indicating whether warnings should
be printed if deprecated arguments are used.}

\item{pooled1}{Deprecated argument (replaced by 'common1',
'random1', 'prediction1'). A character string indicating whether
results of common effect or random effects model should be
considered for first meta-analysis. Either \code{"both"},
\code{"common"} or \code{"random"}, can be abbreviated.}

\item{pooled2}{Deprecated argument (replaced by 'common2',
'random2', 'prediction2'). A character string indicating whether
results of common effect or random effects model should be
considered for second meta-analysis. Either \code{"both"},
\code{"common"} or \code{"random"}, can be abbreviated.}
}
\value{
An object of class \code{"meta"} and \code{"metamerge"} with
corresponding generic functions (see \code{\link{meta-object}}).

The following list elements have a different meaning:
\item{TE, seTE, studlab}{Treatment estimate, standard error, and
  study labels (first meta-analyis).}
\item{lower, upper}{Lower and upper confidence interval limits for
  individual studies (first meta-analysis).}
\item{statistic, pval}{Statistic and p-value for test of treatment
  effect for individual studies (first meta-analysis.}
\item{w.common}{Vector or matrix with common effect weights.}
\item{w.random}{Vector or matrix with random effects weights.}
\item{k}{Vector with number of estimates (same length as number of
  common effect and random effects estimates).}
\item{k.study}{Vector with number of studies (same length as
  number of common effect and random effects estimates).}
\item{k.all}{Vector with total number of studies (same length as
  number of common effect and random effects estimates).}
\item{k.TE}{Vector with number of studies with estimable effects
  (same length as number of common effect and random effects
  estimates).}
\item{k.MH}{Vector with number of studies combined with
  Mantel-Haenszel method (same length as number of common effect
  and random effects estimates).}
\item{TE.common}{Vector with common effect estimates.}
\item{seTE.common}{Vector with standard errors of common effect
  estimates.}
\item{lower.common}{Vector with lower confidence limits (common
  effect model).}
\item{upper.common}{Vector with upper confidence limits (common
  effect model).}
\item{statistic.common}{Vector with test statistics for test of
  overall effect (common effect model).}
\item{pval.common}{Vector with p-value of test for overall effect
  (common effect model).}
\item{TE.random}{Vector with random effects estimates.}
\item{seTE.random}{Vector with standard errors of random effects
  estimates.}
\item{lower.random}{Vector with lower confidence limits (random
  effects model).}
\item{upper.random}{Vector with upper confidence limits (random
  effects model).}
\item{statistic.random}{Vector with test statistics for test of
  overall effect (random effects model).}
\item{pval.random}{Vector with p-value of test for overall effect
  (random effects model).}

Furthermore, meta-analysis results of common effect or random
effects model are taken from first meta-analysis if only random
effects or common effects models are selected from both
meta-analyses (arguments \code{pooled1} and \code{pooled2}).
}
\description{
This function can be used to merge results of two meta-analyses
into a single meta-analysis object if they are based on the same
data set. This is, for example, useful to produce a forest plot of
a random-effects meta-analysis with different estimates of the
between-study variance \eqn{\tau^2}.
}
\details{
In R package \bold{meta}, objects of class \code{"meta"} contain
results of both common effect and random effects
meta-analyses. This function enables the user to merge the results
of two meta-analysis object if they are based on the same data set.

Applications of this function include printing and plotting results
of the common effect or random effects meta-analysis and the
\itemize{
\item trim-and-fill method (\code{\link{trimfill}}),
\item limit meta-analyis (\code{\link[metasens]{limitmeta}} from R
  package \bold{metasens}),
\item Copas selection model (\code{\link[metasens]{copas}} from R
  package \bold{metasens}),
\item robust variance meta-analysis model
  (\code{\link[robumeta]{robu}} from R package \bold{robumeta}).
}

The first argument (\code{meta1}) must be an object created by a
meta-analysis function (see \code{\link{meta-object}}). If an
object created with \code{\link[metasens]{limitmeta}} or
\code{\link[metasens]{copas}} is provided as the first argument,
this object will be returned, i.e., argument \code{meta2} will be
ignored.

The second meta-analysis could be an object created by a
meta-analysis function or with \code{\link{trimfill}},
\code{\link[metasens]{limitmeta}}, \code{\link[metasens]{copas}},
or \code{\link[robumeta]{robu}}.

The created meta-analysis object only contains the study results,
i.e., estimated effects and confidence intervals, from the first
meta-analysis which are shown in printouts and forest plots. This
only makes a difference for meta-analysis methods where individual
study results differ, e.g., Mantel-Haenszel and Peto method for
binary outcomes (see \code{\link{metabin}}).

R function \code{\link{metaadd}} can be used to add pooled results
from any (external) meta-analysis.

