ตุลาการ ภาษาอังกฤษเรียกว่าอย่างไร ?
thẩm phán trong Tiếng Anh là gì?
ตุลาการภิวัตน์[1] (English: judicial activism) ใช้เรียกกรณีที่อำนาจตุลาการต้องสงสัยว่าบังคับใช้กฎหมายตามความเชื่อส่วนบุคคลหรือการเมือง แทนที่จะอิงตามกฎหมายที่บัญญัติไว้ พจนานุกรมกฎหมายของแบล็ค ให้คำจำกัดความไว้ว่า "แนวคิดที่ตุลาการให้ความเชื่อส่วนบุคคลเกี่ยวกับความสงบเรียบร้อยและศีลธรรมอันดีของประชาชน นอกเหนือไปจากปัจจัยอื่น ๆ มาชี้นำการตัดสินของตน" ("philosophy of judicial decision-making whereby judges allow their personal views about public policy, among other factors, to guide their decisions.")[2]
Hoạt động tư pháp [1] (tiếng Anh: tư pháp hoạt động) được dùng để chỉ những trường hợp mà cơ quan tư pháp bị nghi ngờ thực thi pháp luật dựa trên niềm tin cá nhân hoặc chính trị. Thay vì dựa vào luật đã được thiết lập. Từ điển Luật đen Đưa ra định nghĩa rằng “Ý tưởng cho rằng các thẩm phán đưa ra niềm tin cá nhân của họ về trật tự công cộng và đạo đức tốt đẹp. "triết lý về việc ra quyết định tư pháp, theo đó các thẩm phán cho phép quan điểm cá nhân của họ về chính sách công, cùng với các yếu tố khác, dẫn dắt các quyết định của họ.")[2]