R function \code{\link{metabind}} can be used to print and plot the
results of several meta-analyses without the restriction that the
same data set has to be used. Accordingly, individual study results
are ignored.
}
\examples{
# Print results with more significant digits and do not show confidence
# intervals for tau^2 and tau
oldset <- settings.meta(digits = 6, digits.stat = 4, digits.pval = 6,
  digits.Q = 6, digits.I2 = 4, digits.H = 4,
  print.tau2.ci = FALSE, print.tau.ci = FALSE)
oldopts <- options(width = 120)

data(Fleiss1993bin)

# Mantel-Haenszel method
m1 <- metabin(d.asp, n.asp, d.plac, n.plac, data = Fleiss1993bin,
  studlab = paste(study, year), sm = "OR")
# Peto method
m2 <- update(m1, method = "Peto")
# Inverse variance method (only common effect model)
m3 <- update(m2, method = "Inverse", random = FALSE)

# Merge results from MH and Peto method
# - show individual results for MH method
#   (as this is the first meta-analysis)
# - keep all additional information from Peto meta-analysis (i.e.,
#   weights, Q statistic and I2 statistic)
m12 <- metamerge(m1, m2,
  label1 = "REML", label2 = "REML-Peto",
  label1.common = "MH", label2.common = "Peto", 
  text.common1 = "Mantel-Haenszel method",
  text.common2 = "Peto method",
  text.w.random1 = "REML", text.w.random2 = "REML-Peto",
  hetlabel1 = "MH/IV", hetlabel2 = "Peto",
  keep = TRUE)

# Add common effect results from inverse variance method
# - keep weights from IV meta-analysis
# - Q and I2 statistic are identical for sm = "MH" and sm = "Inverse"
#   as inverse variance method is used for sm = "MH" under random
#   effects model
m123 <- metamerge(m12, m3,
  label2 = "IV",
  text.common2 = "Inverse variance method",
  keep.w = TRUE)
summary(m123)
\dontrun{
forest(m123, digits = 6)

# Merge results (show individual results for Peto method)
m21 <- metamerge(m2, m1,
  label1 = "REML-Peto", label2 = "REML",
  label1.common = "Peto", label2.common = "MH", 
  hetlabel1 = "Peto", hetlabel2 = "MH/IV",
  text.common1 = "Peto method",
  text.common2 = "Mantel-Haenszel method",
  keep = TRUE)

# Add results from inverse variance method
# - keep weights from IV meta-analysis
# - Q and I2 statistic are identical for sm = "MH" and sm = "Inverse"
#   as inverse variance method is used for sm = "MH" under random
#   effects model
m213 <- metamerge(m21, m3,
  label2 = "IV",
  text.common2 = "Inverse variance method",
  keep.w = TRUE)
summary(m213)

# Random effects method using ML estimator for between-study variance tau2
m4 <- update(m1, common = FALSE, method.tau = "ML")

# Use DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau2
m5 <- update(m4, method.tau = "DL")

# Use Paule-Mandel estimator for tau2
m6 <- update(m4, method.tau = "PM")

# Merge random effects results for ML and DL estimators
# - keep weights for DL estimator (which are different from ML)
m45 <- metamerge(m4, m5, label1 = "ML", label2 = "DL",
  text.w.random1 = "RE-ML", text.w.random2 = "RE-DL", keep.w = TRUE)
summary(m45)

# Add results for PM estimator
# - keep weights
m456 <- metamerge(m45, m6, label2 = "PM",
  text.w.random2 = "RE-PM", keep.w = TRUE)
summary(m456)

m123456 <- metamerge(m123, m456)
m123456

# Use Hartung-Knapp confidence intervals
# - do not keep information on Q, I2 and weights
m7 <- update(m4, method.random.ci = "HK",
  text.random = "Hartung-Knapp method")
m8 <- update(m5, method.random.ci = "HK",
  text.random = "Hartung-Knapp method")
m9 <- update(m6, method.random.ci = "HK",
  text.random = "Hartung-Knapp method")

# Merge results for Hartung-Knapp method (with REML and DL estimator)
# - RE weights for REML estimator are shown
m78 <- metamerge(m7, m8, label1 = "ML", label2 = "DL")
summary(m78)

m789 <- metamerge(m78, m9, label2 = "PM")
summary(m789)

# Merge everything
m1to9 <- metamerge(metamerge(m123, m456, keep.w = TRUE), m789)
summary(m1to9)

m10 <- update(m1, method = "GLMM")

m.all <- metamerge(m1to9, m10, keep.Q = TRUE,
  label2 = "GLMM", taulabel2 = "ML-GLMM")
summary(m.all)

forest(m.all, layout = "JAMA")
forest(m.all, details = TRUE)
}

settings.meta(oldset)
options(oldopts)

}
\seealso{
\code{\link{metagen}}, \code{\link{metabind}},
  \code{\link{metaadd}}
}
\author{
Guido Schwarzer \email{guido.schwarzer@uniklinik-freiburg.de}
}
